three presidents: - john f. kennedy – 1960-63 (d) - lyndon b. johnson – 1963-69 (d) - richard m....
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Three Presidents:
- John F. Kennedy – 1960-63 (D)
- Lyndon B. Johnson – 1963-69 (D)
- Richard M. Nixon – 1969-74 (R)
Three Themes:
1. Civil Rights Movements
2. Domestic Policies
3. Foreign Policy
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Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – Thurgood Marshall and NAACP – 14th Amendment- “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal”, Brown II - “All deliberate speed”
- BY 1957- 684 out of 3000 school districts
Little Rock Nine (1957) – Central High School – Governor Orval Faubus
- President Eisenhower and the 101st Airborne
University of Mississippi – 1962 – James Meredith, Ross Barnett, and JFKUniversity of Alabama – 1963 – James Hood and Vivian Malone, George Wallace
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Montgomery Bus Boycott – December 1, 1955 – Rosa Parks- Martin Luther King, JR. – 381 Days- 1956 Supreme Court Decision- Civil Disobedience and Nonviolent Protest- Southern Christian Leadership
Conference (SCLC)Greensboro Sit-in – February 1960 – SNCC
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End Jim Crow Laws1961 - Freedom Rides
– CORE - National Guard
March in Birmingham – 1963 – Martin Luther King, JR.
and SCLC - ‘Letter from a Birmingham Jail” - Eugene ‘Bull’ Connor
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End Jim Crow Laws1963 – JFK – Civil Rights BillAugust 1963 – March on Washington – Martin Luther King, Jr. – “I have a dream” speech
Civil Rights Act of 1964 – end segregation in public facilities
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Secure Voting Rights
Freedom Summer – 1964 – Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwermer and James Cheney1965 – Selma to Montgomery Marches –
- 2 marchers killed
1964 – 24th AmendmentVoting Rights Act of 1965
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End Discrimination + Poverty – De Facto Segregation- Black Power and the Black Panthers- Nation of Islam and Malcolm X- Black Pride and Culture – Economic
Nationalism - Violence - 1965– Watts Riot, 34 killed – 50
Cities - 1966 – 43 Riots, 1967 – 8 Riots- April 4,1968 – MLK Assassinated in Memphis, TN – 60 cities rioted– Affirmative Action 1965
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1. Feminist Movement –
- 1963 – Betty Freidan – The Feminine Mystique- NOW – Greater Opps + Equal Pay- Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Title VII- Coeducational Colleges and Universities- Affirmative Action, Ms., Roe v. Wade
2. Hispanics – Poverty, Equal Pay, Education
- Cesar Chavez – United Farm Workers – Grape and Lettuce Boycott- 1974 – Bilingual Education
3. American Indians – Termination and Poverty- AIM– Alcatraz and Wounded Knee
- Indian Civil Rights Act, Land and Tribal Rights
4. Gay Liberation Movement – Stonewall Riot - 1969
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1960 Election – JFK v. Nixon- Role of the Television – Ads and Debate
The New Frontier –
1. Economy – Keynesian Economics and tax cut?
2. Poverty- Education, Health Care, Mass Transit, Environment?- Minimum Wage + SS Benefits
3. Civil Rights – Equal Pay Act, supported with troops
4. Funding for NASA - Neil Armstrong
11/22/63 – Assassinated in Dallas, Warren Commission and Lee Harvey Oswald
Problems- Experience, Mandate?
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Experience, JFK’s Legacy, Election of 1964 Mandate, Johnson Treatment
Tax Cut - $11.5 BillionWar on Poverty –
- Economic Opportunity Act – OEO -$950 million to public services
- Elementary + Secondary Education Act- Medicare + Medicaid- Food Stamps + Head Start- HUD–Section 8–National Housing Act- Mass Transportation Act- Immigration Act of 1965
Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, Affirmative Action
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Evaluation of The Great Society
- Reduction in poverty, Increase role and power of Federal Government, $25 Billion Deficit
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The Warren Court: (1953 – 1969)Brown v. Board of Ed of Topeka, Kansas 1954
- Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) –
- segregated train cars
- 14th Amendment - ‘equal protection of the law’
- “separate is constitutional as long as equal”
- Linda Brown - NAACP - Thurgood Marshall
- segregated schools - ‘doll test’
Decision - separate is inherently unequal
- not permissible in education
- Court reversed its earlier decision
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Engel v. Vitale - 1962Nondenominational prayer in school -
“Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our country. Amen.”
Decision - violated first amendment rights - establishment clause
Mapp v. Ohio - 1961
4th Amendment – Unreasonable Searches and Seizures
Decision – exclusionary rule – any evidence obtained in an illegal search (must have warrant) is
inadmissible in court
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Gideon v. Wainwright - 1963- Clarence Gideon – Breaking and
Entering
- Denied lawyer by the state of Florida
-Decision- Violation of 6th Amendment rights – all states must provide
defendants with a lawyer
Miranda v. Arizona - 1966
- Ernesto Miranda – arrested for kidnapping and rape
- Police line up and confessions
- 5th and 6th Amendment Rights
- Decision: Violated his 5th and 6th
Amendment Rights
- Miranda Warning
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Tinker v. Des Moines - 1969
Black Armbands and Vietnam War
John and Mary Beth Tinker and suspension by Des Moines public school system
Decision – Violation of First Amendment Rights
– Students have rights in Public Schools
Overall: Warren court expanded civil rights including voting, religion, search and seizure, and trial, empowered the federal government to ensure civil liberties, Judicial Activism
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Discuss how decisions of the Warren Court affected American Society.
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Flexible Response to Containment- Alliance for Progress, Peace Corps, Weapons Programs, Green Berets, NASA
1. Berlin – 1961 – The Wall
2. Cuba
- Bay of Pigs – 1961, Cuban Exiles and the CIA
- Cuban Missile Crisis –10/12 –U2 Photos, Naval Quarantine, 10/24 – Agreement
3. Vietnam – North Vietnam and Viet Cong -Increased to 15000 troops – Buddhist protests + Assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem
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August 1964 – 2 US Destroyers – Gulf of Tonkin
- Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – “all measures necessary to prevent aggression and protect American troops in Southeast Asia” – Blank Check
1965 – Pleiku Military Base – 8 Americans
- Bombing of the North and troops to 100,000 – by 1968 500,000
Fighting the War –
- The Enemy: NVA, Viet Cong and Guerilla Warfare, Ho Chi Minh Trail
- Tactics: 1. Supply lines – Bombings, Agent Orange, Napalm, and Chemical Warfare
2. Find and defeat the enemy: Pacification and
Relocation
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By 1968: Light at the end of the tunnel?
- Are we winning? – 50,000 casualties
- Frustration amongst Soldiers
- Student Protests
- New Left – SDS and the Weathermen
- Counterculture- Folk Music + Woodstock
– Draft Card Burnings, Peace Marches (Pentagon)
- 26th Amendment
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January 1968-Tet Offensive – 27 US Bases
Johnson’s Announcement -March 31, 1968
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The Election of 1968American Society in the late 1960sDemocratic Party -
- Lyndon B. Johnson - Withdrew- Robert Kennedy - Assassinated June 1968- Eugene McCarthy- Hubert Humphrey- Democratic National Convention - Chicago 1968 - Antiwar Demonstrations and
RiotsRepublican Party – “had enough?”
- Richard Nixon - The Silent Majority - Middle America and Peace with Honor in Vietnam
American Independence Party - - George Wallace – Return to State Power
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1. The Economy – Stagflation- Inflation and Recession- Deficit Spending and OPEC
- Yom Kippur War and Embargo- First tried to fix inflation - Cut spending, raised
interest rates, cut $ supply- Later tried to help recession - Raised spending,
cut interest rates, raised $ supply2. Welfare State
- Dismantled OEO, Family Assistance Plan3. Civil Rights - Refused to support busing or
mandatory integration4. Rachel Carson and Silent Spring - 1970 EPA –
Clean Air and Clean Water Act
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Vietnam – “Peace with Honor”
- Vietnamization – 60,000 Troops - 1970 – Invasion of Cambodia,
- Pentagon Papers, Lt. William Calley + My Lai Massacre
- Kent State- 5/4/70 - 4 Students, Jackson State – 2 Students
- January 27, 1973 – Cease Fire Agreement
- Results – 58,000, $150 Billion
- Fall of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia to Communism
- War Powers Act Détente – China 1971
- USSR – 1972 – Trade + SALT I
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-June 16, 1972 – Democratic National Headquarters – Watergate break-in
- Nixon claims it is a “Bizarre Incident” and is reelected in November
- Washington Post Reporters - CREEP
- Jan ‘73–Trials – James McCord’s Confession
- Special Prosecutor– Senate Investigation
- White House Tapes + Saturday Night Massacre- Vice President Spiro Agnew Resigns- US v. Nixon – Executive Privilege- August 1974 – Tapes and Resignation- Lessons Learned- Political Apathy