tool material
DESCRIPTION
Tool material used for non conventional machining.TRANSCRIPT
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Tool Materials and Non-traditional Machining Processes
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Tool Materials• Tool failure modes identify the important properties that a tool material should possess: – ‐ Toughness ‐ to avoid fracture failure
– ‐ Hot hardness ‐ ability to retain hardness at high temperatures
– ‐Wear resistance ‐ hardness is the most important property to resist abrasive wear
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Cubic Boron Nitride• Next to diamond, cubic boron nitride (cBN) is hardest material known
• Fabrication into cutting tool inserts same as SPD: coatings on WC‐Co inserts
• Applications: machining steel and nickel‐based alloys
• SPD and cBN tools are expensive
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Range of Applicable Cutting Speeds and Feeds for a number of Tool Materials
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. Hot Hardness
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Cutting Fluids• Fluids address two major problems:
‐Heat generation at the shear zone
‐Friction at the tool‐chip interface and tool‐work interface
Types :
‐ Coolants (Oil‐water mixtures)
‐Lubricants (Special lubricants that involves formation of thin solid salt layers on the hot and clean material surface by reaction.
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Cutting Fluids• Cutting oil (petroleum,animal, vegetable mineral oils)
• Emulsified oils (Oil droplets suspended in water)
• Chemical fluids (Chemicals in water)
• Semi‐chemical fluids (Small amounts of
emulsified oil added to increase lubrication
characteristics
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NON‐CONVENTIONAL MACHINING
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Why do we need it?
• Very high hardness/strength material
• Complex shapes or small diameter holes as in turbine blades and fuel injection nozzles
• Very rigorous surface finish and dimensional tolerance requirements
• Temperature and residual stresses in the work piece not desirable/acceptable
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Turbine Blade Machining
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Mechanical Energy Process‐ Ultrasonic Machining (UM)‐Water (WJC) and Abrasive Jet Machining
Electrical Energy Processes‐ Electrochemical Machining (ECM)‐ Electrochemical Grinding (ECG)
Thermal Energy Processes‐ Electric Discharge Process (EDM)‐ Electron Beam Machining (EBM)‐ Laser Beam Machining (LBM)
Chemical Process‐Chemical Machining (CHM)
Non‐Conventional Machining
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Ultrasonic Machining
Tool is excited at a frequency of 20,000 Hz with a magnetostrictive transducer.
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Ultrasonic Machining
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Magnetostriction
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Water Jet or Abrasive Water Jet MachiningA fine (0.1 – 0.4 mm dia.), high pressure (400 MPa), high velocity ( 900 m/s)stream of water is directed at the work surface to cause cutting.
Plastic, Textile, Composites, Tile, Carpet, Leather and Cardboard
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Water Jet or Abrasive Water Jet Machining
Complex shapes can be machined using CNC WJC
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Electrochemical Machining (ECM)
• Machining by passage of current, that is electrochemical dissolution. It is basically de‐plating process.
• Generally used to machine complex cavities, particularly in the aerospace industry for the mass production of turbine blades, jet‐engine parts and nozzles
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Electrochemical Machining (ECM)
Tool : Copper, Brass, Stainless steelElectrolyte: NaCl solution, HCl, or H2SO4
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• Electrolyte pumped at very high flow rates to remove dissolved “metal ions” to prevent precipitation and “deposition” at cathode.
• DC voltage: 5 – 25 V; Current: 5 – 40000 A
Electrochemical Machining (ECM)
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Top: Turbine blade made of a nickel alloy
(b) Thin slots on 4340‐steel roller‐bearing cage
(c) Integral airfoils on a compressor disk
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1
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5
Electrochemical Machining (ECM)
Electrochemical Machining set up at ME dept
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Electric Discharge Machining (EDM)
• Basic EDM system consists of a shaped tooland work piece connected to a DC powersupply.
• Tool: Usually graphite, Brass, Cu, Cu‐W;Diameter can be as low as 0.1 mm
• Dielectric fluid (mineral oil, kerosene, distilledand de‐ionized water) between tool and workpiece
• Apply high enough voltage to create sparkdischarges through the fluid
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• Small amount of material is removed from thework piece surface
• Voltage: 50 – 380 V; Current: 0.1 – 500 A
• Discharge is repeated at rates between 50and 500 kHz
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Electric Discharge Machining (EDM)
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Electric Discharge Machining (EDM)
23.1TKIMRR =
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EDM Wire Cutting
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Uses
• Production of die cavities for for large automotive–body components
• Deep small diameter holes
• Narrow slots in turbine blades
EDM Wire Cutting
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Laser Machining
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Micro pattern machinedon a steel plate
200 micron holes on Ti6Al4V alloy
Laser Micromachining
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Process Resolutionμm
Surface Roughness μm
Side Effects
Mechanical 100 6.3-1.6 Burring, requires polishing
EDM 100 4.75-1.6 Electrode wear, rough finish, slow and unclean
process
Chemical Etch
250 6.3-1.6 Undercutting
LIGA 5 1-2 Synchrotron source: very expensive
Nd: YAG Laser
50 1 Redeposition
Excimer Laser
5 > 1 μm (nm range)
Recast Layer, aspect ratios
Ultrafast Laser
< 1 nm range Higher power ranges may require vacuum
environment
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Laser Micromachining
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Process Parameters
Effect
Wavelength,Focal length of lens
Feature size
Beam shape (Gaussian/square
wave)
Feature shape
Beam energy,Pulse width
Size of heat affected zone
Depth of focus Aspect ratioVacuum or inert gas
environmentAmount of
redeposition, size of recast layer
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(a)Array of shots (b) Thru-hole drilled after 33 shots at a pulse energy of 14μJ
Micromachining in 18μm Thick Aluminum Foil
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Thru-holes Drilled in 25μm Thick Brass Foil
56μJ/pulse 27μJ/pulse
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Chemical Machining
• Oldest non‐traditional process. Used to engrave metals and hard stones, and deburring
• More recently used in the production of printed‐circuit board and microprocessor chips
• Uses the concept of chemical dissolution of metals for machining
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Chemical Machining
This is basically etching using strong chemical
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Steps• Cleaning
• Masking
• Etching
• Demasking
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Various parts made by chemical machining
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(L) Missile skin‐panel contoured by chemical machining(R) Weight reduction of space launch vehicles by chemical machiningaluminium‐alloy plates
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The best of the best guys from all over the country join IITK. Now in a competitive grading system, though the class is consisted of the best guys there must be some guys who will not do as good as the rest... does that mean they are not up to... ?? Assume a class consisting of Einstein, Dirac, Feynman, S N Bose , Lagrange.... you put them in a system like this.... some of them are definitely going to get 'F' grade. Do the present grading system .. that mostly measure how much better or how much poorer you are compared to your neighbor in the class... is justified enough??