ABSTRACT

Designed and implemented by a student team from the CREATE sponsored Working Together for A Safer Tomorrow (WTST) program,

this project applies a three step model to determine the ability of multi-jurisdictional, demographically diverse areas, especially tribally

inclusive geographic areas (TIGA), to integrate resources and services with the goal of operating cooperatively as self-sustaining

communities in the event of natural disasters or terror attacks.

Methods: Step 1: A risk matrix is used to determine a risk ranking of regional disaster and terror events.

Step 2: An area in the study region is chosen and a real time tri-level status report is conducted by area stakeholders.

An integrated operability score, or IOS, is calculated to determine cooperative capabilities.

Step 3:As the model is incorporated across jurisdictions and agencies, a Cumulative Regional Integrated Operability

Score, or CRIOS, is derived. Once the CRIOS tool is applied, strategies incorporating integration and shared utilization of

regionally available human and material resources can be coordinated enhancing preparedness and mitigation

capabilities for both tribal and non-tribal communities!

Results: Beginning in October 2008, this project became directly aligned with the January 2009 Homeland Security’s mission relevant

directive requiring local, state, and tribal integration. A pilot model was field tested in the Pacific Northwest and results submitted to the

WTST mentor. To date,15 case studies ,including NY Iroquois, are included with the Shinnecock TIGA, Long Island, since Spring, 2012.

Discussion: This project is related to the Social and Behavioral Sciences research area via the introduction and application of a user

friendly model and tools designed to promote diverse entities and jurisdictions to work together to identify critical indicators and strategies

to operate as self-sustaining communities within tribal regions in catastrophic events.

Broader Impacts of this study include:

a.) The creation of a risk ranked database that can be used for the establishment of resource allocation priorities based upon the CRIOS. A

user friendly multi-variable decision making program is being designed to provide a strategic database for TIGA EM stakeholders to apply

CRIOS (S. Garland, Old Dominion University and NAVSEA)

b.) The development of qualitatively derived statistical indicators related to TIGA EM perceived abilities to function across jurisdictions as

self-sustaining communities in the event of disasters. In collaboration, the Organization Cooperation Model by Coles and Zhuang is being

applied to TIGA EM (“Decisions in Disaster Recovery: A Game Theoretic Perspective of Organization Cooperation” JHSEM, vol.8, 2011).

Based on a survey of perceived abilities, a pilot model is being designed in collaboration with the Mohawk Council of Akwesasne's

Emergency Measures Program and the Hogansburg Akwesasne Volunteer Fire Department (HAVFD).

c.) Improved cooperation of resources and capabilities reduces economic impact of disaster events and aligns with CREATE’s mission.

To Assess and Achieve Emergency Management Integration in Tribally

Inclusive Geographic Areas to Reduce the Economic Impact of

Natural Disaster and Terror Events

Brittany Friend, Elizabeth City State University and Natalya Sousa, University of Maryland and Stony Brook University

Mentors: Dr. Anne Garland, Applied Research in Environmental Science (ARIES), DHS USC CREATE, UMD

Dr. Lloyd Mitchell (Oneida), Working Together for A Safer Tomorrow, DHS USC CREATE, ECSU

Methods 1. Background Research

2. Data Gathering: (See all photos)

A. real time events

B. site visitations

C. non-obtrusive field methods

D. interviews

E. workshops/symposia

F. survey assessments

3. Confirm Results:

• Compare social, news, internet media

• Compare with specific field and real time data

4. Draft model and assessment tool from research

5. Engage Emergency Stakeholders:

• Revise and use TIGA specific tool

TOOLS

Step I: Risk Matrix • Utilize Risk Matrix to Identify Higher Risks in TIGA

• Organize qualitative and quantitative data to identify hazard frequencies

Step 2: Integrated Operability Score (IOS) Modified from Statewide Communication Interoperability (SCIP) Weighted

Evaluation Criteria, September 2007,

(http://www.dhs.gov/files/programs/gc_1225902750156.shtm)

Step 3: Cumulative Regional Integrated Operability

Score (CRIOS) Introduced to local, regional and tribal Fire and Emergency Services at: • workshops, • distance learning, • self-guide website, or • meetings.

The EM stakeholders scale the criteria in cooperation with the ARIES project team. The risk analysis is valid if completed with the specific data by and from the TIGA jurisdictions.

Selected References Texts: *Benedict, Jeff (2000) Without Reservation USA, Harper Collins: New York, New York, USA. ISBN 0060193670

*Cowger, Thomas W. (1999) The national Congress of American Indians: The Founding Years. University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln Nebraska, USA 0-8032-1502-9

*Jospehy, A, Jr., Nagel, J., and Johnson, T. Eds (1999) Red Power, The American Indians’ Fight for Freedom, 2nd Ed. University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln Nebraska, USA. ISBN 0-8032-2587-2 *Gaddis, John Lewis (2004). Surprise, Security, and the American Experience. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA ISBN 0674-011740

*Gardner, L., Kalt, J., and Spilde, K. (2005) Annontated Bibliography: the Social and Economic Impacts of Indian and Other Gaming. The Harvard Project of American Indian Economic Development. John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA ISBN 0-974394-69-6

*Michel, L. and Herbeck, D. (2001) American Terrorist: Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City Bombing. Harper Collins Publishers: New York, New York, USA ISBN 0-06-039407-2

*Miller, J., Engelberg, S., Broad, W. (2001)Germs: Biological Weapons and America’s Secret War. Simon and Schuster: New York, New York, USA ISBN 0-684-87158-0

*Raiffa, Howard (1970) Decision Analysis: Introductory Lectures on Choices Under Uncertainty.Addison-Wesley Publishing: Reading Massachusetts, USA ISBN 0-201-06290-9

*Richardson, H., Gordon, P., Moore II, J.( 2005) The Economic Impacts of Terrorist Attacks Edward Algar Publishing: Northhampton, Massachusetts, USA ISBN 1-84542-301-1

*Taylor, J., and Kalt, J. (2005) American Indians on Reservations: A Databook of Socioeconomic Change Between 1ht 1990 and 2000 Census. The Harvard Project of American Indian Economic Development. John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA ISBN 0-9764426-0-4

*Weibel-Orlando, Joan (1999) Indian Country L.A., Maintaining Ethnic Community in Complex Society. University of Illinois Press: Urbana, Illinois, USA ISBN 0-252-06800-9

Web Based Sources: *National Indian Gaming Commission (2006) Library and Resource Center http://www.indiangaming.org/library/resource-center/index.html or

http://www.indiangaming.org/library/faqs/index.shtml. Accessed Various Times 2008-2009

*Oyasin. (1996). Fema. (2004). List of 561 Indian reservations, Tribal Communities, Alaska Native Corporations and other Federally Recognized Indigenous Groups. U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, Accessed July, 2006 http://www.doi.gov/bureau-indian-affairs.html

Other Documents: *Department of Homeland Security (2006) Nationwide Plan Review: Phase 2 Report, U.S. Government Printing Office

*Miller, John (2006) Legislature’s move could force Idaho to address murals of Indian lynching. The Sante Fe Free New Mexican/eNewMexican 11 April 2006. Accessed 11 July, 2006

*Spitzer, M. L. (2004). Domestic Antiterrorism Planning. NTI – National Journal Group, http://www.nti.org Accessed July 2006

The Challenge Residents and nearby Indian Reservations may be

inadvertently exposed to long term natural disasters and terror

related activities simply due to geographic location

(i.e. major cities, international border, ports, airports, military

bases, sea level rises, storm surges, floods, debris flows,

blizzards, hurricanes, tornadoes, tsunamis, etc.).

Reservations with significant natural resources, dams, oil rigs,

reservoirs, or having lands used for storing critical defense or

waste material may also have an elevated risk.

Gaming tribes may be at highest risk for terrorism events,

especially those tribes with actual or perceived high density and/or high revenue gaming operations.

Step 1: Risk Matrix Example: Tri-County

Region of SW New York TIGA (Region V)

Risk Occurrence Scale= 1 (monthly), 2 (quarterly), 3 (bi-annually), 4 (annually), 5 (2-5 yrs), 6 (5-10 yrs)

DISASTER

EVENTS

Tribal Cities and

Towns

County Region State

Flooding 6 6 6 6 0

Blizzards 2 2 2 2 2

Debris Flows 1 1 1 0 0

Nuclear Waste 1 1 1 1

Roadway

Vandalism

5 5 0 0 0

Business

Closures

(smoke shops)

0 0 0 0 0

Bio-Terrorism 0 0 0 0 0

Step 2 : Integrated Operability Score

SCIP=Weighted Evaluation Criteria (applied to Local/Regional EM to Identify Critical Indicators

of Cooperation per TIGA)

Example:

(1) 20% Governance

4.4 Identify the members of the governing body and any of its

committees. (List them according to the categories recommended for a

communications interoperability committee in the All-Inclusive Approach.)

Critical Indicators Units to Scale

Organizational Structure Public/Private/Tribal/Combined

Staff Structure/Qualifications Hours/month

Emotional Support Frequency

Eco-Heritage Recognition Involvement Levels

4.6. Describe multi-jurisdictional, multi-disciplinary agreements

needed for decision-making and for sharing resources.

Critical Indicators Units to Scale

Mutual Aid Procedures and Practice

Emergency Management Resources Sharing Levels

LEVEL DEFINITION DESCRIPTION

High What we are doing

best

Medium What we are trying

to do

Low What we cannot do

well

Step 2: Tri-Level Status Report

Modified with Permission from Elaine Willman, Public

Administrator, Hobart, WI, Citizens Equal Rights Alliance

STRUCTURE: Mutual Aid

Infrastructure

Organization

Staff

MAPPING: Local, Tribal,

Regional, Field, Interactive, Friendly, Internet

Independent

FACILITIES: Containment

Shelters Medical

RESOURCES: Equipment

Funding

SUPPORT: Emotional

Eco-Heritage

TRAINING: Outreach

Collaborative

Frequency

Scenarios

RESILIENCE: Managed Risks in Tribally Inclusive

Geographic Areas

CREDIT: Akwesasne St. Regis Mohawk

Fire and Emergency Measures

by Regina Jacobs, EMO

Barrow, Alaska Meetings,

Symposia, and Open House

Cattaraugus Indian Reservation

Field Visit in Real time

Gowanda Volunteer Fire, Cattaraugus County, and NY

Indian Reservation EM Workshop

Gowanda Volunteer

Fire, Cattaraugus

County, and NY Indian

Reservation EM

Workshop

Hogansburg Akwesasne Volunteer Fire

Department (HAVFD) Interview

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indian

Fire Department Interviews

Joint Center for Disaster Research, Massey, University,

NZ, Summer Institute, and Wellington Faults Field Visit .

Maori Preparedness for Civil Defense

Acknowledgements

This project was funded through the Center for Risk and

Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (CREATE) Center of

Excellence by a grant from the Department of Homeland

Security, Science and Technology Directorate, Office of

University Programs. Contact: ariesnonprofit@yahoo.com

1. Dr. Lloyd Mitchell, CREATE, Working Together for a Safer Tomorrow

2. Dr. Anne Garland, ARIES, Applied Research In Environmental Science

3. Dr. Isaac Maya , CREATE, Research Director

4. John Coles and Dr. Jun Zhuang , University of Buffalo

5. Spencer Garland, Old Dominion University

6. Regina Jacobs, Mohawk Emergency Measures

7. ARIES, www.ariesnonprofit.com

CRITERIA SUB-CRITERIA SCALE SCORE COMMENTS

0 1 2 3 4 5

Nothing Insufficient Unsatisfactory Sufficient Satisfactory Resilient

Mutual Aid

Community / Volunteer 3

2

Need to meet a certain threshold before the state or feds

assist. This is insufficient as First Nations are usually federal

recognized and shouldn't have to wait for mutual aid. Once a

declaration has been made, mutual assistance should arrive.

In theory, we have no border in emergency situtions.

However, it can become a political issue with local councils.

Local Government 2

County / Municipal 3

State / Provincial 1

Federal 1

Mapping

Technology Field 4 4

Both the US & Canadian Tribal Governments own and operate

their own IT Programs (Computers services, programming,

training, mapping, etc.

Friendly 4

Independent 4

Interactive 4

Internet 4

Volunteer

Training Collaborative 1

2.2

Requested training - when volunteers requests specific

training, it should always be delivered. If they can't depend on

you, you can not depend on them It's mutual respect If they

want it or need it, give it to them.

Exercises 1

Frequency 3

Jurisdiction Levels 3

Requested 3

EM

Resources Community / Volunteer 2

1.8

Akwesasne residents donate and support our emergency

responders. MOU's are an asset. Funding is very limited on

Canadian portion. Council Personnel Policies allow for our

volunteers to leave their place of work for emergency

response.

Local Government 2

County / Municipal 3

State / Provincial 1

Federal 1

Emotional

Support Community / Volunteer 1

1 Emotional support is available on so many levels. However,

our Community is not big on using professional services due to

confidentiality issues. Confidentiality vs. Work Ethics

Local Government 1

County / Municipal 1

State / Provincial 1

Federal 1

Heritage

Recognition Community / Volunteer 3 1.8

State, provincial and federal agencies recognize it, but often

do not respect it. CBSA is a great example. Training is

provided by MCA in this area.

Local Government 3

County / Municipal 1

State / Provincial 1

Federal 1

Step 3: Cumulative Regional

Integrated Operability Score

(Partial Application)

Critical Indicators

of the CRIOS Model