three views of the industrial revolution technological change social change

Three Views of the Industrial Revolution

• Technological Change

• Social Change

• Prime Actors/Industrialists

Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Age Cometh!!!

Industrial Revolution 2

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcr-KLBOhv8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcr-KLBOhv8

Good 2 minute overviews http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/videos/the-industrial-revolition?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false

http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/videos/the-industrial-revolition?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false

Industrial Revolution -- Definition

Prime foci were:

– technology and organization transforming the way in which goods production was accomplished and organized --Unprecedented expansion of output and productivity

Resulted in and from new organizational, social, economic, and political inventions and developments – not just industrial ones


Impacts of Industrial Revolution

QOL -- Substantial increase in Quality of Life including standard of living

Demographic Transition (especially in the Western World)

GLOBALIZATION -- Set the stage for modern phase of Globalization and all of its impacts



Three Approaches

Technological (Machines) Approach emphasizes the mechanics of the production

Social (Organizational) Approach emphasized changing societal structures, institutions, and relationships

Inventor/Entrepreneur/Industrialist (Great Man) Approach emphasizes the Great Individual


Current Distribution of Major Industrial Regions Worldwide

Note how few and concentrated these are and no major concentration in Africa as yet


Estimated PM10 Concentrations in World Cities Having More than 100,000 People

Consequences in Pollution

http://www.gore.com/en_xx/products/filtration/cooling/cooling_pollution_map.html


Part 1: The Technical (Machine) Hypothesis

Source:

Dr Raymond L Sanders Jr

Geography

University of Texas at Austin

Web source www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/sanders/GRG305/PowerPoint/Industrial%20Geography%20-%20Part%20I.ppt

http://www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/sanders/GRG305/PowerPoint/Industrial%20Geography%20-%20Part%20I.ppt

http://www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/sanders/GRG305/PowerPoint/Industrial%20Geography%20-%20Part%20I.ppt


Sander’s Learning Objective

1. Tracing the development of the Industrial Revolution to Technological Innovations

2. Discussing its spread across the landscape


Two great economic “revolutions” occurred in human development

Agricultural Revolution -- Domestication of plants and animals occurred in our dim prehistory (8,000bc approx.)– Ultimately resulted in a huge increase in human

population– Greatly accelerated modification of the physical

environment– Resulted in major cultural readjustments



The Industrial Revolution, started in the eighteenth century, is still taking place today– Involves a series of inventions leading to the use of

machines and inanimate power in the manufacturing process

– Suddenly whole societies could engage in seemingly limitless multiplication of goods and services

– Rapid bursts of human inventiveness followed– Gigantic population increases



The Industrial Revolution, started in the eighteenth century, is still taking place today– Massive, often unsettling, remodeling of the environment

(human and physical)

– Today, few lands remain largely untouched by its machines, factories, transportation devices, and communication techniques

– On an individual level, no facet of North American life remains unaffected

– Just about every object and every event in your life is affected, if not actually created, by the Industrial Revolution

What’s this???


IntroductionLife before the Industrial Revolution– People were concerned with the most basic of

primary economic activities– Acquired the necessities of survival from the

land– Society and culture was overwhelmingly rural

and agricultural– Before 1700 virtually all manufacturing was

carried on in two systems, cottage and guild industries, both depended on hand labor and human power


IntroductionCottage industry– Most common, was practiced in farm homes and

rural villages– Usually a sideline to agriculture– Objects for family use were made in each household– Most villages had a cobbler, miller, weaver, and

smith who worked part-time at home– Skills passed from parents to children with little

formality


Introduction

Guild industry– Consisted of professional organizations of

highly skilled, specialized artisans engaged full time in their trades and based in towns and cities

– Membership came after a long apprenticeship– Was a fraternal organization of artisans skilled

in a particular craft


Origins of the Industrial Revolution

Arose among back-country English cottage craftspeople in the early 1700s

First: human hands were replaced by machines in fashioning finished products– Rendered old manufacturing definition (“made by

hand”) obsolete – new definition emerges– Manufacturing transformation of raw materials into

finished goods for sale, or intermediate processes involving the production or finishing of semi-manufactures. .wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing



First: human hands were replaced by machines in fashioning finished products– Weavers no longer sat at a hand loom, instead

large mechanical looms were invented to do the job faster and more economically


The Water Frame (Richard Arckwright)

Second: Human power gave way to various forms of inanimate power

http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/arkwright_water_frame2.jpg



Second: Human power gave way …

• Machines were driven by water power, burning of fossil fuels, and later hydroelectricity and the energy of the atom• Men and women became tenders of machines instead of producers of fine hand made goods

http://www.sheepoverboard.com/ovine/shearing-2.html



Within 150 years, the Industrial Revolution greatly altered the first three sectors of industrial activity

• Textiles• Metallurgy• Mining



Textiles– Initial breakthrough occurred in the

British cotton textile cottage industry, centered in the Lancashire district of western England

– First changes were modest and on a small scale• Mechanical looms, powered by flowing

water were invented• Industries remained largely rural• Diffused hierarchically to sites of rushing

streams


Water Power to Finished Cloth

http://personalweb.smcvt.edu/winooskimills/millshistory/architecture and engineering/looms.htm

http://personalweb.smcvt.edu/winooskimills/millshistory/architecture%20and%20engineering/looms.htm



Textiles– Later in the eighteenth century invention of the steam

engine provided a better source of power

– In the United states, textile plants were also the first factories



Metallurgy– Traditionally, metal industries had been

small-scale, rural enterprises



Metallurgy– Situated near ore sources– Forests provided charcoal for smelting process– Chemical changes that occurred in steel making

remained mysterious even to craftspeople who used them

– Techniques had changed little since the beginning of the Iron Age, 2500 years before



Metallurgy– In the 1700s, inventions by iron makers in the

Coalbrookdale of English Midlands, created a new scientific, large-scale industry• Coke, nearly pure carbon, which is derived from nearly

pure coal, replaced charcoal in the smelting process• Large blast furnaces replaced the forge• Efficient rolling mills took the place of hammer and

anvil• Mass production of steel resulted



Mining– First to feel effects of new technology was coal

mining• Adoption of steam engine necessitated huge amounts

of coal to fire boilers

• Conversion to coke further increased demand for coal

• Fortunately, Britain had large coal deposits

• New mining techniques and tools were invented

• Coal mining became a large-scale mechanized industry



Mining– Because coal is heavy and bulky, manufacturing

industries began flocking to the coal fields, to be near supplies

– Similar modernization occurred in mining of iron ore, copper, and other metals needed by growing industries


Coalfields in UK

Became centers for 19th Century Industrialization

Consider the relationship of coalfields in the US and our Industrial Belt (now the Rust Belt)



Railroads– Wooden sailing ships gave way to steel vessels

driven by steam engines– Canals were built– British-invented railroad came on the scene– Need to move raw materials and finished

products from place to place, cheaply and quickly, was main stimulus leading to transportation breakthroughs



Railroads– Impact of the Industrial Revolution would have been

minimized if distribution of goods and services had not been improved

– British revolutionized shipbuilding industry and dominated it from their Scottish shipyards even into the twentieth century

– New modes of transport fostered additional cultural diffusion

– New industrial-age popular culture could easily penetrate previously untouched areas


Diffusion from Britain

For a century, Britain held a virtual monopoly on its industrial innovations– Government actively tried to prevent diffusion– Gave Britain enormous economic advantage– Contributed greatly to growth and strength of

British Empire


Diffusion from Britain

The technology finally diffused beyond the British Isles – Continental Europe first received its impact in

last half of the nineteenth century• Took firm root hierarchically in coal fields of

Germany, Belgium, and other nations of northwestern and Central Europe

• Diffusion of railroads provides a good index


Introduction of Railroads in Europe Over the 19th Century


Diffusion from BritainThe technology finally diffused beyond the British Isles – United States began rapid adoption of new

technology about 1850– About 1900, Japan was the first major non-

Western country to undergo full industrialization

– In the first third of the 1900s, diffusion spilled into Russia and Ukraine

– Recently, countries such as Taiwan, South Korea, China, India, and Singapore joined the manufacturing age


Diffusion of Industrial Revolution in 19th and 20th Centuries


End of technological diffusion hypothesis


Part 2: The Social Organizational Hypothesis

Source:Mike Reibel - Associate

ProfessorDepartment of Geography and

Anthropology California State Polytechnic

University, Pomona, CA 91768

Web Source www.csupomona.edu/~mreibel/Class_Pages/GEO312/GEO32

http://www.csupomona.edu/~mreibel/Index.htm

http://www.csupomona.edu/~mreibel/Class_Pages/GEO312/GEO32


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AY09DJkQMY&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AY09DJkQMY&feature=related


Reibel’s Learning Objectives

1. Understand how changing social organization lead to the Industrial Revolution – 3 parts –

• organization,

• de-skilling,

• and scale

2. Outline several stages of development in the Industrial Revolution based on Kondratiev’s Cycles


Industrial Revolution

First and foremost, a revolution in the organization and control of labor

Second Capitalist entrepreneurs and managers break down production into bite-sized tasks, hire less skilled workers

Third only possible at larger scales due to need to break down tasks, efficiency gains


Remember!

Industrial division of labor, NOT technical innovation, defines industrialization

Strategic investment, not machines, makes industrial production possible

All productivity gains in early industrial age were from labor re-organization

http://ww

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Ford Assembly Line: Grinding Monotony


Henry had to pay well or no one would stay


Capitalist Competition and Technical Innovation

Capitalist industry and faster technical innovation happened separately in 1700s

Slowly, technical innovation became a strategy for industrial competition

Material progress from this combination - “spirit of innovation”, confidence in humans’ ability to control nature


Product Innovation vs. Process Innovation

Product Innovation: Development of new products or new capabilities and features for existing products

Process Innovation: New production processes that reduce unit cost:

– new machines or equipment

– innovations in operations management (organization of labor & production tasks)

Nike Innovation – at headquarters

Portland



Evolution of Industrial RegionsContinual expansion of long-distance trade due to transport cost declines, leads to:

Greater specialization of production for export from region, less local self-sufficiency

5. Opium and the expansion of tradeBy 1690, the Company had trading centres (known as 'factories') all along the West and East coasts of India. The main centres were at Madras, Calcutta and Bombay. The Company started to protect its trade with its own armies and navies - very different from most companies today

http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/story/trade/4tradingplaces.html

Nike Shoe Assembly

Dongguan, China



Evolution of Industrial RegionsExpansion of specialized business services to match local production specialties: transport, wholesale, finance, legal, advertising, etc.

The Managing Committee House of the Insurance Company "Russia" in St.Petersburg http://all-photo.ru/empire/index.en.html?img=14983&big=on


Technology and Corporate Strategy

Product chains grow longer, leads to:

– Competitive advantage thru vertical integration

Horizontal integration also a growth strategy

– Expanding markets and successful growth strategies of firms consolidates market share,


Technology and Corporate Strategy

Expanding markets and successful growth strategies of firms consolidates market share,

Eventually leads to monopolies

Modern Version of Reibel’s approach – Nike Shoes

First organization of design, inputs, workforce, and sales stretches around the world

Second tasks and inputs specialized by region of the world (ex. Leather for Nikes from Brazil http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2009/07/22/nikes-new-leather-policy-no-sourcing-amazon-rainforest shoe assembly in China)Third massive scale (Ex. “65% of the world’s high-end shoes or popular shoes” made in Dongguan, China http://www.chinaperformancegroup.com/2012/12/main-areas-of-shoe-production-in-china/

)


http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2009/07/22/nikes-new-leather-policy-no-sourcing-amazon-rainforest

http://www.chinaperformancegroup.com/2012/12/main-areas-of-shoe-production-in-china/

Nike Supply Chain


Monopoly Defined


http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/60116/march-08-2006/the-word---monopoly


Fordist Industrial Age Includes most of Kondratiev’s Third and Fourth Wave

1910s to mid 1970s

Assembly line mass production, scientific mgmt.

Internal combustion replaces steam -> change in transport & econ. geography

New technologies - electronics, petrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals

Rise of corporate R&D capabilities

Close, two-way relationship between industrial corporations and the state


The Great Depression: First Crisis of Fordism

The great depression: a downward spiraling feedback loop as follows:

Overproduction -> failure of demand -> collapse of prices ->falling profits -> layoffs -> further collapse of demand, etc.

Federal Reserve made things worse, cut back money supply because shrinking economy "didn't need more money in circulation”


End of social organizational hypothesis


Reibel’s Summary

1. Social organization lead to the Industrial Revolution

1. Greater and greater subdivision of labor

2. More and more low skilled (payed) workers

2. Industrial Revolution progressed through a series of stages similar to Kondratiev’s technological cycles

1. Booms and Busts part of the story

2. Geography expands with each boom


Part 3: Some Examples of American Innovation

SourceObe Hostetter, Rockingham

School District, Mountain View Elementary School Harrisonburg, VA 22801

Web Source jfhmsfc.rockingham.k12.va.us/~ohostetter/IndustrialRevolution.ppt


Hostetter’s Learning Objective

1. Provide Familiarity with major figures in America’s technological advances during the early 19th century

Industrial Revolution (1780-1850)

-This part of history got its name because Great Britain began inventing new machines and

technology.-Great Britain developed new machines for

spinning cotton into yarn. As a result, Great Britain sold the cheapest cloth.

-It was illegal for cotton spinning machines to leave the country or even skilled machine

technicians.


Modern Day Industrial Espionage


Samuel SlaterIndustrial Pirate

In 1789, Samuel Slater memorized the British spinning machines

He came to the USA and began building cotton spinning machines to sell to Americans.


Eli WhitneyInventor

In 1793, He invented the cotton gin. This machine removed the seeds from the cotton.Cotton was then sold more cheaplyThe USA did better in selling cloth to other countries.


Eli WhitneyBorn on December 8,

1765 in Westborough, Massachusettes.


How it all started...

Upon graduating from college in 1792, Whitney traveled south, ending up at Greene Plantation near Savannah, Georgia.

During his stay on Greene Plantation, Whitney heard of a need for a machine that would separate cotton from its seed.


Whitney quickly sketched out a model to explain his idea and within ten days he completed a functioning cotton gin.

Although he applied for a patent on June 20, 1793, he did not receive one until March 14, 1794.


The Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney’s cotton gin allowed cotton to be easily separated from its seed in a short amount of time.


The Importance of the Cotton Gin

Because cotton could be cleaned in a shorter period of time, the South prospered in this industry.

By using the cotton gin, one man could clean ten times as much cotton as he could have on his own.


Francis Cabot LowellIndustrial Pirate

He built the USA’s first power loom in Waltham, Massachusetts. Girls worked in the power loom factory. They would work 12 to 14 hours a day 6 days a week.They had to go to bed by 10 and wake up at 5:00 to work. They got $3 a week for working 70 hours.


Cyrus McCormickInventor

He improved the reaper. By hand, farmers only did 2 or 3 acres. However, with the reaper, farmers did 12 acres a day.He also used interchangeable parts so the reapers could be fixed easily.


Other Great Innovators


Thomas Alva Edison

He loved inventing new machines.When he was 11, he built his own telegraph set.

His dad wanted Edison to read books and stop doing science experiments so Edison’s dad gave Edison a penny every time he read. Edison used the

pennies to buy chemicals.


Alexander Graham Bell

He asked Boston University for a sabbatical to invent the telephone. He offered to share the profitsBU absolutely refused, so he quitBy 1900, 1.5 million telephones were being used.He started the Telephone Bell Company.


John D. RockefellerEntrepreneurs

He came from a poor family. However, he started an oil-refinery business


John D. Rockefeller

Through buying other companies and labeling them different names, he got a monopoly.


Bill GatesEntrepreneurs

Bill being pied.

Where’s Bill???


Conclusions


Conclusions

The Industrial Revolution is an ongoing process of innovation and change

It incorporates both technological and social parts to these processes and has globalized

It is led by visionary individuals

three views of the industrial revolution technological change social change

Documents

impactsindustrial revolution

industrial revolutiongood

great economic revolutions

major concentration

technological innovations2

huge increase

substantial increase

use of machines