tissue types and wound healing
TRANSCRIPT
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Molecular Cell Biology
A. Cells in the Context of Tissue,
Organ and Organismal Architecture
B. Wound Healing
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Four Types of Vertebrate Tissue
1.Epithelium
2.Connective Tissue
3.Muscle
4.Nervous Tissue
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1. Architecture of Epithelium
Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified, Transitional
Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
Ciliated or not
Examples:
Small Intestine = Simple Columnar Epithelium
Trachea = Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Blood Vessel = Simple Squamous Epithelium
Skin = Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Structure equals Function
Small Intestine:
Simple Columnar Epithelium = absorption
Trachea:
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium = filtering debris
Blood Vessel:
Simple Squamous Epithelium = gas exchange
Skin:
Stratified Squamous Epithelium = protective physical barrier
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Function:
1. absorption of nutrients
2. enzymatic digestion at neutral pH
3. multiple defensive mechanisms
Simple,
Columnar
Epithelium
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4 Cell types in Small Intestine
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Small Intestine
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Tracheal Epithelium
Ciliated PseudostratifiedColumnar Epithelium
with Goblet Cells
1. Mucus traps dust and air-borne microorganisms
2. Ciliar waving gets rid of
unwanted material
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The Vasculature: Simple, Squamous Epithelium
Gas Exchange Fluid Exchenge
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Epidermis of Skin
StratifiedSquamous
Epithelium
Creates tough,
waterproofbarrier
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Differentiation and Direction of Movement in Epidermis
Cornification
is the over-
production of
cytokeratins,ECM and the
adhesions to
a degree that
stops cellularmetabolism.
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2. Mesenchymal Cell Types and
Connective Tissues
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15/75Figure 23-52 Molecular Biology of the Cell( Garland Science 2008)
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The Fibroblast
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Loose Connective Tissue
Dense Regular CT
Dense Irregular CT
Elastic Connective Tissue
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Cartilage and the Chondrocyte
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Lacunar Structure of the Hyaline Cartilage
Extremely low blood flow
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Lacunar structure of the long bones
Osteoblasts
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Cortical Bone vs. Spongy Bone
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Marrow of
Long Bones
has Stem Cells
Cell Types of the Bone
St t t til d l b ilt b h d t
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Start out as cartilage models built by chondrocytes
Chondrocytes hypertrophy, calcify and die
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts finish up
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The Adipocyte
MesenchymalStem Cells are a
continuous source
of adipocytes
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Figure 23-47a Molecular Biology of the Cell( Garland Science 2008)
3. Contractile Tissue
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Arteries, veins
Lymphatic vessels
Gastrointestinal tract
Respiratory tractUrinary bladder
Reproductive tract
Urinary tract
Iris of the eye
Erector pili of skin
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4. Nervous Tissue
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Nerve Bundles
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Cutaneous Wound Healing
The skin is a complex organ...
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Many cells and activities involved
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Many cells and activities involved in Healing
Clotting
Scarring
Re-establishing
Function
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Four overlapping stages to wound healing
Hemostasis
Inflammation
Proliferation
Maturation
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Blood flows into the exposed ECM of
the injured tissue.
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RBC and Platelets Trapped in Fibrin Clot
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Clottingfactor
VII from the
blood contacts
tissue factoron
cells in the
damagedtissues to
activate clotting
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.
Camacho A , Dimsdale J E Psychosom Med 2000;62:326-3362000 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Platelet activation in the clot makes them sticky
and releases their signal storage vesicles
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Positive feedback
activates even more
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Platelet activation
releases growthfactors by regulated
secretion
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Inflammation is a process mediated primarily
by WBC as part of our innate immunity
- Resident mast cells and macrophages
- Recruited monocytes and neutrophils
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Resident mast cells also degranulate
rubor= rednesscalor= heat
tumor= swelling
dolor= pain
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Activated mast cell activities
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Figure 1 Development and differentiation of macrophages.
Rickard A J , Young M J J Mol Endocrinol 2009;42:449-459
2011 Society for Endocrinology
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Activated macrophage activities
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Neutrophil Diapedesis
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Activated neutrophils are phagocytic
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Proliferation re-establishes tissue function
Reconnection of
the dermal
connective tissue
Integrity of the
epidermal layers
Re-establishment
of blood flow
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Reconnection of
the dermal CT
Cell Migration or Crawling
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Cell Migration or Crawling
The Basic Mechanism
Triggered by signals from outside the cell
Actin-myosin based movement
Requires attachments to outside to pull against
Gotta drag all of the cell contents along for the ride
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Chemotaxis
Circumferential receptors
Rho-family GTPases (monomeric)
Rho-dependent kinases
1. Actin monomer nucleotide exchange2. Actin fiber polymerization and disassembly
3. Myosin motor ATPase activity
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Figure 17-62 (part 1 of 3) Molecular Biology of the Cell( Garland Science 2008)
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Formation of the scar matrix
1. glycosaminoglycans
2. proteoglycans
3. fibrous proteins
4. elastic proteins
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Re-establishment of the
epidermal epithelium
involves both mitosis and
epithelial migration
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Also must reform the basal lamina
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Model depicting 31 integrin mediated functions of epidermis that contribute to wound
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Model depicting 31-integrin-mediated functions of epidermis that contribute to wound
healing.
Mitchell K et al. J Cell Sci 2009;122:1778-1787
2009 by The Company of Biologists Ltd
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Figure 23-34 Molecular Biology of the Cell( Garland Science 2008)
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Maturation Phase
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Wound contraction by myofibroblasts
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Stitches Perform Wound Contracture
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Collagen Remodeling
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Healing Abnormalities
Failure to heal: Excessive Inflammation
Excessive scarring: Wound Fibrosis Hypertrophic Scarring
Keloid Scarring
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Biofilms May Block Healing
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Hypertrophic scars result from failed
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Hypertrophic scars result from failed
fibroblast contracture
Dont extend beyond the original wound edge
Keloid scars result from excessive
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Keloid scars result from excessive
TGF-b receptors on fibroblasts
Extend to fibroblasts outside the wound
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