The Tipping point

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• "The Law of the Few", or, as Gladwell states, "The success of any kind of social epidemic is heavily dependent on the

involvement of people with a particular and rare set of social gifts." According to Gladwell, economists call this the

"80/20 Principle, which is the idea that in any situation roughly 80 percent of the 'work' will be done by 20 percent of

the participants." (see Pareto Principle) These people are described in the following ways:

• Connectors are the people who "link us up with the world ... people with a special gift for bringing the world together."

They are "a handful of people with a truly extraordinary knack [... for] making friends and acquaintances". He

characterizes these individuals as having social networks of over one hundred people. To illustrate, Gladwell cites the

following examples: the midnight ride of Paul Revere, Milgram's experiments in the small world problem, the "Six

Degrees of Kevin Bacon" trivia game, Dallas businessman Roger Horchow, and Chicagoan Lois Weisberg, a person

who understands the concept of the weak tie. Gladwell attributes the social success of Connectors to "their ability to

span many different worlds [... as] a function of something intrinsic to their personality, some combination of curiosity,

self-confidence, sociability, and energy."

• Mavens are "information specialists", or "people we rely upon to connect us with new information." They accumulate

knowledge, especially about the marketplace, and know how to share it with others. Gladwell cites Mark Alpert as a

prototypical Maven who is "almost pathologically helpful", further adding, "he can't help himself". In this vein, Alpert

himself concedes, "A Maven is someone who wants to solve other people's problems, generally by solving his own".

According to Gladwell, Mavens start "word-of-mouth epidemics" due to their knowledge, social skills, and ability to

communicate. As Gladwell states, "Mavens are really information brokers, sharing and trading what they know".

• Salesmen are "persuaders", charismatic people with powerful negotiation skills. They tend to have an indefinable trait

that goes beyond what they say, which makes others want to agree with them. Gladwell's examples include California

businessman Tom Gau and news anchor Peter Jennings, and he cites several studies about the persuasive

implications of non-verbal cues, including a headphone nod study (conducted by Gary Wells of the University of

Alberta and Richard Petty of the University of Missouri) and William Condon's cultural microrhythms study.

Connectors, Mavens, Salesmen

In Outliers, Malcolm Gladwell interviews Bill Gates and focuses on the opportunities given to him

throughout his lifetime that have led to his success.

A common theme that appears throughout Outliers is the "10,000-Hour Rule", based on a study by

Anders Ericsson. Gladwell claims that greatness requires enormous time, using the source of The

Beatles' musical talents and Gates' computer savvy as examples. The Beatles performed live in

Hamburg, Germany over 1,200 times from 1960 to 1964, amassing more than 10,000 hours of

playing time, therefore meeting the 10,000-Hour Rule. Gladwell asserts that all of the time The

Beatles spent performing shaped their talent, "so by the time they returned to England from

Hamburg, Germany, 'they sounded like no one else. It was the making of them.'" Gates met the

10,000-Hour Rule when he gained access to a high school computer in 1968 at the age of 13, and

spent 10,000 hours programming on it.

In Outliers, Gladwell interviews Gates, who says that unique access to a computer at a time when they

were not commonplace helped him succeed. Without that access, Gladwell states that Gates

would still be "a highly intelligent, driven, charming person and a successful professional", but that

he might not be worth US$50 billion. Gladwell explains that reaching the 10,000-Hour Rule, which

he considers the key to success in any field, is simply a matter of practicing a specific task that

can be accomplished with 20 hours of work a week for 10 years. He also notes that he himself

took exactly 10 years to meet the 10,000-Hour Rule, during his brief tenure at The American

Spectator and his more recent job at The Washington Post.

10.000 uren makers

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& case

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en proef

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ateg

isch

e p

artn

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Org

anis

atie

van

de

inn

ova

tie

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Levering

Januari 2011

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Speerpunten voor 2011