tobaco cigarettes

7/30/2019 Tobaco Cigarettes

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TOBACO SMOKING

LECTURE: IMAM MUDOFIR, M.Pd

NIP: 197608182002121

BY: YAYANG ARIF APRIYANTO

NIM: 1131110044

STATE POLYTECHNIC OF MALANG

ELECTRO DEPARTMENT

D3 ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING STUDY PROGRAM

MAY 2012


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PREFACE

In the name of Allah SWT, the Author want to say thanks to God, because only God

help I can finished my article which have a title Tobaco Smoking on time and without

matter problem.

This report made for completed the order of lectureENGLISH LESSON in the

Electronical Engineering Department of POLINEMA.

This article discuses all things about Tobaco Smoking. From history to its impact to

our health. Readers can also find out how smoking can damage lung and our health.

Hopefully this article can be useful to who sever read this report. For sure the author

need developed critics and suggestions for the author reports in the future can be better.


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CONTENT

History

Smoking's history dates back to as early as 50003000 BC when the agricultural product

began to be cultivated in South America; consumption later evolved into burning the plant

substance either by accident or with intent of exploring other means of consumption. The

practice worked its way into shamanistic rituals. Many ancient civilizations such as the

Babylonians, the Indians, and the Chinese burnt incense during religious rituals. The practice

was later adopted by the Catholic and the Orthodox churches. Smoking in the Americas

probably had its origins in the incense-burning ceremonies ofshamansbut was later adopted

for pleasure or as a social tool. The smoking of tobacco and various hallucinogenic drugs was

used to achieve trances and to come into contact with the spirit world.

Eastern North American tribes would carry large amounts of tobacco in pouches as a readily

accepted trade item and would often smoke it in pipes, either in sacred ceremonies or to seal

bargains. Adults as well as children enjoyed the practice. It was believed that tobacco was a

gift from the Creator and that the exhaled tobacco smoke was capable of carrying one's

thoughts and prayers to heaven.

Apart from smoking, tobacco had a number of uses as medicine. As a pain killer it was used

for earache and toothache and occasionally as a poultice. Smoking was said by the desert

Indians to be a cure for colds, especially if the tobacco was mixed with the leaves of the small

Desert Sage, Salvia Dorrii, or the root of Indian Balsam or Cough Root,Leptotaenia

multifida, the addition of which was thought to be particularly good for asthma and

tuberculosis.

Popularization in the Word

In 1612, six years after the settlement of Jamestown, John Rolfe was credited as the first

settler to successfully raise tobacco as a cash crop. The demand quickly grew as tobacco,

referred to as "brown gold", reviving the Virginia joint stock company from its failed gold

expeditions. In order to meet demands from the Old World, tobacco was grown in succession,

quickly depleting the soil. This became a motivator to settle west into the unknown continent,

and likewise an expansion of tobacco production. Indentured servitudebecame the primarylabor force up until Bacon's Rebellion, from which the focus turned to slavery. This trend
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abated following the American Revolution as slavery became regarded as unprofitable.

However, the practice was revived in 1794 with the invention of the cotton gin.

Frenchman Jean Nicot (from whose name the word nicotine is derived) introduced tobacco to

France in 1560, and tobacco then spread to England. The first report of a smoking

Englishman is of a sailor in Bristol in 1556, seen "emitting smoke from his nostrils". Like tea,

coffee and opium, tobacco was just one of many intoxicants that was originally used as a

form of medicine. Tobacco was introduced around 1600 by French merchants in what today

is modern-day Gambia and Senegal. At the same time caravans from Morocco brought

tobacco to the areas around Timbuktu and the Portuguese brought the commodity (and the

plant) to southern Africa, establishing the popularity of tobacco throughout all of Africa by

the 1650s.

Soon after its introduction to the Old World, tobacco came under frequent criticism from

state and religious leaders. Murad IV, sultan of the Ottoman Empire 1623-40 was among the

first to attempt a smoking ban by claiming it was a threat to public moral and health. The

Chinese emperorChongzhen issued an edict banning smoking two years before his death and

the overthrow of the Ming dynasty. Later, the Manchu of the Qing dynasty, who were

originally a tribe of nomadic horse warriors, would proclaim smoking "a more heinous crime

than that even of neglecting archery". In Edo period Japan, some of the earliest tobaccoplantations were scorned by the shogunate as being a threat to the military economy by

letting valuable farmland go to waste for the use of a recreational drug instead of being used

to plant food crops.

Religious leaders have often been prominent among those who considered smoking immoral

or outright blasphemous. In 1634 the Patriarch forbade the sale of tobacco, and sentenced

men and women who flouted the ban to have their nostrils slit and their backs flayed. The

Western church leaderUrban VII likewise condemned smoking on holy places in a papal bull

of 1624. Despite some concerted efforts, restrictions and bans were largely ignored.

When James I of England, a staunch anti-smoker and the author of aA Counterblaste to

Tobacco, tried to curb the new trend by enforcing a 4000% tax increase on tobacco in 1604 it

was unsuccessful, as suggested by the presence of around 7,000 tobacco outlets in London by

the early 17th century. From this point on for some centuries, several administrations

withdrew from efforts at discouragement and instead turned tobacco trade and cultivation into

sometimes lucrative government monopolies.
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By the mid-17th century most major civilizations had been introduced to tobacco smoking

and in many cases had already assimilated it into the native culture, despite some continued

attempts upon the parts of rulers to eliminate the practice with penalties or fines. Tobacco,

both product and plant, followed the major trade routes to major ports and markets, and then

on into the hinterlands. The English language termsmokingappears to have entered currency

in the late 18th century, before which less abbreviated descriptions of the practice such

as drinking smoke were also in use.

Growth in the US remained stable until the American Civil War in 1860s, when the primary

agricultural workforce shifted from slavery to share cropping. This, along with a change in

demand, accompanied the industrialization of cigarette production as craftsman James

Bonsackcreated a machine in 1881 to partially automate their manufacture.

Consumption.

Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in the

genusNicotiana. The genus contains a number of species, however,Nicotiana tabacumis the

most commonly grown.Nicotiana rusticafollows as second containing higher concentrations

of nicotine. These leaves are harvested and cured to allow for the slow oxidation and

degradation ofcarotenoids in tobacco leaf. This produces certain compounds in the tobacco

leaves which can be attributed to sweet hay, tea, rose oil, or fruity aromatic flavors. Before

packaging, the tobacco is often combined with other additives in order to: enhance the

addictive potency, shift the products pH, or improve the effects of smoke by making it more

palatable. In the United States these additives are regulated to 599 substances. The product is

then processed, packaged, and shipped to consumer markets. Means of consumption has

greatly expanded in scope as new methods of delivering the active substances with fewer by-

products have encompassed or are beginning to encompass:

BeediBeedis are thin South Asian cigarettes filled with tobacco flake and wrapped in a tendu

leaf tied with a string at one end. They produce higher levels of carbon monoxide,

nicotine, and tar than cigarettes typical in the United States.

CigarCigars are tightly rolled bundles of dried and fermented tobacco which are ignited so thatsmoke may be drawn into the smoker's mouth. They are generally not inhaled because
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the high alkalinity of the smoke, which can quickly become irritating to the trachea and

lungs. The prevalence of cigar smoking varies depending on location, historical period,

and population surveyed, and prevalence estimates vary somewhat depending on the

survey method. The United States is the top consuming country by far, followed by

Germany and the United Kingdom; the US and Western Europe account for about 75%

of cigar sales worldwide. As of 2005 it is estimated that 4.3% of men and 0.3% of

women smoke cigars in USA

CigarettesCigarettes, French for "small cigar", are a product consumed through smoking and

manufactured out of cured and finely cut tobacco leaves and reconstituted tobacco, often

combined with other additives, which are then rolled or stuffed into a paper-wrapped

cylinder. Cigarettes are ignited and inhaled, usually through a cellulose acetate filter, into

the mouth and lungs.

Electronic cigaretteElectronic cigarettes are an alternative to tobacco smoking, although no tobacco is

consumed. It is a battery-powered device that provides inhaled doses of nicotine by

delivering a vaporized propylene glycol/nicotine orvegetable glycerin/nicotine solution.

Many legislation and public health investigations are currently pending in many

countries due to its relatively recent emergence. Most electronic cigarettes are designed

to resemble actual tobacco smoking implements, such as cigarettes, cigars, or pipes, but

many take the form of ballpoint pens or screwdrivers since those designs are more

practical to house the mechanisms involved. Most are also reusable, with replaceable and

refillable parts, but some models are disposable.

French inhaleThe French inhale is the action performed by smokers of expelling smoke from the

mouth and inhaling it into the nostrils.

HookahHookahare a single or multi-stemmed (often glass-based) water pipe for smoking.

Originally from India. The hookah was a symbol of pride and honor for the landlords,

kings and other such high class people. Now, the hookah has gained immense popularity,

especially in the Middle East. A hookah operates by water filtration and indirect heat. It

can be used for smoking herbal fruits, tobacco, or cannabis.

Kretek
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Kretekare cigarettes made with a complex blend of tobacco, cloves and a flavoring

"sauce". It was first introduced in the 1880s in Kudus, Java, to deliver the medicinal

eugenol of cloves to the lungs. The quality and variety of tobacco play an important role

in kretek production, from which kretek can contain more than 30 types of tobacco.

Minced dried clove buds weighing about 1/3 of the tobacco blend are added to add

flavoring. In 2004 the United States prohibited cigarettes from having a "characterizing

flavor" of certain ingredients other than tobacco and menthol, thereby removing kretek

from being classified as cigarettes.

Passive smokingPassive smoking is the usually involuntary consumption of smoked tobacco. Second-

hand smoke (SHS) is the consumption where the burning end is present, environmental

tobacco smoke (ETS) or third-hand smoke is the consumption of the smoke that remains

after the burning end has been extinguished. Because of its perceived negative

implications, this form of consumption has played a central role in the regulation of

tobacco products.

Pipe smokingPipe smoking typically consists of a small chamber (the bowl) for the combustion of the

tobacco to be smoked and a thin stem (shank) that ends in a mouthpiece (the bit).

Shredded pieces of tobacco are placed into the chamber and ignited. Tobaccos for

smoking in pipes are often carefully treated and blended to achieve flavor nuances not

available in other tobacco products.

Roll-Your-OwnRoll-Your-Own or hand-rolled cigarettes, often called 'rollies', are very popular

particularly in European countries. These are prepared from loose tobacco, cigarette

papers, and filters all bought separately. They are usually much cheaper than ready-made

cigarettes.

Physiology

The active substances in tobacco, especially cigarettes, are administered by burning the

leaves and inhaling the vaporized gas that results. This quickly and effectively delivers

substances into the bloodstream by absorption through the alveoli in the lungs. The lungs

contain some 300 million alveoli, which amounts to a surface area of over 70 m 2 (about the
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size of a tennis court). This method is not completely efficient as not all of the smoke will be

inhaled, and some amount of the active substances will be lost in the process of

combustion, pyrolysis. Pipe and Cigar smoke are not inhaled because of its high alkalinity,

which are irritating to the trachea and lungs. However, because of its higher alkalinity (pH

8.5) compared to cigarette smoke (pH 5.3), non-ionized nicotine is more readily absorbed

through the mucous membranes in the mouth. Nicotine absorption from cigar and pipe,

however, is much less than that from cigarette smokes.

The inhaled substances trigger chemical reactions in nerve endings. The cholinergic

receptors are often triggered by the naturally occurring neurotransmitteracetylcholine.

Acetylcholine and Nicotine express chemical similarities, which allow Nicotine to trigger the

receptor as well. These nicotinic acetylcholine receptors takes are located in the centralnervous system and at the nerve-muscle junction of skeletal muscles; whose activity increases

heart rate, alertness, and faster reaction times. Nicotine acetylcholine stimulation is not

directly addictive. However, since dopamine-releasing neurons are abundant on nicotine

receptors, dopamine is released. This release of dopamine, which is associated with pleasure,

is reinforcing and may also increase memory. Nicotine and cocaine activate similar patterns

of neurons, which supports the idea that common substrates among these drugs.

When tobacco is smoked, most of the nicotine is pyrolyzed. However, a dose sufficient tocause mild somatic dependency and mild to strong psychological dependency remains. There

is also a formation ofharmane (a MAO inhibitor) from the acetaldehyde in tobacco smoke.

This may play a role in nicotine addiction, by facilitating a dopamine release in the nucleus as

a response to nicotine stimuli. Using rat studies, withdrawal after repeated exposure to

nicotine results in less responsive nucleus accumbens cells, which produce dopamine

responsible forreinforcement.

Impact

EconomicIn countries where there is a publicly-funded healthcare system, society covers the cost of

medical care for smokers who become ill through smoking in the form of increased taxes.

Two broad debating positions exist on this front, the "pro-smoking" argument suggesting that

heavy smokers generally don't live long enough to develop the costly and chronic illnesses

which affect the elderly, reducing society's healthcare burden, and the "anti-smoking"
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argument suggests that the healthcare burden is increased because smokers get chronic

illnesses younger and at a higher rate than the general population. Data on both positions has

been contested. The Centers for Disease Control and Preventionpublished research in 2002

claiming that the cost of each packof cigarettes sold in the United States was more than $7 in

medical care and lost productivity. The cost may be higher, with another study putting it as

high as $41 per pack, most of which however is on the individual and his/her family. This is

how one author of that study puts it when he explains the very low cost for others: "The

reason the number is low is that for private pensions, Social Security, and Medicare the

biggest factors in calculating costs to society smoking actually saves money. Smokers die at a

younger age and don't draw on the funds they've paid into those systems."

By contrast, some non-scientific studies, including one conducted by Philip Morris in theCzech Republic and another by the Cato Institute, support the opposite position. Philip

Morris has explicitly apologized for the former study, saying: "The funding and public

release of this study which, among other things, detailed purported cost savings to the Czech

Republic due to premature deaths of smokers, exhibited terrible judgment as well as a

complete and unacceptable disregard of basic human values. For one of our tobacco

companies to commission this study was not just a terrible mistake, it was wrong. All of us at

Philip Morris, no matter where we work, are extremely sorry for this. No one benefits from

the very real, serious and significant diseases caused by smoking.

Between 1970 and 1995, per-capita cigarette consumption in poorer developing countries

increased by 67 percent, while it dropped by 10 percent in the richer developed world. Eighty

percent of smokers now live in less developed countries. By 2030, the World Health

Organization (WHO) forecasts that 10 million people a year will die of smoking-related

illness, making it the single biggest cause of death worldwide, with the largest increase to be

among women. WHO forecasts the 21st century's death rate from smoking to be ten times the20th century's rate. ("Washingtonian" magazine, December 2007).

HealthTobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart and lungs, with smoking

being a major risk factor for attacks, strokes, chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease (COPD), emphysema, and cancer(particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and

mouth, and pancreatic cancer). Cigarette smoking increases the risk of Crohn's disease aswell as the severity of the course of the disease. It is also the number one cause of bladder
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cancer. The smoke from tobacco elicits carcinogenic effects on the tissues of the body that

are exposed to the smoke.

Tobacco smoke can combine with other carcinogens present within the environment in order

to produce elevated degrees of lung cancer.

The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco caused 5.4 million deaths in 2004and

100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century. Similarly, the United States Centers

for Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important

preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature

death worldwide."

Lung canceroccurs at non-smokers in 3.4 cases per 100 000 population. At people smoking

0.5 packs of cigarettes a day this figure rises to 51.4 per 100 000, 1-2 packs - up to 143.9 per

100 000 and if the intensity of smoking is over 2 packs a day - up to 217.3 per 100,000

population. Tobacco smoke can combine with other carcinogens present within the

environment in order to produce elevated degrees of lung cancer.

Rates of smoking have generally leveled-off or declined in the developed world. Smoking

rates in the United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006 falling from 42% to 20.8%

in adults. In the developing world, tobacco consumption is rising by 3.4% per year.

Second-hand smokepresents a very real health risk, to which six hundred thousand deaths

were attributed in 2004. Besides, Second-hand smoke is usually associated with lung cancer.

SocialFamous smokers of the past used cigarettes or pipes as part of their image, such as Jean Paul

Sartre's Gauloises-brand cigarettes; Albert Einstein's, Douglas MacArthur's,Bertrand

Russell's, and Bing Crosby's pipes; or the news broadcasterEdward R. Murrow's cigarette.

Writers in particular seem to be known for smoking, for example, Cornell ProfessorRichardKlein's bookCigarettes are Sublime for the analysis, by this professor of French literature, of

the role smoking plays in 19th and 20th century letters. The popular authorKurt

Vonnegut addressed his addiction to cigarettes within his novels. British Prime

MinisterHarold Wilson was well known for smoking a pipe in public as was Winston

Churchill for his cigars. Sherlock Holmes, the fictional detective created by Sir Arthur Conan

Doyle smoked a pipe, cigarettes, and cigars. The DC Vertigocomic book character, John

Constantine, created by Alan Moore, is synonymous with smoking, so much so that the firststoryline by Preachercreator, Garth Ennis, centered around John Constantine contracting
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-hand_smokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-hand_smokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Paul_Sartrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Paul_Sartrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauloiseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_R._Murrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kleinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kleinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonneguthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonneguthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_Comicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Moorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preacher_(comics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garth_Ennishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garth_Ennishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preacher_(comics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Moorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_Comicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonneguthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonneguthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kleinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kleinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_R._Murrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauloiseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Paul_Sartrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Paul_Sartrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-hand_smokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-hand_smokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization


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lung cancer. Professional wrestlerJames Fullington, while in character as "The Sandman", is

a chronic smoker in order to appear "tough".

The problem of smoking at home is particularly difficult for women in many cultures

especially Arab cultures where it may not be acceptable for a woman to ask her husband not

to smoke at home or in the presence of her children. Studies has shown that pollution levels

in door places are higher than levels found on busy roadways, in closed motor garages, and

during fire storms. Furthermore, smoke can spread from one room to another, even if doors to

the smoking area are closed.

The ceremonial smoking of tobacco, and praying with a sacred pipe, is a prominent part of

the religious ceremonies of a number ofNative AmericanNations. Sema,

the Anishinaabeword for tobacco, is grown for ceremonial use and considered the ultimate

sacred plant since its smoke was believed to carry prayers to the heavens. In most major

religions, however, tobacco smoking is not specifically prohibited, although it may be

discouraged as an immoral habit. Before the health risks of smoking were identified through

controlled study, smoking was considered an immoral habit by certain Christian preachers

and social reformers. The founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, Joseph Smith, Jr,

recorded that on February 27, 1833, he received a revelation which discouraged tobacco use.

This "Word of Wisdom" was later accepted as a commandment, and faithful Latter-day

Saints abstain completely from tobacco. Jehovah's Witnesses base their stand against

smoking on the Bible's command to "clean ourselves of every defilement of flesh" (2

Corinthians 7:1). The Jewish Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan (18381933) was one of the first

Jewish authorities to speak out on smoking. In the Bah' Faith, smoking tobacco is

discouraged though not forbidden.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fullingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet_(pipe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anishinaabehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yisrael_Meir_Kaganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yisrael_Meir_Kaganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anishinaabehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet_(pipe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fullingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling


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Notice


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Tobaco

Smoking

History

Popularization

Consumtion

Physiology

Impact

Notice

OUT LINE


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REFERENCES

http://www.voa-islam.com/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking

http://konsultasipelajar.blogspot.com/2010/10/matikan-rokok-sebelum-rokok-

mematikan.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smokinghttp://konsultasipelajar.blogspot.com/2010/10/matikan-rokok-sebelum-rokok-mematikan.htmlhttp://konsultasipelajar.blogspot.com/2010/10/matikan-rokok-sebelum-rokok-mematikan.htmlhttp://konsultasipelajar.blogspot.com/2010/10/matikan-rokok-sebelum-rokok-mematikan.htmlhttp://konsultasipelajar.blogspot.com/2010/10/matikan-rokok-sebelum-rokok-mematikan.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking

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