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Tools and TipsRight, now you are ready for the exam. Or are you?

What do you need to do to prepare?

Exam Café will help you focus on the skills that you will need to display in order to do well in the exam. There is also a CD-ROM with specifi c advice for each of the units you will have studied. If you have used Grade Studio and Brain Boost throughout the course, you will already have practised some of the key skills that are vital in revision and the fi nal exam. There will be specifi ccontent on the CD-ROM wherever you see this logo.

Getting startedRemember, the purpose of revision is to help you understand content and be able to present it in the right way in the exam.

Revision may seem like a daunting task, but if you follow these hints and tips it will seem much more simple.

Organise your notes before you start, make sure you have everything you need.•

Know what you will be tested on in each exam. There are check lists on the • CD-ROM which will help you work out what you need for each paper.

Plan a realistic revision timetable. Remember that history is not the only subject • you will need to revise and you are still allowed to have a social life as well! On the CD-ROM there are examples of how to organise a revision timetable.

When revising make sure you are in a calm and organised environment. If your desk is • messy you won’t be as focused!

Set yourself realistic targets and divide your time into small sections of about half an hour • at a time with lots of breaks and rewards.

Some people fi nd it helps to revise with a friend and test each other.•

Try not to cram too much in. Pick out key points and summarise the main ideas • and events. See your CD-ROM for useful hints on how to summarise.

Find a revision style that suits you. Everyone is different, so don’t worry if your friends are • revising in a different way from you. If your way works then stick to it.

Don’t leave everything until the last minute!•

There are lots of ways to revise and it is important that you fi nd one that suits you.On the next page there are some examples of techniques that you might fi nd useful.

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RevisionRevision techniques

Mind maps Flash CardsA mind map is a diagram used to represent key topic ideas branching from a central key word.

Try to use colour, images and short snappy phrases (rather than lots of writing) on your mind map. If you make it look good you are more likely to remember what’s on it.

Flash cards are good for helping you remember key facts and fi gures.

Have a question or a clue on one side and all the information you need to remember on the other.

Try to use images, bullet points and mnemonics on your fl ash cards as

these will help you remember things.

Mnemonics TimelinesA mnemonic is where you take the fi rst letter of each word you are trying to remember and turn it into a different phrase.

For example:PirateValeryHatesJelly

helps you remember some of the key individuals you will need to know about.

Paré, Vesalius, Harvey, Jenner.

You could also add images to help visualise ideas in the exam.

A timeline will help you see the ‘big picture’ in history. By putting all your ideas together chronologically you will be able to see how events link to each other.

The SecondWorld War

Bevin suggestsa free NHS

First dayof the NHS

War ends, soldiers returninjured, Labour win the election

1939 1942 1945 1948

On timelines you can mark turning points and measure progress or change.

You could also colour code topics and key ideas and add images to help you memorise the content.

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ExamCaféRevision

1.1 Themes in Medicine through time (A951)LEARNING OBJECTIVESIn this lesson you will:

examine the themes that you could be assessed on in Unit A951• think of examples for each era that you have studied.•

GETTING STARTEDCan you list the eras that you have studied in chronological order?Over the next four pages you will revise the topics you need to know for your Unit A951 exam. The aim is to put together all the topics you will have learnt about chronologically, by studying the themes that link them all together.Ask your teacher for a check list of the topics you will need to know. Use this list to make sure that you have notes on everything you need to know about.

Throughout the course you have studied the changes, developments and individuals that helped medicine progress (and sometimes regress) over time. The main aspects of medicine that you will have studied are:

what people believed caused illness• what people believed cured illness• understanding of human anatomy (how the body works)• understanding of surgical procedures• provision for public health.•

Themes in Medicine Through Time

On a copy of the table below (if you ask your teacher nicely they might give you a copy!) complete each box to make summary notes for era:

Era Cause Cure Anatomy Surgery Public health

Prehistoric

Ancient Egypt

Ancient Greece

Ancient Rome

The Middle Ages

Renaissance

19th century

20th century

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Exam preparation

In Unit A951 you may be asked about one of these themes and how it progressed over an era.

Use the mark scheme at the bottom of this page in order to have a go at the following Unit A951-style question:

‘Between the time of the Ancient Greeks and the end of the 19th century there has been more continuity than change in ideas about the causes of disease.’ Explain how far you agree with this statement. [8 marks]

Use the boxes below to help you complete your table, but don’t forget to add your own ideas from the notes you have made throughout the course.

The Romans brought clean water to their settlements using aqueducts.

It was believed that trephining released evil spirits.

The Christian Church taught that praying to God could cure illnesses.

Jenner discovered vaccination to help prevent illness.

Galen dissected pigs to understand how the body worked.

Pasteur developed ‘Germ theory’.

In Ancient Egypt dead bodies were mummifi ed.

The four humours and use of opposites.

Simpson discovered anaesthetics.

Level Description Mark

1 General assertions, no specifi c contextual knowledge. 1

2 Identifi es or describes examples of continuity and/or change.2/3 marks for 1/2 examples of continuity or change, 4 marks for examples of continuity and change.

2–4

3 Explains examples of continuity or change. 5–6

4 Explains examples of continuity and change. 7

5 As level four, but also comes to a supported conclusion. 8

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Revision

1.2 Factors that infl uenced medical changeLEARNING OBJECTIVESIn this lesson you will:

examine the factors that infl uenced change• support your ideas with specifi c contextual knowledge.•

GETTING STARTEDAnswer the following Unit A951-style question:

Briefl y describe the impact of religion on Ancient Greek medicine. [5 marks]

Examiners often ask how different factors helped medicine to progress or made it regress. In your Unit A951 exam you might be asked about the various factors that effected medical change during a specifi c era or you might be asked to compare a factor over different eras.

chance (luck)•

individuals•

government•

religion•

war•

the media/communications•

scientifi c and technological • breakthroughs.

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The most common factors that infl uenced medical change are:

While you may feel more comfortable revising each topic chronologically, remember that you may be asked thematic questions about the factors that infl uenced change.

Activities

A B C

D E F

G H I

J K L

Make a copy of the following table:

Chance Individuals Government Religion War Media and communications

Science and technology

Now read through the following statements.

Write the letter of each statement into your table in the correct column(s).

In Ancient Egypt mummifi cation was

practised.

The French and German governments funded

Pasteur and Koch.

During the Middle Ages monks living in monasteries

cared for the ill.

Trephining was used by to get evil spirits out

of the body.

Pare ran out of oil and tried egg yolks, rose oil and turpentine instead.

Nightingale cleaned up hospitals during the

Crimean War.

Organs that are going to be transplanted have to

be transported quickly.

During the Black Death people went on

pilgrimages.

When the printing press was invented ideas could

be shared easily.

Hippocrates believed in clinical observation.

The Roman Senate built aqueducts to keep

the army healthy.

Anaesthetics became popular when Queen Victoria used them.

Can you think of any more examples to illustrate how each of the factors infl uenced medical change? Create a mind map that shows your ideas.

Examiner’s tipYou will notice that there are symbols next to each factor. When you revise each era you could draw the relevant symbol(s) to help you recognise the themes that you have studied. This will help you to organise your notes and prepare in case you are asked a thematic question in Unit A951.

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Exam preparation

1.3 Unit A951. Turning descriptions into explanationsLEARNING OBJECTIVESIn this lesson you will:

practise answering Unit A951-style structured questions• learn the difference between a description and an explanation.•

GETTING STARTEDMany students fi nd it diffi cult to develop a description into an explanation. Use this example to help you:

1 Describe what the policeman is wearing.2 Now explain why the policeman has to wear this type of hat.

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Structured QuestionsIn the second section of Unit A951 you will chose between three structured questions. Each question is divided into three parts and you have to answer all of these. Make sure you read all the questions carefully before choosing which one you want to do.

Look at the example structured question below. Read through the examiner’s tip and then have a go at answering the question yourself by improving the example.

QuestionExplain ways in which chance has had an impact on the development of medicine. [7 marks]

Candidate’s answerChance helped the development of medicine because Fleming noticed some fungi growing in one of his dishes of bacteria. This was penicillin. Fleming realised that where the penicillin was growing the bacteria had died so he knew that penicillin could be used to cure illnesses.

This answer describes how Fleming discovered penicillin, rather than explaining how chance helped his discovery. To develop this answer the candidate needs to link their ideas more closely to the question and explain how chance helped Fleming’s discovery.To improve the answer further still, the candidate would need to explain another situation in which chance had an impact on the development of medicine.

Examiner’s comment

Task:Use the examiner’s comments to have a go at improving this answer.

Extension Task:Next have a go at answering a similar question on your own.

Choose from one of the following questions:

Explain ways in which individual genius has had an impact on the development of medicine.

7 marks

Explain ways in which government has had an impact on the development of medicine.Explain ways in which religion has had an impact on the development of medicine.Explain ways in which war has had an impact on the development of medicine.Explain ways in which the media and communications have had an impact on the development of medicine.Explain ways in which scientifi c and technological developments have had an impact on the development of medicine.

Don’t forget that there are more examples of Unit A951 style questions on the CD-ROM. The more practice you get the better prepared you will be for the fi nal exam!

Activities

Examiner’s tipDon’t forget that there are more examples of Unit A951 style questions on the CD-ROM. The more practice you get the better prepared you will be for the fi nal exam!