toefl.ielts. gre rasekhoon.net

8/12/2019 TOEFL.ielts. GRE Rasekhoon.net

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2010 PWUT and Morteza Shaban Zadeh

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2 2010 PWUT and Morteza Shaban Zadeh

TOEFL.::[email protected]::.

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Summary of PBT

Task Description Approx. timeReading 5 passages, 50 questions 30-40 minutesListening 20 Short questions or 30 Long questions 55 minutesStructure 15 questions(Part-1) or 25 questions(Part-2) 25 minutesWriting 1 Essay 30 minutes

Summary of iBT

Task Description Approx. timeReading 35 passages, each containing 1214 questions 60100 minutesListening 69 passages, each containing 56 questions 4090 minutesBREAK - 10 minutesSpeaking 6 tasks and 6 questions 20 minutesWriting 2 tasks and 2 questions 55 minutes



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TOEFL.::[email protected]::.

The Test of English as a Foreign Language(or TOEFL, pronounced "toe-full") evaluatesthe ability of an individual to use and understand English in an academic setting.

The TOEFL test is a registered trademark of Educational Testing Service (ETS) and isadministered worldwide. The test was first administered in 1964 and has since been taken bymore than 23 million students.It sometimes is an admission requirement for non-native English speakers at many English-speaking colleges and universities.Additionally, institutions such as government agencies, licensing bodies, businesses, orscholarship programs may require this test.A TOEFL score is valid for two yearsand then will no longer be officially reported since acandidate's language proficiency could have significantly changed since the date of the test.Colleges and universities usually consider only the most recent TOEFL score.


Internet-based Test (iBT)

Since its introduction in late 2005, the Internet-Based Test (iBT)has progressively replacedboth the Computer-Based (CBT)and Paper-Based (PBT) tests, although paper-based testingis still used in select areas.The iBT has been introduced in phases, with the United States, Canada, France, Germany,and Italyin 2005 and the rest of the world in 2006, with test centers added regularly.The CBT was discontinued in September 2006 and these scores are no longer valid.

Although initially, the demand for test seats was higher than availability, and candidates hadto wait for months, it is now possible to take the test within one to four weeks in mostcountries.

The four-hour testconsists of four sections, each measuring one of the basic language skills(while some tasks require integrating multiple skills) and all tasks focus on language used inan academic, higher-education environment.

Note-taking is allowed during the iBT.The test cannot be taken more than once a week.

1. ReadingThe Reading section consists of 35 passages, each approximately 700 words inlength and questions about the passages. The passages are on academic topics; theyare the kind of material that might be found in an undergraduate university textbook.Passages require understanding of rhetorical functions such as cause-effect, compare-contrastand argumentation.Students answer questions about main ideas, details, inferences, essential information,sentence insertion, vocabulary, rhetorical purpose and overall ideas.

New types of questions in the iBT require filling out tables or completing summaries.Prior knowledge of the subject under discussion is not necessary to come to the

correct answer.



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2. ListeningThe Listening section consists of 6 passages, 35 minutes in length and questionsabout the passages.

These passages include 2 student conversations and 4 academic lectures ordiscussions.A conversation involves 2 speakers, a student and either a professor or a campusservice provider. A lecture is a self-contained portion of an academic lecture, whichmay involve student participation and does not assume specialized backgroundknowledge in the subject area. Each conversation and lecture stimulus is heard onlyonce.Test takers may take notes while they listen and they may refer to their notes whenthey answer the questions. Each conversation is associated with 5 questionsand eachlecture with6.The questions are meant to measure the ability to understand main ideas, important

details, implications, relationships between ideas, organization of information,speaker purpose and speaker attitude.

3. SpeakingThe Speaking section consists of 6 tasks, 2 independent tasks and 4 integrated tasks.In the 2 independent tasks, test takers answer opinion questions on familiar topics.They are evaluated on their ability to speak spontaneously and convey their ideasclearly and coherently.In 2 of the integrated tasks, test takers read a short passage, listen to an academiccourse lecture or a conversation about campus life and answer a question bycombining appropriate information from the text and the talk.In the 2 remaining integrated tasks, test takers listen to an academic course lecture ora conversation about campus life and then respond to a question about what theyheard. In the integrated tasks, test takers are evaluated on their ability to appropriatelysynthesize and effectively convey information from the reading and listening material.Test takers may take notes as they read and listen and may use their notes to help

prepare their responses.Test takers are given a short preparation timebefore they have to begin speaking.

4. WritingThe Writing section measures a test taker's ability to write in an academic settingandconsists of 2 tasks, 1 integrated task and 1 independent task.In the integrated task, test takers read a passage on an academic topicand then listento a speaker discuss the same topic. The test taker will then write a summary about theimportant points in the listening passage and explain how these relate to the key

points of the reading passage.In the independent task, test takers must write an essay that states, explains andsupports their opinion on an issue, supporting their opinions or choices, rather thansimply listing personal preferences or choices.



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Summary of iBT

Task Description Approx. timeREADING 35 passages, each containing 1214 questions 60100 minutes

LISTENING 69 passages, each containing 56 questions 6090 minutes

BREAK - 10 minutesSPEAKING 6 tasks and 6 questions 20 minutesWRITING 2 tasks and 2 questions 55 minutes

It should be noted that one of the sections of the test will include extra, uncounted material.ETSincludes extra material in order to pilot test questions for future test forms. When test-takers are given a longer section, they should give equal effort to all of the questionsbecausethey do not know which question will count and which will be considered extra. For example,if there are four reading passages instead of three, then three of those passages will count and

one of the passages will not be counted. Any of the four passages could be the uncountedone.


Paper-based Test (PBT)

In areas where the internet-based test is not available, a paper-based test (PBT) is given.Test takers must register in advance either online or by using the registration form providedin the Supplemental Paper TOEFL Bulletin. They should register in advance of the givendeadlines to ensure a place because the test centers have limited seating and may fill up early.

Tests are administered on fixed dates6 times each year.The test is 3 hourslong and all test sections can be taken on the same day. Students can takethe test as many times as they wish.However, colleges and universities usually consider only the most recent score.

1. Listening(3040 minutes)The Listening section consists of 3 parts.The firstone contains 30 questionsabout short conversations.The secondpart has 8 questionsabout longer conversations.The last partasks 12 questionsabout lectures or talks.

2. Structure and Written Expression(25 minutes)The Structure and Written Expression section has 15 exercises ofcompletingsentencescorrectlyand 25 exercises of identifying errors.

3. Reading Comprehension(55 minutes)The Reading Comprehension section has 50 questionsabout reading passages.

4. Writing(30 minutes)The Writing section is one essaywith 250300 words in average.



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Test scores

Internet-based Test (iBT)

The iBT version of the TOEFL test is scored on a scale of 0 to 120points.

Each of the four sections (Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing) receives a scaled scorefrom 0 to 30. The scaled scores from the four sections are added together to determine thetotal score.

Each speaking question is initially given a score of 0 to 4, and each writing question isinitially given a score of 0 to 5. These scores are converted to scaled scores of0 to 30.

Paper-based Test (PBT)

The final PBT score ranges between 310 and 677and is based on three sub scores:

Listening(3168), Structure(3168), and Reading(3167).Unlike the CBT, the score of the Writing section (referred to as the Test of Written English,TWE) is not part of the final score; instead, it is reported separately on a scale of06.

The score test takers receive on the Listening, Structure and Reading parts of the TOEFL testis not the percentage of correct answers. The score is converted to take into account the factthat some tests are more difficult than others. The converted scores correct these differences.Therefore, the converted score is a more accurate reflection of the ability than the correctanswer score is.

Most colleges use TOEFL scores as only one factor in their admission process. A sampling ofrequired TOEFL admissions scores shows that a total score of 74.2 for undergraduateadmissionsand 82.6 for graduate admissionsmay be required. It is recommended thatstudents check with their prospective institutions directly to understand TOEFL admissionsrequirements.

ETS has released tables to convert between iBT, CBT and PBT scores.


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IELTS.::[email protected]::.

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The IELTS incorporates the following features:

A variety of accents and writing styles presented in text materials in order to minimizelinguistic bias.

IELTS tests the ability to listen, read, write and speak in English. Band scores used for each language sub-skill (Listening, Reading, Writing, and

Speaking). The Band Scale ranges from 0 ("Did not attempt the test") to 9 ("ExpertUser").

The speaking module - a key component of IELTS - is conducted in the form of aone-to-one interviewwith an examiner. The examiner assesses the candidate as he orshe is speaking, but the speaking session is also recorded for monitoring as well as re-marking in case of an appeal against the banding given.

IELTS test structure

All candidates must complete four Modules - Listening, Reading, Writing and Speakingto obtain a band score, which is shown on the IELTS Test Report Form (TRF).

All candidates take the same Listening and Speaking Modules, while the Readingand Writing Modules differ depending on whether the candidate is taking theAcademicorGeneral TrainingVersions of the Test.

The total test duration is around 2 hours and 45 minutes for Listening, Reading andWriting modules. Listening: 40 minutes, 30 minutes for which a recording is played centrally and additional

10 minutes for transferring answers onto the OMR answer sheet. Reading: 60 minutes. Writing: 60 minutes.

(N.B.: No additional time is given for transfer of answers in Reading and Writing modules)

The first three modules - Listening, Reading and Writing (always in that order) - arecompleted in one day, and in fact are taken with no break in between.

The Speaking Module may be taken, at the discretion of the test center, in the periodseven days before or afterthe other Modules.

The tests are designed to cover the full range of ability from non-user to expert user.

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Band scale

IELTS is scored on a nine-band scale, with each band corresponding to a specifiedcompetence in English. Overall Band Scores are reported to the nearest half band.

The following rounding convention applies: if the average across the four skills ends in 0.25,it is rounded up to the next half band, and if it ends in 0.75, it is rounded up to the next whole

band.The nine bands are described as follows:

9: Expert User

Has fully operational command of the language: appropriate, accurate and fluent withcomplete understanding.

8: Very Good User

Has fully operational command of the language with only occasional unsystematic

inaccuracies and inappropriacies. Misunderstandings may occur in unfamiliar situations.Handles complex detailed argumentation well.

7: Good User

Has operational command of the language, though with occasional inaccuracies,inappropriacies and misunderstandings in some situations. Generally handles complexlanguage well and understands detailed reasoning.

6: Competent User

Has generally effective command of the language despite some inaccuracies, inappropriacies

and misunderstandings. Can use and understand fairly complex language, particularly infamiliar situations.

5: Modest user

Has partial command of the language, coping with overall meaning in most situations, thoughis likely to make many mistakes. Should be able to handle basic communication in own field.

4: Limited User

Basic competence is limited to familiar situations. Have frequent problems in using complexlanguage.

3: Extremely Limited UserConveys and understands only general meaning in very familiar situations.

2: Intermittent User

No real communication is possible except for the most basic information using isolated wordsor short formulae in familiar situations and to meet immediate needs.

1: Non User

Essentially has no ability to use the language beyond possibly a few isolated words.

0: Did not attempt the test

No assessable information provided at all.



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GRE.::[email protected]::.

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Graduate Record Examination.::[email protected]::.

The Graduate Record Examinationor GREis a commercially-run standardized test that isan admission requirement for many graduate schools in the United States and in other

English-speaking countries. Created and administered by Educational Testing Service (orETS) in 1949, the exam measures verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, critical thinking,and analytical writingskills that have been acquired over a long period of time and that arenot related to any specific field of study.

In the United States, Canada, and many other countries, the GRE General Test is offered as acomputer-based exam administered by select qualified testing centers; however, paper-basedexams are offered in areas of the world where computer-based testing is not available.

In the graduate school admissions process, the level of emphasis that is placed upon GREscores varies widely between schools and between departments within schools. The

importance of a GRE score can range from being a mere admission formality to an importantselection factor.Critics of the GRE have argued that the exam format is so rigid that it effectively tests onlyhow well a student can conform to a standardized test taking procedure. ETS responded byannouncing plans in 2006 to radically redesign the test structure starting in the fall of 2007;however, the company has since announced, "Plans for launching an entirely new test all atonce were dropped, and ETS decided to introduce new question types and improvementsgradually over time." The new questions have been gradually introduced since November2007.In the United States and Canada, the cost of the general test is $160 as of March 2010,although ETS will reduce the fee under certain circumstances. They are promoting financial

aid to those GRE applicants who prove economic hardship. ETS erases all test records thatare older than5 years, although graduate program policies on the admittance of scores olderthan 5 years will vary.

Structure

The exam consists of four sections. The first section is a writing section, while the other threeare multiple-choice style. One of the multiple choice style exams will test verbal skills,another will test quantitative skills and a third exam will be an experimental section that isnot included in the reported score. Test takers do not know which of the three multiple-choice

sections the experimental section is. The entire test procedure takes about 4 hours.

1) Verbal section

The verbal section consists of analogies, completions, and reading comprehensionpassages.Multiple-choice response sections are graded on a scale of 200-800, in 10-point increments.This section primarily tests vocabulary, and average scores in this section are substantiallylower than those in the quantitative section.In a typical examination, this section may consist of 30 questions, and 30 minutesmay beallotted for it.



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2) Quantitative section

The quantitative section, the other multiple-choice section, consists of problem solving andquantitative comparison questions that test high-school level mathematics. Multiple-choiceresponse sections are graded on a scale of 200-800, in 10-point increments.In a typical examination, this section may consist of 28 questions, and test takers may be

given 45 minutesto complete the section.This section typically includes 14 quantitative comparison questions, 10 discrete quantitativequestions (multiple-choice) and 4 data interpretation questions.

3) Analytical Writing section

The analytical writing section consists of two different essays, an "issue task" and an"argument task". The writing section is graded on a scale of 0-6, in half-point increments.The essays are written on a computer using a word processing program specifically designed

by ETS. The program allows only basic computer functions and does not contain a spell-checker or other advanced features.Each essay is scored by at least two readers on a six-point holistic scale. If the two scores are

within one point, the average of the scores is taken. If the two scores differ by more than apoint, a third reader examines the response.

Issue task

The test taker will be able to choose between two topicsupon which to write an essay.The time allowed for this essay is 45 minutes.Issue topics are selected from a pool of questions.

Argument task

The test taker will be given an "argument" and will be asked to write an essay thatcritiques the argument.

Test takers are asked to consider the argument's logic and to make suggestions about howto improve the logic of the argument.The time allotted for this essay is 30 minutes.Arguments are selected from a pool of topics.

4) Experimental section

The experimental section, which can be eithera verbal, quantitative, oranalytical writingtask, contains new questions that ETS is considering for future use.Although the experimental section does not count toward the test-takers score, it isunidentified and appears identical to the real (scored) part of the test. As test takers haveno clear way of knowing which section is experimental, they are forced to complete this

section.This section does not appear on all GRE examinations.

Scoring

Computerized adaptive testing

The common (Verbal and Quantitative) multiple-choice portions of the exam currentlyuse Computer-Adaptive Testing(CAT) methods that automatically change the difficultyof questions as the test taker proceeds with the exam, depending on the number of corrector incorrect answers that are given.The test taker is not allowed to go back and change the answers to previous questions,

and some type of answer must be given before the next question is presented.



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The first question that is given in a multiple-choice section is considered to be an"average level" question that half of the GRE test takers will answer correctly. If thequestion is answered correctly, then subsequent questions become more difficult. If thequestion is answered incorrectly, then subsequent questions become easier, until aquestion is answered correctly.

This approach to administration yields scores that are of similar accuracy while usingapproximately half as many items. However, this effect is moderated with the GRE

because it has a fixed length; true CATs are variable length, where the test will stop itselfonce it has zeroed in on a candidate's ability level.The actual scoring of the test is done with Item Response Theory(IRT). While CAT isassociated with IRT, IRTis actually used to score non-CATexams.The GRE subject tests, which are administered in the traditional paper-and-pencil format,use the same IRTscoring algorithm. The difference that CATprovides is that items aredynamically selected so that the test taker only sees items of appropriate difficulty.Besides the psychometric benefits, this has the added benefit of not wasting theexaminee's time by administering items that are far too hard or easy. This occurs in fixed-

form testing.An examinee can miss one or more questions on a multiple-choice section and stillreceive a perfect score of 800. Likewise, even if no question is answered correctly, 200is the lowest score possible.

Scaled score percentiles

The percentiles of the current test are as follows:

Scaled score Verbal Reasoning % Quantitative Reasoning %

800 99 94

780 99 89

760 99 85

740 99 80720 98 75700 97 71680 96 66660 94 62640 92 57620 89 52600 86 48580 82 44560 77 39540 72 35

520 67 31500 62 28

480 57 24

460 52 21440 46 18

420 40 16400 35 13380 29 11360 24 9340 19 7320 13 6300 8 4280 5 3260 2 2240 1 1220 0 0

200 0 0

mean 457 586



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5 N.B. :Comparisons for Intended Graduate Major are "limited to those who earned their college

degrees up to two years prior to the test date."

5 N.B. :ETS provides no score data for "non-traditional" students who have been out of school morethan two years,although its own report "RR-99-16" indicated that 22% of all test takers in1996 were over the age of 30.

GRE Subject Tests

In addition to the General Test, there are also eight GRE SubjectTests testing knowledge inthe specific areas of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Biology, Chemistry,Computer Science, Literature in English, Mathematics, Physics, and Psychology.


GMAT(Graduate Management Aptitude Test)


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References and Some

1) http://www.applyabroad.or

2) http://www.ets.org

3) http://www.usnews.com

4) http://college.openlearning

5) http://www.english-test.net

6) http://www.webometrics.in

7) http://gredownloads.blogsp

8) http://picture-dictionary.bl

9) http://killthegre.blogspot.c

10) http://www.number2.com

11) http://www.englishteache

12) http://www.testpreppracti

13) http://www.crack-gre-test14) http://www.irantalent.co

15) http://www.americanrhet

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