The Child From 1-3

Toddlers to Preschoolers1-2= toddlers3= preschoolers

Influences on growth and developmentHeredityNutritionHealthLife experiences

Growth from 1-3Height & weight

Gain less than half of weight as first year Heredity & environment determine rate

Proportion & posture Posture improves 2-3 chest becomes larger and = head size 2- straighter, but not erect, protruding abdomen

Teeth 1yr. Olds= average is 8 2nd yr= 8 more Diet is important- water and milk Limit sweets See dentist around 3

Motor Dev’tTracking dev’t

See pg. 315 Developmentally appropriate

Motor skills Gross motor skills- large muscles Fine motor skills- small muscles

Dexterity- 2 yr. olds 3 yr. olds= take things apart and put back together

Hand-eye coordination Thumb & forefinger Manipulate objects, learn

Sensory integration- processing information from senses Sensory dysfunction

SleepingSleep patterns

Most one-yr olds sleep 6 or more hours/night Daytime naps become shorter Separation anxiety causes problems for falling

asleep Feel comfortable when life is predictable Sleep disturbances- some need attention, fear of

dark, night terrors, nightmares- stress, changes

Nutritional Needs & EatingSelf-feeding

1 yr. olds- variety, finger foods, drink from cup 2yr. Olds- learn to use fork, improving motor skills 3 yr. olds- most use spoon & fork, full set of teeth,

small pieces

Changes in Nutritional needsGrow less rapidly, don’t eat as much varies from day to day

Nutritious foodsVarietyGuidelines for healthy eating

Meal appealColorTextureShapeTemperatureEase of eating

Teaching children good nutritionCaregivers are role modelsEncourage to eat slowly, wellWater, little candy, etc.

HygieneHygiene- personal care and cleanlinessWashing and bathing

Daily bath Independence Play

Caring for teeth 1- 8 teeth Brush daily 2- brush own teeth Help them brush

Toilet teaching Readiness- sphincter muscles Toilet teaching- attitude is important

Use potty chair Bowel training usually comes before bladder Some learn both at the same time

Dressing Encourage self-dressing Inside out or backwards Choose clothes easy to dress with Choosing clothes

Comfort Fabric- synthetic fibers, flame resistant Durability Economy

Health, Illness and Safety Checkups Immunizations Illnesses Environmental influences on health Safety

Choking hazards Choosing safe toys Handling poisons in the home In case of fire and burns Motor vehicle safety Avoiding sunburn Pet protection

Ch. 11- Emotional & Social Dev’tEmotional patterns

Cycles are pronouncedEach is individual18 mo: self-centered, negativism

Causes: Desire for independence Frustration Realize they are separate person Help w/guidance: Give choices Redirect child Encourage talking Temper tantrums

2 yr: Less at odds Understands, speech and motor skills are better Expresses love and affection Seeks approval and praise Fewer emotional outbursts

2 ½ yr: Difficult!!!! Learning a lot so overwhelmed Desires exceed their abilities Immaturity vs. need for independence Sensitive to bossiness Moods change quickly

3yr. More cooperative

Willing to take directions Like to talk, talk to toys, themselves, imaginary

friends3 ½ yr.

Self-confident Fears Emotional tension can lead to physical show Control environment to feel safe

Specific emotionsAnger

Short-lived, caused from frustrations Deal with it: use words, speak calmly, take deep

breaths

Fear Phobias Separation anxiety Help: support & understanding, encourage them to

talk about it, avoid it, books, secure, controlJealousy

Sibling rivalry Help: love and appreciation, one-on-one time, don’t

compare children, take turns, no tattling, talk to them

Love and affection Must learn to love- affects feelings later Strong but not smothering

Empathy Children learn things hurt others by 18 mo Caregivers show it…

Individual differencesEvery child develops in a unique wayChild’s temperament affects emotional dev’tUnderstand what works for a child

Developing a positive self-conceptSelf-conceptPositive or negativeSelf-concept vs. self-esteemForm in response to actions, attitudes and

comments of othersMastery of skills

Evaluating Emotional AdjustmentEarly pattern formed with adults shapes relationships

later in lifeHealthy:

Seek approval and praise Turn to parents for comfort or help Share events to show joy Accept limits and discipline w/out too much resistance

Sleep, emotions and behaviorMost problems are normalFears are problems that cause thisRoutine is goodSome can be caused by pajamas not fitting to earaches Importance: for physical and emotional health

Sleep deprived, REM sleep, NREM sleep Newborns= short cycles Ensure good sleep: child’s best bedtime, limit toys in bed,

bedtime routine, keep bedtime pleasant

General social patternsSocialization- learning how to get along

w/others18 mo: parallel play, treat others as objects,

understand consequences2 yr.: social skills, can read moods, fun to play

w/others but still have parallel play, learn rights of others- fairness

3yr.: people are important, cooperative play, parents are important

3 ½: complex and includes conversation, use strategies to solve conflicts, can evaluate friendships

Making friendsImportant abilityNeed to spend time w/others their ageAll have disagreements/arguments

Imaginary friendsSome keep them for long timeMay appear by 2Helps them experiment with different feelingsUsually fade

Guidelines for guidanceSelf-disciplineEffective guidanceHelps children w/moral dev’tDepends on child’s age and emot/soc dev’t

1 yr-15 mo: distracting or removing 15 mo-2yr: spoken restrictions and removal2-3 yr.: understand adults, explain reasons3 yr.: accept loving guidance, like to please

Setting limitsHelps children learn self-regulation and self-

disciplineState limits clearlySetting limits guidelines

Show an understanding of the child’s desires Set the limit and explain it Acknowledge the child’s feelings Give alternatives

Encouraging independenceAutonomyRealistic expectationsChoose clothes easy to dress themselvesGive them their own towel, toothbrush, etc.Help w/house tasksBe patient!

Promoting sharingEngage in activities requiring sharingLimit materials available so they take turnsTake turns with assignmentsMake clear behavior you are encouraging

Behavior problemsAlmost always a reasonForm of communicationFind problem behind aggressive behaviorBiting

Not uncommon Determine what causes it

Hitting want to fulfill their own needs Self-control is hard

Ch. 12: Intellectual Dev’t 1-3Study of the brain

Axons and dendrites formed pathways in the brain that control actions & thinking skills

Neuroscience- study of the brainRole of Intelligence

Intelligence- interpret & understand everyday situations

Environment is important

Methods of learningIncidental learning- unplannedTrial-and-error- tries several solutions until finding one

that worksImitation- watching and copying othersDirected learning- formal instruction

Concept developmentCategories of objects and information and words for

concepts in stagesMind at work

Attention- ability to focus on a taskMemory- learning, short-term vs. long-term Perception- information received through the sensesReasoning- ability to solve problems and make decisionsImagination- 2 yrs, connect with what they see and hearCreativity- imagination is used to produce original ideasCuriosity- wonder “why” and “how”, learn through exploring

Readiness for learningCan learn only when ready, different ratesReading readiness- learning skills necessary for

reading Handle books and turn pages Written words with words aloud Finishing = accomplishments

Math readiness- interest in learning basic math concepts Use numbers with daily routine Block and puzzles Explore and play

Guiding learningGive time & attentionAllow time for thinkingGive only help needed

Encourage to draw conclusions Show how to solve problems Model problem solving Maintain positive attitude Keep explanations simple Allow them to explore Help understand world and how it works Take frequent breaks

Play activities and toysStimulating playEvaluate toys

Safe, durable, care, encourage imagination, colorful, handle, enjoyment

Age-appropriate toys 1-2: household items, pull toys, bath, music, sorting 2-3: imitate adults, vacuum, shopping cart, etc 3-4: dolls, play dough, cut, paint

Speech development Grow rapidly New words, names By 2, know 200 words

Speech difficulties Speech language pathologist Articulation stuttering