toefl grammar review unicode 0831

7/24/2019 TOEFL Grammar Review Unicode 0831

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Ng php ting Anh


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Mc lcGrammar Review________________________________________________ 7

Qun tkhng xc nh "a" v "an" _________________________________ 8

Qun txc nh "The" ___________________________________________ 9Cch sdng another v other. ___________________________________ 12

Cch sdng little, a little, few, a few ______________________________ 13

Shu cch___________________________________________________ 14

Verb_________________________________________________________ 15

1. Present ______________________________________________________ 151) Simple Present ____________________________________________________________________________152) Present Progressive (be + V-ing)______________________________________________________________153) Present Perfect : Have + PII_________________________________________________________________154) Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-ing __________________________________________________16

2. Past _________________________________________________________ 161) Simple Past: V-ed__________________________________________________________________________ 162) Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-ing__________________________________________________________163) Past Perfect: Had + PII _____________________________________________________________________174) Past Perfect Progressive: Had + Been + V-ing___________________________________________________17

3. Future _______________________________________________________ 171) Simple Future: Will/Shall/Can/May + Verb in simple form__________________________________________ 172) Near Future ______________________________________________________________________________173) Future Progressive: will/shall + be + verb_ing ___________________________________________________184) Future Perfect: Will/ Shall + Have + PII _______________________________________________________18

Sha hp gia chngv ng t________________________________ 19

Cc trng hp Chngng tch khi ng t______________________ 20

1. Cc danh tlun i hi cc ng tv i ti theo chng ngi th3 st20

2. Cch sdng None v No ________________________________________ 20

3. Cch sdng cu trc either...or (hoc...hoc) v neither...nor (khng...m cngkhng) __________________________________________________________ 21

4. V-ing lm chng______________________________________________ 21

5. Cc danh ttp th_____________________________________________ 21

6. Cch sdng a number of, the number of: ___________________________ 22

7. Cc danh tlun dng snhiu __________________________________ 22

8. Thnh ngthere is, there are _____________________________________ 22

i t_______________________________________________________ 24

1. i tnhn xng (Chng) ______________________________________ 24

2. i tnhn xng tn ng________________________________________ 24

3. Tnh tshu _________________________________________________ 24

4. i tshu__________________________________________________ 25

5. i tphn thn _______________________________________________ 25Tn ng______________________________________________________ 26

ng tnguyn thl tn ng____________________________________ 26


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1. Verb -ing dng lm tn ng_______________________________________ 26

2. Bn ng tc bit ____________________________________________ 26

3. Cc ng tng sau gii t______________________________________ 27

4. Vn cc i tng trc ng tnguyn thhoc V-ing dng lm tn ng. 27

Cch sdng cc ng tbn khim khuyt _________________________ 29

1. Need ________________________________________________________ 291) Dng nhmt ng tthng: c sdng ra sao cn ty vo chngca n______________________ 292) Need c sdng nhmt ng tkhim khuyt ______________________________________________ 29

2. Dare_________________________________________________________ 291) Khi dng vi ngha l "dm" _________________________________________________________________ 292) Dare dng nhmt ngoi ng t____________________________________________________________ 29

Cch sdng to be trong mt strng hp_________________________ 31

Cch sdng to get trong mt strng hp c bit _________________ 32

1. To get + P2____________________________________________________ 322. Get + V-ing = Start + V-ing: Bt u lm g __________________________ 32

3. Get sb/smt +V-ing: Lm ai/ ci g bt u. ___________________________ 32

4. Get + to + verb ________________________________________________ 32

5. Get + to + Verb (chvn hnh ng) = Come + to + Verb (chvn nhnthc) = Gradually = dn dn _________________________________________ 32

Cu hi ______________________________________________________ 33

Cu hi Yes/ No _______________________________________________ 34

1. Cu hi thng bo ______________________________________________ 34a) Who/ what lm chng____________________________________________________________________ 34b) Whom/ what lm tn ng___________________________________________________________________ 34c) Cu hi nhm vo cc bng: When, Where, How v Why ________________________________________ 34

2. Cu hi gin tip _______________________________________________ 34

3. Cu hi c ui ________________________________________________ 35

Li ni phha khng nh v phnh_____________________________ 36

1. Khng nh ___________________________________________________ 36

2. Phnh _____________________________________________________ 36

Cu phnh _________________________________________________ 37

Mnh lnh thc _______________________________________________ 39

ng tkhim khuyt __________________________________________ 40

Cu iu kin _________________________________________________ 41

1. iu kin c ththc hin c hin ti____________________________ 41

2. iu kin khng ththc hin c hin ti ________________________ 41

3. iu kin khng ththc hin c qu kh________________________ 41

Cch sdng cc ng twill, would, could, should sau if ______________ 42Mt scch dng thm ca if_____________________________________ 43

1. If... then: Nu... th _____________________________________________ 43


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2. If dng trong dng cu khng phi cu iu kin: ng tcc mnh dinbin bnh thng theo thi gian ca chnh n. ____________________________ 43

3. If... should = If... happen to... = If... should happen to... din t skhng chcchn (Xem thm phn sdng should trong mt strng hp cth) ________ 43

4. If.. was/were to... ______________________________________________ 43

5. If it + to be + not + for: Nu khng v, nu khng nhvo.______________ 436. "Not" i khi c thm vo nhng ng tsau "if" by tsnghi ng,khng chc chn. (C nn ... Hay khng ...) ______________________________ 43

7. It would... if + subject + would... (sl... nu khng c dng trong vnvit) ____________________________________________________________ 43

8. If... d have... have: Dng trong vn ni, khng dng trong vn vit, din tiu kin khng thxy ra qu kh__________________________________ 43

9. If + preposition + noun/verb... (subject + be blc b) ________________ 43

10. If dng kh phbin vi mt stnh"any/anything/ever/not" din t ph

nh ____________________________________________________________ 4411. If + Adjective = although (cho d l) _______________________________ 44

Cch sdng to Hope, to Wish.____________________________________ 45

iu kin khng c tht tng lai ________________________________ 46

1. iu kin khng ththc hin c hin ti ________________________ 46

2. iu kin khng ththc hin c qu kh________________________ 46

Cch sdng thnh ngas if, as though (chng nhl, nhthl) _______ 47

Used to, to be/get used to________________________________________ 48

Cch sdng thnh ngwould rather ______________________________ 49

Loi cu c mt chng_________________________________________ 50

1. Loi cu c hai chng__________________________________________ 50a) Loi cu ginh hin ti __________________________________________________________________50b) Loi cu khng ththc hin c hin ti ____________________________________________________50c) Loi cu khng ththc hin c qu kh___________________________________________________50

Cch sdng thnh ngWould like ________________________________ 51

Cch sdng cc ng tkhim khuyt din t cc trng thi hin ti 52

1. Could, May, Might + Verb in simple form = C l, c th. ________________ 522. Should + Verb in simple form _____________________________________ 52

3. Must + Verb in simple form_______________________________________ 52

Cch sdng cc ng tkhim khuyt din t cc trng thi qu kh53

1. Could, may, might + have + P2= c l ____________________________ 53

2. Could have + P2= Lra c th(trn thc tl khng) _______________ 53

3. Might have been + V-ing = C llc y ang _________________________ 53

4. Should have + P2= Lra phi, lra nn _____________________________ 53

5. Must have + P2= hn l _______________________________________ 53

6. Must have been V-ing = hn lc y ang_____________________________ 53

Cc vn sdng should trong mt strng hp cth______________ 54


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Tnh tv ph t______________________________________________ 55

ng tni __________________________________________________ 56

Cc dng so snh ca tnh tv ph t_____________________________ 57

1. So snh bng __________________________________________________ 57

2. So snh hn km _______________________________________________ 573. So snh hp l _________________________________________________ 58

4. So snh c bit _______________________________________________ 58

5. So snh a bi _________________________________________________ 59

6. So snh kp ___________________________________________________ 59

7. Cu trc No sooner... than = Va mi ... th ..._______________________ 60

8. So snh gia 2 ngi hoc 2 vt ___________________________________ 60

9. So snh bc nht _______________________________________________ 60

Danh tdng lm tnh t________________________________________ 62Enough ______________________________________________________ 63

Mt strng hp cthdng much & many ________________________ 64

Mt scch dng c bit ca much v many:________________________ 65

Phn bit thm vcch dng alot/ lots of/ plenty/ a great deal so vi many/much _______________________________________________________ 66

Mt scch dng cthca more & most___________________________ 67

Cch dng long & (for) a long time ________________________________ 68

Tni _______________________________________________________ 69

1. Because, Because of ____________________________________________ 69

2. Tni chmc ch v kt qu____________________________________ 69

3. Tni chnguyn nhn v kt qu. _________________________________ 69

4. Mt scc tni mang tnh iu kin khc. __________________________ 69

Cu bng __________________________________________________ 71

ng tgy nguyn nhn _______________________________________ 73

To have sb do sth = to get sb to do sth = Sai ai, khin ai, bo ai lm g_____ 741. To have/to get sth done = a ci g i lm __________________________ 74

2. To make sb do sth = to force sb to do sth = Bt buc ai phi lm g ________ 74

3. To make sb + P2 = lm cho ai blm sao _____________________________ 74

4. To cause sth + P2 = lm cho ci g blm sao _________________________ 74

5. To let sb do sth = to permit/allow sb to do sth = ai, cho php ai lm g ___ 74

6. To help sb to do sth/do sth = Gip ai lm g __________________________ 74

7. 3 ng tc bit ______________________________________________ 74

Cu phc hp v i tquan hthay th____________________________ 75

That v which lm chngca cu ph_____________________________ 76


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1. That v which lm tn ngca cu ph_____________________________ 76

2. Who lm chngca cu ph_____________________________________ 76

3. Whom lm tn ngca cu ph___________________________________ 76

4. Mnh phbt buc v khng bt buc. ___________________________ 761) Mnh phbt buc._____________________________________________________________________76

2) Mnh phkhng bt buc ________________________________________________________________765. Tm quan trng ca vic sdng du phy i vi mnh ph__________ 77

6. Cch sdng All, Both, Some, Several, Most, Few + Of + Whom/ Which ____ 77

7. Whose = ca ngi m, ca con m.________________________________ 77

8. Cch loi bmnh ph________________________________________ 77

Cch sdng P1 trong mt strng hp____________________________ 79

1. Dng vi mt scc cu trc ng t. ______________________________ 79

2. P1c sdng rt ngn nhng cu di __________________________ 79

Cch sdng nguyn mu hon thnh (To have + P2) __________________ 81Nhng cch sdng khc ca that _________________________________ 82

1. That dng vi tcch l mt lin t(rng)___________________________ 82

2. Mnh that __________________________________________________ 82

Cu ginh___________________________________________________ 83

1. Dng vi would rather that _______________________________________ 83

2. Dng vi ng t. ______________________________________________ 83

3. Dng vi tnh t. _______________________________________________ 83

4. Cu ginh dng vi mt strng hp khc ________________________ 84

5. Cu ginh dng vi it + to be + time______________________________ 84

Li ni bao hm ________________________________________________ 85

1. Not only ..... but also ____________________________________________ 85

2. As well as: Cng nh____________________________________________ 85

3. Both ..... and __________________________________________________ 85

Cch sdng to know, to know how. _______________________________ 86

Mnh nhng b_____________________________________________ 871. Despite/Inspite of = bt chp _____________________________________ 87

2. Although/Even though/Though = Mc du ___________________________ 87

3. However + adj + S + linkverb = d c .... i chng na th .... ____________ 87

4. Although/ Albeit (more formal) + Adjective/ Adverb/ Averbial Modifier ____ 87

Nhng ng tdgy nhm ln ___________________________________ 88

Mt scc ng tc bit khc __________________________________ 90

Sph hp vthi ng t_______________________________________ 91

Cch sdng to say, to tell _______________________________________ 92

i tnhn xng "one" v "you" __________________________________ 93


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Grammar Review

Mt cu trong ting Anh bao gm cc thnh phn sau y

SUBJECT - VERB AS PREDICATE - COMPLEMENT - MODIFIER

(OBJECT)

DIRECT INDIRECT

SUBJECT c thl mt ng tnguyn th, mt VERB_ING, mt i t, song nhiu nht vn l mt danht. Chng bao gicng ng u cu, lm chngv quyt nh vic chia ng t. V l danh tnnchng lin quan n nhng vn sau:Ex: Danh tm c v khng m c (Count noun/ Non - count noun)

Danh tm c:Dng c vi sm, do n c hnh thi st, snhiu. N dng c vi ahay vi the.

Danh tkhng m c:Khng dng c vi sm, do n khng c hnh thi st, snhiu.

N khng thdng c vi "a", cn "the" chtrong mt strng hp c bit. Mt sdanh tm c c hnh thi snhiu c bit.

Mt sdanh tm c c dng st/ snhiu nhnhau chphn bit bng c "a" v khng c "a"Ex: an aircraft/ aircraft; a sheep/ sheep; a fish/ fish.

Mt scc danh tkhng m c nhfood, meat, money, sand, water ...i khi c dng nhcc danh tsnhiu chcc dng, loi khc nhau ca danh t.

Ex: water waters (Nc nhng vng nc)

Danh t"time" nu dng vi ngha l "thi gian" l khng m c nhng khi dng vi ngha l"thi i"hay "sln" l danh tm c.

Ex: Ancient times (Nhng thi ci) - Modern times (nhng thi hin i)

Bng sau l cc nh ngdng c vi cc danh tm c v khng m c.

WITH COUNT NOUN WITH NON-COUNT NOUNa(n), the, some, anythis, that, these, thosenone, one, two, three,...manya lot of

a number of

(a) fewfewer... thanmore....than

the, some, anythis, thatnonemuch (usually in negatives or questions)a lot of

a large amount of

a littleless....thanmore....than

Mt stkhng m c nn bit:

sand*, food*, meat*, water*, money*, news, measles (bnh si), soap, mumps (bnh quai b),information, economics, physics, air, mathematics, politics, homework.

NOTE: advertising l danh t khng m c nhng advertisement l danh tm c, chmtqung co cthno .

Vic xc nh danh tm c v khng m c l ht sc quan trng v thng l bc cbn

mu cho cc bi nghe/ ngphp ca TOEFL.


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Qun tkhng xc nh "a" v "an" Dng "an" trc mt danh tbt u bng:

4 nguyn mA, E, I, O. 2 bn nguyn m U, Y. (uncle, unnatural, umbrella)

Nhng danh tbt u bng "h" cm (an heir/ hour/ herbal (Adj: tho mc)/ honor) Nhng tmu bng mt chvit tt (an S.O.S/ an M.P) Lu : ng trc mt danh t m u bng "uni..." phi dng "a" (a university/ auniform/ universal/ union) (Europe, eulogy (li ca ngi), euphemism (li ni tri), eucalyptus(cy khuynh dip))

Dng "a" trc danh tbt u bng mt phm.

c dng trc mt danh tkhng xc nh vmt vtr/ tnh cht/ c im hoc c nhc n lnu tin trong cu.

Dng trong cc thnh ngchslng nht nh nh: a lot of/a great deal of/a couple/a dozen.

Dng trc nhng sm nht nh thng l hng ngn, hng trm nha/one hundred - a/one

thousand. Dng trc "half" (mt na)khi n theo sau mt n vnguyn vn: a kilo and a half, hay khi n i

ghp vi mt danh tkhc chna phn (khi vit c du gch ni): a half - share, a half - holiday(ngy lchnghna ngy).

Dng vi cc n vphn snh1/3 a/one third - 1/5 a /one fifth.

Dng trong cc thnh ngchgi c, tc , tl: $5 a kilo, 60 kilometers an hour, 4 times a day.

Dng trc cc danh tst m c. trong cc thn twhat a nice day/ such a long life.

A + Mr/ Mrs/ Ms + family name= mt ng/ b/ c no (khng quen bit)


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Qun txc nh "The" Dng trc mt danh t c xc nh cthvmt tnh cht, c im, vtr hoc c nhc n

ln thhai trong cu.

The + danh t+ gii t+ danh tEx: The girl in blue, the Gulf of Mexico.

Dng trc nhng tnh tso snh bc nht hoc only.Ex: The only way, the best day.

Dng cho nhng khong thi gian xc nh (thp nin): In the 1990s

The + danh t+ i tquan h+ mnh phEx: The man /to whom you have just spoken /is the chairman

Trc mt danh tng chmt vt ring bitEx: She is in the (= her) garden

The + danh tst tng trng cho mt nhm th vt hoc vt

Ex: The whale = whales (loi c voi), the deep-freeze (thc n ng lnh)

Lu :Nhng i vi mankhi mang ngha "loi ngi" tuyt i khng c dng the.Ex: Since man lived on the earth (ktkhi loi ngi sinh sng trn tri t ny)

Dng trc mt danh tst chmt nhm, mt hng ngi nht nh trong x hi.Ex: The small shopkeeper: Gii chtim nh/ The top offcial: Gii quan chc cao cp

The + adj: Tng trng cho mt nhm ngi, chng khng bao gic php snhiu nhng cxem l cc danh tsnhiu. Do vy ng tv i ti cng vi chng phi ngi th3 snhiu.

Ex: The old = The old people/ The unemployed/ The disabled are often very hard in their moving

The + tn cc vng/ khu vc ni ting vmt a l hoc lch s

Ex: The Sahara (desert)/ The Siberia (tundra)/ The Normandic The + East/ West/ South/ North + Danh t

used as adjective

Ex: The North/ South Pole (Bc/ Nam Cc), The East End of London (Khu ng Ln n)Lu :Nhng khng c dng THE trc cc tny nu n i lin vi tn chu lc hoc quc gia: WestGermany, North America...

The + tn gi cc i hp xng/ dn nhc cin/ ban nhc phthngEx: The Back Choir/ The Philharmonique Philadelphia Orchestra/ The Beatles.

The + tn gi cc tbo (khng tp ch)/ tu bin/ cc khinh kh cu.Ex: The Times/ The Titanic/ The Hindenberg

The + hmt gia nh snhiu = gia nh nhEx: The Smiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith and childrenEx: Dng trc tn hca mt ngi xc nh ngi trong snhng ngi trng tn.

Khng c dng "the" trc cc danh tchba n trong ngy trcc trng hp c bit.Ex: We ate breakfast at 8 am this morningEx: The dinner that you invited me last week were delecious.

Khng c dng "the" trc mt sdanh tnhhome, bed, church, court, jail, prison, hospital,school, class, college, univercity v.v... khi n i vi cc ng tv gii tchchuyn ng chi

n l mc ch chnh hoc ra khi cng v mc ch chnh.Ex: Students go to school everyday.Ex: The patient was released from hospital.

Nhng nu n hoc ra khi khng v mc ch chnh bt buc phi dng "the".


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Ex: Students go to the school for a class party.Ex: The doctor left the hospital afterwork

Lu : Trong American English, Hospital v University bt buc phi dng vi theEx: He was in the hospital (in hospital as a patient)Ex: She was unhappy at the University (At University as a student)

Mt strng hp c bit: Go to work = Go to the office. To be at work To be hard at work (lm vic chm ch) To be in office (ng nhim) To be out of office ( mn nhim) Go to sea = i bin (nhnhng thy th) Go to the sea = ra bin, thng ngh To be at the sea: gn bin To be at sea (trn bin) trong mt chuyn hi hnh. go to town: i vo trung tm/ i ph- To be in town (trung tm) khi town l ca ngi ni.

Bng sdng "the" v khng sdng "the" trong mt strng hp in hnh

C "The" Khng "The" Dng trc tn cc i dng, sng ngi,

bin, vnh v cc h(snhiu)The Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the PersianGufl, the Great Lakes

Trc tn cc dy niThe Rocky Mountains

Trc tn nhng vt th duy nht trong vtrhoc trn thgii

The earth, the moon

The schools, colleges, universities + of +danh tringThe University of Florida

the + stht+ danh tThe third chapter.

Trc tn cc cuc chin tranh khu vc viiu kin tn khu vc phi c tnh tho

The Korean War (=> The Vietnameseeconomy)

Trc tn cc nc c hai t tr ln (ngoi

trGreat Britain)The United States

Trc tn cc nc c coi l mt qun ohoc mt qun o

The Philipines, The Virgin Islands, The Hawaii

Trc tn cc ti liu hoc skin lch sThe Constitution, The Magna Carta

Trc tn cc nhm dn tc thiu sthe Indians

Trc tn mt hLake Geneva

Trc tn mt ngn niMount Vesuvius

Trc tn cc hnh tinh hoc cc chm saoVenus, Mars

Trc tn cc trng ny nu trc n l

mt tn ringStetson University

Trc cc danh ti cng vi mt smChapter three

Trc tn cc nc mu bng New, mttnh tchhnghoc chc mt t

New Zealand, North Korean, France Trc tn cc lc a, tnh, tiu bang, thnh

ph, qun, huynEurope, Florida

Trc tn bt k mn ththao no

baseball, basketball Trc cc danh t tru tng (tr mt s

trng hp c bit)freedom, happiness


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Trc tn cc mn hc cthThe Solid matter Physics

Trc tn cc nhc c khi cp n ccnhc c ni chung hoc chi cc nhc c.

The violin is difficult to playWho is that on the piano

Trc tn cc mn hc ni chungmathematics

Trc tn cc ngy l, ttChristmas, Thanksgiving

Trc tn cc loi hnh nhc c trong cchnh thc m nhc c th (Jazz, Rock,classical music..)

To perform jazz on trumpet and piano


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Cch sdng another v other.Hai tny tuy ging nhau vmt ngha nhng khc nhau vmt ngphp.

Dng vi danh tm c Dng vi danh tkhng m c

another + danh tm c st = mtci na, mt ci khc, mt ngi na, mtngi khc.

the other + danh tm c st = cicn li (ca mt b), ngi cn li (ca mtnhm).

Other + danh tm c s nhiu =my ci na, my ci khc, my ngi na,my ngi khc.

The other + danh tm c snhiu= nhng ci cn li (ca mt b), nhngngi cn li (ca mt nhm).

Other + danh tkhng m c = mtcht na.

The other + danh tkhng m c =chcn st li.

Ex: I don't want this book. Please give me another.(another = any other book - not specific)

Ex: I don't want this book. Please give me the other.(the other = the other book, specific)

Anotherv other l khng xc nh trong khi The other l xc nh, nu chnghoc danh tc nhc n trn th di chcn dngAnotherhoc othernhmt i tl .

Nu danh tc thay thbng snhiu: Other Others. Khngbao gic dng Others+danh tsnhiu. Chc dng mt trong hai.

Trong mt strng hp ngi ta dng i tthay thonehoc onesng sau anotherhoc other.Lu : Thishoc thatc thdng vi onenhng thesev thosekhng c dng vi ones.


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Cch sdng little, a little, few, a few Little + danh tkhng m c: rt t, khng (c khuynh hng phnh)Ex: I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.

A little + danh tkhng m c:c mt cht, Ex: I have a little money, enough to buy groceries

Few + danh tm c snhiu: c rt t, khng (c khuynh hng phnh)Ex: I have few books, not enough for reference reading

A few + danh tm c snhiu: c mt cht, Ex: I have a few records, enough for listening.

Trong mt strng hp khi danh ttrn c nhc n th pha di chcn dng little hocfew nhmt i tl .

Ex: Are you ready in money. Yes, a little.

Quite a few (m c)= Quite a bit (khng m c)= Quite a lot (chai)=rt nhiu.


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Shu cch The noun's + noun: Chc dng cho nhng danh tchngi hoc ng vt, khng dng cho cc

vt.Ex: The student's book The cat's legs.

i vi danh tsnhiu c sn "s"ui chcn dng du phyEx: The students' book.

Nhng i vi nhng danh ti snhiu c bit khng "s" ui vn phi dng y du shucch.

Ex: The children's toys. The people's willing

Nu c hai danh tcng ng shu cch th danh tno ng gn danh tbshu nht smangdu shu.

Ex: Paul and Peter's room.

i vi nhng tn ring hoc danh t c sn "s"ui c thchcn dng du phy v nhn mnhui khi c hoc dng shu cch v phi thay i cch c. Tn ring khng dng "the"ng trc.

The boss' car = The boss's car [bosiz]Agnes' house = Agnes's [siz] house.

N c dng cho thi gian (nm, thng, thp nin, thk)Ex: The 1990s' events: nhng skin ca thp nin 90Ex: The 21stcentury's prospects.

C thdng cho cc ma trong nm trma xun v ma thu. Nu dng shu cch cho hai ma nyth ngi vit nhn cch ho chng. Ngy nay ngi ta dng cc ma trong nm nhmt tnh tchocc danh tng sau, t dng shu cch.

Ex: The Autumn's leaf: chic l ca nng thu.

Dng cho tn cc cng ty ln, cc quc gia

Ex: The Rockerfeller's oil products. China's food. i vi cc ca hiu c nghnghip c trng chcn dng danh tvi du shu.Ex: In a florist's At a hairdresser'sc bit l cc tim n: The Antonio's

Dng trc mt sdanh tbt ng vt chtrong mt sthnh ngEx: a stone's throw from ...(Cch ni u mt tm nm).


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Verb

ng ttrong ting Anh Chia lm 3 thi chnh:Qu kh (Past)Hin ti (Present)

Tng lai (Future) Mi thi chnh li chia thnh nhiu thi nhdin t tnh chnh xc ca hnh ng.

1. Present

1) Simple Present

Khi chia ng tthi ny ngi th3 st, phi c "s"tn cng v m d phi c c lnEx: He walks.Ex: She watches TV

N dng din t mt hnh ng thng xuyn xy ra hin ti, khng xc nh cthvthi gian,hnh ng lp i lp li c tnh qui lut.

Thng dng vi mt scc ph tchthi gian nhtoday, present day, nowadays.

c bit n dng vi mt sph tchtn sut nh: always, sometimes, often, every + thi gian...

2) Present Progressive (be + V-ing)

Dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra vo mt thi im nht nh ca hin ti. Thi im nyc xc nh cthbng mt sph tnh: now, rightnow, at this moment.

Dng thay thcho thi tng lai gn, c bit l trong vn ni.

c bit lu nhng ng tbng sau khng c chia thtip din d bt cthi no khi chng

l nhng ng ttnh din t trng thi cm gic ca hot ng tinh thn hoc tnh cht ca svt ,svic. Nhng khi chng quay sang hng dng thnh ng th chng li c php dng thtipdin.

know believe hear see smell wishunderstand hate love like want soundhave need appear seem taste own

Ex: He has a lot of books.Ex: He is having dinner now. (ng thnh ng: n ti)Ex: I think they will come in timeEx: I'm thinking of my test tomorrow. (ng thnh ng: ang nghv)

3) Present Perfect : Have + PII

Dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra ttrong qu khko di n hin ti v chm dt hin ti,thi dim hnh ng hon ton khng c xc nh trong cu.

Chmt hnh ng xy ra nhiu ln trong qu khko di n hin tiEx: George has seen this movie three time.

Dng vi 2 gii tSINCE/FOR+time

Dng vi alreadytrong cu khng nh, lu rng alreadyc thng ngay sau havev cng c thng cui cu.

Dng viyettrong cu phnh,yetthng xuyn ng cui cu.

Dng viyettrong cu nghi vnEx: Have you written your reports yet?


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Trong mt strng hp phnh,yetc thng ngay sau havenhng phi thay i vmt ngphp: notmt i v PIItrvdng nguyn thc to.

Ex: John has yet to learn the material = John hasn't learnt the material yet.

Dng vi now that... (giy khi m...)Ex: Now that you have passed the TOEFL test successfully, you can apply...

Dng vi mt sph tnhtill now, untill now, so far (cho n gi). Nhng thnh ngny c th

ng u cu hoc cui cu.Ex: So far the problem has not been resolved.

Dng vi recently, lately(gn y) nhng thnh ngny c thng u hoc cui cu.Ex: I have not seen him recently.

Dng vi beforeng cui cu.Ex: I have seen him before.

4) Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-ing

Dng ging ht nhPresent Perfect nhng hnh ng khng chn dt hin ti m vn tip tc tipdin, thng xuyn dng vi since, for + time

Phn bit cch dng gia hai thi:

Present Perfect

Hnh ng chm dt hin ti do ckt qur rt.

I've waited you for half an hour (and now I stopwaiting because you didn't come).

Present Perfect Progressive

Hnh ng vn tip din hin ti, c khnnglan ti tng lai do khng c kt qur rt.

I've been waiting for you for half an hour (and nowI'm still waiting, hoping that you'll come)

2. Past

1) Simple Past: V-ed

Mt sng ttrong ting Anh c cdng Simple Pastv Past Perfectbnh thng cng nhcbit. Ngi Anh a dng Simple pastchia bnh thng v P2c bit lm adj hoc trong dng bng

Ex: To lightlighted/lighted: He lighted the candles in his birthday cake.lit/ lit: From a distance we can see the lit restaurant.

N din t mt hnh ng xy ra t im trong qu kh, khng lin quan g ti hin ti, thi dimtrong cu c xc nh r rt bng mt scc ph tchthi gian nhyesterday, at that moment,last + time

2) Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-ing

N dng din t mt hnh ng ang xy ra vo mt thi im nht nh ca qu kh. Thi dim

c din t cth= ngy, gi. N dng kt hp vi mt simple pastthng qua 2 ph tchthi gian l when v while, chmt

hnh ng ang tip din trong qu kh th mt hnh ng khc chen ngang vo (khi ang... thbng...).

Subject + Simple Past - while - Subject + Past Progressive

Ex: Smb hit him on the head while he was walking to his car

Subject + Past Progressive - when - Subject + Simple Past

Ex: He was walking to his car when Smb hit him on the head

Mnh c when& whilec thng bt k ni no trong cu nhng sau whenphi l simple pastv sau whilephi l Past Progressive.


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N din t 2 hnh ng ang cng lc xy ra trong qu kh.

Subject + Past Progressive - while - Subject + Past Progressive

Ex: Her husband was reading newspaper while she was preparing dinner.

Mnh hnh ng khng c whilec thsimple pastnhng t khi v dbnhm ln.

3) Past Perfect: Had + PII

Dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng khc trong qu kh, trong cu bao gicng c 2 hnh ng

Dng kt hp vi mt simple pastthng qua 2 ph tchthi gian afterv before.

Subject + Simple Past after Subject + Past Perfect

Subject + Past Perfect before Subject + Simple Past

Lu : Mnh c after& before c thng u hoc cui cu nhng sau after phi l pastperfectcn sau beforephi l simple past. Before &Afterc thc thay bng whenm khng sbnhm ln v trong cu bao gicngc 2 hnh ng, 1 trc, 1 sau.

Ex: The police came when the robber had gone away.

4) Past Perfect Progressive: Had + Been + V-ing

Dng ging ht nhPast Perfectduy c iu hot ng din ra lin tc cho n tn Simple Past. Nthng kt hp vi Simple Pastthng qua ph tBefore. Trong cu thng xuyn c since, for +time

Lu : Thi ny ngy nay t dng, ngi ta thay thn bng Past Perfectv chdng khi no cn int tnh chnh xc ca hnh ng.

3. Future

1) Simple Future: Will/Shall/Can/May + Verb in simple form

Ngy nay ngphp hin i, c bit l ngphp Mchp nhn vic dng willcho tt ccc ngi, cnshallchdng vi cc ngi I, wetrong mt strng hp nhsau:

a ra nghmt cch lch sEx: Shall I take you coat?

Dng mi ngi khc mt cch lch s:Ex: Shall we go out for lunch?

Dng ng gi trong khi mc c, mua bn:Ex: Shall we say : $ 50

Thng c dng vi 1 vn bn mang tnh php qui buc cc bn phi thi hnh iu khon trong vnbn:

Ex: All the students shall be responsible for proper execution of the dorm rule

Trong ting Anh bnh dn , ngi ta thay shall= mustdng cu ny.

N dng din t mt hnh ng sxy ra mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai nhng khngxc nh cth. Thng dng vi mt sph tchthi gian nhtomorrow, next + time, in thefuture, in future = from now on.

2) Near Future

Din t mt hnh ng sxy ra trong tng lai gn, thng dng vi cc ph tdi dng: In amoment (lt na),At 2 o'clock this afternoon....

Ex: We are going to have a reception in a moment


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N ch1 vic chc chn sphi xy ra theo nhdtnh cho d thi gian l tng lai xa.Ex: We are going to take a TOEFL test next year.

Ngy nay ngi ta thng dng present progressive.

3) Future Progressive: will/shall + be + verb_ing

Din t mt iu sxy ra trong tng lai vo mt thi im nht nh

Ex: At 8:00 am tomorrow morning we will be attending the lecture.Ex: Good luck with the exam! We will be thinking of you.

Dng kt hp vi present progressivekhc din t hai hnh ng ang song song xy ra. Mt hin ti, cn mt tng lai.

Ex: Now we are learning English here, but by the time tomorrow we will be attending the

meeting at the office.

c dng cp n cc skin tng lai c xc nh hoc quyt nh (khng mang nghatip din).

Ex: Professor Baxter will be giving another lecture on Roman glass - making at the same time nextweek.

Hoc nhng skin c mong i l sxy ra theo mt tin trnh thng l(nhng khng din t nh ca c nhn ngi ni).

Ex: You will be hearing from my solicitor.Ex: I will be seeing you one of these days, I expect.

Don cho tng lai:Ex: Don't phone now, they will be having dinner.

Din t li nghnh nhn mun bit vkhoch ca ngi khcEx: You will be staying in this evening.

(ng c dnh li y ti nay ch)

4) Future Perfect: Will/ Shall + Have + PII

Chmt hnh ng sphi c hon tt vo mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai. N thngc dng vi ph tchthi gian di dng:By the end of....., By the time + sentence

Ex: We will have accomplished the TOEFL test taking skills by the end of next year.By the time Halley's Comet comes racing across the night sky again, most of the people alive todaywill have passed away.


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Sha hp gia chngv ng tTrong mt cu ting Anh, thng thng th chngng lin ngay vi ng tv quyt nh vic chiang tnhng khng phi lun lun nhvy.

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