to study and implement setoperations, aggregate functions and joins

7/21/2019 To Study and Implement Setoperations, Aggregate Functions and Joins

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AIM:To study and implement set operations, aggregate functions, and joins in SQL.

THEORY:

SET OPERATIONS IN SQL

The SQL operations union, intersect, and except operate on relations and correspond to the

mathematical set-theory operations , , and . We shall no construct !ueries in"ol"ing the

union, intersect, and minus operations o"er to sets.

1. UNION:

#$%&$ is used to com'ine the results of to or more S(L()T statements. *oe"er

it ill eliminate duplicate ros from its result set. %n case of union, num'er of

columns and data type must 'e same in 'oth the ta'les.

Syntax+

S(L()T column_name(s)& table1

#$%&$S(L()T column_name(s)& table2/

2. UNION ALL:

This operation is similar to #$%&$ 'ut it allos the duplicate ros.

Syntax+


#$%&$ 0LL

S(L()T column_name(s)& table2/

3. INTERSECT:

%$T(S()T operation is used to com'ine to S(L()T statements, 'ut it only

returns the records hich are common from 'oth S(L()T statements. %n case of

%$T(S()T the num'er of columns and data type must 'e same.

Syntax+


%$T(S()T

S(L()T column_name(s) & table2/

4. MINUS:

%$#S operation com'ines result of to S(L()T statements and return only those

results hich 'elongs to first set of result. Syntax+

S(L()T column_name(s) & table1

%$#S

S(L()T column_name(s) & table2/

AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS IN SQL

SQL has many 'uilt-in functions for performing processing on string or numeric data 1non

as 2Aggregate functions3. SQL aggregate functions return a single "alue, calculated from

"alues in a column. olloing are the list of the aggregate functions from SQL.

1. AVG()


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The 04567 function returns the a"erage "alue of a numeric column.

Syntax+

S(L()T 0456column_name7 & table_name

2. COUNT()

The )$T67 function returns the num'er of ros that matches a specified criteria.

Syntax+

S(L()T )$T6column_name7 & table_name/

3. FIRST()

The %ST67 function returns the first "alue of the selected column.

Syntax+

S(L()T %ST6column_name7 & table_name/

4. LAST()

The L0ST67 function returns the last "alue of the selected column.

Syntax+

S(L()T L0ST6column_name7 & table_name/

5. MAX()

The 0867 function returns the largest "alue of the selected column.

Syntax+

S(L()T 086column_name7 & table_name/

6. MIN()

The %$67 function returns the smallest "alue of the selected column.

Syntax+

S(L()T %$6column_name7 & table_name/

. SUM()

The S#67 function returns the total sum of a numeric column.

Syntax+

S(L()T S#6column_name7 & table_name/

!OINS IN SQL0n SQL 9&%$ clause is used to com'ine ros from to or more ta'les, 'ased on a common

field 'eteen them. There are different types of joins a"aila'le in SQL as shon 'elo.

1. INNER !OIN:

The %$$( 9&%$ 1eyord selects all ros from 'oth ta'les as long as there is a

match 'eteen the columns in 'oth ta'les.

Syntax+

S(L()T column_name(s)

& table1

%$$( 9&%$ table2

&$ table1.column_name=table2.column_name/


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2. LEFT !OIN:

The L(T 9&%$ 1eyord returns all ros from the left ta'le 6ta'le:7, ith the

matching ros in the right ta'le 6ta'le;7. The result is $#LL in the right side hen

there is no match.

Syntax+


& table1

L(T 9&%$ table2

&$ table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

3. RIGHT !OIN:

The %5*T 9&%$ 1eyord returns all ros from the right ta'le 6ta'le;7, ith the

matching ros in the left ta'le 6ta'le:7. The result is $#LL in the left side hen thereis no match.

Syntax+


& table1

%5*T 9&%$ table2

&$ table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

4. FULL OUTER !OIN:

The #LL T( 9&%$ 1eyord returns all ros from the left ta'le 6ta'le:7 and

from the right ta'le 6ta'le;7. The #LL T( 9&%$ 1eyord com'ines the result of 'oth L(T and %5*T

joins.

Syntax+


& table1

#LL T( 9&%$ table2

&$ table1.column_name=table2.column_name/

CONCLUSION:Thus e ha"e studied and implemented set operations, aggregate functions,

and joins in SQL.


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AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS QUERIES:

SQL< select = from Stud>io/

?&$& $0( @&> 05( 0@@(SS

--------------- ----------- ------------------ ---------- -----------------

: Sainath ;A-@()-BA ;: 9ogeshari

; ?rati1 :C-&)T-BD :B 0ndheri

A Shahid AE-0F-BD ;E alad

G ?rasad ;G-&)T-BA ;: 4ashi

D 0ditya :E-$&4-BC :H >andra

SQL< S(L()T 04560ge7 as 0"gI0ge from Stud>io/

045I05(-----------------

:B.H

SQL< S(L()T count6=7 as $oI&fIStud from Stud>io/

$&I&IST#@

--------------------

D

SQL< S(L()T 0860ge7 as *ighest0ge from Stud>io/

*%5*(ST05(

---------------------

;:

SQL< S(L()T %$60ge7 as Smallest0ge from Stud>io/

S0LL(ST05(

-----------------------

:H

SQL< S(L()T S#60ge7 as SumIofI0ge from Stud>io/

S#I&I05(

---------------------

BB


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!OINS QUERIES:

SQL< S(L()T = & Students/

($&LL$& %ST$0( L0ST$0( >0$) S( 5?0

------------------ ----------------- ----------------- ------------- -------- -------

GJH Sainath ?ar1ar )omp A J.G

GHE ?rati1 Sutar )omp A H.;

GJB Shahid 0nsari (8T) A B

GJ; aiKan han ()* A :E

GJE ?rati1 hadtale (8T) A B.J

SQL< S(L()T = & Stud>io/

?&$& $0( @&> 05( 0@@(SS ($&LL$&--------------- ---------- ----------------- --------------- -------------- -----------------

: Sainath ;A-@()-BA ;: 9ogeshari GJH

; ?rati1 :C-&)T-BD :B 0ndheri GHE

A Shahid AE-0F-BD ;E alad GJB

G ?rasad ;G-&)T-BA ;: 4ashi GHJ

D 0ditya :E-$&4-BC :H >andra GHH

INNER !OIN:

SQL< S(L()T Students.(nroll$o, Students.irst$ame, Stud>io.0ge, Stud>io.0ddress

& Students %$$( 9&%$ Stud>io &$ Students.(nroll$oMStud>io.(nroll$o/

($&LL$& %ST$0( 05( 0@@(SS

----------------- ------------------ ---------- --------------------

GJH Sainath ;: 9ogeshari

GJB Shahid ;E alad

GHE ?rati1 :B 0ndheri

LEFT OUTER !OIN:


& Students L(T 9&%$ Stud>io &$ Students.(nroll$oMStud>io.(nroll$o/

($&LL$& %ST$0( 05( 0@@(SS

------------------ ------------------ ----------- --------------------



GJB Shahid ;E alad

GJE ?rati1

GJ; aiKan


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RIGHT OUTER !OIN:


& Students %5*T 9&%$ Stud>io &$ Students.(nroll$oMStud>io.(nroll$o/

($&LL$& %ST$0( 05( 0@@(SS

------------------ ----------------- ------------ --------------------



GJB Shahid ;E alad

:H >andra

;: 4ashi

FULL OUTER !OIN:


& Students #LL 9&%$ Stud>io &$ Students.(nroll$oMStud>io.(nroll$o/

($&LL$& %ST$0( 05( 0@@(SS

------------------ ------------------ ----------- --------------------



GJB Shahid ;E alad

GJE ?rati1

GJ; aiKan

:H >andra;: 4ashi

SET OPERATIONS QUERIES:

UNION:

SQL< S(L()T irst$ame from Students #$%&$ S(L()T $ame & Stud>io/

%ST$0(

------------------

0dityaaiKan

?rasad

?rati1

Sainath

Shahid


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UNION ALL:

SQL< S(L()T irst$ame & Students #$%&$ 0LL S(L()T $ame & Stud>io/

%ST$0(

------------------

Sainath

?rati1

Shahid

aiKan

?rati1

Sainath

?rati1

Shahid

?rasad0ditya

INTERSECT:

SQL< S(L()T irst$ame & Students %$T(S()T S(L()T $ame & Stud>io/

%ST$0(

------------------

?rati1

Sainath

Shahid

MINUS:

SQL< S(L()T irst$ame & Students %$#S S(L()T $ame & Stud>io/

%ST$0(

------------------

aiKan

to study and implement setoperations, aggregate functions and joins

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