toolkit meets mercator: a european research agenda lászló marácz university of amsterdam...
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TOOLKIT MEETS MERCATOR:
A EUROPEAN RESEARCH AGENDA
László Marácz
University of Amsterdam
TOOLKIT EUROPEAN CONSORTIUM
• A Toolkit for Transnational Communication
• Website: www.toolkit-online.eu
EUROPEAN MULTILINGUALISM
• A Toolkit for Transnational Communication in Europe:
• Dealing with Linguistic Diversity
• European Multilingualism
• Globalisation, Europeanization, Transnational Phenomena
• Superdiversity
LANGUAGE CHOICE
• Language Choice
• Which Language to Choose is not Always Easy
• Inequality and Limited Access
• Toolkit: Help in Managing Linguistic Diversity
• Communicative Repertoire: Modes, Languages and Settings
COMMUNICATIVE RESOURCES
• Communicative Resources in Times of Globalization: Fragmentation, Hybridity, Fluidity
• Languaging, Languages• Immigrant Languages, Turkish, Iranian
Germanic (German, Danish, Dutch, English),, Russian, , Romance Languages (Spanish, Sardinian, Occitan, French), Basque, Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian, Russian
• Social Media, Database of Communication Patterns and Associated Languages Choices
MANAGING LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY
• Linguistic Diversity is Reality• European Language Policy versus
National Language Policy• Laissez-faire versus Norms• Communicative Efficiency• Economy Principle• Democracy Principle • Successful Communication
CONFLICTING NORMS AND COMMON GROUND
• Contesting Norms• Conflict between Groups• Language as a Symbol of Conflict• Hybridity as a Resolution of Conflict • Common Ground• All Communication is Intercultural
Communication• Norms of Language Choice in Particular
Situation Types
MODES
• Four Communicative Strategies
• English as a Lingua Franca (ELF)
• Regional Languages of Communication
• Receptive Multilingualism
• Codeswitching
English as a Lingua Franca
• Most Widely Used Strategy
• Problem 1: Access
• Problem 2: Lack of Neutrality
• Solution: Minimize Normativity (Do Not Require Native-Like Competence).
Regional Languages
• Various European Regions have Local Languages for Communication
• Often Historical Dimension
• Often Traditional Ways of Regional Communication
• Typology
Receptive Multilingualism
• Each Speaks his Own Language; the Other Understands
• Common Across Borders
• Development of Metalinguistic Competence
• Looking for Signs of Misunderstanding
• Training to Use Strategies that Ease Communication
CODESWITCHING
• Use of Both Languages at the Same Time, in the Same Conversation, Sometimes in the Same Sentence
• Typical of Informal Domains• Follows Natural Path of Communication in
Bilingual Settings• Could well be used in More Formal Domains• Development of Metalinguistic Competence
and Communicative Strategies
ELF RELF LaRa CS
1. SLN low high high low
2. SHE Low high high low
3. NfI RSI RSI LEI NSI
4. USS F and I MF MI I
5. TS Global Regional
Local Local
6. L:EL Fast Slow Medium Fast
7. CP NOT I High High Rest
SETTINGS• Empirical Work Needs to be Done
• To Check the Four Modes in Different Language and Communicative Settings
• Institutions (Administrative, Supranational, etc.), Multilingual Cities, Virtual Spaces, Borderlands, Companies, Media
• School Setting, Classroom Interaction, Schoolyard, Youth Language (Mercator)