rn—2—

Contents

Preliminary Remark n

1. Objectives and Approach N

2. Schedule of Activities

3 Major Dates of Implementation

4. Organizational Set-Up

5. Target Group Analysis — Selection of Beneficiaries

5.1 Selection of Villages

5.2 Procedure of Target Group Selection

5.3 Evaluation of Questionnaire Survey

5.4 Special Features of Target Group Selection

5.5 Assesament

6. Technical Aspects - Toilet Design and Execution

6.1 Seloction of Design

6.2 Assessment of Execution

7. Socio-Cultural Aspects — Awareness Building

7.1 Introduction — Background

7.2 Findings

7.2.1 Quantitative Aspects

7.2.2 Qualitative Assessment

8. Proposals and Recommendations

9. Working Summary

Appendices

1. Vikas Kendra: “Bird’s eye view of our awareness

campaign on low—cost toilet project”

2. Form of questionnaire for socio—economic survey (target

group selection)

3. Vikas Kendra: “Low—cost toilet status report as on

16.07.1993”

4. Vikas Kendra~ ‘Bird’s eye view of socio—economic survey

report as on 22.07.1993”

~2SRARY.NTEr?~:fi\TloNA:RFFE~~C~~~ORCOMMUNFFY WATE~1~‘Jr~L~ A~DSANITAT~G3~URC’~

Society for Equitable Voluntary Action (SEVPj, Calcutta/Indis

Indienhilfe e.V. , Berrsching/Germany

Low—Cost Toilet Pro]ectat

Vikas Kendra, Atghara/West Bengal

Report on Project Review Tour from 12th to 17th July 1993

by

Hans Escher

BahnhofstrsRe

86504 Merching

Germany

August 1993

if’C’w32:

NN03

—3—

Preliminary Remark

For the midterm—assessment of the low—cost’ toilet pro]ect of

Society for Equitable Voluntary Actions (SrA)/Vlkas Kendrs the

author proposed - due to various reasons the month of July,

1993, a time, when sonsoon in Bengal reache its peak.

Despite the adverse weather the programme o the review could be

carried out as per schedule.

and the neighbouring

h!3s lent me all the

t eir assistance I am

Herrsching/Germany, August 1993

Hans Escher

—4—

1. Objectives and Approach

The purpose of this review was to avail the implementing NGO a\

feedback from an outsider while the project was still executed. C

The review happened to be undertaken, after more than half of the

toilets had already been completed. At that time construction

work had, as foreseen in the planning, stopped to a large extent,

as due to the monsoon many villages were inaccessible. So this

break, which VK-staff had anyway earmarked for a review, luckily

coincided with the reviewer’s visit to Atghara. It was hoped that

an outsider would bring over fresh inputa and inapirations for

the remaining part of the project and possible extensions of it.

In the planning of his stay the reviewer saw to it that he would

get as much exposure to the “grassroot reality’ as possible. This

implied that on all days besides the days of arrival and

departure trips to various villages were made. There the reviewer

could not only get a look at toilets in various stages of

completion, but could also intensively talk with beneficiaries

and contact persons from the village organizations - the in—

charges for the toilet project in their areas.

L~Y~ :~~H~r:~“ ~L ~EF?~ENCEI F “ • ‘ ‘~VIER SUPrLY

gAEl) L -‘~

ID y~’7’~a’-~ t~I

~— I/In -

LO: 9~——

As Vikas Kendra had set up a very efficient monitoring system,

data about the project were readily available. Regarding the

quantitatiye~aspects_the_Jmplementation_of_the_project_haa~been -

-fully according~ to plan. As the exchange rate developed other - - -

than calculated in the project application to 8HZ, there are evenfunds left for construction of approximately 100 additional

toilets. (At the beginning of August 1993 8HZ gave permission to

use the funds accordingly.)

Due to the limited time available a systematic questionnaire

survey was found to be beyond the reviewer’s capacity. A cross—

check of the selection of beneficiaries was therefore not

attempted. So the evaluation of the target group analysis relies

to a great extent on a scrutiny of the questionnaire survey which

had been done by Vikas Kendra.

Regarding design and technical execution of the toilets the

reviewer incorporated the assessment of two representatives of

Central Building Research Institute (CBRI) , with which Vikas

Kendra is continuously in contact. The reviewer had the

opportunity to interview the representatives on 15th July 1993 at

Vikas Kendra.

For the numerous field trips in Atghara

villages staff members of Vikas Kendra

support and co-operation necessary, For

most grateful.

—5—A survey about the quantitative aspects was supplied by Vikas

Kendra at the beginning of the stay in Atghsra. So during his

field trips the reviewer could concentrate on taking a look at

the toilets and on interviewing beneficiaries and village

organization members. As the technical aspects had been covered

by CBRI, the reviewer could focus on the socio—cultural aspects

of the project. Here one of his chief interests was to gauge the

impact of awareness building measures. In this regard a list

detailing awareness building events which had been carried out in

the framework of the project had been drawn up by Vikas Kendra.

tour to Purba Simla

pick—up of representatives of CentralBuilding Research Institute (CHRI) at

Maslandapur railway station

tour of Maslandapur and Kirtipur (model

toilets with pre—cast roof)

afternoon discussion with CBRI—representatives

In order to become aware of possible diverging perceptions the

preliminary results of the review were presented at the final

meeting with the core team/low—cost toilet task force of Vikas

Kendra. There Vikas Kendra accepted the basic findings of the

review. The exchange with Vikas Kendra about possible

modifications in planning and implementation of the project will

continue after completion of this report.

pick-up from Calcutta airport andjourney to project area

meeting with Vikaa Kendra (VK) core teamand low-cost toilet task force in

Atghara, mutual introduction,

presentation of objectives of project

tour

introduction into administrative

infrastructure of low—cost toilet

project by VK-staff members;

presentation about monitoring of

construction activities by Srikantha

Mandal

tour of Atghara village and of Bagan

Atghara

Thursday, 15th July

morning

afternoon

meeting of Vikas Kendra core team and

presentation of Preliminary findings

with discussion

interview of contact persons of village

organisafion~ who had come to a meeting

to Vikas Kendra -

journey by train to Calcutta..

night stay at SEVA office in Calcutta

meeting with Mr. Kumar Ray, chartered

accountant. Briefing by him on his

midterm assessment of the accounts of

low-cost toilet project

working committee meeting of SEVA,

mutual introduction, presentation and

discussion of findings of project tour

12 noon

afterwards

function at Dishery Sangha village

organization in Pashim Simla in honor of

project director VK and visitor

tour of Paahim Simla

Wednesday, 14th July

morning

—6—

tour to IVarayanpur

presentations hy individual

members and paperworkVK-gtaff

2. Schedule of Activities

Monday, 12th July

12 p.m.

5p.m.

Tuesday, 13th July

9 a.m.

afterwards

Friday, 17th July

morning preparation of draft of review

afternoon

evening

Saturday, 18th July

morning

afternoon

afternoon tour to Nikrahati village

BMZ sanctions advance use of

Indienhilfe’s contx~ibution

Vikaa Kendra core team meeting.

Elaboration of plan for construction of

toilets I!Message by phone from Indienhilfe to

SEVA/VK: 1000 toil~ts have been granted

byBMZ

Start of introductory meetings/awareness

building activities with village groups;

each village group~nominates one contact

person.

Opening of complaint book for village

groups, beneficiaries, masons

Socio—economic survey and selection of

beneficiaries (97Oc selected; selections

from panchayats [village councils] still

awaited; 75 rejected due to non-

fulfillment of the criteria(

reduction/suspension of building

activities due to sonsoon

midterm review by representative of

—I-nd-i-enh-i--Ij-f-e

visit of -represecitatives of Central

Building Research Institute (CBRI)

Inspection of t~ilets, approval of

construction. ——~Toi1ets are released

for general use.

372 toilets are tdlly completed

—8—

4. Organizational Set—up

After the funds had been sanctioned for the project, Vikas Kendr~r

set up a low—cost toilet task force, in which the majority of its

staff members was and is represented. Through regular meetings

(on average three times per fortnight) a regular flow of

information was assured.

A key role in the implementation process was assigned to the

village organizations. These consist mainly of young persons,

engage themselves in the fields of social service, culture

sports. Vikas Kendra has for long established close links

them, as VK co—operates with them also at other measures.

members regularly take part in VKs training programmes.

The village organizations constitute the crucial link between VK

and the individual households. They have the task to communicate

all the relevant information, ranging from operational aspects to

matters such as health and hygiene, to the participating

families.

The overall monitoring of the project is, however, done by VK.

For this purpose detailed records are maintained at its project

centre. As on every toilet building a serial number is imprinted,

the construction of the 1000 toilets, which are spread over 26

—v-ill ages-,—can—be—mon-i-tored—easaLy. -___________________________

An excellent infrastructure for the implementation as such is,

however, not sufficient. The people, who are involved in

executing the project, and their commitment is of equal

isportance.

For the reviewer one of the strong points of the project is the

highly motivated team of VK-staff. They are not only able of

motivating themselves. Also the responsible persons of the

village organizations were found to be very enthusiastic and

committed. Through them true “grassroot’ activities become

possible. The basis for this is the close and trustful

relationship between VK—staff and the village organizations.

—7—

3. Implementation Low—Cost Toilet Project ~- Major Dates

24th February 1993

6th April 1993

27th April 1993

29th April 1993

May 1993

June — August 1993

12th — 17th July 1993

29

who

and

with

Their

— 15th July 1993

16th July 1993

The “material” and the “human” infrastructure assure a high

degree of effectiveness and efficiency in the project.

(ft

—9—5. Target Group Analysis — Selection of Beneficiaries

5.1 Selection of Villages

The following villages were selected (see also appendix 3; one

village organization per village unless otherwise stated)

Criterion for the selection was the degree of activeness of the

village organization and the intensity of their contact with VK.

Baduria block:

Atghara (3)

Uttar Simla

Chandpur

Dakshin Bena

Dakshin Simla

Dakshin Jangalpur

Srirumpur

Kirtipur

Malayapur

Mamudpur

Purba Pingaleswar

Narayanpur (2)

Paschim Simla

Naturia

Pingaleswar

Panji

Uttar Jangalpur

Purba Simla

Bagan Atghara

Ghoahpur

20 villages, 23 groups

Deganga block

Beliakali

Chandalati

Nikrahati

Bunarati

4 villages, 4 groups

Habra block

Vi jaynagar

Simulpur

2 villages, 2 groups

— 10 -

New groups, where toilets have been sanctioned, but work has not

yet started:

Solua Group, Village Sanhati, Habra block

Kolsur Udayan Sangha, Kolsur, Habra block

5.2 Procedure of target group selection

The thrust of the project is to provide individual families with

toilets which would be erected on their premises and become their

private property. According to the planning the following groups

should primarily benefit from the low—cost toilet project:

— Small and marginal farmers (marginal farmer: upto 6000

Rupies annual income for a family of five; size of

agricultural land: upto one hectar [1 hectar = approx. 2.5acres]; small farmer: upto 12.000 Rupies income for a family

of five; size of agricultural land: upto 2 hectars)

— Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

- Other disadvantaged people such as handicapped persona,

widows and old-aged persons

As a first step the village organizations proposed families for

selection to VK. A surveyor from VK then visited the individual

households in order to get a first impression about the social

status of the family through various indicators such as

- does the family own a two-storeyed building~

- do one or more family members have permanent employment in

the organized sector?

At a later stage a thorough socio-economic questionnaire survey

was made (the form of the questionnaire, translated into English,

is documented in appendix 2)

5.3 Evaluation of the questionnaire survey

A tabulation of the information contained in 750 questionnaires

was done on 22nd July 1993 by VK-staff members (see appendix 4).

Coverage

Through being a member of one of 750 households a total of 4778

persons (1445 males, 1238 females and 2095 minors) gets access to

toilets. The average household size amounts thus to 6.4.Total

26 villages, 29 groups

— 12 —

— 11 —

Religious and Social Status

3671 persons (77%) are Muslims, while 1107 persons (23%) are

Hindus. These ratios are approximately proportionate with the

overall population shares of both communities in the area.

Of the benefitting Hindus 814 persons (76% of the community and

17% of the total of 4778) belong to Scheduled Castes and 16

persons belong to the Scheduled Tribes cate~ory. (According to

the 1991 census the share of Scheduled Cast~s in West Bengal is

24%. In the project area the share of Scheduled Tribe population

is negligible.)

Income

Of the 750 families 268 (36%) had an annual~ income of less than

6400 Rupies, The income of 378 families (50%~ ranged between 6400

and 10.000 Rupies. 104 families (14%) disposed of an income of

more than 10.000 Rupies. (Unfortunately it ~~aa not enquired, by

how much exactly their income exceeded the sum of 10.000 Rupies.)

Occupation

485 households (65%) have their mainstqy in farming. 101

households (13%) stated as their main occupation “daily

labour”. The remaining 164 households (22%) have employment in

other fields.

Land Ownership

- 101 households (14%) can be regarded as lai~dless, as they rated

themselves as daily labourers. Judging from~ the statements about

land sizes the share of landless agricultufal labourers say be

even higher: 312 families (42%) own less than 0.33 acres of land,

363 (48%) from 0.33 acres to 2.5 acres and’75 (10%) between 2,5

and 5 acres. Families owning more than S ac~es were not selected.

The marginal land sizes include also the fkarmstead area, which

may explain why there is no category of “landless families” in

the tabulation of beneficiaries according t~o land ownership.

5.4 Special features of target group seleètion

On the whole 10 handicapped persons were selected for

participation.

In Atghara Mahila Mandala, the village’ women’s organization

was alloted a quota of eight toilets. The ~~orresponding number of

families in the Boidupara para (neighboufrhood) of Atghara was

duely selected.

VK sanctioned on request a quota of 10 toilets for two panchayats

(village councils), which will allot them ‘to private households.

For the following public institutions toilets were sanctioned on

request:

— hath (local market) Atghara: 1 toilet

— Public Library Kolsur: 1 toilet

- mosque Uttar Simla: 1 toilet

— 2 mosques Bunarati: 1 toilet each

5.5 Assessment

Taking into account the average family size of 6.4 and the fact

that no household owns more than 5 acres land one can assume that

the overwhelming majority of the beneficiaries, i.e. at least the

86% whose annua] income is below 10.000 Rupies, lives below the

poverty line. In addition the fact that 65% of the beneficiary

families live on agriculture and that 13% belong to the daily

labour category indicates that an overwhelming majority of the

participants belong to the category of small and marginal

farmers.

Equally the categories of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes and

disadvantaged persons are well representad in the group of

beneficiaries.

The overall correspondence between the actual target group

selection and the criteria given in the planning is high.

Some applicants’ farmstead size was-to small to guarantee the

minimum distance between toilet and water source. Their

applications could not be considered. As these applicants might

belong to the “poorest of the poor”, ideas should be developed

about possible solutions for them. These solutions can possibly

only be found on a case—to—case basis.

— 13 — — 14 —

6.1 Selection of Design

The design of the toilet was selected in F0)~1abo~ti0n with the

Central Building Research Institute (CBRI)’. The model of two pit

hand flushed low—cost toilet was chosen. According to CBRI this

model is universally accepted for rural areas and is also

employed by the reputed Sulabh Mo’~ement and international

agencies such as UNICEF.

CBRI is a Government of India (GUI) research institute, which has

its headquarters at Roorkee/Uttar Pradesh. It is under the GOl

apex research body of CSIR (Centre for Sdience and Industrial

Research). Working areas of CBRI include the development of low-

cost building materials and technology.

Vikas Kendra is in close contact with Mr. Bose, scientist—in—

chief, and Mr. Dasgupta, in-charge civil engineering, of the

Calcutta branch of CBRI, amongst whose tasks are development,

construction and extension in the building sector.

The reviewer had the opportunity to interview Messrs. Bose and

Dasgupta on 15th July 1993 at Atghara. He was very grateful thatthis meeting had been arranged by Vikas Kendra, as the technical

aspects could thus be covered by specialists.

Several special features of the execution of the model at Vikas

Kendra were discussed:

- Vikas Kendra uses fibre glass as material for the pan. It is

of a reasonable cost, as it can be manufactured locally by

small—scale companies. It is of light weight and experience

so far has shown that it is durable. The experience with the

coating has been so far very good. Toilets which had been

built in 1987 with the same type of pan have so far shown no

wear—off.

- The bottom of the pits remains uncemented. The standard

material to fortify the pits is bricks. Earthen rings were

found to be considerably less costly and were therefore

applied by VK. These earthen rings are manufactured in West

Bengal usually for the support of wells. As there is a good

quality of clay available, the durability of the earthen

rings is quite high.

- Originally it was proposed to use recycled materials

drums for the doors of the toilet. As used material was

so popular with the beneficiaries, new sheets, which

sore shining and which look more attractive, had to

taken.

— The CBRI—representatives lauded the “package approach” of

Vikas Kendra, i.e. the fact that the beneficiaries receive a

100%—complete toilet in exchange for payment of a lump sum

of 500 Rupies and procurement of local sand.

They mentioned that Government of India agencies had built

at least 10 toilets in Baduria block (where also Atghara is

situated) upto the plinth level with the expectation that

the superstructure would be done by the users themselves.

Theme toilets have not been completed and lie still idle.

- The CBRI—representatives were of the opinion that the

toilets constructed by Vikas Kendra cost less than those

executed by government agencies such as Public Works

Department (PWD) . This is due to the close supervision of

Vikas Kendra and due to their highly motivated team, which

is very keen for possible savings.

6.2 Assessment of Execution

- According to the CBRI-representatives the construction quality of

the, toilets is according to the standard required.

Beneficiaries could not be interviewed regarding their

experiences with the toilets, as these were released for use only

after CBRI had given its approval on 15th July 1993.

The solid superstructure of the toilets was generally appreciated

by the beneficiaries.

The satisfaction of CBRI with the work of Vikas Kendra is also

reflected in the fact that CBRI wants to continue collaboration

with this organization.

7. Socio—Cultural Aspects — Awareness Building

7.1 Introduction — Background

It is generally agreed that in the past technical and

quantitative aspects in sanitation projects have often received

sore—than—sufficient attention, while socio—cultural aspects have

rather been neglected. This has lead to a low degree of

acceptance among the target population. As a consequence

sustainability was also severely affected.

6. Technical Aspects - Toilet Design and Execution from

not

are

be

—15—

On this backdrop the reviewer was particularly keen to assess the

motivation of the participants as well as their motives for

participating.

Due to previous efforts of VK the star�ing position for a

successful propagation of toilets in tite project area is

favourable. According to VK—staff members, toilets are not,

unlike at the outset of its work in 1985, something totally

strange. At that time 15 toilets had been~ constructed in the

framework of a pilot project. Then beneliciaries had to be

cajoled into accepting sanitation. A secon~ project under which

300 toilets were constructed in 1989 showed already a better

response. The fact that these toilets were~accessible and could

be seen functioning dispelled many doubts1~ So by example the

popular belief that nuisance through smell ~would increase could

be refuted easily.

First reports from VK from April 1993 had already shown that the

demand for toilets was higher than the number of toilets budgeted

for

7.2 Findings

The low—cost toilet task force of VK itself had met 16 times. In

order to interest the village organizatiods two meetings with

their leaders (attendance: ca. 60 persons iac~~) had taken placeat an early stage of the project (19th April and 6th May 1993)

In these meetings it was announced that each village organization

should nominate a contact person for the lou-cost toilet project.

In order to inform and motivate these contact persons meetings

were held on 13th May 1993, 9th June 1993 ~and 23rd June 1993,

— 16 —

A motivation training, which was attended by 72 persons, was held’

on 23rd June 1993.

7.2.2 Qualitative Aspects

As already mentioned, the interest to participate in the low—cost

toilet project was unexpectedly high. The demand for toilets

could not he fully satisfied. Therefore the necessity to

“advertise” for the project did not arise.

In the course of his tours to the villages the reviewer asked

both contact persons of village organizations and beneficiaries

for explanations for this strong interest.

The following motives were most often mentioned:

The linkage between toilet usage and the health situation of the

area was rarely mentioned by the respondents. Through

interviews with representatives of the village organizations the

reviewer got the impression that the awareness building events

focussed mainly on

— organizational aspects of implementation, and

— cleaning and maintenance of the toilets.

Life becomes much more convenient, once the toilets are on

one’s own property and thus within easy reach. Previously

the family had to walk some distance to reach the “toilet

ground”, if necessary also during adverse weather in themonsoon season. Due to the preconceived notions of shame the

women would to the toilet only in the dark. Because of thisFor the reviewer this presented an amazing phenomenon, as studies they were compelled to limit their intake of fluid and food

he had come across so far, had rather strem~ed the difficulty of during the day. Now life has become easier for them.

transition from traditional systems of defecation to the usage of - — For many people it appeared to be a good deal to receive a

toilets- So the assessment of the sot

const ij~es_cjf_the—benef-i-c-i-ari-es - ~ Ruptea f0rituted one of the key questiona ot hia4interviewa-. - - the highl~ subsidized price of 500 Ru~ies. Moreover the

contribution demanded of the beneficiaries in the form of

\I

labour was manageable. All organizational matters weretaken care of by Vikas Kendra and the village organizations.

7.2.1 Quantitative Aspects - In the project area “kutcha” structures, i.e. buildings made

Regarding the numbers of awareness building events Vikaa Kendra of clay with paddy straw as roof, are still very common.

supplied the reviewer with a summary (as Jf 8th July 1993) in Pucca structures, buildings made of bricks with tiles as

tabular form (see appendix 1) . From this summary it can he seen roof cover, are the symbol of prosperity and indicate a high

that all the villages covered by the project were visited at social status. Several respondents praised the “solid” or

least once by VK—staff. The 37 meetings in1the villages, which “permanent” structure of the toilets and expressed their

had been organized by the village organiza�ions and which were pride about owning such a type of building.

addressed by VK-staff, were attended by more than 800 persons

(including multiple attendances) .

— 17 — — 18 —

The latter point was mentioned by the ma]ority of the

respondents. The reviewer had the impression that in the course

of various meetings the topic of cleaning, and maintenance had

been communicated in a sufficient way

An indicator that the new toilets will actually be used and

maintained is the fact that the toilets from previous pro]ects

are still in use This could be ascertained by the reviewer, as

he inspected some of these toilets.

8. Proposals and Recommendations

While the operational and technical parts of the project

been dealt with to the full satisfaction~of the reviewer,

main recommendation for the final project phase is to focus

on awareness building measures.

As the beneficiaries gain through the project an asset of

considerable value, there should be a certain preparedness on

their side to participate in awareness building measures.

These awareness building measures should have two objectives:

a) demonstrating the impact of toilet us~ on the general health

situation -

b) increasing the awareness level on hygiene in genera~.

The propagation of low-cost toilets is a welcome occasion forincreased efforts in the field of general

1hygiene education. If

one takes into account the supergoal of the pro]ect — reduction

of the incidence of infectious deseases —, it is clear that the

level of hygiene in general has to be raised. Possible topics

under this heading could for instance be

- washing of hands, especially before meals

- handling of food

- how to impart hygiene education to children

- disposal of solid waste.

As the reviewer had the impression that so far only one person

per family participated in awareness building events (while the

average beneficiary family consists of six persons) , it is

suggested to reach out at least to all the adult members of a

family. In case it is difficult to get a response from women,

separate events for them, organized by female staff of VK, should

be considered.

A precondition for increased efforts in conscientization would be

to initiate a “training of the trainers”, i.e. of VK-staff, in

general hygiene. For this purpose VK could make use of its

contacts to All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health

(AIIHPH) , Calcutta and International Training Network (ITN( . This

institution is part of the sanitary engineering department of

AIIHPH and is sponsored by the Hinistry of Rural Development, New

Delhi, and by the Overseas Development Administration )ODA) of

UK. Other Indian NGOs, which offer training in this sector, may

be considered as well.

9. Working Summary

The low—cost toilet project of Vikas Kendra in Atghara/VQest

Bengal was visited by the reviewer from 12th to 17th July 1993.

At this stage 970 beneficiaries had been selected and 372 of the

overall 1000 toilets had been fully completed. Through awareness

building measures from April to June 1993 more than 800 persons

had been reached directly (including multiple attendancem) . The

project is implemented in 26 villages with the help of 29

local organizations.

Through an excellent monitoring system, which has been installed

at the Vikas Kendra project centre in Atghsra, up—to—date

information about the progress in construction of the widely

scattered toilets is permanently available. Hotivation and

commitment of VK—staff and members of the village organizations

were found to be at a high level. The co—operation with the

village organizations is very close. Through them an intensive

participation of the target group is assured.

The selection of beneficiaries was to a very large extent done

according to the criteria laid down in the project planning.

According to representatives from Central Building Research

Institute (CBRI) the construction of the toilets was executed in

a professional way.

have

the

more

As result of measures related to objective “a” the

should become aware about the impact of the

defecation practices on the incidence of infectious

beneficiaries

traditional

deceases.

I,

a: ~ aa ‘a a S

-f~ I—— S

S

if~

~

a~ 5C ~

£a

S

L j ~.iin U.3 58 5 8 1 ~

~ ,: 1, ~14H fff~ ~ ‘: ~~ h .~ hl-:L s H fl=~ g °‘‘flE2 55 1I f3hJ~Ilif U iI1~~

~ s~f~s:~:~ n~: ~

5 3’,,au1 C~

5,. 5,,

BU’

Appendix I

a , I

a a, a’ a,

~ a:a:’0. ‘;

. C

-.4 C CS a a

U’

CS!

:s g a,

C 4’ C S533

S

— 19 —

Awareness building activities could be inten~ified so that a

greater understanding about the relevance of toilet use for

public health can be reached and knowledge about hygiene in

general becomes more widespread.

Overall Vikaa Kendra has reached a high levelA of competence in

the field of sanitation. The reviewer strongl’y recommends Vikas

Kendra as executing agency also for future sanitation projects.

The reviewer found a very strong motivation ~among VK—staff to

continue work in this field.

Herrsching/Germany, August 1993

~

Hans Escher

r I

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