Tom Levanic, Katarina Cufar

DENDROKRONOLOŠKO DATIRANJEOBJEKTOV V SLOVENIJIDENDROCHRONOLOGICAL DATING

OF WOODEN OBJECTS IN SLOVENIA

IzvlecekPredstavljene so osnove dendrokronološkegadatiranja in primeri uspešnih, delno uspešnihin neuspešnih datiranj lesenih konstrukcij instropov v Sloveniji. Dendrokronološka analizase zacne z odvzemom, pripravo indeteminacijo vzorcev. Pri datiranju sesrecujemo s številnimi težavami, kot soproblematicne drevesne vrste, premajhnoštevilo branik in nezmožnost odcitavanjabranik. Macesnovina, jelovina, smrekovina inhrastovina spadajo med lesne vrste, s katerimise pri analizah najveckrat srecamo. Zdatiranjem macesnovine in jelovine skoraj nitežav, veliko pa jih je pri datiranju smrekovinein hrastovine.

Dendrokronologija in datiranjeDendrokronološko datiranje je edina absolutnametoda dolocevanja starosti lesenih objektov nasvetu (npr. Stokes in Smiley, 1996).Datiranje jepostopek, s katerim dolocimo branikam letonastanka (slika 2).Za korektno datiranje morajobiti izpolnjeni naslednji predpogoji:

- Na vzorcu mora biti dovolj veliko številobranik. Metode datiranja temeljijo nastatisticnih testih in vizualnih

primerjavah, zato mora imeti vzorec vsaj 40branik, da ga lahko datiramo. Pri vizualnihprimerjavah primerjamo predvsem po­dobnost rastnih ritmov, pri statisticnih paspremembe vrednosti širin branik. Zato jedatiranje majhnih predmetov nemogoce, cevzorec nima dovolj branik ali ce le-te nisodovolj vidne.

- Branike morajo biti jasno vidne. Predpogojza uspešno merjenje je dobra vidnost branik.To dosežemo z ustrezno pripravo površineza merjenje. Ce površine ne moremoustrezno pripraviti, so rezultati merjenjanezanesljivi in sinhronizacija ter kasnejšedatiranje ni sta možna. Podobno velja zadragocene predmete, kjer zaradi vrednostiali želje lastnika predmeta branik nemoremo narediti vidnih, ne da bi pri tempoškodovali predmet (primer Semeniškeknjižnice v Ljubljani).

AbstractWe present the basics of dendrochronologicaldating together with examples of successful,less successful, and unsuccessful dating ofroof constructions and ceilings in Slovenia.Each analysis starts with coring, samplepreparation, and wood determination. It is notalways possible to date a sample, because weare faced with many obstacles as problematicgrowth patterns, unsuitable tree species, toofew tree-rings, or sometimes the high value ofthe analysed object which may not bedamaged by sampling. The larch, spruce, silverfir and oak are most frequently investigated.Dating of larch and silver fir is often possiblebut we face many problem s with the spruceand oak.

Dating in dendrochronologyDendrochronological dating is the onlyabsolute method to determine the age ofwooden objects (see Stokes & Smiley 1996).Da ting is the process of determining the yearof formation of a tree-ring (Figure 2).For correctdating the following precautions must be takeninto account:

- The sample must ha ve enough tree-rings.All dating methods are based on statisticaltests and visual comparisons of samples,therefore each sample must have at least 40tree-rings. We compare tree-rings patternsvisually, while in statistical tests wecompare changes in values. For this reasondating of small object having insufficientnumber of tree-rings is not possible.

- Tree-rings must be visible. Good distinctnessof tree-rings is necessary for successfulmeasuring. It is achieved by using differentpreparation techniques. If the surface is notwell prepared, successful measuring,synchronisation and dating are notpossible. The same is valid for valuableobjects - if we cannot see the tree-rings thedendrochronological analysis and dating isimpossible (example of the Seminary libraryin Ljubljana).

- Material must be sufficiently preserved.

Tom Levanic, Katarina Cufar 38 Dendrokronološko datiranje objektov v Sloveniji

- Material mora biti dovolj ohranjen. Material,ki ga dobimo v analizo, mora biti ohranjendo take mere, da so branike še vidne in da jemogoce les pripraviti za merjenje. V našemlaboratoriju imamo izkušnje zmokrimlesom s kolišc, z lesom iz ostrešij, ki so ganapadli razni lesni škodljivci, in zzoglenelim lesom.Material ne sme izvirati iz tropskih insubtropskih krajev. Les, ki izvira iz tropskihkrajev, po pravilu ni primeren zadendrokronološko delo, ker drevje v tropihin subtropih praviloma nima letnegarastnega ritma, ampak se ravna po sušnihin deževnih dobah in po notranjihfiziološko pogojenih mehanizmih.

- Na razpolago mora biti ustreznareferencna kronologija ali možnostheterokonekcije. Datiranje tudi ni mogoce,ce za lesno vrsto, iz katere je predmetnarejen, nimamo ustrezne kronologije (npr.topolovina, lipovina) in ce heterokonekcija,skladnost kronologije s tistimi iz drugihregij, ni mogoca.

Postopek delaVsaka datacija se najprej zacne z dogovoromin ogledom objekta za dendrokronološkoanalizo. Sledi odzvem vzorcev, ki je prilagojenpredmetu ali konstrukciji, katero želimoanalizirati. Ce gre za stojeco strešno alistropno konstrukcijo, ki naj bi po odvzemuvzorcev še naprej opravljala svojo funkcijo,potem opravimo odvzem vzorcev s posebnimivotlimi svedri. Pri nas uporabljamo tiste, ki jihje razvil danski den dro krono log ThomasBartholin. Po takem odvzemu se mehanske

lastnosti konstrukcije ne spremenijo, zatolahko le-ta še naprej opravlja svojo funkcijo.V primeru, da gre za prenovo ostrešja in se bostaro ostrešje odstranilo, vzorce odvzamemoz motorno žago, ko se strešna konstrukcijazamenjuje. Kadar gre za dragocene poslikanepredmete, tehniko odvzema vzorcevpopolnoma prilagodimo možnostim. Vskrajnem primeru s finim brusnim papirjempobrusimo zakriti rob predmeta in rocnoopravimo meritve (npr. poslikan stropcerkvice v Gostecah). Možnosti za odvzemvzorcev oz. za opravljanje meritev na mestuje mnogo, zato smo dendrokronologisposobni pridobiti meritve tudi na zelodragocenih predmetih (npr. Stradivarijevevioline, slike na lesu itd.).Koraki, ki sledijo odvzemu vzorcev, so tesnopovezani z dobro opremljenim dendro­kronološkim in anatomskim labo-ratorijem. Vanatomskem laboratoriju se opravi makro­skopska in mikroskopska determinacija lesne

Analysed material should be in acceptablecondition for surface preparation. It wecannot prepare the surface, all measur­ements are questionable. Our laboratory hasmuch experience with wet wood from theLjubljana Moor, old wood from roofconstructions, as well as those which areattacked by insects or partly carbonised.Wood from tropical and subtropical trees.Wood originating from tropical andsubtropical regions is usually not suita­ble for dendrochronological analysis sincetrees in those regions usually do not buildrings in regular annual intervals.

- A reference chronology or possibility ofheteroconnection for the studied wood

species is needed. Dating of wood species,such as poplar, lime or beech is usuallyimpossible because there are no referencechronologies available. In some cases thereexists possibility of heteroconnection, i.e.cross-dating of chronologies with thosefrom different regions.

Sampling procedureEach analysis of an object starts with itsinspection and examination of possibilities forsampling. Sampling is always done inaccordance with possibilities and limitationsof the studied object. It the age of a roofconstruction should be determined, we useborers developed by the Danish den dro­chronologist Thomas Bartholin. After coring,the roof construction remains intact with

unchanged mechanical properties. It the roofconstruction is being removed, we takesamples with a chain saw. In the case of avaluable painted object which may not bedamaged, we measure tree-ring widths by ahand lens. In such case, the hidden surface ofthe object is lightly sanded - such techniquewas used on the painted ceiling of the churchin Gostece.There are many possibilities for measurementseven in the case of very precious objects (e.g.paintings on wooden panels, Stradivariviolins, etc.).The steps which follow sampling are tightlyconnected to well equipped anatornical anddendrochronologicallaboratories and trainedand skilled staff. In the anatornicallaboratorymacroscopic and rnicroscopic determination ofwood species is done, while in the dendro­chronological laboratory, measurements,synchronisation and dating are performed.At the end of the analysis, even in unsuccessfulcases, the report is written and all steps of theanalysis are described as well as the results ofdating are presented. It dating was not

Tom Levanic. Katarina Cufar 39 Dendrokronološko datiranje objektov v Sloveniji

Slika 1: Zapored ja širinbranik v

1000sinhroniziranem

Epoložaju.

EoFigure 1.- Tree-ring series

e.in synchronised position.

.>c100'c ~.o"'C:'C:·00

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16001620184016601680Leto

Slika 2: Datiranje

kronologije objekta1000(debela crta) z Ereferencno kronologijo E(tanka crta). o

Figure 2.- Dating of a

e..>c

100floating chronology (bold

'c~line) with the reference one.o

(thin line).

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101760

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Leto

vrste, v dendrokronološkem laboratoriju pase opravijo meritve, sinhronizacija indatacija vzorcev.Koncani analizi sledi porocilo o letu nastankaanalizirane ga objekta. Porocilo napišemo tudiv primeru, ko datiranje ni bilo uspešno. Vporocilu je opisan postopek analize in dobljenirezultati. Ce datacija ni bila mogoca, so opisanirazlogi za to. Vsi vzorci, meritve in porocila sehranijo v našem arhivu. Kadar datiranjeobjekta trenutno ni bilo mogoce, je še vednomožnost, da ga bomo datirali takrat, ko bomoz delom toliko napredovali, da bomo ustreznokronologijo podaljšali v preteklost (primerstarega kozolca v vasi Grebenje). Pomembnopa je tudi, da vsak objekt, ki ga dobimo v našlaboratorij, predstavlja delcek v mozaikuizgradnje dolgih referencnih kronologij.

Problematicne drevesne vrsteJužno od Alp postanejo nekatere sicer"krotke" drevesne vrste zelo nepredvidljive.Mednje spadajo predvsem vsi bori, smreka inhrasti. Z bori in hrasti imajo države severnood Alp zelo dobre izkušnje in ocenjujejo, daimajo velik dendrokronološki potencial. Boriin hrasti imajo severno od Alp umirjeno,razmeroma pocasno rast, ki se dobro odzivana zunanje, predvsem klimatske dražljaje.Zaradi tega je npr. Nemcem, Francozom,Fincem in Poljakom uspelo sestaviti dolgeborove in hrastove kronologije. Nemškahrastova kronologija je dolga preko 10.000 let,finska borova pa preko 8000 let.Glede smreke v Evropi ugotavljamo, da je

successful, possible reasons for this aredescribed as there is still the possibility offuture dating. Allmeasurements become a partof our huge database which is constantly beingimproved, giving us the possibility for datingobjects which were not datable before (e. g. oldhay10ft in the villa ge Grebenje near VelikeLašce). We must also stress that each analysiscontributs to the construction of long-termchronologies for different tree species.

Problematic wood speciesThe radial increment of some tree speciesknown all over Europe becomes veryunpredictable south of the Alps. ln this groupare all oaks, spruce and some species from thegenus Pinus (the black and Scots pine).Dendrochronologicallabora tories north of theAlps have achieved very good results withoaks and pines and it is generally accepted thatthis species have a high dendrochronologicalpotential. Pine s and oaks north of the Alpshave highly climate dependant growth. Thusit was among others possible to construct anover 10 000 years long German oak chronologyand an 8 000 years long Finnish Scots pine one.Spruce is in comparison to the pine and oak avery "complicated" tree species, one of themost complicated tree-species fordendrochronology in Europe. So far, we knowthat we need many different local chronologiesfor dating spruce objects. In the future weshould develop at least two sprucechronologies for Slovenia, one for lowelevations where the spruce has a high radial

Tom Levanic, Katarina Cufar 40 Dendrokronološko datiranje objektov v Sloveniji

Vzorec hrastovine iz

ostrešja. Les imarazlocne branike,vendar jih je premalo zadend rokronološko

datiranje. Vidni so tudirovi insektov.

Oak sample frol11 a roofconstruction. The free­

rings are visible but theirnumber is too low fordendrocllronologicaldating. The woodcontains insect holes.

41

IZjemnO problematicna in da za pravilnodatiranje skoraj vedno potrebujemo vecsmrekovih kronologij za razlicna rastišca.Enake so ugotovitve tudi za smreko v Sloveniji.Najmanj, kar potrebujemo, sta zanesljivikronologiji za nižinsko in višinsko smreko, kise znatno razlikujeta po povprecni širini branik- nižinska ima širše, višinska pa ožje branike.Za razliko od velikih uspehov, ki jih imajo zbori in hrastom kolegi severno od Alp, do sedajše nobenemu laboratoriju južno od Alp niuspelo sestaviti daljše hrastove ali borovekronologije (Martinelli et al., 1992).Razlogov za toje vec, med bistvene pa zagotovospadajo popolnoma drugacne rastneznacilnosti borov in hrastov ter naravne

danosti rastišc južno od Alp.Z ekološkega vidika sta v Sloveniji hrasta dob(Quercus rob ur) in graden (Quercus petraea)drevesa gricev in ravnin. Predvsem dob rastetam, kjer je dovolj vode, predvsem talnice indobro prirašca - širina branike je 0,5 cm invec. Graden pa raste nekoliko više na gricihin v primerjavi z dobom nekoliko slabšeprirašca. Lesa doba in grad na anatomsko nemoremo lociti, zato v dendrokronološkipraksi govorimo o lesu obeh vrst kot ohrastovini. Oba hrasta, predvsem pa dob,dosegata zavidljive razsežnosti obrazmeroma nizkih starostih. Zato ima

Tom Levanic, Katarina Cufar

increment and one for slow grown spruce fromhigh elevations.So far there has been nearly no success withdendrochronology of oaks and pines in theregions south of the Alps (Martinelli et al.1992). There are many reasons for this, themost important could be site and ecologicaldifferences in comparison to regions northof the Alps.From the ecological point of view thepedunculate (Quercus robur) and the sessile oak(Quercus petraea) are trees of hills and lowlands.The pedunculate oak grows in environmentswith high level of ground water. The averagetree-ring widths of this species in our regionare 8mm or more. on the other hand, the sessileoak from the hill region grows slightly moreslowly - the average tree-ring width is around5 mm. Anatomically, there are no differencesbetween the woods of both species, thereforewe usually speak about oak wood. South of theAlps both species grow very well, achievingrespectable dimensions in a relatively shorttime. Oak wood used in constructions usuallyhas few tree-ring s, and a high percentage ofsamples is not suitable for dendro­chronological analyses. The construction oflong oak chronologies south of the Alps isexpected to be a long process withunpredictable end.

Dendrokronološko datiranje objektov v Sloveniji

hrastovina, uporabljena v konstrukcijah,majhno število širokih branik. Vecina vzorcevzaradi majhnega števila branik ne ustrezastandardom za dendrokronološko analizo. Iz

istega razloga je tudi sestavljanje daljše inuporabne kronologije izjemno dolgotrajenproces z nepredvidljivim rezultatom.Pri borih, v mislih imamo predvsem crni (Pinusnigra) in rdeci bor (Pinus sylvestris), jenekoliko drugace. Naravnih rastišc crnega inrdecega bora v Sloveniji prakticno ni. Pravanaravna rastišca so majhna po površini in sepojavljajo le sporadicno v zares izjemnihrastnih razmerah (npr. crni bor na Krempi naKocevskem ali rdeci bor na kislih rastišcih v

okolici Ljubljane). Ce se pojavljajo, so to raznidegradacijski stadiji nižinskih rastišc hrastain bukve. Rdeci bori, ki jih najdemo nadegradirinanih hrastovih in bukovih rastišcihv okolici Ljubljane (steljniki za Šmarno goro)imajo tako specificne prirastne ritme, da si tudidrevesa znotraj raziskovalnih ploskev poprirastnih ritmih niso podobna. Na sreco je bilaborovina v preteklosti v Sloveniji le redkouporabljena za konstrukcije, zato trenutno nipovpraševanja po boravih kronologijah zadatiranje. Kronologije borov so pomembnepredvsem za dendroekološke in dendro­klimatološke raziskave.

Med problematicne drevesne vrste spadajo šetopoli, lipe, dren, razlicni predstavniki iz rodaSorbus (npr. omare za orožje so pogosto izskorša ali breka), pa tudi bukev in jesen.

Prakticni primeriUspešne datacijeCerkev Sv. Jurija v PiranuRestavratorje in konzervatorje cerkve sv.Jurijav Piranu iz RRC v Ljubljani je zanimalo, kakoveliko je bilo ostrešje cerkve v posameznihobdobjih in iz katerih obdobij so obstojeci deliostrešja. Ce bi dobili te informacije, bi lahko zustreznimi metodami rekonstruirali velikost

cerkvenega ostrešja v posameznih obdobjih intako posredno sklepali na velikost cerkve. Obprvem ogledu ostrešja smo najprej vzeli vzorckelesa za lesno anatomske analize in dolocili

lesno vrsto. Ugotovili smo, da je bila skoraj vsastrešna konstrukcija iz macesnovine, ki je bilana nekaterih mestih ojacana z jelovino, en trampa je bil iz brestovine. Skupno smo vzeli 98vzorcev in dolocili tri gradbene faze, ki so sekoncale: prva leta 1262 (macesnavina), druga1594(macesnavina) in tretja leta 1878(jelovina).(Glej Levanic et al., 1997.)Kasjakova domacija na PohorjuDendrokronološka analiza Kasjakovedomacije na Pohorju je bil šolski primeruspešnega datiranja in podaljševanja

The natural area of the genus Pinus - with theblack (P nigra) and Scots pine (P sylvestris) isrelatively small in Slovenia. Their naturalstands are small and dispersed (e.g. the blackpine stand south of Kocevje, Krempa, or theScots pine stands on acidic soils in thesurroundings of Ljubljana). Non-natural standsare usually various degradation stadiums withvery specific growth conditions. Fortunately,pine wood was rarely used for construction andtherefore at the moment there is no need for longpine chronologies in Slovenia.Other problema tie tree species are poplars(Populus sp.), limes (Tilia sp.), differentspecies from the genus Sorbus - often used forfurniture such as trophy cabinets or gunracks and ev en the beech (Fagus sylvatica)and ash (Fraxinus sp.)

Practical examplesSuccessful datingSt. George's church in PiranRestorers and conservators of St. George'schurch in Piran were interes ted how big theroof construction of the church was at different

times and which we re the most importantbuilding phases of the roof and the churchitself. If we can reconstruct the size of the roof

construction at different time periods, we canalso reconstruct the size of the church itself.

First, the wood anatomical analysis show edthat the roof construction was made of larch

with silver fir supporting elements. Altogether,we took 98 samples and dated threeconstruction phases which ended in 1262(larch), 1594 (larch), and 1878 (silver fir) - (seeLevanic et al. 1997).Kasjak's old house and barn on PohorjeDendrochronological analysis of Kasjak' s oldhouse and barn was an example of success fuldendrochronological dating. The owner wasinteres ted to know how old rus farm house and

barn were and if the carved inscription "1888"could be confirmed. Our interest was to make

alocal silver fir chronology for the Pohorjeregion and to compare it with alread y existingDinaric silver fir chronology. First, we tooksamples from the standing trees and then fromboth objects. It was confirmed that the oldKasjak's house was built after 1852 and thebam after 1887.Chronologies from both objectsand from standing trees are now a part of theSlovene regional silver fir chronology (Levanic& Cufar 1998).Old military houses at the Soca FrontWe da ted old military objects from the WorldWar I on Soca Front to build a long Slovenelarch chronology. Most samples were cross­dated and the objects were da ted into year

Tom Levanic, Katarina Cufar 42 Dendrokronološko datiranje objektov v Sloveniji

kronologij. Lastnika je zanimalo, koliko sostari posamezni objekti Kasjakove domacijein ali vrezane letnice držijo, mi pa smo želelinarediti daljšo kronologijo za podrocjePohorja in jo primerjati z obstojeco dinarskojelovo kronologijo. Hoteli smo tudi združitiobe jelovi kronologiji in narediti regionalnoslovensko jelovo kronologijo. Najprej smoodvzeli vzorce iz rastocih jelk in nato še izobjektov. V vseh primerih je šlo za jelovino.Rezultati so bili naslednji: Kasjakova starahiša je bila postavljena po letu 1852, skedenjpa po letu 1887. Kronologije teh objektov inkronologija rastocih dreves so tudi sestavnidel pohorske jelove kronologije (Levanic inCufar1998).Vojaški objekti na obmocju soške fronteZdatacijo macesnovine iz vojaških objektovna Soški fronti (Komen z okolico) - datiraniso bili v leto 1849 - in s pomocjo vzorcev izrastocih macesnov smo želeli vzpostavitimost med macesnovimi kronologijami izcerkve sv.Jurija v Piranu in sedanjostjo ter takodobiti referencno macesnovo kronologijo zaobmocje Slovenije (Trebušak, 1998). Uspešnodelo na obeh projektih in sodelovanje z OlivioPignatelli iz laboratorija DENDRODATA vVeroni je omogocilo, da smo sestavili 1242 letdolgo macesnovo kronologijo za obdobje 756do 1997,ki omogoca datiranje macesnovine nesamo v Sloveniji, temvec tudi v severni Italiji.Kozolec v vasi Grebenje pri Velikih LašcahKozolec v vasi Grebenje je dober primer t.i."naknadnega datiranja". Po ustnih virih najbi bil postavljen leta 1776,vendar materialnihdokazov za to ni bilo. Notranja konstrukcijakozolca je bila narejena iz jelovine, nosilna paiz hrastovine. Ko smo prvic analiziraliomenjeni kozolec, dobljenih kronologij nismomogli datirati, ker še nismo imeli ustreznejelove kronologije. Ko je naše delo na jelki dovoljnapredovalo in smo sestavili daljšo jelovokronologijo, smo ponovno poskusili datiratikozolec. Izkazalo se je, da je vecina vzorcev izleta 1751, kar potrjuje ustne vire. Primer tegakozolca nam pove, da cetudi datacija v temtrenutku ni mogoca, je lahko možna kasneje,ko bo naša baza kronologij izpopolnjena.

Delno uspešne datacijeMinoritski samostan sv. Franciška v Piranu

Analizo lesenih delov stropne in strešnekonstrukcije smo opravili na željorestavratorke, konzervatorke in slikarke MireLicen-Krmpotic. Del materiala je bil že odvzetiz stropa in ostrešja ter pripravljen na kupu. Iztega materiala smo odvzeli 19 vzorcev, delvzorcev pa smo z vrtanjem odvzeli iz stropnekonstrukcije. Od lesnih vrst sta bili prisotni

1849. To prolong the chronology to thepresent, samples from standing trees wereused (Trebušak 1998). Using this chronologywe connected the previously constructedlarch chronology of the St. George's churchin Piran to the present. Based on thischronologies and those of Olivia Pignatellifrom the DENDRODATA laboratory inVerona, Italy, we constructed a 1242 yearslong larch chronology spanning the period of756 to 1997.

The hay10ft in the villageGrebenje ne ar Velike LašceThe hay10ft in the village Grebenje nearVelike Lašce is a good example of"subsequent dating". According to oralsources it was supposedly built around 1776,but there was no proof of this. The inner partof the construction was made of silver fir,while the main construction was made of

broadleaf species. After sampling we couldnot immediately date the chronologies. Oneyear later, when the Slovenian sil ver firchronology was improved we couldsuccessfully date it. Our dating was 1751,which confirmed the verbal source. This

show s that even if we cannot date the objectnow, we can expect to date it later when thechronologies are improved and prolonged tothe past.

PartiaJJysuccessful datingMinorite monastery of St. Francis in PiranAnalyses of the wooden parts of the roofconstruction and ceiling were done in co­operation with Mrs. Mira Licen-Krmpotic whois responsible for restoration and conservationworks in the monastery. Part of the material,

Odvzem vzorcev iz

ostrešja cerkve sv. Jurijav Piranu.

Takillg eores frOlII a roofeOlls/metioll of the St.George's church in Piran.

Tom Levanic. Katarina Cufar 43 Dendrokronološko datiranje objektov v Sloveniji

Vrtaini stroj z votlimsvedrom in izvrtek lesa.

The borer and the core.

Kozolec v vasi Grebenjepri velikih Lašcah.Jelovina iz kozolca jebila datirana v leto 1751.

The hay/oft in Grebenjenear Velike Lašce. The

si/ver-fir from the innerpart of the cal/structionwas dated 1751.

jelovina in smrekovina. Datacija je bila le delnouspešna, saj smo imeli velike težave z vzorci,ki jih nismo odvzeli sami in jih prakticnonismo mogli datirati. Vzorce, ki smo jih zvrtanjem odvzeli iz stropne konstrukcije, smouspeli datirati. Dolocili smo dve pomembnejšigradbeni fazi, in sicer v letih 1307 in 1762.Delni neuspeh pripisujemo predvsemneznanemu poreklu materiala na vnaprejpripravljenem kupu "vzorcev". Zatoopozarjamo, da je prisotnost dendrokronologapri odvzemu vzorcev nujna, še preden sezacno vecja prenovitvena ali obnovitvena delain konstrukcijo porušijo.Pretorska palaca v KopruPretorska palaca v Kopru je primer zelo pestrearhitekture z menjavajocimi se stilskimiznacilnostmi. V zgodovini je bila veckratpredelovana in pri predelavah so uporabljalirazlicne lesne vrste. Tako najdemo na stropuposlikane hrastove stropne deske, tramice s

19 samples had been collected by the restorers,the others were taken from the ceiling by coring.We determined silver fir and spruce wood.Dating was only partly successful: we couldnot date non-systematically collected samples,but we could date those taken by coring. Wefound two main construction phases, onedated 1307 and the other 1762. The main

reason for only partial success was non­systematic sampling. It was shown that thepresence of a dendrochronologist at the timeof sampling and consultations with him priorto sampling would help a lot.Praetor's palace in KoperPraetor's palace in Koper is an example of avery rich and diverse architecture. It wasof ten rebuilt and renewed, therefore wefound different wood species in the roofconstruction and the ceilings: The silver firand spruce were used in the roofconstruction. Painted ceilings were made ofoak, and various decorative wooden

elements were made of larch. During thedendrochronological analysis we werefaced with many problems, such as only 20­30 tree-rings in the oak and a very specificgrowth pattern of sil ver fir and spruce.Synchronisation and subsequent datingwere impossible for oak and only partlysuccessful for silver fir. We could not date the

spruce either. On the other hand, wesuccessfully dated the larch decorativeelements to 1262. Altogether the dating wasonly partially successful.Bassegio's palace in KoperBassegio's palace was build in the gothic andrenewed in baroque period. We took 50 coresfrom two construction phases which weremade of silver tir and spruce. The curves of bothspecies cross-da ted well, but due to very shortchronologies we could not precisely date them.Parochial church of St. Vid

in Šentvid near LjubljanaIn the church of St. Vid in Šentvid we analysedthe oak pew to prolong the existing oakchronology of the Ljubljana region. The churchpews were according to a carved inscriptionmade in 1924. The tree-ring widths weremeasured non-destructively by using themeasuring lens. The results of synchronisa tionwere promising and the chronology could bevisually dated on the oak chronology, butstatistical values were not significant toconfirm the dating.Ruins of the GorenjiMokronog Castle, DolenjskaAccording to the sources the GorenjiMokronog Castle in the Dolenjska re gi onhad been burned down in the 16th century.

Tom Levanic, Katarina Cufar 44 Dendrokronološko datiranje objektov v Sloveniji

pletenicami iz macesnovine, ter stropnenosilce in strešno konstrukcijo iz jelovine insmrekovine. Pri dendrokronološki analizi

pretorske palace smo se srecali z vrsto težav.Hrastovine zaradi premajhnega števila branik(med 20 in 30) ni bilo mogoce datirati.Smrekovina in jelovina sta imeli zelospecificen rastni ritem, zato že sinhronizacijameritev ni bila mogoca. Nekoliko uspešnejšismo bili le pri datiranju macesnovih tramicevs pletenico, ki smo jih uspeli datirati v leto1262. V splošnem pa je bilo datiranje lesa vpretorski palaci neuspešno.Palaca Bassegio v KopruPalaca Bassegio v Kopru je zanimiva zadendrokronološke analize zato, ker je bilazgrajena v obdobju gotike in prenavljana vbaroku. Vzeli smo vec izvrtkov iz domnevno

razlicnih gradbenih faz. Od lesnih vrst sta biliprisotni smrekovina in jelovina. Rezultatidatiranj so bili nezanesljivi, zato nismo moglipodati datumov dograditve in prenove stavbe.Bistvo težav je bilo predvsem v premajhnemštevilu branik v vzorcih, zato statisticnirezultati datiranja niso bili znacilni.Cerkev sv. Vida v Šentvidu

V cerkvi sv. Vida v Šentvidu smo poskušalianalizirati hrastove klopi, ki so bile po virihizdelane leta 1924 (vrezan datum). Ker nobendrug nacin merjenja širin branik ni bil mogoc,smo morali širine branik odcitati rocno s

pomocjo merilne lupe. Rezultati merjenja sobili ugodni, kronologije je bilo mogoce leposinhronizirati in so se vizualno dobro ujemales standardno hrastovo kronologijo. Nismo pauspeli vizualnega rezultata potrditi .sstatisticnimi testi, zato menimo, da jedatiranje le delno uspelo.Požganina gradu GorenjiMokronog na DolenjskemGrad Gorenji Mokronog na Dolenjskem je bilpo virih požgan v prvi polovici 16.stole~a. Kerta podatek ni bil zanesljiv, je arheologe iz ZRCSAZU zanimalo, ali bi ga bilo mogocenatancneje preveriti. Iz nabranih vzorcevzoglenelih tramov smo s posebnimipreparativnimi tehnikami dobili šestuporabnih vzorcev. Anatomska analiza lesaje pokazala, da gre za pravi kostanj (Castaneasativa). Vzorci sami po sebi zaradipremajhnega števila branik niso ustrezalidendrokronološkim kriterijem za datiranje,vendar smo pri sinhronizaciji dobili 57 letdolgo kronologijo, ki je ustrezala kriterijem.Ker kronologije za pravi kostanj nimamo, smoskušali to vzorce datirati z južno nemškojelovo kronologijo (t.i. hetero-konekcija). Izekologije jelke in pravega kostanja je znano,da ti dve drevesni vrsti na kislih rastišcih

This was the only available information.Archaeologists from the Research Centre ofthe Slovenian Academy of Science and Artswere interested to know a more precisedating. We analysed remnants of woodfound during the excavation works. Allsamples were carbonised and were in a verypoar condition. Anatomical analysesshowed that the wood was chestnut

(Castanea sativa). The wood was surfaced byusing a special wet sanding technique.Although the individual samples had only

Odvzem vzorcev lesa,

ki je odstranjen iz

konstrukcije.

Sampling timber whichhas been rellloved from aconstruction.

Merjenje širin branik spomocjo lupe.

MeaslIring tree-ringwidths by using the lens.

Tom Levanic, Katarina Cufar 45 Dendrokronološko datiranje objektov v Sloveniji

lahko rasteta tudi skupaj, zato bi bila lahkoheterokonekcija možna. Rezutat datiranja jezaradi nekoliko kratke kronologijenezanesljiv, vendar smo kljub vsemuvizualno in statisticno ugotovili, da je bil gradpožgan po letu 1515. Boljnatancnega datuma

zaradi mocno poškodovanih vzorcev nismomogli podati. Ce upoštevamo dinamiko rastipravega kostanja in poškodovanost periferijevzorcev zaradi požara, vendarle lahkosklepamo, da je pravi datum požiga nekjemed leti 1540 in 1550.

Neuspešne datacijePoslikan kasetiran stropcerkvice v Macah pri PreddvoruPri restavratorsko-konzervatorskih delih v

cerkvi v Macah pri Preddvoru so sodelavciRRC Ljubljana (Ivan Bogovcic) obnavljaliposlikan, kasetiran strop iz smrekovine iz17. stoletja. Strop je bil datiran v leto 1646 inzato smo v sodelovanju z restavratorji RRCLjubljana odvzeli vzorce, da bi oblikovaliplavajoce smreko ve kronologije in morebitnepotrditve pisane letnice stropa. Vzorce smoizmerili in sestavili kronologijo, dolgo 56 let.Tako kratke kronologije nismo mogli datiratiz nobeno znano slovensko ali tujo smrekovokronologijo. Vendar upamo, da bo mogocedobljene kronologije datira ti z nastajajocoslovensko smrekovo kronologijo.Poslikan strop cerkvev Gostecah pri Škofji LokiProblem analize poslikanega stropa gotskecerkvice iz 16. stoletja (posvecena leta 1515)v Gostecah pri Škofji Loki je bil ta, da so vcerkvi našli dva stropa, enega nad drugim.V RRC Ljubljana so se odlocili za restavracijogotskega stropa in nam omogocili tudidendrokronološke meritve. Strop je bilsestavljen iz smrekovih desk, ki so se tesnostikale. Zaradi tega smo morali pri temstropu prvic uporabiti rocno tehnikomerjenja, ker drug nacin odvzema vzorcev nibil mogoc. Dobljena kronologija sicer ustrezavsem dendrokronološkim standardom,vendar je nismo mogli datirati. Menimo, dabomo kronologijo iz cerkvice v Gostecahlahko da tirali z nastajajoco slovenskosmrekov o kronologijo.Stara kmecka hiša

v Mekotnjaku v Slovenskih GoricahZanimiva je bila tudi analiza ostanka starekmecke hiše iz Mekotnjaka v SlovenskihGoricah. Hiša se je po svojih stilskihznacilnostih mocno razlikovala od vseh

ustaljenih gradbenih stilov za to podrocje, zatoje etno grafa dr. Gorazda Makarovica izSlovenskega etnografskega muzeja zanimalo,

few tree-rings, they overlapped well and itwas possible to construct a 57 years longme an curve which was adequate fordendrochronological dating. Since achestnut chronology is not available, wetried to heteroconnect it with other

chronologies and dated it by using a southGerman silver fir chronology. The sampleswere dated ISIS, which means that the castie

was not burned before this year. By the heavilydestructed periphery of the samples and thegrowing rhythm of the analysed samples wecould assume that it was burned downbetween 1540 and 1550. The statistical values

of cross-dating were low but significant.

UnsuccessfuJ datingPainted church's ceilingin Mace near Preddvor

During the restoration work of the church inMace near Preddvor, co-ordinated by Mr. IvanBogovcic from the Restoration Centre of theRepublic Slovenia in Ljubljana, we had theopportunity to take samples from the paintedceiling. Its construction allowed us to take thinsections from the boards without destroyingthe ceiling plates The ceiling was dated by theinscription to 1646. We constructed a floatingchronology which was only 56 years long, butwe could not date it with existing sprucechronologies. We hope to date it in the futurewhen the Slovene regional spruce chronologyis constructed.

Painted ceiling in the churchin Gostece near Škofja LokaIn a workshop of Restoration Centre of theRepublic Slovenia in Ljubljana, the restorationof the old painted ceiling from a 16th centuryGothic church was done. The church wasconsacrated in 1515 which is also the

presumable dating of the ceiling.The ceiling wasmade of tightly connected spruce boards,therefore none of the known destructive

methods could be used to take the samples. Wemade the tree-ring measurements by using themeasuring lens and entered the measured datainto a computer.The constructed floating chronology corres­ponded to all dendrochronological standards,but could not be dated with existing sprucechronologies. We hope to date it in the future.Old farm house in Mekontjak,Slovenske Gorice

Old farm house in Mekotnjak in SlovenskeGorice was an example of, unfortunately,unsuccessful dating. Due to its architecturalstyle, the house was very different from theothers in the area. The ethnologist Dr. GorazdMakarovic from the Slovene Ethnological

Tom Levanic, Katarina Cufar 46 Dendrokronološko datiranje objektov v Sloveniji

koliko je stara. V analizo nam je dostavil 9 celdesk, ki so bile dobljene z razrezomdebelejšega trama, ki je nosil celotno strešnokonstrukcijo stare hiše. Anatomska analizalesa je pokazala, da gre za hrastovino.Sinhronizacija vzorcev je bila dokaj enostavna,kronologije pa ni bilo mogoce datirati, ker jebilo število branik premajhno in rezultatdatiranja ni bil zanesljiv.

Museum wanted to know its age. We analysednine oak boards, which were once a part of asingle beam, the main carrier of the whole roofconstruction. Synchronisation of the sampleswas easy, however dating was impossible dueto insufficient number of tree-rings.

Literatura / BibliographyLevanic, T, Lufar, K. (1998). The c1lronology of the silver fir (Abies alba Mili.) from Pohorje, Slovenia (Kronologija jelke IAbies alba Mill'/zaobmocje Pohorja), Zbomik gozdarstva in lesarstva 55: 135·149.

Levanic, T, Lufar, K., Hudalin, J., Benko-Machtig, B. (1997). Dendrokronološko analiza strešne konstrukcije žnpne cerkve Sv.jllrija vPiran II (obcina PirO/I, Slovenija) - ANNALES - Anali za istrske inmediteranske štlldije: 10 5.43-52.Martinelli, N., Nala, P., Pignatelli, O. (1992). Tree-rillg analysis ;11 oak;n Northem Italy, - v: Tree-Rings and Environment, Ystad, Sweden,

Lllndqlla report. Lllnd University, Department of Quatemay Geology, s. 374.Stokes, M. A., Smiley, T L. (1996). Anlntroductioll to Tree-Ring Dating, - Tllcson, The University of Arizona Press, 73 s.

Trebušak, G. (1998). 518-letna kronologija macesna (Lnrix decidua MilI.) za jV julijske Alpe - Diplomska naloga, LjubijO/lO, Ulliverza v

Ljubljani, Biotelllliška fakulteta, Oddelek za lesarstvo, 50 s.

Tom Levanic, Katarina Cufar 47 Dendrokronološko datiranje objektov v Sloveniji