AnPresentation

On

BREEDING OF TOMATO by: lav kumar

Ph.D SCHOLARCollege of agriculture, raipur

Among the vegetables maximum attemptshave been made to improve this crop becauseof its short duration, easy cultivation and largenumber of seeds per fruit and this has made itan ideal crop for many research workers.

An exclusive Tomato Genetics Co-operativelocated in University of California, USA,published genetic information on crop andmaintains a large number of collections whichhave already been thoroughly catalogued.

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Introduction

Origin and distributionTomato has its origin in Peru, Equador and Bolivia onthe basis of availability of numerous wild andcultivated relatives of the tomato in this area. From its centre of origin, the tomato first movedto Mexico for domestication and cultivation

Area and production In India tomato grown in an area 4.58 lakh ha. And

74.62 lakh tonns respectively with a productivity of16.29 tonns / ha. The leading producing states areUP, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujrat, Punjab, Haryanaand Bihar.

Uses•Tomato is also rich in medicinal value. •The pulp and juice are digestible, mild aperients, a promoter of gastric secretion and blood purifier. •It is reported to have antiseptic properties against intestinal infestations. •In the present days, it is gaining more medicinal importance because of the antioxidant property of ascorbic acid and lycopene content. •It is also an important source of -carotene and valued for their colour and flavour. •Thus, today it is one of the important raw materials for multimillion food industries. Tomatoes are also called as “Poor man’s apple”.•Tomato is consumed either fresh, cooked or processed into various products like juice, ketchup, sauce, puree, whole canned fruit and is the main constituent of ‘pizzas’.

TAXONOMY

Family- Solanceae

Linnaeus called it Solanum lycopersicon.Miller: Lycopersicon esculentumNow restored as Solanum lycopersicon. Lykos=Wolf, persicon= peach.

Lycopersicon: (1) Eulycopersicon- Redfruited edible species with carotenoidpigmentation, annual and self compatible.

E.g. L. esculentum and L.pimpinellifolium

(2) Eriopersicon- Green fruitedspecieswith anthocyanin pigmentation and selfincompatible.E.g. L. hirsutum, L. peruvianum, L.

cheesmani, L.chilense

L. cerassiformae is the immediate proginatorand L.hirsutum is ultimate proginator.

Interspecific crosses between L. esculentumand L. pimpinellifolium are easily made.

Embryo abortion may occur between L. esculentum x L. peruvianum. However, this can be overcome through embryo rescue technique.

Chromosome Number: True diploid, 2n= 24. All species of Lycopersicon have 2n=24.

BOTANYTomato plant is characterized by two types of plant:

Determinate type – inflorescence occurs more frequently in almost every internode until terminal ones are formed and elongation ceases at this point. In other words, it may be defined as self-topping and the main axis terminates with a flower cluster.

Indeterminate type- inflorescence cluster occurs at every third internode and the main axis continues growing indefinitely.

Flowers are borne in small forked racemecyme. There are four to eight flowers in eachcompound inflorescence. Flowers are pendent,perfect, hypogynous. There is a lightprotective anther cone surrounding the stigmaleading to self-pollination

Dehiscence of anther is longitudinal, 1-2 daysafter opening of corolla. If the pollen is shed as the style grows upthrough anther tube, self-fertilization occursand when the stigma protrudes, chances ofcross-pollination through bees increases.

The optimum temperature for pollination isaround 21 C.Emasculation is usually done 1 day prior toanthesis/flower opening.At this stage, the sepals have started toseparate and the anthers and corolla arebeginning to change from light to dark yellow. The stigma is fully receptive at this stageallowing for pollination even immediately afteremasculation. Protection of pollinated flowers by wrappingwith cotton or small pollination bags isessential.

BREEDING OBJECTIVES Earliness Increased fruit yield Fruit quality:

Large round fruit with adequate firmness andshelf life, uniform fruit size, shape, red colour andfreedom from external blemishes or abnormalitiesfor fresh market

Large fruit size, high fruit quality and continuousproduction for home garden tomatoes

Deep, uniformly red coloured tomatoes, pH below4.4, high TSS (4.5-7%) and high alcohol insolublesolids (AIS) in processing tomatoes

Indeterminate cultivars for greenhouse production

Resistance to diseases:Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.

lycopersici (Sacc.)Verticillium wilt (Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke &

Berth)Late blight (Phytophthora infestans)Early blight (Alternaria solani)Septoria leaf spot (Septoria lycopersici)Anthracnose (Colletotrichum phomoides)Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum)Bacterial canker (Corynebacterium michiganense)

Tomato mosaic (Tobacco mosaic virus)Root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)

Resistance to insects:Fruit borer (Heliothis armigera)White fly(Bemisia tabaci)

Resistance to abiotic stresses:Cold set varietiesHot set varietiesDrought toleranceSalt toleranceLow temperature germination and growthChilling injury toleranceHerbicide tolerance

BREEDING METHODS

1. INTRODUCTION: It consists of taking agenotype or a group of genotypes of plantsinto new environments where they have notbeen grown before.Ex. Sioux from USA, Marglobe from USA.

2. PURE LINE SELECTION: A pure line isprogeny of single homozygous plant of selfpollinated species. Therefore, all the plants ina pure line have the same genotype.Ex.Arka Vikas: (+ Rainfed), PLS from Tip-Top(USA)

Arka Saurabh: PLS from V-685 (CanadianBreeding line)

Arka Abha: (+bacterial wilt), PLS from VC-8-12-1 (AVRDC, Thaiwan)

Arka Alok: (+bacterial wilt), PLS from CL-144-5-1-0 (AVRDC, Thaiwan)

Arka Ahuti: (+processing), PLS fromOttawa-60 (Canada)

3. SINGLE SEED DESCENT METHOD: Suited forcharacteristics with low heritability (yield & yieldcomponents, earliness) and in crops with widerspacing.

•SSD is a modification of bulk method.•This is the classic procedure of having a single seedfrom each plant, bulking the individual seeds, andplanting out the next generation.•With this procedure one or two seed are collectedfrom each F2 plant and then bulk to grow F3generation•SSD is a system to rapidly develop pure linesfollowed by selection among those pure lines

4. SINGLE PLANT SELECTION: single plantseletion is used to select chance variants, off types,superior types from mixed homozygous population inself pollinated vegetable crops. This is one ofeffective method to make maximum use ofgermplasm.Eg: Earliana, Greater Baltimore and Bonny Best.

5. MASS SELECTION: Massing of IIHR-674 fromVC-82 line from USA developed in to Arka Ashish(+ P.M. and processing ).

6. Pedigree Method: Pedigree may be definedas a description of the ancestors of anindividual and it generally goes back to somedistant ancestor or ancestors in the past.Pedigree would describe the parents, grand-parents, great grand parents and so on. It is useful by finding out if two individualsare related by descent, have a common parentin their ancestors and they have some genes incommon.

Eg: Arka Meghali of tomato PS (F8) of ArkaVikas x IHR 554

Pusa Ruby selection from ImprovedMeeruti x Sioux

7. Back Cross Method: A cross between ahybrid (F1 or segregation) and one of itsparents is known as back cross. Hybridand the progenies in the subsequentgeneration are repeatedly back crossed to oneof the parents. Followed when character is governed byone/few genes. For Early blight, Nematode and Bacterialwilt resistance in tomato.

8. Heterosis Breeding:Though, tomato a self pollinated crop has a tremendous

potential for heterosis breeding. The commercial exploitationof hybrid vigour in tomato has received greater importance onaccount of several advantages of hybrids over pure linevarieties with response to marketable fruit yield and itscomponent traits as well as resistance to biotic and abioticstresses. That is why large number of commercial hybrids havebeen developed in the country in this crop. With increasingpopularity of F1 hybrids in tomato, it is imperative to obtainsuch hybrids which have excellent qualities and yield coupledwith resistance to diseases.

Released F1 Hybrids:Arka Vishal (IHR-837 X IHR-932)Arka Vardan: IHR-550-3 X IHR-932Arka Shreshta: 15-SBSB X IHR-1614Arka Abhijit: 15-SBSB X IHR-1334

9. Interspecific Hybridization:L. peruvianum – Source of Resistance to

Verticillium wilt, TLCV, Nematodes and Salinity.

L. pimpinellifolium – Source of Resistance to bacterial wilt, Fusarium wilt. Source of carotene and Vit-C content.

L. hirsutum - Source of Resistance to Fusarium wilt, Helicoverpa insect and Virus.

L. cheesmani - Good source for salinity resistance.

L. pennelli - Drought resistance and salinity resistance.

10. Mutation Breeding:S12 (Pusa S12 ) – Sioux variety is exposed to

mutation.Pusa Lal Meeruti – From Improved

Meeruti. Seeds were exposed to 15-30 Kv. Of ϒ-rays.

Natural mutants are also available in tomato like-Nr - (Never ripening)rin – Single recessive gene (Ripening

inhibitor)nor – (Non-ripening)alc - (Slow ripening)

11. Polyploidy Breeding: Not so much scope in tomato 0.2% Colchicine-

Tetraploids are sterile and fruit size was smaller.

12. Biotechnology:(i)Antisense RNA for Polygalactourinase (PGU) enzyme.

(The cell wall degrading enzyme. Activity appears at the onsetof ripening and in ripe fruit it is one of the major cell-wall-bound proteins.) Eg. FLAVR SAVR Variety available inmarket.

(ii) Viral Coat Protein – Introduced gene which can synthesize the protein which coats the virus material. Eg. Avinash-1 and Avinash-2 varieties.

(iii) Herbicide Resistance:- Gene which can resist that herbicide. Means variety should not be affected but weeds should be cleared.

Insect Resistance: Eg. ‘Bt’ for Helicoverpa(fruit borer) resistance.

Breeding for Storage life andProcessing type

Fruits with high acidity, uniform intense red colour, high TSS,Resistance to cracking, elongated fruits with high yield. Plantsshould be adopted to mechanical harvesting with determinatehabit, concentrated fruit set for once harvesting only andjointless pedicel on fruit etc.

Varieties – Roma, Punjab Chuhara, Arka Ahuti, Arka AshishJuice and Canning purpose:

Roma, Son Marzano, Red Top, HS-110Puree preparation:

Indo Process-II, Indo Process-III, RupaliPaste and Ketchup:

HS 101, HS 110.

Breeding for Resistance to Diseases

Bacterial wilt: Arka Abha, Arka Alok, PI 127805-A(L.pimpinellifolium)

Leaf Curl Virus : L. peruvianum & L. hirsutum.Resistant Varieties: Nandi, Vaibhav, Sankranthi.

Nematodes: ‘Mi’ gene carries resistance to nematodes,located on chromosome No. 6 in tomato.

PI 128657 (L.peruvianum), Neematex (not infected byall three races of RKN), Arka Vardan (F1 hybrid), NTDR-1,PNR-7, Pusa-120 etc.

Hybrids :Determinate type: ARTH-3, Pusa Hybrid-2, NARF-101,Swarna-12, NDTH-6, Nath Amruth-501, DTH-4

Indeterminate type: ARTH-4, FM-2, KT-4, MTH-6,FM-1, NathAmruth-601, NDTH-2.

Other hybrids

Pusa Divya – Indeterminate typePusa Sadabahar- It can set fruit at wide range oftemperature (6-30⁰C).Kashi Hybrid-1 and Kashi Vishesh (H-86) – from IIVR,VaranasiPusa Hybrid-8: Determinate hybrid from IARI, NewDelhi.Arka Ananya: Semi-determinate and resistant to leafcurl virus.

VarietiesPusa Red Plum•It has been evolved at the IARI by a cross between a cultivated tomato and the wild L .pimpinellifolium.•It is an early variety suitable for table use. •The fruits are small, borne in clusters with red colour and high vitamin C and sugar content. •The plants are tall, with determinate growth habit, vigorous and high yielding.

Pusa Early Dwarf•It is an early ripening selection from the cross between 'Improved Meeruti' and 'Red Cloud' - a typical dwarf type with medium large fruits of uniform colour. •It has been observed to do well in both the seasons, and yields up to 395 q/ha.

Pusa Early Dwarf•It is an early ripening selection from the cross between 'Improved Meeruti' and 'Red Cloud' - a typical dwarf type with medium large fruits of uniform colour. •It has been observed to do well in both the seasons, and yields up to 395 q/ha.

CO 2•It is a selection from a Russian introduction. It is an indeterminate variety. •The fruits are flat with 4-5 furrows. •Each fruit weighs on an average 55-60 g. •Ripe fruits are deep orange red in colour, its duration is 140 days and the yield is 28-30 tonnes/ha.

CO 3 (Marutham)•It is an induced mutant from Co 1; a determinate type suitable for close planting even as close as 30 cm x 30 cm. •Fruits are round in shape with four light grooves and capsicum red in colour. •It is a cluster bearing type capable of yielding as high as 40 tonnes/ha under a close spacing in a duration of 100-105 days.

PKM 1•This is another induced mutant from a local variety called Annanji. •The fruits are flat-round with prominent green shoulder and capsicum red colour. •It is suitable for long distance transport. •It yields about 30-35 tonnes/ha in a crop duration of 135 days.

Arka Saurabh•Developed by Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, it is a high-yielding variety exhibiting 30-35% higher yield than "Pusa Ruby'. •It is semi-determinate, bears very firm, deep red, medium-sized fruits with smooth skin and thick flesh. •The fruits are round with nipple tip. •It has very good transport and keeping quality, 8-10 days at room temperature amongst the round-fruited varieties. •It has an excellent blend of sugar and acidity and is very suitably both for •fresh and processing purposes particularly for ketchup and juice-making.

Arka Ahuti (Sel.11)•It is pureline selection from 'Ottawa-60' developed at IIHR, Bangalore. •Plants are semi-determinate with a duration of 135 days. •The fruits are oblong, thick fleshed, bilocular and uniform ripening. •The fruits have a TSS of 5.25% with an acidity of 0.35%. •It has an yield potential of 45 tonnes/ha.

Arka Abha (BWR-1)•This is from line selection (IHR 638-12) from a SSD derived line got from AVRDC, Taiwan (VC8-1-2-1). •The semi determinate vines bear oblate fruits with an average fruit weight of 75 g with light green shoulder. •It is resistant to bacterial wilt and is capable of yielding 25 tonnes/ha. in 135 days.

Arka Ashish (IHR 674 SBSB)•Developed at IIHR, Bangalore.•It is an improvement over UC83 B from California.•The plants are determinate with concentrated fruit maturity.•The fruits are uniform ripening, very firm, bilocular, oval andthe ripened fruits store well on the vine.•It is tolerant to powdery mildew. The colour is excellent (Lycopene 10 mg/100g), TSS is 4.8% and with low acidity (0.35%), it makes excellent ketchup, juice and puree. •It yields 35 tonnes/ha. in 130 days

HS101•Developed at Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar byhybridization (Sel 2-3 X Exotic culture) and selecting in thesegregating progenies.•The plants are determinate, dwarf, fruit medium sized, round,borne in cluster of 2-3, juicy, suitable for winter season fornorthern region.

Hisar Arun (Sel-7)•Developed at HAU, Hisar, by hybridization and selection from a cross Pusa Early Dwarf X K1. •Extremely early and high yielding, plants are determinate, dwarf in stature with concentrated flowering and fruiting; fruits medium to large, round, deep red, recommended for cultivation in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa and Maharashtra.

Hisar Lalima (Sel-18)•Developed from the segregating population of a cross Pusa Early Dwarf X HS101 at HAU, Hisar. •An early variety. Plants are determinate, leaves have deep cut, fruits are round, large, fleshy, high yielding

Arka Alok (BWR-5)•It is also a bacterial wilt resistant variety developed through pure line selection (IHR 719-1/6) out of an accession (CL114-5-1-0) from AVRDC, Taiwan developed at IIHR, Bangalore. •The plant habit is determinate with a duration of 125 days. •The fruit weighs on an average of 100 g and is square round in shape, thick fleshed with light green shoulder. •It has an yield potential of 35 tonnes/ha.

HS102•Developed at HAU, Hisar by selecting from the segregating progenies of the cross S12 X Pusa Early Dwarf. •It is an early variety with concentrated flowering and fruiting. •Fruits medium to small, round, juicy, thin pericarp, recommended for cultivation in Haryana.

Hisar Lalit (NRT 8)•Developed at HAU, Hisar by bybridization and selection from a cross HS101 X Resistant Bangalore. •The plants are semi-determinate, early with roundmedium to large fruits, resistant to root-knotnematode.•Recommended for cultivation in root-knot nematode infested area.

Hisar Anmol (H24)•It is a variety showing field resistance to tomatoleaf curl virus. Developed at HAU, Hisar throughselection from the cross Hisar Arun X L.hirsutumf.glabratum.•Plants are determinate, fruits medium in size, round, red and fleshy.

Pant T3•Another variety developed through pure line selection at G.B.Pant University, Pant Nagar. •Plants are semi-determinate, stem thick, round, hairy. •Suitable for winter season, fruits medium, round and smooth. •Recommended for Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa and Maharashtra

Arka Meghali•It is a new high yielding tomato variety developed at IIHR, Bangalore through pedigree method of selection from a cross between Arka Vikas and IHR 554 specifically suited for rainfed cultivation. •Under rainfed situation it recorded on an average 17.2 tonnes/ha compared to 10.9 tonnes/ha by Pusa Ruby. •The individual fruit weight is 63 g. It has more thick and firm flesh than Pusa Ruby.

Roma Variety Cherry Tomato