ths general biology unit 4 heredity non mendelian genetics notes_v1516
TRANSCRIPT
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Biology
Unit 4 Notes:NON-Mendelian
Genetics
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(1) What does Non-Mendelian mean?
• Not all traits are as simple as dominant and recessive.
• Some traits…– Have more than just 2 alleles or variations.– Have 2 dominant alleles.– Are only passed on via sex chromosomes.– Are the result of 100’s of genes being
expressed.
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(2) Non-Mendelian Types
• Polygenic Traits• Multiple Allele• Codominant Traits• Incomplete Dominant Traits• Sex-Linked Traits
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(3) Polygenic & Multiple Allele Traits
• Polygenic = A trait which is the result of many genes being expressed at one time.– Examples:• Body shape and structure• Hair / Skin / Eye color
• Multiple Allele = A trait which has more than just 2 types of alleles that can be inherited.– Example:• Blood Type
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(4) Codominant Traits
• Co = Together• Codominant = When 2 dominant traits are
expressed equally together (at the same time).
• Example:– Some flowers can be homozygous dominant and
RED.– Some flowers can be homozygous dominant and
WHITE.– Some flowers can be heterozygous, they look
RED AND WHITE (but NOT blended!!).
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Homozygous Dominant RedAA
Homozygous Dominant WhiteBB
Heterozygous AB
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(5) Setting Up Codominant Problems
• Use all capital letters.• Use 2 different letters, one per variation.• The heterozygote will show both
colors/traits at the same time, in patches.
• Example:– Homozygous Dominant #1 = AA– Homozygous Dominant #2 = BB– Heterozygous = AB
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(6) Codominant Example #1
• A certain species of pansies are codominant for flower color. You cross a homozygous red flower, with a homozygous white flower:
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(7) Codominant Example #2
• Now you take 2 offspring from the last cross (2 heterozygous pansies) and cross them:
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(8) Incomplete Dominant Traits
• Incomplete = not fully• Incomplete Dominant = When 2 dominant traits are
partially expressed together at the same time, resulting in a blending appearance.
• Example:– Some flowers can be homozygous dominant and RED.– Some flowers can be homozygous dominant and
WHITE.– Some flowers can be heterozygous, they look PINK (like
a blending of red + white).
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Homozygous Dominant RedAA
Homozygous Dominant WhiteBB
Heterozygous AB
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(9) Setting Up Incomplete Dominant Problems
• Use all capital letters.• Use 2 different letters, one per variation.• The heterozygote will look blended.
• Example:– Homozygous Dominant #1 = AA– Homozygous Dominant #2 = BB– Heterozygous = AB
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(10) Incomplete Dominant Example #1
• Snapdragon flowers show incomplete dominance for their petal color. You cross a homozygous red flower with a homozygous white flower:
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(11) Incomplete Dominant Example #2
• Now cross 2 heterozygous snapdragons from the last problem:
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(12) Sex-Linked Traits
• Sex-Linked = Traits only found on the sex chromosomes.
• REMEMBER:–Male = X Y– Female = X X
• These are often the types of traits that appear to “skip” generations or genders, or often show up more frequently in males.
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(13) Sex-Linked Example #1
• Hair loss is a recessive gene connected to the x-chromosome.
• Write out the genotypes for:– Normal Female = – Female Carrier = – Bald Female = – Normal Male = – Bald Male =
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(14) Sex-Linked Example #2
• Hair loss is a recessive gene connected to the x-chromosome. A man with normal hair and a woman who is a carrier decide to have children:
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(15) Sex-Linked Example #3
• Dealing with the same hair-loss trait…. A bald man and a normal female decide to have children: