tool box gs

Issue No.01 Revision 1 September 2008-09-23

Gulf Spic Trading & Contracting Company W.L. L.

Client: KOC / KNPC / KPPC / JO / EQUATE Doc. No: GS / HSE / Trg / Dated Sept, 2008

TOOL-BOX TOPICS REGISTER

Rev. No: 1

BSC Project Compliance

SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION

The Accident / Incident rate, occurrence of ill Health and Environmental damage in the Construction Industry are serious national problems. Continued training is essential to prevent Accidents / Incidents, ill Health and Environmental damage. The TOOLBOX TALK programme, if implemented correctly, can play a major part in our continuing effort to create an increased awareness of: 1 hazards present in the industry 2 precautions which must be taken to eliminate or control them and in doing so will help to reduce unwanted incidents The TOOLBOX TALK programme has been written as a series of numbered discussion topics on Safety, Health and Environmental issues. Hope you will find an application in day to day life & prevent industrial accidents to enable better HSE performance in all our operations. Wish you safe working General Manager (Projects) B.Valavan





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SECTION 2 - HOW TO CONDUCT A TOOLBOX TALK

Frequency Before start of each job Topic for discussion Choose a topic that is relevant to your audience; one that will create a discussion; a two-way communication; use either your own topic e.g. discuss an incident that happened on site the week before, discuss new work hazards, or one generated from the Toolbox talk programme. Choose the relevant subject number from the list and make yourself familiar with the topic. Location Does not have to be an office; a mess-room or workshop area will suffice. Audience Between 4 and 10 in number will be the most effective but larger audiences, say in a contractor's mess-room, are suitable and sometimes the only solution. Time Limit the duration to 10-15 minutes - try not to become side-tracked on other issues. Approach Use a questioning approach, get the message across and listen to responses. Toolbox talks are not lectures and are designed to get people to think and talk about Health, Safety and Environmental issues. For example: Typical prompts / questions may be:

• What do you as a group think the benefits are from this type of discussion?

• What are the hazards from the incident described and what are the learning points. Style The following are encouraged:-

• Watch how other people present Toolbox talks and decide upon the style that best suits you.

• Try to generate interest in the topic with the questions you ask - Highlight some key words to remind you of the points to bring up.

• Avoid just reading the topic - take the topic and try to build up the discussion point by point.

• Try to be a good listener.

• Do not allow the group to get totally side tracked, if it is important and relevant allow a short discussion then bring them back to the main issue

Signatures Obtain signatures from delegates to confirm attendance and keep on file.





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SECTION 3 - INDEX

Contract No. : Form Ref. No. : Date :

Contract Name: Company : Gulf Spic Trading & Contracting Company W.L.L.

THE TOOLBOX TALK PROGRAMME

No SUBJECT Pages Issue Rev'n Date

Sect 1 Introduction to Programme 23.09.08

Sect 2 How to Conduct a Talk 23.09.08

Sect 3 Index

Sect 4 Basic Health & Safety

1. S.H.E. Policies 1 01 01 23.09.08

2. Personal Responsibilities 1 01 01 23.09.08

3. Improvement and Prohibition Notices 1 01 01 23.09.08

4. Safety Signs 1 01 01 23.09.08

Sect 5 Site Set Up

5. First Aid Requirements 1 01 01 23.09.08

6. Accident Reporting 1 01 01 23.09.08

7. Near Miss Reporting 1 01 01 23.09.08

8. Welfare Facilities 1 01 01 23.09.08

Sect 6 Personal Protection

9. Protective Clothing 1 01 01 23.09.08

10. Head Protection 1 01 01 23.09.08

11. Foot Protection 1 01 01 23.09.08

12. Hand Protection 1 01 01 23.09.08

13. Eye Protection 1 01 01 23.09.08

14. Hearing Protection 1 01 01 23.09.08

Sect 7 Excavation Safety

15. Excavations 1 01 01 23.09.08

16. Excavation Accidents 1 01 01 23.09.08

17. Trenches Kill People 1 01 01 23.09.08

Sect 8 Scaffold Appreciation and Working at Height

18. Scaffolding 1 01 01 23.09.08

19. Ladders 1 01 01 23.09.08

20. Scaffold Towers 1 01 01 23.09.08

21. Working on Roofs 1 01 01 23.09.08

22. Mobile Elevating Work Platforms 2 01 01 23.09.08

Sect 9 Working Near Services

23. Working Near Underground Cables 1 01 01 23.09.08





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24. Working Near Overhead Lines 1 01 01 23.09.08

25. Working Near Gas Mains 1 01 01 23.09.08

26. Working Near Water Mains 1 01 01 23.09.08

27. Working Near Sewers 1 01 01 23.09.08

Sect 10 Confined Spaces Safety

28. Permits to Work 1 01 01 23.09.08

29. Working in Confined Spaces 1 01 01 23.09.08

30. Gases Commonly Found 1 01 01 23.09.08

31. Respiratory Protection 1 01 01 23.09.08

Sect 11 Mobile Plant Safety Awareness

32. Reversing Vehicles and Plant 1 01 01 23.09.08

33. Working with Mobile Plant, Cranes and other Lifting Machines.

1 01 01 23.09.08

34. Working with Machinery 1 01 01 23.09.08

35. Inspection of Plant and Equipment 1 01 01 23.09.08

36. Towing and Handling Mobile Plant 1 01 01 23.09.08

37. Traffic Control 1 01 01 23.09.08

Sect 12 Health Hazards

38. C.O.S.H.H. Regulations 1 01 01 23.09.08

39. Working with Chemicals 2 01 01 23.09.08

40. Welding Operations 1 01 01 23.09.08

41. Working with Cement 2 01 01 23.09.08

42. Lasers 1 01 01 23.09.08

43. Vibration 1 01 01 23.09.08

44. Health Risks from Working in the Sun 2 01 01 23.09.08

Sect 13 Power and Hand Tools

45. Hand Tools 1 01 01 23.09.08

46. Power Tools 1 01 01 23.09.08

47. Working with Abrasive Wheels 1 01 01 23.09.08

48. Working with Cartridge Tools 1 01 01 23.09.08

Sect 14 Fire Prevention

49. Fire Prevention 1 01 01 23.09.08

50. Storage of Flammable Materials 1 01 01 23.09.08

51. Fire Extinguishers 1 01 01 23.09.08

Sect 15 Site Tidiness

52. Housekeeping 1 01 01 23.09.08

53. Slips, Trips and Falls 1 01 01 23.09.08

54. Storage of Materials / Bricks / Concrete Rings.

1 01 01 23.09.08

Sect 16 Handling Materials





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55. Access to Workplaces 1 01 01 23.09.08

56. Manual Handling 1 01 01 23.09.08

57. Slinging 1 01 01 23.09.08

Sect 17 Work Adjacent to Railway Lines

58. Basic Meanings of terms used on Railtrack Operations

1 01 01 23.09.08

59. Safety of Persons on or near railway lines 1 01 01 23.09.08

60. Emergency action if working on or near lines 1 01 01 23.09.08

61. Electric shock rescue on Railtrack operations 1 01 01 23.09.08

Sect 18 Public Protection

62. Protection of Children 1 01 01

No SUBJECT Pages Issue Rev'n Date

Sect 19 Environmental Awareness 23.09.08

63. Environmental Policies 1 01 01 23.09.08

64. Water Pollution Control 2 01 01 23.09.08

65. Ground Contamination 1 01 01 23.09.08

66. Fuel and Chemical Management 1 01 01 23.09.08

67. Noise 1 01 01 23.09.08

68. Vibration 1 01 01 23.09.08

69. Dust and Dirt 1 01 01 23.09.08

70. Fumes, Odour and Smoke 1 01 01 23.09.08

71. Protection of Plants and Animals 1 01 01 23.09.08

72. Housekeeping and General Environmental Considerations.

1 01 01 23.09.08

73. Waste Disposal 1 01 01 23.09.08

74. Waste Minimisation 1 01 01 23.09.08

75. Contaminated Land 1 01 01 23.09.08

76. Refuse and Recycling 1 01 01 23.09.08

77. Energy Conservation 1 01 01 23.09.08





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SECTION 4 -BASIC HEALTH & SAFETY

NO. 4 SAFETY SIGNS There are four types of safety sign, each of which has a basic colour: RED, YELLOW, BLUE OR GREEN. Prohibition Signs: Ban certain actions. They have a white background with a red circular band and crossbar, e.g. No Smoking. Warning Signs: Have a black triangle on a yellow background, with the symbol or text in black, e.g. Caution, risk of electric shock. Mandatory Signs: Give instructions. They have a blue background, with the symbol or text in white. e.g. Head Protection must be worn. Safe Condition Signs: Are square or rectangular in shape, with a green background and the symbol or text is in white. e.g. First Aid or direction signs.

GET TO KNOW THESE SIGNS AND UNDERSTAND WHAT THEY MEAN!





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SECTION 5 - SITE SET UP

NO. 5 FIRST AID REQUIREMENTS Your employer is required to provide proper first aid equipment to enable first aid to be given to any employees who are injured or become ill at work. You must be fully informed of such arrangements. Check on the notice boards for this information. Appointment of First Aiders We appoint first aiders in line with current requirements. Our appointed first aiders have been suitably trained and hold a current first aid certificate issued by an organisation whose training and qualifications are approved by the Health and Safety Executive( KOC/KNPC/KPPC). If for some reason the appointed first aider is not on site, an appointed person will be responsible for controlling emergencies, e.g. summon an ambulance In addition, all staff should attend our "Life Saving First Aid" course, this can be arranged via the Health, Safety and Environmental Manager. A First Aid Room is required for sites with special or unusual hazards but, on any site, a sufficient number of first aid boxes must be provided for the work area. Even on a large site with a first aid room, first aid boxes are required for locations more than three minutes walk from the first aid room. It is in your own interest that you use the facilities provided and keep them neat and tidy.





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NO. 6 ACCIDENT / INCIDENT REPORTING Each site uses an N5 Accident Book for recording all accidents. You will find the book with the Site Agent the Site Supervisor. If you are injured at work, you must report the accident to your employer as soon as you can. The report must be entered in the Accident Book. Occurrence of certain diseases or dangerous occurrences must also be recorded. See site reference documentation (Accident Reporting) The prompt reporting of an accident or incident may well result in saving a life. Your co-operation is therefore very important. If there is an accident / incident at your work place, help by:-

• Making sure that, where necessary, first aid assistance is called immediately.

• Seeing that it is reported without delay to your supervisor, even when no person has been injured or plant damaged.

• Ensuring, in the case of serious personal injury, that the accident site is left undisturbed until clearance is given by your supervisor.

• Ensuring that any items which may assist in the accident investigation (e.g. damaged slings, broken abrasive wheels) are retained and passed to your supervisor.

Minor accidents can lead to death, as one case of treading on a nail did. This occurred because the person suffered from diabetes and did not report it. By the time he went to hospital the problem was so serious that they had to amputate his leg. Whilst undergoing the operation he died. Accident investigations will be held to review over 3 day accidents, major injuries and dangerous occurrences with the intention of helping to prevent similar occurrences.





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NO. 7 NEAR MISS REPORTING What Is A Near Miss? A Near Miss is an unplanned event that did not result in injury, illness, damage or product loss - but had the potential to do so. The difference between a near miss and a full blown incident is often a fraction of a second or a fraction of an inch that may not be there the next time. Near misses are warnings of accidents in the making. By accepting these warnings and looking for their causes, we can prevent these situations recurring. Why Should They Be Reported? The prevention and elimination of accidents can only be progressed by reporting the near misses as they occur. If the near misses are not reported, then no incident investigations will be carried out and none of the problems and warnings will be spotted. As a result, any learning points found cannot be communicated to others, who will therefore still be "at risk". A near miss can be considered as an indication that something is wrong, maybe with the system of work and it is important that everyone is "warned" by each near miss that occurs so that standards can be improved. Ignoring the near misses and the conditions that lead to them is an open invitation for an accident to occur. Do not shrug off the near misses because nothing happened, let's find out why they happened and propose improvements to ensure that they do not happen again. This can only be done with your help, by you reporting them as they occur. If you can, give examples from your own experience or from site LET US REGARD NEAR MISSES THE SAME WAY AS BAD ACCIDENTS. LET US WEED OUT THE PROBLEMS WHILST WE STILL HAVE THE CHANCE





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NO. 8. WELFARE FACILITIES Welfare facilities are provided on site in line with the Requirements of The Construction (Health Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996. Some exceptions may occur on transient construction sites. Toilets will be: Adequately ventilated and lit. Kept in a clean and orderly condition. Separate for men and women. Washing facilities will be: Provided in toilets In the vicinity of changing rooms Supplied with hot and cold or warm water, which will be running water. (where possible) Supplied with soap or other means of cleaning and towels or other suitable means for drying. Suitably ventilated and lit Kept in a clean and orderly condition Drinking water Must be conspicuously marked Provided with a suitable number of cups or other drinking vessels, unless supplied in a jet Clothing Accommodation Will be provided with facilities for drying clothing Rest facilities Rest rooms will be provided with suitable areas for non smokers Facilities for heating food and boiling water will also be included





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SECTION 6 - PERSONAL PROTECTION

NO. 9 PROTECTIVE CLOTHING Many accidents occur because people on site do not pay sufficient attention to their own health and safety. You can do a great deal to protect yourself simply by knowing what is available, wearing the correct clothing and using the protective equipment appropriate to your job. Your employer is obliged by law to provide to you, without charge, any items which have been identified as necessary to protect your health and safety. The following list of personal protection are examples of such items but it is not exhaustive.

• Suitable protective clothing for persons working out of doors in rain, snow, sleet or hail and low temperatures

• Suitable protective clothing for persons working with materials such as asbestos or asbestos-based materials, lead, cement or concrete. Check your COSHH assessments.

• Eye protectors or shields where work activities / processes being carried out are likely to cause eye injuries.

• Respirators or breathing apparatus as protection against dust or fumes or lack of oxygen. Have you got a copy of the COSHH assessment for the substances you use?

• Safety nets, harnesses, lines, etc. to prevent falls where it is not practicable to provide working platforms.

• Ear protectors where it is not practicable to reduce noise below an exposure level of 85 decibels (85 dB(A)).

• Safety Helmets.

• Steel toe capped footwear is now recommended on building / construction sites and for some jobs it is mandatory.

You are required by law to co-operate and wear such clothing and equipment where the circumstances demand it, store it in an appropriate place and report any defects.





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NO. 10 HEAD PROTECTION The head is particularly vulnerable to injury and accidents to the head are often fatal, or involve very serious injuries, such as brain damage or fractured skull. Over the years it has been proved beyond doubt that many deaths and head injuries could have been prevented, or their severity reduced, by wearing safety helmets. Under the Construction Head Protection Regulations 1989 hard hats must be worn by all persons on building and construction sites with the exception of turban wearing Sikhs When wearing a hard hat always check the following points:-

• Adjust the headband to suit your head size.

• Check that the outer shell and harness is in good condition, without indentation or cracks.

• Never paint the shell as some paints weaken the plastics used.

• Use a chin-strap where necessary to avoid the possibility of the safety helmet falling off. This applies particularly to steel erectors.

• Do not punch holes into the shell for attaching unauthorised equipment or for ventilation. Attachments for ear defenders or eye protection are available and should only be used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

• Replace any helmet if it sustains a heavy impact, as the shell may be weakened.

• Helmets must be in good condition and replaced according to the manufacturer's guidelines. This is usually every two years.





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NO. 11 FOOT PROTECTION Two main causes of foot injuries are:-

• Treading on sharp objects, such as nails, which pierce the soles of the foot.

• Objects dropping causing crush injuries. Both types of injury can be minimised by the use of proper safety footwear. Under the Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992, your employer must provide you with protective footwear, where you are exposed to the risk of foot injury. If you are self-employed you must provide your own safety footwear. Safety boots, shoes and trainers are available which have steel toe caps. Some also have spring steel plates in their soles. Safety footwear of this type, made of leather or rubber, should always be worn on construction sites. Totally unsuitable footwear, such as trainers, or sandals, which offer no protection are not permitted on construction sites.





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NO. 12 HAND PROTECTION

Hands and fingers are injured more often than other parts of the body. This is because of two reasons:-

• Hands and fingers are required for most work activities.

• Hands and fingers are vulnerable to crush and cut type injuries as well as exposure to harmful materials used at work and exposure to vibration and repetitive strain injuries.

Injuries to hands and fingers can be caused by one or more of the following:- Severed fingers or hands due to rotating machines such as saws, cutting wheels. Advice: Ensure guards are in place and operating. Use push sticks on saw

benches. Crush injuries due to incorrect use of tools such as hammers. Contact with in-

running nip points on machinery. Advice: Tools and equipment must be maintained. Defective equipment such

as cold chisels with mushroom shaped ends must be replaced / repaired. In-running nip points such as chain and sprocket transmission must be guarded.

Skin allergies such as dermatitis due to handling harmful materials such as mould

oil. Advice: Avoid skin contact. Wear suitable gloves if necessary. Wash and dry

hands to remove any substance from the skin. Exposure to vibration. Advice Avoid manual process if possible, organise work to include breaks reduce exposure time, share work load, wear anti vibration gloves. Exposure to repetitive work. Advice Avoid manual process if possible, organise work station to minimise

strain, allow for breaks, plan workload, share work activities.





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NO. 13 EYE PROTECTION Eye protection must be worn by you where there is a risk of injury to the eyes. Examples of work activities requiring eye protection are as follows:-

• Cutting bricks or block with anything i.e. when using bolster hammer and cold chisel or cutting-off wheel.

• The use of a cartridge fixing tool.

• The use of an abrasive wheel.

• Striking of masonry nails.

• The use of compressed air to blow swarf, dust or dirt from an area (formwork would come into this category).

• Drilling, cutting or breaking metal or concrete.

• Welding or cutting steelwork.

• Handling, spraying or brushing any substance which, if splashed into the eyes, will cause injuries.

In your own interest, make sure you wear protective goggles or glasses when instructed to do so. The eye protection that is provided must be suitable for you and must be replaced immediately if lost or damaged. You must take care of the eye protectors given to you. REMEMBER:YOU ARE ON YOUR LAST PAIR OF EYES!





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NO. 14 HEARING PROTECTION Excessive noise emitted from plant, processes and tools can cause, over a period of time, progressive and irreversible loss of hearing. It can cause a ringing or rushing noise in the ears which will not disappear. Hearing loss can also make communication difficult which, in turn, may lead to accidents through instructions either not being heard or being misheard. Remember, deafness caused by excessive noise at work develops very gradually, but cannot be cured once the damage has been done. So-called "getting used to noise" can mean that there is already some hearing loss. Take proper precautions to protect your hearing. Before working with noisy plant or in a noisy environment, remember the following:-

• If it is necessary to shout to be heard by someone about one metre away, it is likely that there is a noise problem requiring action.

• Where noise levels are shown to be excessive, personal ear protection must be worn at all times. Whether ear-plugs or ear protectors are used, they must fit perfectly and be treated carefully.

• Ear protectors should be regularly inspected to make sure they are undamaged. Ear plugs must be fitted correctly and inserted in the ear with clean hands.

• Hearing protection must be worn in all areas where hearing protection warning signs are displayed.

REMEMBER:YOU DON'T GET USED TO NOISE, YOU JUST GO DEAF.





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SECTION 7 - EXCAVATION SAFETY

NO. 15 EXCAVATIONS Most excavation accidents occur in trenches which have no support at all because they are in what is considered to be so-called "safe ground", or because work has gone beyond the support provided.

• Excavations must be subject to risk assessments.

• Risk assessments will identify the method of support or sloping / battering.

• Always check that you have ladder access, and it is positioned in the supported area.

• Never throw tools or materials down to someone in an excavation, use a rope to lower them down.

• Always wear a safety helmet - even small stones falling from the top can injure you.

• Drivers of mobile plant must take special care when operating close to the edge of excavations.

• Excavations must have barriers around the top as identified in the risk assessment.

• Materials and equipment must not be stacked close to the edge of excavations. REMEMBER:IF YOU GET IT WRONG, THE CONSEQUENCES COULD BE GRAVE.





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SECTION 7 - EXCAVATION SAFETY.

NO. 16. EXCAVATION ACCIDENTS

It is commonly thought that deaths associated with excavation collapses are due to the workers being suffocated because they are completely buried, but this is not entirely true. Many of the deaths and a majority of the injuries involve workers being partially buried. The injuries sustained are usually crushing injuries caused by the sheer weight of the collapsing material. The accidents associated with excavations happen for many reasons, some of which are:-

• Shoring was not installed where required.

• Shoring failed because it was not frequently inspected or maintained.

• Employees worked beyond the shoring protection.

• Excavation walls and shoring were not inspected frequently for signs of movement or deterioration.

• Workers re-entered excavations without inspecting the walls or shoring after rain storms.

There are other contributory reasons for excavation accidents beside soil and shoring failures, such as:-

• Dirt, sheet piles and construction materials being stored too close to the edge of the excavations.

• Equipment operating too close to the edge of the excavation.

• Improper access, damaged or missing ladder or no ramps.

• Workers trying to jump over excavations. REMEMBER A CUBIC METRE OF EARTH WEIGHS OVER 1.5 TONNE.





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SECTION 7 - EXCAVATION SAFETY.

NO. 17 TRENCHES KILL PEOPLE Almost all serious trench accidents occur not in bad ground, but in so called "Good" ground.

Look at the myths and then at the real facts relating to trench excavations:-

MYTH FACT

Trenches in clay are safe. 79% of fatal trench accidents have occurred in clay.

You do not need trench sheets 75% of fatal trench accidents have occurred when an

if an experienced man is in charge experienced man has been in charge.

of the trench excavation.

You do not need trench sheets 74% of fatal trench accidents have occurred in

when you dig, lay and backfill trenches which have been open for only a few hours,

all in one day. or even minutes.

The vast majority of trench fatalities occur where there is no timbering whatsoever. The use of just a

few pairs of trench sheets would save nearly all the lives lost in trenches every year.

REMEMBER THE BASIC RULE:

The sides of all excavations must be sloped / battered or supported as identified in the risk

assessment





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SECTION 8 - SCAFFOLD APPRECIATION AND WORKING AT HEIGHT

NO. 18 SCAFFOLDING

There are many different types of scaffolding in use today. All scaffolds have the same basic rules:-

• Check that the platform is fully boarded out.

• Check that all necessary guard-rails are fitted.

• Check that all toe boards are fitted and in position.

• Check that all brick guards are in place.

• Check that the ladder provides suitable access and is tied to the scaffold.

• Check the scaffold has been erected on a sound base and that base plates and sole boards have been used.

• Never use a scaffold if you think it is unsafe. Check with your supervisor.

• If you find that a scaffold is unsafe report the faults to your supervisor so he can have them put right.

• Do not overload platforms with materials and keep platforms clear of debris.

• Alterations to scaffolds must only be carried out by persons who are competent to do so.

• At the end of the day remove access ladders or board them out to prevent children from playing on them. (this is in addition to site fencing)

REMEMBER - SCAFFOLDS PROVIDE YOU WITH A SAFE WORKING PLATFORM. DO NOT ABUSE THEM





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NO. 19 LADDERS Work may only be carried out from a ladder when the job is of short duration and can be done safely. Never overreach at the working position. Before using a ladder, inspect it to see that it is not damaged. Check for splits or cracks in the stiles and rungs. See that none of the rungs are missing or loose. It should not be painted as paint can hide damaged parts. Only industry standard ladders must be used. Check to ensure it has been placed the correct way up. Never attempt to repair damaged ladders. Ladders should be set on a firm base, resting at an angle which is not too steep and not too flat. Rule of thumb 1 out for 4 up. If the ladder cannot be tied at the top, it must be fixed at the bottom or a second person must foot the ladder before it is used. When ladders are finished with, either board them up or remove them to stop children playing on them. Don't use ladders for run ups. Don't drop ladders. Ensure your footwear is free from excessive mud or grease before you climb the ladder.

REMEMBER - THE VAST MAJORITY OF LADDER ACCIDENTS OCCUR BECAUSE THE LADDER IS NOT TIED AT THE TOP.





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NO. 20 SCAFFOLD TOWERS Scaffold towers must be constructed to the same standard as any other scaffolding. Inspect the tower before use. If you are erecting a tower, you must be trained to do so. Working platforms must be fully boarded out. Where the risk assessment requires they must be provided with guard-rails and toe boards. The towers must be braced. Mobile towers must not be used unless the wheels are provided with brakes. These must be applied before the tower is used. The wheels must be firmly fixed to the towers. Mobile towers should be erected so that the height of the platform above the ground is no more than three times the smaller base dimension. If the tower is used indoors, the platform may be 3.5 times the smaller base dimension above the ground. The access to the tower must be suitable, e.g. ladders must be securely fixed. A mobile scaffold tower must not be moved whilst persons or materials are still on the tower. Towers should be erected and dismantled in a careful and orderly manner in order to prevent damage to the component parts, e.g. do not use lump hammers to hammer braces into position. If a tower appears to be unsafe, do not use it but report it to your supervisor. REMEMBER: EXTERNAL USE MOBILE Ratio = Least Base x 3 = Height Ext. INTERNAL USE MOBILE Ratio = Least Base x 3.5 = Height Int.

NEVER USE LADDERS / STEPS / MILK CRATES TO GAIN EXTRA HEIGHT.





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NO. 21 WORKING ON ROOFS

Working on roofs carries a high risk of accidents unless proper procedures are followed and precautions taken. Before working on any type of roof you should know the rules set out below and follow them:-

• For work on a roof, risk assessments must be done to determine guardrail and toe board requirements.

• For work on a sloping roof with a pitch of more than 30 degrees (or less than 30 degrees, if it is slippery) crawling ladders or crawling boards must be provided and used.

• There may be circumstances where the use of a safety harness is the only safe way of working. Such a decision will be made by management, and you must use the safety harness in the conditions specified.

• All openings in roofs must be securely covered or suitably guarded by guardrails and toe boards. Any cover provided should either be securely fixed in position or clearly marked to indicate its purpose, for example: "Do not remove cover - hole below". Every year accidents occur when someone lifts a board and then walks down the hole it was covering.

• Access provided to the roof must be checked before use to see that it is safe and sufficient.

• Beware of fragile roofs. If in doubt see your supervisor.





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NO. 22 MOBILE ELEVATING WORK PLATFORMS

The term Mobile Elevating Work Platform (MEWP) covers pedestrian controlled self propelled and power operated mobile elevating work and access platforms.

The MEWP is designed to provide a temporary working platform which can be easily moved from one location to another. It is particularly suitable for short duration work where the use of a ladder would be unsafe and the erection of scaffolding would be time consuming and impracticable. The main hazards associated with the use of mobile elevating work platforms include:

• collision with another vehicle

• parts of the machine encroaching onto a traffic lane

• proximity of overhead cables

• falls of persons or materials

• persons being caught or trapped in moving parts or "nip" points

• overturning

• incorrect use When using an MEWP it is important that you adopt the following precautions:-

• Ensure that you have seen the manufacturer's records regarding inspection, maintenance and servicing and that it is carried out.

• Check that all the relevant test certificates and duty charts are provided with the machine.

• Ensure that before you operate the machine you are trained; this is normally carried out by the supplier and ensure that you are familiar with the manufacturer's operating manual.

• Ensure the safe working load (SWL), the safe wind speed and safe gradient are displayed on the machine, and adhered to.

• Ensure the ground is level, firm and the machine is not over any drain, basement, etc. Where rough terrain equipment is used, the manufacturer's requirements on ground conditions must be followed.





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SECTION 9 - WORKING NEAR SERVICES

NO. 23 WORKING NEAR UNDERGROUND CABLES

Damage to underground electric cables is a frequent occurrence which can result in fatal or serious injuries. In addition, the interruption to supplies may have both damaging and expensive consequences. Before commencing any excavation, check with your supervisor that enquiries have been made to see if any cables are in the area (electric, telephone, television, etc.). If so, remember that the location shown on a plan may not necessarily be accurate. You should, for your own safety, always follow the rules given below:-

• Ask for a cable locating device, in good working order, to be available to locate all underground cables in the working area, you must be trained to use the device.

• Assume all cables are `live', unless told by your Supervisor that they are dead.

• Hand dig trial holes carefully wherever possible along any indicated line and look for marker tapes or tiles above the cable. Continue to use the cable locator. Finally, establish exact location.

• Once exposed, protect cables from damage, supporting effectively where necessary.

• In the event of accidental damage - even if only apparently superficial - all persons should be kept clear until the Electricity Board has made an examination.

• When backfilling, make sure you have been instructed as to the Board's requirements. Replace marker tapes or tiles in their original positions.

• If you have to use hand-held power tools to break up concrete areas or other paved surfaces, avoid over-penetration. This is a common source of accident when cables are buried underneath.

LOOK AT PLANS, CONTACT AUTHORITY, LOCATE, HAND DIG, EXPOSE, SUPPORT, MARKER TAPE.





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NO. 24 WORKING NEAR OVERHEAD LINES

Accidental contact with live overhead power lines causes many serious injuries and fatalities. These accidents are particularly related to cranes and excavators, but tipping wagons, scaffold tubes and metal ladders have all been in contact with overhead cables, with fatal results. While your employer must provide a safe place of work - by having power lines re-routed, switched off or protected by `goal posts' and barriers - you have a part to play as well. If you have to work near overhead power lines, observe the following rules:-

• Treat all overhead lines as `live' unless you have been specifically instructed otherwise. Do not assume they are only telephone wires.

• Get to know any maximum clearance requirements specified by the Electricity Board.

• Do not try to bypass `goal posts' or barriers or other warnings.

• If you are a banksman, always keep the overhead lines in view when giving directions. Only direct plant under power lines where `goal posts' are provided.

• If scaffolding is being erected adjacent to power lines, make sure that poles are handled a safe distance away.

• Never stack materials or tip under overhead lines. This could reduce the safe clearance and, in wet weather, result in a `flash over' to earth. Equally, a tipper body may come dangerously near to the wires - or accidentally touch them - with disastrous results.

• If work has to be carried out under overhead wires, special precautions will be laid down by the Electricity Board or your employer. Make sure you have been instructed as to what they are.





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NO. 25 WORKING NEAR GAS MAINS

Care needs to be taken when working near gas mains for obvious reasons. Your supervisor should have checked with the gas company where the services should approximately run on the site. The following points should be followed when excavating near a gas main:-

• Remember that Gas Mains have a flammable and explosive content.

• Before digging, check the Gas Company's plans.

• Dig carefully by hand.

• Establish the location of the pipes.

• Work with care and do not create a situation where joints may be strained.

• If the pipe has to be supported, ask to be briefed on the Gas company's requirements before starting work.

• Check the risk assessment to establish whether the excavation is classed as a confined space and work accordingly

• At the slightest hint of gas escape, leave the excavation and prevent anyone going near it. No lights must be allowed. Have the Gas Company's Emergency Service called at once.

• Never use a gas main as a hand or foot hold.

• Do not drop tools or other weights onto mains, as many old mains are of cast iron and may crack if they are in poor condition.

• Modern, smaller diameter house mains are often plastic - do not confuse them with electric cables.

• Gas company's have precise specifications in relation to back-filling round mains. Make sure you have been properly instructed in this respect.





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NO. 26 WORKING NEAR WATER MAINS

People do not associate dangers with water, like they do with gas and electricity services. Remember water at high pressure can cause a fatality and, if working in an excavation, a burst could fill the excavation quickly. If the line of a main has been properly established by trial holes, stopcock locations, etc. and you have to carry out excavations in the vicinity, you should:-

• Have been made aware of any supporting of the main which is necessary and briefed on how to carry it out.

• Work adjacent to and around the pipe with care, using hand tools.

• Not leave a length of pipe unsupported which is more than the supported span specified, even temporarily.

• Not confuse smaller plastic pipes with plastic sheathed electric cables.

• Follow the Water company's backfilling specification with care.

• If the main is accidentally damaged in any way, however superficially, have the Water company called at once and explain what has happened.

• Ladder access should be provided in the excavation.

REMEMBER - WATER CAN CAUSE FATALITIES.





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NO. 27 WORKING NEAR SEWERS

All sewers should be located by tracing manhole covers and confirming that the sewer does, in fact, run between any two of them. The main risk to health will be if you are working in a trench and you break into a foul sewer. You should leave the trench immediately to avoid the possibility of asphyxiation. Do not return until adequate ventilation has been provided and the area declared safe for work. Follow any method statements produced as a result of risk assessments. Always wear protective clothing if there is a risk of contamination from sewage, and wash your hands before eating, drinking or smoking. Cover wounds with water proof dressings. Report any damage to your Supervisor immediately. If you break a storm water sewer and rain is falling, vacate the excavation as it may flood from the sewer at any time. WEILS DISEASE This disease is fairly uncommon but the following are worth noting. A danger involved in working in or around sewers is Leptospirosis (Weils Disease). The disease comes from rats' urine. You will be given a card about Weils Disease by your Supervisor, please read what it has to say. If you feel unwell, with flu like symptoms, you should take the card with you to your doctor and tell him you may have been infected with raw sewage.





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SECTION 10 - CONFINED SPACES SAFETY

NO. 28 PERMITS TO WORK

A Permit-to-Work system is an extension of a safe system of work or method statement and requires written permission before a particular job can commence. A written Permit-to-Work system is essentially a document which identifies the plant to be worked on or area to be worked in and details the precautions to be taken before work can commence. It highlights the safe procedure and is a clear record of the hazards that have been anticipated and the precautions to be taken to avoid them. An essential part of a Permit-to-Work system is the formal recording by those in charge that the precautions have been taken and it is safe for the work to proceed. Frequent checks should be made to ensure that the required safety measures are being closely adhered to. Permits-to-Work will be used in a considerable range of circumstances: entry into confined spaces, entry into tanks and vessels, use of highly flammable materials and dealing with any live electrical circuits. If you are ever involved in a Permit-to-Work system, make sure the requirements of the Permit are clear and strictly followed, copies of Permit-to-Work systems are available from the S.H.E. Department.





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NO. 29 WORKING IN CONFINED SPACES

Every year there are a number of fatal and serious accidents caused by persons being allowed to enter live sewers, manholes, bored piles, trenches, tanks and so on without the necessary tests being carried out or the correct safety rescue equipment being provided. Many of these accidents would have been avoided if supervising staff and operatives had been properly trained and the work carried out on a Permit-to-Work system. People engaged on such operations must be physically and mentally suitable and properly trained for the job. The following checklist is a reminder:-

• Dangerous atmospheres can arise when there is a lack of oxygen or when toxic or flammable gases are present.

• In no circumstances should you enter a confined space (trench, manhole, tank, bored pile, foul sewer) without instructions from the supervisor.

• Equipment for testing the atmosphere before you enter and at regular intervals must be provided and used by a competent person. You must not enter the confined space until he is satisfied that entry is safe. Testing must continue while you are working inside, and you must leave immediately if told to do so.

• Adequate fresh air ventilation must be provided in appropriate circumstances.

• All necessary safety and rescue equipment must be available on site at the actual location.

• Make sure that you have been trained in the use of the safety and rescue equipment by a competent person.

• Wear the protective clothing provided.

• Do not eat, drink or smoke.

• Wash your hands at the end of each shift.

• If you are entering a sewer make sure you are given a Weil’s Disease card





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NO. 30 GASES COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED IN CONFINED SPACES

You should always be aware of the potential hazards of fumes and gases in confined spaces. Listed below are gases commonly encountered in confined spaces:- GAS CHARACTERISTICS Acetylene Colourless, Garlic like odour, highly flammable, easily ignited by

sparks, simple asphyxiant. Butane Colourless, faint disagreeable odour. Flammable and explosive.

Simple asphyxiant. Carbon Dioxide Colourless, odourless, denser than air. A common hazard.

Asphyxiant with some toxic properties. Carbon Monoxide Colourless, Odourless. Very toxic. Lethal at high levels. Low

doses cause headache, nausea, dizziness. Chlorine Greenish yellow gas, pungent irritating odour. Highly toxic,

causes pulmonary irritations and burning of eyes, nose and throat.

Hydrogen Colourless and odourless. Highly flammable and explosive.

Simple asphyxiant. Hydrogen Sulphide Rotten egg smell. Highly toxic, flammable. Irritates eyes, nose,

throat in low doses. Rapidly fatal in high concentrations. Remember the gas destroys your sense of smell first.

Methane (Firedamp) Colourless, odourless, half the density of air, highly flammable

and explosive. Simple asphyxiant. Nitrogen Dioxide Colourless, highly toxic welding hazard. Fire hazard reacts

violently with organic materials. Causes irritation of throat and chest. Long term exposure can cause pulmonary impairment.

Oxygen Colourless, odourless. Asphyxiant risks below normal

concentration in air (21%) increased flammability risks at higher concentrations.





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NO. 31 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

It is sometimes necessary to work in atmospheres in which hazardous dust or fumes are present. Ideally, the contaminant should be controlled at source to minimise the hazard, but this is not always possible so safety equipment will be provided by your employer for your protection. Respiratory protective equipment (respirators or breathing apparatus) should be selected to prevent the wearer from breathing dangerous levels of dust, gas or vapour or to provide oxygen. A respirator suitable for use in one set of circumstances may be useless in another, so proper selection is essential if wearers are to receive adequate protection. A respirator which gives perfect protection against a dangerous fume will be useless if there is a lack of oxygen. All equipment, with the exception of disposable types, requires cleaning, disinfecting and inspection after use and before wearing by another person. Cartridges and filters have a limited life, which can vary depending upon the environment in which they are used. Manufacturers' recommendations should be closely followed. Equipment must be properly stored when not in use. Training in the use and application of respiratory protective equipment is essential for all types of equipment, and it should only be worn by persons who are thoroughly familiar with it and know the procedure to adopt in case of emergency.





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SECTION 11 - MOBILE PLANT SAFETY AWARENESS

NO. 32 REVERSING VEHICLES

H.S.E. reports shows that 25% of plant and vehicle related accidents involved reversing vehicles, so clearly this is one of the greatest risks that you are exposed to on or near a construction site. Pedestrians, where possible, should be kept separate from moving vehicles and plant. You must stay alert at all times, using all your senses. Keep a lookout and listen for vehicles that are moving. Reversing vehicles should be fitted with both audible and visible warning alarms. Never cross at the rear of a reversing vehicle as the driver may not have seen you and will not be expecting you to be there. Systems must be in place to reduce the amount of reversing vehicles, such as one way traffic, drivers given instructions as they arrive on site and told where to deliver and who is the "Banksman". Only reverse vehicles if you have been trained to do so. If you are not a Banksman do not give signals to a driver, unless in an emergency. The emergency stop signal is done by raising both hands with the palms facing forward (like a policeman would). Always wear the high visibility clothing provided.





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NO. 33 WORKING WITH MOBILE PLANT, CRANES AND OTHER LIFTING MACHINES

Never attempt to operate mobile plant, a crane, excavator, dragline, forklift or other type of lifting machine unless you possess a relevant "CTA" or equivalent, or you have been authorised by the site. Walk around your machine before starting it, to check for defects and obstructions. Report any defects in your machinery to your supervisor. Carry out daily checks on the machine i.e. lights, brakes, oil, tyres, etc. Make sure that you know the Safe Working Load of your machine and the weight of any load you are required to lift. Try the load by lifting it slightly and halting, to see if the machine can take the load. Never leave the cab whilst the load is suspended. Make sure the duties for the machine and the manufacturer's operating manual is with the machine. Only persons trained in slinging practice and signalling systems may act as a slinger or a banksman. Get a copy of the Slinger's Handbook from Management and read the contents carefully if you are a crane driver, slinger or banksman. Never stand under a load whilst it is suspended. Check for potential hazards e.g. overhead cables, other employees, etc. Wear seat belts if provided. Never carry passengers in the cab, unless seating is provided. Keep to the speed limits. Never allow persons to ride in any unauthorised position on the machine. Never leave the machine unattended. Never travel with booms, blades or the body raised. At the end of the day park on firm level ground, remove the ignition key, lock the cab, windows and any covers.





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NO. 34 WORKING WITH MACHINERY

Power driven grinding and cutting tools are obviously dangerous items of machinery. So too are gears, chain drives, v-belt drives, fans and even perfectly smooth revolving shafts and spindles, such as those for starting handles. The traps between conveyor belts and drums have killed many people. Guards are fitted to plant and machinery to prevent you from coming into contact with moving parts. Always ensure that these guards are properly replaced and secured before starting up plant and machinery. Never remove or adjust guards whilst the machinery is in motion. Do not interfere with any switches or safety precaution devices. On machinery fitted with interlocks, make sure that the interlocks work correctly. If you find any defect, report it to your supervisor immediately. When using a starting handle, always keep your fingers and thumb on the same side of the handle. Operating unguarded or badly guarded plant and machinery could cost you your life and that of others, so use the guards properly.





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NO. 35 INSPECTION OF PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Before you use any plant or equipment it is vital that it is inspected and any faults found reported to your supervisor. Operators of plant should have access to the machine's Manual / Handbook for information on how to maintain the vehicle. Inspections must cover the following:-

• The condition of the vehicle must be satisfactory, doors, guards, windows, mirrors, etc.

• The wheels must be inspected to ensure that they are secured to the machine and the tyres are inflated to the correct pressure and are not damaged i.e. bad cuts or nailed.

• The electrical equipment that has been fitted should all work, i.e. lights, indicators, wipers, horns, reversing warning bleeper, etc. (A flashing amber light must be fitted to any vehicle that is to travel on a dual carriageway if its speed is less than 28 mph).

• The brakes must be in good working order. The hand brake must work and can be tested by trying to pull away or on an incline. Should brakes fail in any way the machine must be taken out of service until repairs have been carried out.

• Hydraulics must be tested to ensure that they are working correctly, first check for oil leaks by inspection of the system and pipes. (NB: no steel braid should show on any pipe). If check valves are fitted to the machine they must be tested regularly. This must be carried out in a safe area away from the works. The machine should be extended to the maximum and the engine cut off, the machine must not then move. Should there be any movement, the valves are not operating correctly and the machine must be taken out of service.

• Use plant operators inspection reports.





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SECTION 11 - MOBILE PLANT SAFETY AWARENESS NO. 36 TOWING AND HANDLING MOBILE PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

DESCRIPTION This equipment gives rise to many hazards when it is being loaded / unloaded, towed or handled. HAZARDS

• Unserviceable plant

• Trapped limbs and/or fingers.

• Runaway plant and insecure loads.

• Damage to plant, buildings or services.

• Damage to equipment being towed. LEARNING POINTS

• Check plant at time of delivery, do not accept u/s plant

• When towing, always use a properly constructed towing hitch, which should be securely and permanently attached to the towing vehicle.

• When attaching plant to a tow hitch ensure that the tow ball is fully enclosed or that the pin has dropped far enough to fit the retaining clip, which should be chained to the drop pin.

• The jockey wheel, when fitted, must not be raised until the plant is securely attached and must be lowered again before removing plant from the tow hitch.

• The unladen towing vehicle must be hand-braked before the plant is lifted on to the tow hitch. Move the towing vehicle towards the plant to minimise the need to manhandle the mobile plant.

• Care should be taken when locating equipment on the tow hitch not to trap fingers between the plant and tow hitch - always wear gloves.

• Where mobile plant has stabilisers, they should be part lowered before removing the plant from the tow hitch to prevent the towing frame from rising quickly on detachment.

• Responsibility for towing any plant safely is that of the driver of the towing vehicle. The driver is responsible for ensuring that the system of towing, as laid down by his employer, is properly implemented and followed.

• Winches should be used if possible to draw the equipment up vehicle ramps. Mobile plant should be tied down and the wheels chocked before moving off.

• When using lorry loaders, always extend the outriggers prior to loading or unloading operations and also do not exceed the safe working load of the loader or lifting gear.





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• Do not use lorry loaders for any other purpose than to place equipment on or off the

bed of the lorry. SECTION 11 - MOBILE PLANT SAFETY AWARENESS

NO. 37 TRAFFIC CONTROL

Before any works are commenced on a "live" carriageway, specific precautions must be taken. The precautions require protection of both the public using the roads and those involved in the road-works. Signs and safety barriers must be erected as specified in Chapter 8 for any works that are connected with "live" carriageways. These must be secured in position using sand bags and not any other form of heavy materials such as kerbs or concrete blocks. A minimum of eight signs are required for a simple roadwork job. Surplus signs must be removed from the work area in order to prevent hazards to the public and the operatives involved in the operation. Signs must be removed as soon as the operation is completed. High visibility clothing must be worn by all involved in the operation. Safety zones must be created with the speed of the traffic taken into account. Competent trained personnel must be employed to supervise traffic management

Speed of traffic Minimum Long-ways Clearance Minimum Sideways Clearance

30 m.p.h. 0.5 metres 0.5 metres 40 m.p.h. 15 metres 0.5 metres

50 m.p.h. 30 metres 1.2 metres







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SECTION 12 - HEALTH HAZARDS

NO. 38 Control Of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations

The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1994

The basic principle of these regulations is to safeguard the health of all of us who have to work with substances that can be hazardous to health. A substance can be a liquid, solid or gas and include micro organisms and dust. These regulations apply to all places of work. The main requirements of the regulations are for your employer to:-

• Assess the risk to health arising from the work and what precautions are needed.

• Introduce appropriate measures to prevent or control the risk - use alternative safer substances if possible.

• Ensure by good supervision that control measures are used and that equipment is properly maintained and procedures observed.

• Where necessary, monitor the exposure of the workers and carry out an appropriate form of surveillance of their health.

• Inform, instruct and train employees about the risks and the precautions to be taken. Make sure you are given a COSHH assessment for your work activities.

You must co-operate with your employer and wear protective equipment, when instructed to do so. The equipment you are given must be in good condition and your employer cannot charge you for the cost of personal protective equipment, provided to comply with the requirements of any Risk Assessment.





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NO. 39 WORKING WITH CHEMICALS AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

Many hazardous substances are used on construction sites. Chemicals are contained in adhesives, admixtures, brick and stone cleaners, decorative / protective treatments for timber and metals, floor treatments / finishes, formwork and mould treatments, fumigants, cements and grouts, insulants, sealants, solvents and weedkillers. Accidents can be prevented if you know what the chemicals are, the hazards they pose, and the precautions to be taken in handling them. If there are any doubts, seek information and instruction from your supervisor. Avoid hazards by following the guidelines listed below:-

• Your employer has a legal duty to assess the risk involved in working with a hazardous substance, decide what precautions should be taken to deal with the risk and instruct you on how to deal with the matter. Make sure you have this instruction before you work with any hazardous substance, get the COSHH assessment.

• Always read the label on the container and make sure you understand the information. If there is no label, do not use the contents.

• Do not assume that because two containers look the same, they contain the same material.

• Chemicals in construction may be: explosive, flammable, poisonous, irritant or corrosive. A chemical may have more than one of these hazards. Check for danger symbols on the label before opening the container.

• When opening containers, hold a rag over the cap as some volatile liquids tend to spurt up when the cap is released.

• Always check that you are wearing the correct protection before handling chemicals. Gloves, eye protection, protective clothing, rubber boots or respirators may be required. All these must be kept in good order. Check the COSHH assessment.

• Explosive chemicals must be treated with great care. Some chemicals become unstable when old, and explosions can result if these are mishandled. Check the condition of all chemical containers for indications of leakage or age.





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• All flammable liquids give off vapours which travel unseen into the air, and are easily

ignited by flames, sparks or just heat alone. Never smoke if there are flammable chemicals in the area and know what action to take in the case of fire.


NO. 40 WELDING

Welding is the fusion of two pieces of metal by heat. The two most commonly used in the construction industry are:-

• Gas Welding.

• Electric Arc Welding. Gas Welding: Main hazards associated with gas welding are:-

• Fires and explosions.

• Burns to eyes and skin due to hot surfaces and molten lead.

• Exposure to fumes - respiratory disorders e.g. cutting metalwork covered with lead paint.

Electric Arc Welding: Main hazards associated with electric arc welding are:-

• Electric shock.

• Fire.

• Burns to eyes and skin due to molten metal and ultra violet light.

• Exposure to fumes - respiratory disorders e.g. metal fume fever welding galvanised steel or steel containing zinc.

Precautions

• Cylinders must be stored securely in upright position.

• Fit flash back arrestors to oxygen and acetylene cylinders.

• Clear combustible materials from area. Keep fire extinguisher close to the working area.

• Wear appropriate protective equipment -

• Eye protection

• Gloves

• Overalls

• Boots / spats

• Respiratory if working in poorly ventilated area





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• Screen areas of electric arc welding to prevent exposure of UV light to others

• Do not leave trailing hoses or cables on the floor creating tripping hazards.


NO. 41 WORKING WITH CEMENT

INTRODUCTION

Cement is one of the most widely used construction materials. Anyone who uses cement (or mixtures containing it e.g. mortar and concrete) should be aware that it is hazardous to health and that safe working practices must be used to minimise the risk. The most commonly used cements, i.e. Portland cements contain mainly calcium silicate with aluminium and iron compounds together with a small amount of gypsum. High-alumina cement contains calcium aluminates. A variety of additives are used to produce special-purpose cements. HEALTH EFFECTS Cement can cause ill-health mainly by:- skin contact: contact with wet cement can cause both burns and dermatitis:

• cement burns: if freshly mixed concrete or mortar gets trapped against the skin, e.g. by falling inside your boots or gloves, very serious skin burns or ulcers can result which can take several months to heal and may need skin grafting;

• dermatitis: skin affected with dermatitis feels itchy and sore and looks red, scaly and cracked. Two sorts of dermatitis can occur:

irritant dermatitis results from direct damage to the skin caused by the combination of

wetness, chemical corrosiveness and abrasiveness of cement in concrete and mortar; allergic dermatitis results when you become sensitised to chromium salts present in the raw materials used to make cement. Sensitisation to additives such as pigments, epoxy resins and hardeners can also occur. eye contact: contact with cement powder or wet cement can cause irritation and inflammation.





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inhalation of dust: high levels of dust can be produced when cement is handled, for example when emptying bags of cement or during their disposal. In the short term, exposure to high levels of cement dust irritates the nose and throat and causes difficulty with breathing. There is uncertainty about the long term effects of breathing in cement dust; chronic chest trouble is possible.

Abrading hardened concrete e.g. in scabbling or concrete cutting, can give rise to large amounts of inhalable dust which could contain high levels of silica, depending on the aggregate that has been used. By breathing in silica dust you are at an increased risk of developing chest complaints.





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NO. 42 LASERS

The main hazard associated with the use of lasers is damage to the eye, but skin damage may result if the beam power intensity is high. There is also a potential fire hazard associated with the use of high powered lasers. There are four classes of lasers (Class 1 - 4), Class 1 being the weakest. The following must be adhered to:-

• Only trained operatives are allowed to use lasers.

• If an area is a laser controlled area, take note of signs and barriers and do not enter unless authorised to do so.

• Do not work in a laser controlled area unless you have been advised as to what precautions you should take, which should include what personal protective equipment is required.

• In addition, you should never enter any area where radiographic testing work is being carried out. Always obey the warning signs and barriers.





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NO. 43 VIBRATION

Vibration White Finger (V.W.F.) can result from the transmission of vibration from a vibrating implement (i.e. road-breakers, chain-saws, riveting guns, etc.) to the hands, occurring as a result of several years of regular exposure. Primarily, it results in damage to the blood vessels and nerves of the hand resulting in skin blanching (white finger) on exposure to cold, together with pain, pins and needles, numbness and loss of manual dexterity. If you are affected you will suffer symptoms on exposure to cold conditions with the time taken for recovery increasing as the condition develops. The condition may become permanent if early symptoms are not identified and action taken. It is important to recognise that these symptoms do not necessarily occur during or immediately after exposure to vibration but usually occur early in the morning when the weather is cold. Therefore, cold is the primary trigger for the symptoms. If you smoke you are at increased risk since smoking reduces the supply of oxygenated blood to your hands and fingers. The main way to prevent V.W.F. is to reduce levels of vibration by careful selection of equipment, the introduction of damping techniques on existing equipment if practicable, the use of alternative work procedures if possible, and to minimise the time working with vibrating machinery by job rotation. You should also follow these simple precautions:-

• Wear adequate clothing to keep dry and maintain hand and body temperature at an acceptable level, wear suitable gloves to keep your hands warm. Anti vibration gloves are available which can reduce exposure.

• Let the machine do the work and grip the handle as lightly as possible, providing that this is consistent with safe working practice.

• Do not use blunt tools. Keep steels sharp and use the appropriate tool for the job.

• If you smoke and use vibratory equipment you are at increased risk of vibration related disease, since nicotine reduces the blood supply to the hands and fingers.





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• Should attacks of white or blue finger or long periods of tingling and/or numbness

occur, report this to your Supervisor.

• Inform your Supervisor if abnormal vibration occurs when using your machine. SECTION 12 - HEALTH HAZARDS

NO. 44 HEALTH RISKS FROM WORKING IN THE SUN

A sunny day makes most of us feel good, but too much strong sunlight can be damaging to the skin. The problem is caused by the ultraviolet - UV - rays in strong sunlight. People whose job keeps them outdoors for a long time, such as site workers, may get more sun on their skin than is healthy for them, and should note the following: Dangers: In the short term... we all know that sunburn can blister your skin and make it peel. In summer, even on cloudy days, enough UV can filter through to cause burning. In the long term the most serious effect is an increased chance of skin cancer later in life.

It is almost always easy to cure but it should be caught early. Too much sun will also speed up the ageing of your skin, making it leathery, mottled and wrinkled. In England and Wales around 35,000 new cases of skin cancer are registered every year. There are 1,600 deaths.

Some medicines, and contact with some chemicals used at work (such as dyes, wood preservatives, coal-tar and pitch products), can make your skin more sensitive to sunlight. Who is at risk of skin cancer? People with white skin are at most risk. Take particular care if you have:

* fair or freckled skin that doesn't tan, or burns before it tans; * red or fair hair and light coloured eyes; * a large number of moles - over 100 in young people, or over 50 in older people.

Should I protect myself? Yes. You should be particularly careful while you are working out of doors in the summer in the three or four hours around the middle of the day. The sun is most intense at these times. Don't get burned Get to know how your skin reacts to sunlight. This will help you decide what

precautions to take. Getting burned now may increase your chances of skin cancer many years later. Try to avoid the reddening that is the first sign of burning.





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The best protection is to shade your skin from the direct sunlight. A suntan may give some protection against burning but does not eliminate the long

term cancer risk; nor will it protect against premature ageing.

SECTION 13 - POWER AND HAND TOOLS

NO. 45 HAND TOOLS

Many accidents occur when hand tools fall from heights, are tripped over, or placed in such a position that the cutting edges cause injury. Many of these accidents would be prevented if every person who uses hand tools would remember and follow just four simple rules:

• Select the proper tools for the job.

• Make sure they are in good condition.

• Use them correctly.

• Return tools to the tool box or stores at the end of each shift. Once you have selected the proper tool for the job, check it over. Is it in good shape? Is the handle secure and free of splinters? Is the cold chisel burred? Is the hand saw sharp? Keep your own tools in good shape, and also keep the tools provided by your employer in good condition. Hand in defective tools and ask for replacements. When not in use, make sure that any hand tools are stored in a manner unlikely to be hazardous to others. Use boxes or other suitable containers. Where appropriate, hang tools from racks. Make sure all cutting edges, teeth, etc. are adequately sheathed or otherwise protected. Do not lay tools down so that they can fall, roll or be knocked over. Do not leave tools lying in walkways or any place where they could be tripped over. For longer term storage, use the lockup or lockup boxes provided by your employer.





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NO. 46 POWER TOOLS

The continuing efficiency of all portable powered tools, like all other mechanical equipment, depends on regular care and maintenance. Tools should be regularly checked on issue from, and return to, the stores. All tools which have exposed cutters should be switched off and held until they have stopped moving before being set down. Operators should not wear any items of loose clothing which could become caught in moving parts of power tools. Only 110 volt electrical powered tools are allowed on site and these must be visually checked before use by the operator and, every three months, a thorough examination should be carried out by a competent electrician. The efficient and safe use of all powered tools can come only through proper training, proper maintenance and from adequate supervision on site. Too many accidents have occurred through the use of these tools by untrained, unskilled labour. No-one should use a power tool unless he has been given instruction on it. Compressed air is delivered at high pressure; therefore if it enters the body, it can rupture internal organs and cause death. It is important that air lines are used only for their proper purpose and not played with. The air lines to air driven tools can be lethal if they break free and whip. All connections in air lines must be made with the proper crimp type connectors - never with jubilee clips which have been involved in many serious accidents. Check all lines before use. If machines are designed to be used with guards, never start the machines unless the guards are firmly in place.





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NO. 47 WORKING WITH ABRASIVE WHEELS

• No-one may change the abrasive wheel on any type of grinding machine unless they have been trained and appointed in writing by their employer to do so.

• Wheels over 55 mm (2 ins.) in diameter must be marked with the maximum permissible speed in r.p.m.

• Abrasive wheels must not be operated at speeds in excess of the marked r.p.m.

• Machinery on which abrasive wheels are mounted must have the maximum speed of the spindle clearly marked in r.p.m.

• When the wheel is in motion, the guard must be in position and must enclose the wheel, except for the part that must be exposed for the purpose of carrying out the work.

When using abrasive wheels, eye protection that complies with BS 2092, Grade I must be worn by the operative using the wheel and by any persons who must remain in the vicinity where the work is being carried out. If, during the use of the abrasive wheel, dust is generated, then suitable COSHH control measures must be applied to reduce dust levels and respiratory protective equipment must be worn if necessary.





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NO. 48 WORKING WITH CARTRIDGE TOOLS

No-one may use a cartridge gun unless he has been trained to do so and given a Certificate of competence. This can be carried out by the cartridge tool manufacturers, free of charge. There are two types of cartridge operated tool: the high velocity type and the captive piston or low velocity type. Only low velocity, captive piston tools may be used on our sites. They must be approved to BS 4078 and carry the Kite Mark. Guns and cartridges must never be left lying around the site. They must always be under the control of the persons entitled to use them. All cartridges should be kept under lock and key in a cool, dry place. Operators should always wear eye, ear, foot and hand protection when using cartridge operated tools.





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SECTION 14 - FIRE PREVENTION

NO. 49 FIRE PREVENTION

Good housekeeping and fire prevention go hand-in-hand, not only on site but in the home and the office as well. Fires can start anywhere at any time from:-

• Accumulated debris.

• The misuse of compressed gases and highly flammable liquids.

• The ignition of waste material, wood shavings and cellular plastic materials.

• The failure to recognise highly flammable materials and keep heat away from them. Every individual on site should be aware of the fire risk, and know the precautions to prevent a fire and the action to be taken if fire does break out. Check the instructions on the notice board and find where the "muster points" are. Always know where fire extinguishers are kept. Have you inspected your fire extinguishers lately? Are they fully charged, accessible and ready for use? The fact that fire extinguishers are our first line of defence in the event of a fire should warrant a periodic and thorough inspection. They should be kept clean to attract attention and must be easily accessible when needed. You should know the correct type of extinguisher for specific types of fire - refer to the poster on the notice boards. Many fires are caused by sheer carelessness in drying wet clothes. Clothing should not be placed directly on to heaters or left in prolonged contact with heat. Rubbish provides a good starting point for fire. Keep your work area clean and tidy and do not allow rubbish of any description to accumulate.





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SECTION 14 - FIRE PREVENTION

NO. 50 STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE MATERIALS

Many of the materials, liquids and substances which we use on sites are highly flammable, e.g. solvents, petrol, cellulose based paints and thinners, etc. These types of materials must be kept in secure containers. Containers used for petrol should be clearly marked "PETROLEUM SPIRIT - HIGHLY FLAMMABLE". Any empty containers should be marked "EMPTY" and stored apart from the full containers. Small containers carrying highly flammable liquids should be stored in fire resistant cabinets or bins. Gas cylinders should be stored in the open air, out of direct sunlight and away from any sources of ignition. The cylinders should be stored in the upright position at all times. Signs marked "HIGHLY FLAMMABLE - LPG" should be displayed. Any empty cylinders should be marked "EMPTY" and stored apart from the full cylinders. A sufficient number of dry powder extinguishers should be placed around the storage area. Where the cylinder cannot be stored in the open air, they should be kept in a storeroom which is constructed of non-combustible materials and is adequately ventilated. This storeroom should not be used for any other purpose than for the storage of LPG Gas or acetylene cylinders. Smoking is NOT permitted in storage areas where flammable liquids and materials are kept. Flammable or explosive liquids must not be discharged into drains.





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SECTION 14 - FIRE PREVENTION NO. 51 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

There are several types of fire extinguishers which can sometimes be identified by their colour:- many will be coloured red with a label identifying their type TYPE COLOUR Water Red Foam Cream Carbon Dioxide Black Dry Powder Blue Halon Green Water Extinguishers - Should be used for materials such as wood and paper. They MUST NOT be used on fires involving electrical equipment or oil. Foam Extinguishers - Should be used on fires involving burning liquids such as paint and asphalt. They MUST NOT be used on fires involving electrical equipment or flammable liquids. Carbon Dioxide & Dry Powder Extinguishers - Are normally used on burning liquids. They are safe for use on fires involving electrical equipment. Neither of these extinguishers have a cooling effect, consequently they are not recommended for use where there is a high risk of re-ignition. Use carbon dioxide extinguishers in well ventilated areas because they reduce the amount of oxygen in the air. Halon Extinguishers -





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Can be used in most instances including use on electrical equipment. They are recommended for use in the open air or in well ventilated areas because of their toxic properties, so do not use in confined spaces. Because fire extinguishers cannot always be identified by their colour, do not use them without first reading the label.

SECTION 15 - SITE TIDINESS

NO. 52 HOUSEKEEPING

Tidiness is one of the foundation stones of safety and good environmental practice. Many accidents are caused through people tripping, slipping and falling over materials and equipment which should not have been left lying around. A great deal of environmental problems could be avoided if materials were disposed of properly instead of being allowed to escape into the surrounding area. This is an area where everyone on site can make a significant contribution to safety and the environment, merely by applying common sense.

• Do not leave rubbish lying about - clean up as you go.

• Ensure all waste is disposed of in the correct skip / bin.

• Do not obstruct gangways, aisles or stairways with tools or materials.

• Make sure that spilled oil, grease or liquids are cleaned up from floors and the contaminated clean up material is disposed of in the correct skip / bin.

• Gather up all off-cuts of timber, reinforcing bars, and any other material, and dispose of in the correct skip / bin.

• When clearing up, make sure the refuse disposal point is in a safe position and all waste containers are clearly marked for their contents.

• Position all cables and hoses out of the way. Where possible do not lay them across a pedestrian walkway

• Look out for sparks and hot slag falling from welding, cutting and other hot work.

• Dispose of oil rags in metal containers.

• An accumulation of waste material provides a good starting point for fire. Do not let it happen.





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• Ensure the waste disposal area is kept tidy and containers are removed in adequate

time to prevent spillage. Throughout this talk we have seen that proper waste disposal is an integral part of good housekeeping. Not only does this improve site tidiness but it also improves safety and reduces the likelihood of pollution occurring and of individuals being fined. A tidy site is safe and efficient.





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NO. 53 SLIPS, TRIPS AND FALLS

INTRODUCTION All slips, trips and falls have the potential to become Lost Time Injuries. In fact, a third of all major injuries are caused by this category of incident and in 1990/1, they accounted for nearly 600 major injuries in industry. In addition to the obvious incidents that can occur on sites, incidents can also occur in other areas such as the entry / exit of road vehicles, in the compound and in service areas such as a canteen. HAZARDS

• Unsafe ladders, steps and scaffolds.

• Slippery surfaces and improper footwear for the working environment.

• Obstructions in and on floors and walkways.

• Poor lighting.

• Access to / from vehicles. LEARNING POINTS

• Inspect ladders and steps prior to working and ensure that the ladder is set on firm, level ground at the correct incline (1 in 4). Use two hands whilst climbing, do not over reach when working from a ladder. When a harness or fall arrestors are being worn, remember to check the condition of the equipment before use and check that people know how to use them.

• Inspect scaffolds prior to working and ensure that the scaffold is complete, the working platforms are clear from tripping hazards and, in the case of mobile scaffolds, the castors are locked to prevent movement.

• Avoid slips by keeping watch for hazardous working conditions - wet floors, icy areas, oil and grease for example. Promptly clean up the spillage, do not leave it for someone else.





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• Avoid trips by maintaining a good standard of housekeeping and ensure that

materials are stored and access-ways are kept clear.

• Avoid falls by using fully guarded work platforms. Where this is impracticable, fall arrestors and harnesses must be clipped onto a solid structure at all times whilst working at height. In addition, cherry pickers should be used instead of "beam walking".





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NO. 54. STORAGE OF MATERIALS / BRICKS / CONCRETE RING

Materials such as bricks, blocks, concrete rings, steels, timber, that require stacking must be stacked on a good firm level base to prevent any unwanted movement of the materials.

• Bricks and blocks must not be stored more than two packs high; this will reduce the risk of packs accidentally tipping. Only good sound pallets that are the correct size for the packs must be used. Space must be allowed for machines to move between the packs to prevent the machine displacing any part of the loads or packs. A stacking area must be provided away from public access and, if possible, be fenced off.

• Concrete rings that are large in circumference and narrow in width must be laid flat so they cannot be moved or rolled by any person, especially children.

• Timbers must be de-nailed and stacked in a manner so that they cannot be easily displaced. Packing should be used underneath the stack so that forks or slings can be used to reposition them at a later date.

• Steel / reinforcement bars must be stacked in an area adjacent to the works to reduce the amount of handling and carrying. Timber packing must be used underneath steel; this will allow for forks and slings to be positioned for the next movement and help to prevent accidental slips of the materials





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SECTION 16 - HANDLING MATERIALS

NO. 55 ACCESS AND WORKING PLACES

The places at which you work, and the access to these places, should always be free from unnecessary equipment, materials and substances which are liable to cause people to trip or slip. Waste materials and substances should be cleared away regularly and tools kept together in a box or bag when not in use. Holes or openings in floors must be filled in, or fitted with protective covers securely fixed in place and labelled "CAUTION OPENING BELOW", or protected by guard rails and toe boards. Every year someone lifts an unmarked, loose cover and then walks down the hole being "protected". Edges of floors, roofs and other working places from which people can fall, or from which people can fall into water and drown, must be protected by suitable guard rails and toe boards as indicated by the risk assessment. If work is to be undertaken adjacent to water, suitable rescue equipment must be available. If you work at a height, take care of the people working below. Let them know you are there and take steps to prevent things from falling. Precautions might include cover for floor openings, toe boards, brick guards, barriers or safety nets and the use of tool belts.





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NO. 56 MANUAL HANDLING

Almost a quarter of all injuries at work are caused by accidents during manual handling. Most of the injuries are to hands, feet, legs and back. Some of the back injuries result in permanent disability. Although the Manual Handling Operations Regulations do not specify what weight a person can lift, it is now recognised that one person should not lift any load exceeding 20kg (44 lb). Take care of yourself by following the guidance notes given below:-

• If mechanical handling equipment is available and you are authorised and trained to use it, do so.

• Wear the right protective equipment for the job.

• Know your physical capabilities and only tackle jobs you can reasonably handle.

• Think the job through:- 1. Can you handle the load by yourself? 2. Is there a clear, properly lit, walkway to the work or stacking area? 3. Is there a safe stacking area? 4. Will timber packing be required between the articles when stacked? 5. Seek advice on height restrictions for stacks. Remember, it is often more

dangerous de-stacking than stacking.

• Always check that the weight of the load is known before lifting.

• Know the correct way of lifting before attempting a lift:- 1. Stand reasonably close to the load, be sure footing is firm and feet are about

300 mm apart. 2. Squat down by bending the knees, keeping the back as straight as you can. 3. Place hands where they will not slip, and grip firmly. 4. Breathe in before lifting - inflating the lungs helps support the spine. 5. Straighten up with the legs, keeping the back as straight as you can 6. Hold the load firmly and close to the body. 7. Ensure your view is not impeded by the load whilst working with it. 8. Lift slowly and smoothly. Avoid jerking motions.

When two or more persons lift a load, one of the team must be nominated to give instruction to ensure that each person lifts an equal share and the team work together.





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NO. 57 SLINGING

Be certain that you know the weight of every load to be lifted and always allow for the additional weight of slings or any special lifting attachment, container or cradle. If you are in any doubt seek advice from your Supervisor. Only select correct and suitable lifting gear which is properly marked with its safe working load. Always ensure that crane and sling hooks are of an approved type. Examine the gear that you have selected and report any defects immediately to your Supervisor. Return any rejected gear to the stores immediately and advise the storeman of the defects noted. Properly secure the load or any part of the load which might slip and fall during lifting. Ensure that there is no danger of the contents falling out when skips or containers are used for lifting purposes. Where necessary, use soft timber or other packing to protect the sling from any sharp edges on the load. See that the crane hook is placed centrally over the centre of gravity of the load to prevent the load swinging when it is raised. Remember that it is part of your job to look after the lifting gear that you use and chains and slings must not be left lying around. When you have finished with them they must be returned to the store and hung correctly ready for examination and further use. By protecting your lifting gear you protect both yourself and your colleagues against the risk of serious injury. Please play your part in the prevention of site accidents. Lastly, and the most important point is that only trained and competent persons are allowed to carry out any slinging operations.





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SECTION 17 - WORK ADJACENT TO RAILWAY LINES

NO. 58 BASIC MEANINGS OF TERMS USED ON RAILWAY OPERATIONS

When working on or near railway lines it is vital that you follow the rules laid down in Railtrack's "Track Safety Handbook", of which you all have copies. The meaning of terms used in the handbook are:- Controller of Site Safety (COSS) The COSS is appointed to ensure that a safe system of work is adopted to

safeguard you when you work on or near the line. The COSS is identified by a blue armlet with the words COSS, in white letters.

On or near the line This means any work within of 3m of the nearest rail. Also applies on platforms

when engineering work is carried out within 1.2m of the platform edge. On the line side This is the area between the boundary fence and the point defined as on or near the

line, where you would be in view of the driver of an approaching train. Refuge An area where it is safe to stand when a train passes. This is a space created in the

wall of a tunnel or cutting or a platform built out of an embankment, where people can stand when a train passes.

Engineering Supervisor This is a member of railway Staff designated to look after a site when possession

has been taken of the line and arrangements made for trains to run on a different line. Identification is by a yellow armband with the words ENGINEERING SUPERVISOR in blue letters.

Lookout A "lookout" is a person with experience of working on or near the line who has

been trained and certificated. Identification is by a white armband with the word LOOKOUT in red letters. The "lookout" gives a warning when a train is approaching, and is not allowed to have other duties.





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Position of Safety A place allowing a clearance of at least 2m between you (including anything you are

wearing or carrying) and the nearest rail of any line on which a train is approaching. Where speeds are less 100m.p.h. the clearance can be reduced to 1.2m.


NO. 59 SAFETY OF PERSONS ON OR NEAR RAILWAY LINES

When working on or near railway lines it is vital that you follow the rules laid down in Railtrack’s "Personal Track Safety Handbook", of which you all have copies. The main rules you should follow when working on or near railway lines are:-

• Never go on or near any line or cross the rails (except at a level crossing) unless it is absolutely necessary or you are using an authorised walking route to or from your place of work.

• Wear Railtrack approved orange high visibility clothing and any other protective clothing i.e. hard hat, safety footwear, stipulated

• Be alert at all times for approaching trains.

• Never report for work if you are under the influence of alcohol or drugs which may impair your judgement. Failure to comply with this rule will mean your removal from site and you could face dismissal from your job.

• Always observe any warning indicators (lights or bells) and warning notices.

• Keep a safe distance from any line on which a train is approaching; the minimum safe distances are:-

1. 2.75 m where train speeds exceed 125 m.p.h. 2. 2 m where train speeds exceed 101 - 125 m.p.h. 3. 1.25 m where train speeds are 100 m.p.h. or less.

• When a train approaches you must:- 1. immediately move clear of all lines unless you are clearly in a position of

safety and in no danger from another train approaching 2. acknowledge the audible warning of the train by raising an arm above your

head. 3. before the train passes, lower to the ground any equipment you are carrying. 4. remain in a position of safety until the train has passed and you can see no

train is approaching, especially on another line.

• Do not enter a tunnel unless you are familiar with it or you are accompanied by a member of Railtrack staff.

• If you are working with a COSS or a "lookout" you must follow their instructions.

• Never leave tools or materials within 2 m of the rails.

• Never leave flammable materials near cables or cable troughs.

• Never leave mobile plant, tools or materials unsecured because of the possibility of vandalism.





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• Never park or allow any part of your vehicle to come within 2 m of the rail.

• Switch off external red lights when your vehicle or plant is parked near the line.

• If there are overhead cables, never carry long articles vertically i.e. scaffold poles.

• If there is any doubt please talk to your supervisor. SECTION 17 - WORK ADJACENT TO RAILWAY LINES

NO. 60 EMERGENCY ACTION WHEN WORKING ON OR NEAR RAILWAY LINES

When working on or near railway lines it is vital that you follow the rules laid down in Railtrack's "Personal Track Safety Handbook" of which you all have copies. In the event of an emergency when working on or near railway lines, the following action should be taken:-

• Follow the instructions of the person in charge.

• Do not endanger yourself.

• Contact the signalman and explain what has happened, he may be able to stop the trains.

• If there is a line side Railtrack telephone, contact the signalman or control point and give the following information clearly:-

1. state that it is an EMERGENCY call.

2. give your name and company name.

3. state the exact location and what has happened.

4. make sure your message is understood and stay in contact until told

otherwise

• If you cannot contact the signalman, go back along the line for a distance of 2 kilometres (1.1/4 miles) in the direction from which trains normally approach.

• If a train approaches, display a red flag or raise both your arms above your head.

• During darkness display a red light or wave any light violently.

• If you see a fire which is likely to affect Railtrack property, and a public telephone is nearby, call the Fire Brigade direct and provide them with the information as above, then inform your supervisor.





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If there is any doubt please talk to your supervisor.


NO. 61 ELECTRIC SHOCK RESCUE ON RAILTRACK OPERATIONS.

When working on or near railway lines it is important that you understand what to do if someone suffers an electric shock. In the event of this happening please take the following action: If the casualty is not on the ground, do not attempt rescue unless you have assistance and advice of a railway employee trained in first aid for electrical accidents, but you should immediately follow the procedure to get the electricity switched off.

• If the casualty is completely below live overhead line equipment and no part of the body is nearer than 1 metre (or 3 feet) from the live overhead line equipment it is not essential for the electricity to be switched off. It is perfectly safe to touch the person since there is no harmful electric charge retained in the body.

• You must make quite sure for your own safety that no part of your body, clothing, anything you are holding or the casualty gets within 1 metre (or 3 feet) of the live overhead equipment or anything in contact with it.

To get the electricity switched off: Note carefully the location of the accident, the number of the nearest overhead line

equipment structure and the line concerned, i.e. Up or Down line, etc. Go to the nearest telephone or use your radio to call the Electrical Control Operator,

or arrange for this to be done. When contacting the Electrical Control Operator: State it is an EMERGENCY call. Give your name, department, job title or employer. Indicate from where you are speaking, including your telephone or radio call number.

Give details of the line(s) concerned, location and the number of the nearest overhead line equipment structure.

State why it is necessary to have the electricity switched off. Remain in contact until assured by the Electrical Control Operator that:

the electricity has been switched off and the overhead line equipment made safe to be approached but not touched.





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OR for rescue purposes, the electricity has been switched off and the overhead line

equipment made safe to be approached and touched, provided the bare hands are covered with a material that will not conduct electricity.

OR alternative arrangements have been made. After the electricity has been switched off, it may be necessary for the purposes of

rescue for you to come into contact with the overhead line equipment or a casualty who may be touching it. As there may be a small residual voltage present after the electricity has been switched off, before touching the casualty or the overhead line equipment, you must make quite sure for your own safety that your hands are covered with something dry which will not conduct electricity.





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SECTION 18 - PUBLIC PROTECTION

NO. 62 PROTECTION OF CHILDREN

Each year around twenty children are killed on construction sites. A 2m high fence should be placed around the site with access via lockable gates and suitable signs displayed. Do not stack materials close to the fence as this would provide easily climbed access over the fence. The following additional precautions are recommended :-

• All excavations, holes or openings should be filled or securely covered immediately work in them is complete. If left open overnight, then a secure netlon fence must be erected around the hole as a minimum.

• All vehicles and plant must be locked with keys removed.

• All materials must be stacked in such a way so as to prevent them being easily displaced.

• All electrical supplies should be properly locked off at the end of each shift, all live conductors should be enclosed in a locked box.

• Any chemicals etc. should be kept in a secure enclosure.

• All ladders giving access to elevated areas shall be removed or a board secured against the rung to prevent access. Loose ladders should be returned to the compound or secured to prevent them being used.

• Make sure signs are posted around the site warning of the dangers.





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SECTION 19 - ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

NO. 63 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES

The environment is subject to strict legal controls since the introduction of the Environmental Protection Act 1990. (EPA). The EPA has been introduced in order to protect the environment and to prosecute companies and/or individuals who fail to do this. The new Environment Act 1995 has taken one step further towards environmental protection looking at specific issues such as contaminated land, packaging recovery and the set up of the Environment Agency. The Environment Agency will combine the roles of the National Rivers Authority, Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Pollution and the Waste Regulation Authorities, the primary function of the agency will be to protect and enhance the environment. The effect of environmental prosecutions can be very detrimental to a company, it can lead to increased costs, adverse publicity, low morale and a removal from tender lists. By increasing our environmental awareness we hope to achieve a high level of environmental protection on our sites, creating a positive working environment for us all. To help us achieve our environmental goals Infrastructures has written an environmental policy which is incorporated within our health and safety policy, the SHE policy. The person responsible for the SHE policy is normally your Site Agent, Projects Director or Works Manager, have you ever seen the SHE policy? are you aware that it contains environmental sections? Where we have a problem that may affect the environment i.e. working close to watercourses, the precautions to be taken are contained in the policy. The persons responsible for ensuring that the appropriate precautions are taken are identified in the SHE file. The Site Supervisor, Managing Director or HSE Manager then informs the people nominated of the hazards that they are responsible for controlling and requests that they address any queries to him. If he does not receive any queries, he will assume that the responsibilities have been accepted and understood. Brief discussion point





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What are the two main pieces of environmental law and what are they trying to achieve?


NO 64 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

Water as a resource is used for numerous activities fishing, wind surfing etc., working adjacent to rivers, lakes, ponds and aquifers (underground stream) must be carried out with care due to the potential pollution threat it poses. Under the Water Resources Act 1991 anyone who pollutes controlled waters or who contravenes the conditions of a consent is guilty of an offence. The penalties are: a) On a summary conviction a fine of up to £20,000 and or imprisonment of up to three months. b) On indictment, an unlimited fine and imprisonment for up to two years. The penalties can be brought against anyone from the person on site, a site manager, a company director or the company itself. Over the past few years the National Rivers Authority (now part of the Environment Agency) have prosecuted several construction companies successfully for the pollution of water courses. Contamination into watercourses has an immediate effect on the water and can often be seen readily. It comes from several sources:

• Pollution - oil and chemical spills

• Silting - suspended solids

• Erosion - erosion of soil General Precautions Any activities that may have the potential to pollute water should be carried out away from the watercourse or drain, this includes activities such as maintenance and refuelling of plant (30 metres away from a watercourse is a guideline for an ideal situation). When refuelling by hand, use a funnel or a container with a spout to prevent a spillage. Fuel & Chemicals All fuel and chemical storage must be adequately bunded and situated 30 metres away from the watercourse. Any fuel or chemical spills should be reported immediately to your supervisor. Leaking or empty drums or containers should be disposed of in the correct manner, as a contaminated waste, as all empty containers retain some liquid and therefore can be a potential threat to the environment.





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Silt & Cement When cleaning any concrete mixing plant dirty water should not be pumped directly into drains and must not be allowed to flow into any watercourse, it may be necessary to establish settlement lagoons for this type of contaminated water. The placing of concrete mixers or wet concrete within close proximity to a watercourse must be avoided to prevent any contamination. Silty water must not be pumped directly into watercourses as it can be extremely damaging to plant and animal life in the water e.g. silt causes fish to suffocate and die as it clogs up their gills.

SECTION 19 ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

NO 64 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL (CONT'D)

If silty water is produced, necessary steps should be taken, the following are examples of the kind of steps that should be taken:

Silty water can be sprayed onto land to soak away. Sandbags can be placed around surface water drains and water gullies to prevent dirty water entering a watercourse Settlement tanks and lagoons can be used to settle out the silt particles. Clean water can then be discharged into a watercourse providing permission is granted by the Environment Agency. By filtering the silty water through a suitable membrane (e.g. Geotextiles) clean water may be discharged into the watercourse, with permission of the Environment Agency Diversion of clean rain waters or surface water away from unmade ground will avoid the creation of silty water. The discharge of silty waters to the foul sewer may be an acceptable way of dealing with silty water providing permission is granted from the appropriate authorities. Polyelectorlytes (Chemicals that bind the silt particles together in order to speed up settlement), may be used if seen as necessary within settlement lagoons.

Erosion Where possible clean water should be pumped directly into the watercourse and not over exposed soil. If this is not possible, pumping onto grassy areas before allowing run off into the water will reduce potential erosion that may occur General points When disturbing ground water near to watercourses, beware of increasing the load of suspended solids (mud / silt particles)





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When temporarily storing contaminated soil, think about the consequences that may arise if there is a flood or a heavy storm. During periods of dry weather, considerable quantities of dirt and oils can build up on areas of hard standing. If these areas are not cleaned regularly a sudden spell of bad weather can wash these contaminants into watercourses resulting in high pollution loads. When connecting up to existing drains, do not connect appliances requiring foul drainage to surface water drains. Do not allow wheel wash facilities to overflow. By taking notice of these precautions chances of pollution occurring are minimised, thus decreasing the likelihood of prosecution and environmental degradation. Should a problem occur, the Site Agent / Works Manager should be informed immediately so that they can inform the relevant bodies.

Brief discussion point. What are the three main sources of water pollution?





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NO. 65 GROUND CONTAMINATION A major area of environmental concern is related with the potential contamination of the earth. Unlike the pollution of surface watercourses, ground contamination has a potentially long term impact and can be a problem even after construction work is completed Small spills can, over a long period of time can accumulate to become a major problem with far reaching effects. Health problems can be traced to contaminated sites and this could lead ultimately to prosecution and the responsibility to clean up the land. Ground contamination originates from poor storage, handling and disposal of chemicals and fuel. Even the smallest spill can have an impact on the local area and it is those small spills that can accumulate and cause major environmental problems. All these problems can be avoided by using good control techniques inclusive of the following points:

• Maintain a general practice of good housekeeping.

• Dispose of all waste types into the appropriate containers.

• Be aware of the problem of ground contamination and take appropriate action when required.

• Report any spills immediately and take action using clean up facilities if necessary.

• Storage areas and tanks must have adequate bunding around them 110% capacity of the storage tank / container itself.

• Containers and barrels containing substances such as petroleum, oil or chemicals must be returned to the correct storage area at the end of any working day.

• Any open containers must be covered to avoid potential spills and vandalism.

• Dispose of empty containers and drums in the correct waste facilities as they always retain some liquid and could cause ground contamination.

By keeping to these guidelines, material loss can be minimised as can the threat of ground contamination, the workplace will also be kept cleaner. It is you as an individual that is





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responsible for taking care when using materials, for Safety, Health and Environmental reasons. Your actions not only have repercussions on yourself but also on the environment and just as importantly other people. Brief discussion point Where does ground contamination originate from?


NO. 66 FUEL & CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT

Fuel is dangerous not only to the Health and Safety of people but also to the Environment. You only have to look at the damage caused when a fuel tanker leaks e.g. the recent oil tanker disaster at Milford Haven where 65,000 tonnes of oil leaked into the sea. It is recognised by most people that fuel has the potential to injure, but very few people are aware of the impact it can have on the environment. Fuel can:- Instantly kill wildlife, including fish, mice, insects and plant life. Pollute watercourses resulting in devastating environmental effects. Accumulate within plants and animals being passed onto humans via the food chain. small scale spills can accumulate over long periods of time in the ground causing a major pollution problem. With increasingly strict legislation and policing bodies such as the Environment Agency, the polluter can be prosecuted, made to pay for the clean up and the damages caused. To prevent this from happening the following points must be obeyed:- Containers and barrels.

• Care must be taken when moving or using containers / barrels containing fuel.

• Do not store drums too tightly against each other so that those in the centre cannot be seen. Store all containers / barrels in such a way so as all the containers can be seen in order to inspect for any leaks.

• Check that the bung is secure before moving any barrels or containers.

• Ensure that all tanks, drums, containers and barrels are labelled with their contents, this is particularly important when the reuse of containers occurs.

• Do not leave containers / barrels lying around where they may be struck by plant.

• Do not leave containers / barrels in areas adjacent to watercourses.

• Dispose of empty containers / barrels in correct waste disposal facilities as they always retain some liquid which is a potential contaminant.

Storage tanks:-

• Large tanks of diesel or other bulk liquids must be protected by an impermeable or lined bund, which has to be 1 1 0% capacity of the storage container.

• Taps must always be contained within the bund and need to be padlocked in order to avoid any problems with spillage and vandalism.

• Regularly check taps and hoses for any leakages.





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Maintenance of machinery and plant:-

• Drip trays must be placed under plant equipment and must be emptied an a regular basis into correct disposal facilities.

• The refuelling of plant must be not be carried out within 30 metres of any watercourse.

• Maintenance of plant must not be carried out within 30 metres of any watercourse. (Please note that 30 metres is given as a guideline for an ideal situation)

• When refuelling by hand use a funnel or container to prevent any spillages. Immediately report any spillages to you supervisor.

SECTION 19 - ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS NO. 67 NOISE

Noise in the workplace may have an adverse effect on both people at work and those in surrounding neighbourhoods. Noise at it's worst can affect peoples health or cause deafness, at a lower level it is an irritant and an environmental nuisance, as a form of pollution. The polluting effect of noise is a direct result of the location of a site and the working hours. Legislation such as the Noise Abatement Act 1960 and the Control of Pollution Act 1974 give statutory powers to local authorities in relation to environmental noise, magistrates have the power to fine the polluter for infringements of noise related regulations. Common law courts have the jurisdiction to stop noisy operations by granting an injunction and imposing damages. On a construction site noise takes two main forms:- Noise produced by plant and machinery through engines, exhausts, pumps etc. Noise produced in construction processes such as from demolition, piling, scabbling or the erection of steelworks. A general reduction in noise on site by the reduction of direct noise sources benefits operators in their working position and will also benefit the environment. The following ways to reduce noise should always be taken into account on every site. Locate permanent and semipermanent plant away from site boundaries, particularly on site with neighbours within close vicinity.

• Make use of site huts and stockpiles as noise shields.

• Limit shouting and radios on site in sensitive areas.

• Arrange material transfer points away from sensitive buildings and people.

• Arrange delivery times on site to suit the area e.g. daytime deliveries in residential areas, night time deliveries in inner city areas

• Use all silencing equipment available and keep panels closed on all generators and compressors

• Switch of noisy equipment when not needed.





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• Arrange routes for mobile plant so as the amount of reversing required is minimised so

as to reduce the amount of reverse warning bleepers being used.

• Observe restrictions on working hours. When erecting a temporary noise screen remember to obscure line of sight (using at least 10 mm plywood or similar material) and minimise gaps in the screen.By following these guidelines the levels of noise produced on site should be minimised, if you believe there is a noise problem on site inform your supervisor immediately. Brief discussion point. What two forms does noise occur in on a construction site?


NO. 68 VIBRATION

Vibration is not only a health and safety problem it is also an environmental concern. Vibration mainly occurs from demolition and piling activities within construction. The following ways to reduce vibration should be considered by you at all times:-

• When carrying out demolition work minimise the distance materials can fall as this will help to reduce levels of vibration.

• Vibration caused by heavy plant can cause environmental pollution therefore haul road surfaces should be kept as smooth as possible and carefully repaired potholes in the access road may also help to reduce this.

• Ensure you keep good relations and communications with neighbours as they often worry about damage to their property caused by our activities.

If you believe there to be a vibration problem on site or in area where you are working contact your supervisor. Brief discussion point.

Why should all haul roads be kept as smooth as possible?





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NO. 69 DUST AND DIRT

Many of the materials that we use have the potential to create dust and dirt. Fine particles of dust and dirt, once airborne will settle out on the environment and cause a nuisance through soiling of surfaces, as well as causing health problems. Another common cause of complaint made towards us as a construction company is a direct result of vehicles depositing mud on public highways. Contaminated or hazardous material such as asbestos require specialist attention in order to comply with legislation, but general dust and dirt can be reduced on site by complying with the following guidelines:

• Good housekeeping and site planning will help in general to reduce dust and dirt created on site.

• Store dusty materials in an enclosed area, reducing the potential of wind erosion.

• Ensure that all dust collecting equipment is properly maintained and is operated efficiently.

• During periods of dry weather, especially during the summer use fine water sprays in order to dampen down materials, haul roads and vehicle routes.

• Make use of Wheel wash facilities, especially when leaving the site and using public highways.

• Sheet vehicles when transporting fine or contaminated materials

• Keep your vehicle speed low on site especially during periods of dry weather. Brief discussion point. During periods of dry weather conditions what can be done to control dust and dirt on site?





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SECTION 19 - ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS NO. 70 FUMES, ODOUR AND SMOKE

Fumes, odour and smoke can cause serious problems, they may also affect health or spoil the local environment. The problems are a statutory nuisance controlled by the local council or The Environment Agency i.e. mobile plant, vehicles, fires etc. Processes involving the combustion of fuels and the heating and drying of materials commonly emit fumes, odour and smoke. This kind of environmental pollution is difficult to control but compliance with the following points should help to reduce any pollution:-

• Never leave plant or vehicle engines running unnecessarily

• Ensure that proper maintenance of all plant and vehicles is carried out on a regular basis.

• Do not burn waste materials on site, however, if for some reason it is necessary it should be carried out when the wind is blowing away from potentially sensitive areas.

• Chemicals and other hazardous substances should be stored suitably and handled in a responsible and appropriate manner, check manufacturers instructions.

• Activities that are likely to emit fumes, odour or smoke should be carried out with a consideration of the environment, the people around you and the wind direction.

Brief discussion point. Why is it important to consider the direction of the wind when fumes, odour or smoke are being created on site?





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NO. 71 PROTECTION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS

A certain level of disturbance is created through construction work to the local environment including the plants and animals. This level of disturbance should be minimised for the following reasons:-

• Certain plants and animals such as badgers, deer, newts, toads and several types of orchids are protected by law and must therefore not be damaged under any circumstances.

• Mature trees in some areas are protected by local protection orders and therefore must not be damaged.

• Replanting is more costly than protection.

• Local people and pressure groups object to the visible destruction of their environment.

• Any damage caused to an environment gives XXXXXXXX Ltd as a company a bad image as well as the Construction Industry itself.

• We all enjoy the natural environment and we want to preserve it for our children Damage can be limited by noting and complying with the following points:-

• Erect protection for mature trees in the form of fencing and highlight these areas with signs. When working on site always be aware of the protected areas and ensure that no damage is made to them.

• Do not drive heavy plant over tree roots, a protection zone equal to the branch spread is a good guideline to follow.

• The placing of a protective bund around ponds should be created where necessary and should always be observed so as not to create any damage or pollution to these areas.

• Fenced areas of protected vegetation must be carefully observed when working within their vicinity.

• Generally it is of great importance that you as an individual are aware of the environment you are working within and the sensitive areas of the site that must be protected and preserved at all times.





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If you believe there is a potential for pollution to a sensitive area as a result of our works inform your supervisor immediately and most importantly be aware of the environment around you. Brief discussion point. What kind of plants and animals are protected by law?


NO. 72 HOUSEKEEPING AND GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

Keeping a clean and tidy site is good for our company and industry image as well as being of extreme importance for our Safety, Health and Environment. Compliance with the following guidelines will assist you in achieving a clean and tidy site:-

• Deliveries should be stockpiled as neatly as possible.

• Waste materials must be placed in the appropriate skips and containers such as fuel drums should not be left lying around.

• Keep material stores tidy especially when they are in public view.

• Take special care when disposing of wrapping and packaging materials as they are usually lightweight and therefore have the potential of becoming a windblown nuisance.

• Avoid the spilling of liquids anywhere on site but especially in the vicinity of the site entrance or public streets as this could cause a public nuisance.

• Clean up any spills rapidly and report them to your supervisor.

• When using temporary lighting consider the location of any neighbours, angle lights away from neighbouring residential areas.

• Turn off temporary or permanent lighting when not required

• Do not leave anything lying around the site that may cause a potential hazard to the people on site or the environment.

Brief discussion point. Why is it so important to keep a clean and tidy site?





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SECTION 19 - ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS NO. 73 WASTE DISPOSAL The best practice applied to the management and disposal of waste on our sites has two major benefits:-

• A tidy site has a good image, emphasising safety, efficiency and care for the environment.

• The minimisation, management and appropriate disposal of waste can be economically beneficial and has numerous environmental benefits.

Compliance with the following points will help to achieve these benefits:-

• Always follow waste separation procedures by using suitably labelled containers in order to separate waste streams that can be recycled e.g. metals, wood, plastics and paper can all be recycled.

• Ensure that waste containers are close to the point of work to promote their usage.

• Avoid the storing of waste adjacent to watercourses as this creates an immediate pollution hazard.

• Ensure that all contaminated wastes are either stored within suitable containers or membranes to prevent secondary contamination of clean soil or water routes.

• Remember that clean wastes such as concrete and brick can be used as fill on site.

• It is not only solid waste that requires consideration, liquid waste spills must also be carefully controlled, wastes such as oil, chemicals and wet concrete should be collected and removed from the site by an appropriate contractor.

• It is very important that the source of any waste is identified by the waste transfer note which must always accompany the waste





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• When waste is removed from site it is of extreme importance that it is taken away by

registered waste management contractors who comply with the Environmental Protection Regulations 1990, (the duty of care regulations). This is of extreme importance as the contractor is responsible for the waste until it has been disposed of properly.

Brief discussion point. What are the major benefits gained by using best practice techniques for the management and disposal of wastes?


NO. 74 WASTE MINIMISATION

Materials and the people handling them accounts for approximately half of the cost of a traditionally constructed building or structure. Waste of materials adds to the cost of any construction project and uses up the earth's ever decreasing resources e.g. timber. The following points should therefore be considered when using any resources on site:-

• Handle masonry units carefully to avoid breakages.

• Follow any instructions given by the manufacturers on stacking.

• Keep plasterboard, plaster, cement and any other materials affected by damp conditions in dry stores.

• Use materials in order of delivery, i.e. the oldest first.

• Ensure unused materials are taken elsewhere on the completion of any site so that they are not wasted.

• Reseal tins, containers and barrels after use.

• Use the right materials for the right job.

• Switch off any plant, heaters, lights and general equipment when not in use in order to save energy

• Always separate wastes into the appropriate disposal facility so that recyclable waste ends up being recycled and not sent to landfill.

• Always remember the 3 R's Re-use. Recycle. Reduce. Brief discussion point. Why is it important to separate waste into the correct disposal facilities?





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NO. 75. CONTAMINATED LAND.

Dealing with contaminated land creates Safety, Health and Environmental hazards. These hazards are dependant upon the site and the specific contaminants and levels on site. If there is contaminated land on site a detailed plan of the contaminants and the risks involved with their removal should have been drawn up prior to the commencement of work on site. It is vital to your safety, health and environment that these plans are carefully followed. The followed general points should be complied with when working with contaminated material:-

• Be aware of who is responsible for dealing with contaminated material.

• Be aware of the contaminants present on site and ensure that you follow all precautions presented to you at all times.

• Make use of any decontamination facilities that are provided and do not cross contaminate areas, always be aware of the clean and dirty areas.

• Do not dig any unauthorised bore-holes, excavations or trial pits.

• If you unexpectedly uncover contaminated land during excavation replace it carefully where it was found. If the material is loose carefully recover it with earth and inform either your supervisor or the person who is officially responsible for dealing with the contaminated land.

• Be aware of any watercourses on site or any water sources and do not allow any contaminated material to enter these areas.

• When temporary stockpiling of contaminated material is being undertaken ensure that significant quantities cannot be blown to clean or sensitive areas of the site.

• Make use of any wheel wash facilities provided on site especially when taking contaminated material off site.

• Sheet vehicles when removing contaminated material off site

• Be aware of any security procedures that may be in place to secure the contaminated areas when not being worked upon.





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Always follow the site specific rules when working on a contaminated land site especially where personal protective equipment is concerned and issues such as smoking on the site, the rules are made for your health and safety as well as the protection of the environment. Brief discussion point. Why is it so important to comply with site specific rules when working with contaminated material

SECTION 19 - ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS NO. 76 RECYCLING

Many people recycle their waste newspapers, bottles, cans and magazines created within their homes. Recycling collection points are readily accessible to everyone at many different locations such as supermarkets, community halls, car parks and schools. It has now become common practice for many people to recycle within the home but not so much at work, waste produced at work no matter what the type of business, has the potential to be recycled or reused. Recycling involves a process that transforms materials into a usable state, this process involves energy costs, however these costs are often lower than the cost required for the raw materials to produce a new product. Recycling and reuse of materials does not just relate to paper but to waste products produced in every industry. Materials that may have been treated as waste in the past may now be recycled such as bricks, cement, concrete and blocks. There is a potential to recycle all these materials, but there may be an excessive cost involved in selective demolition to remove these materials. Instead of recycling these materials they may be reused as fill on site. By reusing materials such as concrete as fill benefits are gained both for the contractor and the environment, the contractor saves money by sending less waste to landfill and the environment benefits by less waste being sent to landfall and more materials being reused. Paper is made from processed wood fibre and other fibre products, the wood fibre used is mainly softwood, grown and harvested to meet ever increasing demands of industries. In the U.K. 50% of the paper products produced are made from recycled paper waste products, there is a great opportunity to increase this figure especially where packaging, newsprint and tissue paper are concerned. A greater use of recycled paper would have many benefits such as the reduction of the pollution created at the pulp mills and a reduction of pressure on landfall sites. The following simple steps should be followed in order to promote recycling, reuse and reduction of waste in your workplace:-

• Collect and reuse scrap paper.

• Use scrap paper for rough printing, photocopying and instead of "post it" notes.

• Only use the photocopier when really necessary and photocopy double sided when possible.





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• If a paper recycling scheme is implemented in your workplace participate and

encourage others to do so as well.

• Re-use envelopes.

• If there is an onsite waste segregation system on your site ensure you participate with it and do not cross contaminate as this could greatly effect the recycling process.

If there is a can, bottle or any other waste recycling scheme on your site please take part in it.

It is very important to participate with any recycling schemes that are set up within your workplace, the saving of materials such as paper can have enormous cost saving benefits as well as environmental benefits.

Brief discussion point. In what way can bricks, concrete, cement and blocks be reused on site? and what advantages does this have?





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NO. 77 ENERGY CONSERVATION

Within your home you may have introduced energy saving principles such as loft insulation or double glazing, you may not have done this purely to save energy. These measures prevent heat loss from a building which means that less heat will be required to heat the house and energy is saved, resulting in both a cost and environmental benefit. Within your home you may have taken a step further than double glazing or insulation, for example by using energy saving light bulbs which can help to reduce your electricity bill by £113 in one year. You may also consciously switch off heating or fighting when not required. The burning of fossil fuels to drive industrial processes, light factories, heat homes and cook, produces carbon dioxide (C02). Carbon dioxide (C02) contributes to the Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming. Global Warming is causing dramatic changes in the global climate at an unchecked rate as a direct result of our activities. The Greenhouse Effect is a natural process which maintains the conditions of the atmosphere making the world stable for life to survive. The gases such as C02 that allow this Greenhouse effect to take place occur in certain concentrations which makes the process stable. The concentrations of these gases are increasing through processes such as the burning of fossil fuels, which may lead to dramatic changes in sea levels, weather and plant life. The U.K has 1% of the worlds total population but produces 3% of the worlds C02 from fossil fuel burning. The total bill for energy use in industry in the U.K is approximately £6.5bn p.a., in commerce this figure is £3bn p.a., approximately £3bn p.a. could be saved from this bill by using simple measures such as insulation, heating controls and efficient use of lighting. Every business and every person can have an impact to limit the progression of global warming by taking part in energy efficiency schemes. The following simple measures should always be considered on site and in the office:-

• Switch off lights when not in use

• Switch off heating when not required

• Do not open windows whilst heating is on switch off the heater instead.

• Switch off vehicle and plant engines when they are not being used.





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Have your vehicle, plant and machinery serviced on a regular basis in order to maintain an energy efficient engine If using a computer at any time do not leave it switched on or on standby, a computer costs 1. 1 p per hour to run, which works out as being £96.00 p.a., if you switch of the computer and only use when necessary it would cost approximately £16.50 p.a. therefore a saving of £79.50 p.a. is made.

Use the kettle in relation to the number of drinks required, a full kettle uses more energy to boil than a half full kettle therefore you save energy by using the amount actually needed.

Simple energy saving principles such as switching off lights results in an overall saving in electricity costs and reduces potentially damaging environmental impacts through the burning of fossil fuels. Brief discussion point. Why is it environmentally important to save energy? and how can you personally do this?





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