Tissues and Nutrients

in plantsTeam Beta

Alysa Alonso, Kayla Hernandez,

Daniela Ruadez, Katherine Martinez

Why plants need nutrients?

- Plants already receive non-mineral nutrients from the air Plants already receive non-mineral nutrients from the air and water. (Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon)and water. (Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon)

- 13 out of 16 nutrients are mineral nutrients.13 out of 16 nutrients are mineral nutrients.

- These 13 nutrients come from soil, which are later These 13 nutrients come from soil, which are later dissolved in water and the roots of the plant absorbs these dissolved in water and the roots of the plant absorbs these nutrients.nutrients.

- Nutrients from the soil may not always be enough, so Nutrients from the soil may not always be enough, so farmers use fertilizers to make up for the loss. farmers use fertilizers to make up for the loss.

- The nutrients needed are broken into two categories… The nutrients needed are broken into two categories…

Macronutrients

Primary nutrients:

-Nitrogen (N) -Nitrogen (N)

-Phosphorus (P)-Phosphorus (P)

-Potassium (K)-Potassium (K)

These primary nutrients are These primary nutrients are absorbed quickly and are absorbed quickly and are needed the most for needed the most for growth and survival. growth and survival.

Secondary Nutrients

- Calcium (Ca)Calcium (Ca)

- Magnesium (Mg)Magnesium (Mg)

- Sulfur (S) Sulfur (S)

- These nutrients stay with These nutrients stay with the plant longer, and are the plant longer, and are not needed as muchnot needed as much

Micronutrients

is essential for plant growth and is needed in is essential for plant growth and is needed in small amounts small amounts

Example: recycling grass clippings and tree Example: recycling grass clippings and tree leaves can provide micronutrients and leaves can provide micronutrients and macronutrients macronutrients

Boron, Copper, Iron, Chloride, Manganese, Boron, Copper, Iron, Chloride, Manganese, Molybdenum, ZincMolybdenum, Zinc Description Description

-boron (B) use of nutrients -boron (B) use of nutrients and regulates other and regulates other nutrients. aids in nutrients. aids in production of sugar and production of sugar and carbohydrates. essential for carbohydrates. essential for seed and fruit seed and fruit development. development. 

-copper (Cu) important for -copper (Cu) important for reproductive growth. aids reproductive growth. aids in root metabolism and in root metabolism and utilization of proteins. utilization of proteins.

Calcium (CA) cell wall Calcium (CA) cell wall structure, transports other structure, transports other elements. Strengthens the elements. Strengthens the plant. Counteracts the plant. Counteracts the effect of alkali salts in the effect of alkali salts in the plant. (alkali salts- poor soil plant. (alkali salts- poor soil structure and low structure and low infiltration capacity)infiltration capacity)

-iron (Fe) formation of chloropyll-iron (Fe) formation of chloropyll

-manganese (Mn) functions with -manganese (Mn) functions with enzyme systems involved in enzyme systems involved in breakdown of carbohydrates and breakdown of carbohydrates and nitrogen metabolism.nitrogen metabolism.

-chloride (Cl) aid in plant -chloride (Cl) aid in plant metabolism. opens and closes metabolism. opens and closes the stomata of the plant. the stomata of the plant. 

-magnesium (Mg) part of -magnesium (Mg) part of chlorophyll and photosynthesis. chlorophyll and photosynthesis. Activates enzymes for plant Activates enzymes for plant growth. growth.

  -sulfur (S) production of protein. -sulfur (S) production of protein. activity and development of activity and development of enzymes and vitamins. enzymes and vitamins. chlorophyll formation. improves chlorophyll formation. improves root growth and seed production. root growth and seed production. resistance to cold.resistance to cold.

molybdenum (Mo) used for process of nitrogen molybdenum (Mo) used for process of nitrogen metabolismmetabolism

zinc (Zn) tranformation of carbohydrates. zinc (Zn) tranformation of carbohydrates. regulates consumption of sugars. part of regulates consumption of sugars. part of enzyme system which regualtes plant growth. enzyme system which regualtes plant growth.

-chloride (Cl) aid in plant metabolism. opens and closes the stomata of the plant. 

Roles of Nutrients

Macronutrients:Macronutrients:

-Nitrogen (N) necessary in -Nitrogen (N) necessary in protein enzymes & protein enzymes & metabolic processes in metabolic processes in synthesis & transferring synthesis & transferring energy. Part of chlorophyll energy. Part of chlorophyll (green pigment) rapid (green pigment) rapid growth, increase seed/ fruit growth, increase seed/ fruit production & improve production & improve quality of leaf.quality of leaf.

………….. ..

Phosphorus (P) part of Phosphorus (P) part of photosynthesis, involved in photosynthesis, involved in forming oils, sugars, & forming oils, sugars, & starches. Helps transfer starches. Helps transfer solar energy into chemical solar energy into chemical energy. energy.

Potassium (K) is absorbed Potassium (K) is absorbed the most, other then the most, other then nitrogen. Build protein, nitrogen. Build protein, photosynthesis, fruit photosynthesis, fruit quality, and disease quality, and disease prevention.prevention.

Chemicals that provide plants with these

nutrients/ how plants aquire them

  H, C, O H, C, O are from air are from air and water aloneand water alone

NPK are mostly NPK are mostly from fertilizers since from fertilizers since they run out quickly they run out quickly   

N- fertilizer plus airN- fertilizer plus air

P-fertilizer and P-fertilizer and superphosphate superphosphate (reaction when rock (reaction when rock phosphate is phosphate is treated by sulphuric treated by sulphuric acid) acid)

K-fertilizer K-fertilizer

Ca-dolomitic lime (dolomite is calcium Ca-dolomitic lime (dolomite is calcium magnesium carbonate) (limestone that magnesium carbonate) (limestone that replaces dolomite is dolomitic lime), replaces dolomite is dolomitic lime), gypsum (mineral made up of calcium gypsum (mineral made up of calcium sulfate dihydrate), and superphosphatesulfate dihydrate), and superphosphate

Mg-fertilizers and dolomitic limestone Mg-fertilizers and dolomitic limestone

S-rainwater, low-grade fertilizers and S-rainwater, low-grade fertilizers and gypsum gypsum

B- borax a.k.a. sodium borate (a boron B- borax a.k.a. sodium borate (a boron compound, a mineral, salt of boric acid)compound, a mineral, salt of boric acid)

Cu- textured mineral soils. attracted to Cu- textured mineral soils. attracted to soil organic matter and clay mineralssoil organic matter and clay minerals

Cl- found in dissolved soil water. Cl- found in dissolved soil water.

Fe- iron sulfate (compound of iron and sulfate) Fe- iron sulfate (compound of iron and sulfate) and iron chelate (soluble complex of iron, and iron chelate (soluble complex of iron, sodium, and a chelating agent)sodium, and a chelating agent)

Mn- acid soils. mainly those that have been Mn- acid soils. mainly those that have been limed, which usually cause deficiency. limed, which usually cause deficiency.

Mo- sodium molybate (two sodium Mo- sodium molybate (two sodium cationscoordinate with one anion) cationscoordinate with one anion) molybdenum trioxide (rare mineral molybdite) molybdenum trioxide (rare mineral molybdite) ammonium molybdate ammonium molybdate

Zn- zinc oxide (inorganic compound: ZnO) and Zn- zinc oxide (inorganic compound: ZnO) and zinc sulfate (water-soluble chemical zinc sulfate (water-soluble chemical compound) compound)

Nutrients are transported through an ionic Nutrients are transported through an ionic form. Ions from the chemicals enter the form. Ions from the chemicals enter the root which was absorbed by water. the cell root which was absorbed by water. the cell membrane of the plant cells are able to membrane of the plant cells are able to have ions flow through them in order to be have ions flow through them in order to be transported. upon entering the cell they transported. upon entering the cell they are able to perform their multiple and are able to perform their multiple and various tasks in order for plant growth.various tasks in order for plant growth.

Nonvascular and Vascular Plants

Nonvascular :Nonvascular :

Easy to handle because they have Easy to handle because they have green algae that transports watergreen algae that transports water

Do not produce seeds or flowersDo not produce seeds or flowers

Reach a height of one to two Reach a height of one to two centimeterscentimeters

Scientists have fossils that proves Scientists have fossils that proves that they started 460 million years that they started 460 million years agoago

Mostly found in damp Mostly found in damp and shady placesand shady places

They never conquered They never conquered much of the earth’s landmuch of the earth’s land

They can’t survive very They can’t survive very long in places that are long in places that are not constantly moist, not constantly moist, because they are like because they are like spongessponges

They acquire energy They acquire energy through photosynthesis, through photosynthesis, which usually occurs in which usually occurs in the upper parts of the the upper parts of the plantsplants

3 divisions of nonvascular plants:

BryophytaBryophyta: consists of the : consists of the mosses, and it contains about mosses, and it contains about 10,000 species. Mosses are 10,000 species. Mosses are the most common the most common nonvascular plants.  They nonvascular plants.  They usually grow in a mat shape, usually grow in a mat shape, which consists of many plants which consists of many plants growing in a tight pack to growing in a tight pack to hold one another up.  The hold one another up.  The mat usually has a spongy mat usually has a spongy quality which enables it to quality which enables it to retain waterretain water

HepatophytaHepatophyta: consists of the : consists of the liverworts, and it contains liverworts, and it contains about 6,500 species. Bodies about 6,500 species. Bodies are divided into deeply wavy are divided into deeply wavy lobes. Some have loop lobes. Some have loop shaped cells in their shaped cells in their sporangia which spring out of sporangia which spring out of the capsule when it opens, the capsule when it opens, helping to separate the helping to separate the spores. Their capsules are spores. Their capsules are consisting of simple spheres consisting of simple spheres that split longitudinally into that split longitudinally into four sections when maturefour sections when mature

AnthocerophytaAnthocerophyta: consists of about 100 species of : consists of about 100 species of hornworts. Hornworts possess stretched out hornworts. Hornworts possess stretched out capsules that grow like horns from the capsules that grow like horns from the gametophytes, arising from a group of cells at the gametophytes, arising from a group of cells at the base of the horn that divide always throughout base of the horn that divide always throughout the sporophyte's life span. Hornworts are the only the sporophyte's life span. Hornworts are the only known plants to posses a constantly dividing known plants to posses a constantly dividing group of cells. group of cells. 

•   

Vascular

• Vascular plantsVascular plants: have two network tubes in the plant : have two network tubes in the plant (roots, leaves, stem). One of the network tubes transports (roots, leaves, stem). One of the network tubes transports food made in the leaves to the plant and the other food made in the leaves to the plant and the other transports water. This water and food is used to reproduce. transports water. This water and food is used to reproduce. Flowering plants are one kind of vascular plant. Nutrients Flowering plants are one kind of vascular plant. Nutrients and water enter the plant through the roots. There are and water enter the plant through the roots. There are water tubes in the roots that carry the water to the water water tubes in the roots that carry the water to the water tubes that are in the stem. Then the water tubes in the tubes that are in the stem. Then the water tubes in the stem carry the water to the water tubes that are in the stem carry the water to the water tubes that are in the leaves. Some of the water gets evaporated during leaves. Some of the water gets evaporated during transpiration. The food tubes transport food made in the transpiration. The food tubes transport food made in the leaves to the food tubes in the stem and roots. Some of leaves to the food tubes in the stem and roots. Some of the food tubes run from the leaves to the rootsthe food tubes run from the leaves to the roots..

Roles of the tissues :• Xylem: transports water and Xylem: transports water and

soluble mineral nutrients from soluble mineral nutrients from the roots all the way through the the roots all the way through the plant. It is used to replace the plant. It is used to replace the water lost during water lost during transplantation. The sap in transplantation. The sap in xylem is made of mainly water xylem is made of mainly water and inorganic ions, but it can and inorganic ions, but it can have organic chemicals too.have organic chemicals too.

• Phloem: the living tissue that Phloem: the living tissue that carries organic nutrients that are carries organic nutrients that are called photosynthate, called photosynthate, particularly sucrose (a sugar) to particularly sucrose (a sugar) to all of the part of the plant that all of the part of the plant that need it.need it.

• Meristem: the tissue that is Meristem: the tissue that is in all plants that has in all plants that has undifferentiated cells undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells) that is (meristematic cells) that is found is the places where found is the places where growth takes place in the growth takes place in the plant. These cells cannot plant. These cells cannot divide or produce cells of a divide or produce cells of a different type so they are different type so they are responsible for the basic responsible for the basic plant structure and plant structure and initiation of new organs.initiation of new organs.

• Vascular Cambium: the Vascular Cambium: the source of secondary xylem source of secondary xylem and secondary phloem. and secondary phloem. This is located between This is located between the tissues in the stem and the tissues in the stem and root. Consists of two types root. Consists of two types of cells: Fusiform initials of cells: Fusiform initials and Ray initials.and Ray initials.

• Cork Cambium: is a tissue Cork Cambium: is a tissue that is responsible for that is responsible for secondary growth that secondary growth that replaces the epidermis in replaces the epidermis in the roots and stems.the roots and stems.

Mesophyll: the tissue Mesophyll: the tissue between the lower and between the lower and upper epidermis of leaf upper epidermis of leaf blades made of blades made of parenchyma-like cells.parenchyma-like cells.

• Stele: the central part of Stele: the central part of the root or stem the root or stem containing vascular containing vascular tissue and sometimes a tissue and sometimes a pith. This transports pith. This transports water and nutrients water and nutrients throughout the plantthroughout the plant

nutrients in part 1 are important to each

plant and explanations:

• Corn: Most important- nitrogen mostly needed Corn: Most important- nitrogen mostly needed for plant growth. molybdenum is the second for plant growth. molybdenum is the second most important.  Mo fixes the atmosphere of most important.  Mo fixes the atmosphere of nitrogen.. without it, there is little nitrogen nitrogen.. without it, there is little nitrogen production which may cause a decrease in production which may cause a decrease in plant growth. these two nutrients work hand in plant growth. these two nutrients work hand in hand for successful plant growth. the rest of hand for successful plant growth. the rest of the nutrients follow the patterns to keep the the nutrients follow the patterns to keep the plant steady in growth while nitrogen and plant steady in growth while nitrogen and molybdenum are used mostly.molybdenum are used mostly.

• Pepper: manganses is Pepper: manganses is an an important nutrient for important nutrient for rapid growth in rapid growth in peppers.. although it peppers.. although it is beneficial, too much is beneficial, too much of manganese can of manganese can cause mangases cause mangases toxicity. the leaves toxicity. the leaves begin to turn yellow begin to turn yellow and causes and causes defoliation. defoliation.

• Onion: sulfur is vital in Onion: sulfur is vital in successful plant successful plant growth. it becomes as growth. it becomes as a protein for onions a protein for onions and aids in rapid and aids in rapid growth. because of the growth. because of the mass of sulfur, that is mass of sulfur, that is why people cry when why people cry when cutting onions. cells cutting onions. cells release enzymes which release enzymes which break down sulfur into break down sulfur into sulfenic acids which sulfenic acids which irritate the eye. irritate the eye.

Discussion

• First nutrients inter the plants and move up First nutrients inter the plants and move up the xylem by mass flow, this doesn’t mean the xylem by mass flow, this doesn’t mean that all the nutrients will get to where they are that all the nutrients will get to where they are needed. They must be transported from older needed. They must be transported from older leaves, shoots, fruits, and other parts using leaves, shoots, fruits, and other parts using the phloem.the phloem.

Pictures :

• The picture is The picture is an example of an example of a vascular a vascular plant. Vascular plant. Vascular plants usually plants usually are floral are floral plants.plants.

• the picture above the picture above is an example of a is an example of a nonvascular plant. nonvascular plant. Vascular plants Vascular plants lack internal water lack internal water transportation so transportation so they do not they do not produce flowers.produce flowers.

This picture of a sunflower is showing all of the nutrients it has. The major nutrients plants need are Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium. Plants also need some Sulphur and Magnesium.

The picture above shows all of the nutrients. The macro

elements and secondary elements are part of the

macronutrients. The micro elements are part of the

micronutrients. The picture shows how the nutrients are all

working to help the plant grow

• The picture above shows how The picture above shows how plants can look with the right plants can look with the right care. If the right fertilizer is care. If the right fertilizer is used plants can look like this. used plants can look like this. For the right fertilizer the For the right fertilizer the specific nutrients need to be specific nutrients need to be known for each plant. The known for each plant. The more specific the nutrients more specific the nutrients given to plant the better the given to plant the better the plant will grow.plant will grow.

The picture shows the structure of a vascular plant. A vascular plant has phloem which is in the bark. All plants have roots and stems as the picture does above.

Vascular Plants: in this picture it shows where the tissues are in a vascular plant

Phloem: the

picture shows what the phloem tissue is composed of

The picture that is shown above shows how an aeroponics system works.

Resources http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_cambiumhttp://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-dictionary/Cork_cambium/http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006961.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele_(biology)

http://www.shef.ac.uk/aps/mbiolsci/kelly/dissertation.pdf

http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/vascular/vascular.html

http://www.agr.state.nc.us/cyber/kidswrld/plant/nutrient.htm

http://pattysplants.com/pattysmicromacronutrients.pdf