three-phase measurements of non-wetting phase trapping applied to carbon dioxide storage
DESCRIPTION
Three-Phase Measurements of Non-Wetting Phase Trapping Applied to Carbon Dioxide Storage. Saleh K Al-Mansoori, Stefan Iglauer, Christopher H Pentland, Martin J Blunt. Background. Three-Phase Flow in Literature:. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Saleh K Al-Mansoori, Stefan Iglauer, Christopher H Pentland, Martin J Blunt
Three-Phase Measurements of Non-Wetting Phase Trapping Applied to Carbon
Dioxide Storage
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Background
• Studied extensively to measure the amount of residual gas saturation during reservoir displacements.
• Suggested low oil saturations during gas displacement (oil layers).
• Trapping experience: experimentally on water-wet consolidated media.
• Pervious work:
• a linked the reduction of Sor to Sgt, a = 0 – 1, (a = 0 oil-wet, 0.45 - 0.75 water-wet)
• Showed:
Three-Phase Flow in Literature:
p3
gr
p2
or
p3
orSaSS
p2
or
p3
or SS
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Motivation
• Principal interest: gas and oil trapping by water with application to CO2 storageUnconsolidated media
•Literature data for trapped gas saturation in consolidated systems.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
S(nw) i (%)
S(n
w)
r (%
)
Caubit et al., 2004 - 3ph Jerauld - 1996 - 3phMaloney et al., 2002 - 3ph Skauge et al., 2002 - 3ph, Sgi > 0.40Skauge et al., 2002 - 3ph, Sgi < 0.40 Kralik et al., 2000 - 3phKyte et al., 1956 - 3ph Holmgren et al., 1951, 3ph, OilFloodsHolmgren et al., 1951, 3ph, GasExpansion
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Motivation
• Wide scatter in literature S(nw)i versus S(nw)r data.
•Trapping Capacity = S(nw)r
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
S(nw) i (%)
S
(nw
) r (%
)
Caubit et al., 2004 - 3ph Jerauld - 1996 - 3phMaloney et al., 2002 - 3ph Skauge et al., 2002 - 3ph, Sgi > 0.40Skauge et al., 2002 - 3ph, Sgi < 0.40 Kralik et al., 2000 - 3phKyte et al., 1956 - 3ph Holmgren et al., 1951, 3ph, OilFloodsHolmgren et al., 1951, 3ph, GasExpansion
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Wetting phase – Brine (5wt% NaCl; 1wt% KCl)
Non-wetting phase – n-octane and air
Oil and brine rate= 5 mL/min (Ncap=10-5, 2x10-5)
Air injection rate = drainage gravity (different amounts of time)
Saturated air with octane for 5 hours
Controlled evaporation using long, narrow tube
Experimental Set Up
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Oil-gas-brine experiments - Experimental Procedure
• Pack column with sand• Packing ratio used to give reproducible porosity
• Fully saturate column with brine (vertically)
• Fixed volume of brine and oil injected into the column (500 mL)
• Air enters from the top, oil and gas drain from bottom (gravity drainage)
• Column is left to drain for different amounts of time (17h, 2h, and 0.5h).
• Column is sliced for Sgi/Soi or waterflooded to reach Sgr/Sor.
• Column is sliced and sampled. Analysis of saturations in each section done with gas chromatography, GC & mass balance.• Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) allows water to be analysed
• Sand is carefully recovered and washed with de-ionized water, dry mass of sand is measured, weighed and measured VB each empty clean column section.
• Repeat (reproducibility)
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Experimental Results: gravity drainage: 17 hour
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100S(nw) i (%)
Dis
tan
ce
(c
m)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100S(nw) r (%)
Dis
tan
ce
(c
m)
Residuals: Sw/Sor/Sgr saturation curves– post
waterflooding
Initials: Swi/Soi/Sgi saturation curves
Results: Saturation profiles
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Experimental Results: gravity drainage: 17 hour
Results: Trapping curves
a. Sgr Vs. Sgi
b. Sor Vs. Soi
c. Sor Vs. Sgi
d. Sor Vs. Sgr
e. Sgt Vs. Snr
f. Snr Vs. Sni
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Experimental Results: gravity drainage: 2 hour
Results:
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80
S(nw) i (%)
Dis
tan
ce
(c
m)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100S(nw) r (%)
Dis
tan
ce
(c
m)
Initials: Swi/Soi/Sgi saturation curves
Residuals: Sw/Sor/Sgr saturation curves– post
waterflooding
Results: Saturation profiles
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Experimental Results: gravity drainage: 2 hour
Results:
a. Sgr Vs. Sgi
b. Sor Vs. Soi
c. Sor Vs. Sgi
d. Sor Vs. Sgr
e. Sgt Vs. Snr
f. Snr Vs. Sni
Results: Trapping curves
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Experimental Results: gravity drainage: 0.5 hour
Results: Saturation profiles
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
S(nw) i (%)D
ista
nc
e (
cm
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
S(nw) r (%)
Dis
tac
e (
cm
)
Initials: Swi/Soi/Sgi saturation curves
Residuals: Sw/Sor/Sgr saturation curves– post
waterflooding
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Experimental Results: gravity drainage: 0.5 hour
Results: Trapping curves
a. Sgr Vs. Sgi
b. Sor Vs. Soi
c. Sor Vs. Sgi
d. Sor Vs. Sgr
e. Sgt Vs. Snr
f. Snr Vs. Sni
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Experimental Results: experiments 1-3
Results: Trapping curves
b. Compiled Sor vs. Soi
a. Compiled Sgr vs. Sgi
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Sgi (%)
Sg
r (%
)
Sgr versus Sgi - 17 hrs
Sgr versus Sgi - 2 hrs
Sgr versus Sgi - 30 min
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Soi (%)
So
r (%
)
Sor versus Soi - 17 hrs
Sor versus Soi - 2 hrs
Sor versus Soi - 30 min
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Experimental Results – Comparison with Literature Data
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
S(nw) i (%)
S(n
w)r
(%
)
Caubit et al., 2004 - 3ph Jerauld - 1996 - 3phMaloney et al., 2002 - 3ph Skauge et al., 2002 - 3ph, Sgi > 0.40Skauge et al., 2002 - 3ph, Sgi < 0.40 Kralik et al., 2000 - 3phKyte et al., 1956 - 3ph Jerauld - 1997 - 2ph - SgroJerauld - 1997 - 2ph - Sgrw Maloney et al., 2002 - 2ph - SgrwSkauge et al., 2002 - 2ph Kralik et al., 2000 - 2phCaubit et al., 2004 - 2ph - Sgrw Caubit et al., 2004 - 2ph - SgroOur results, 2008 - 3ph Our results, 2008 - 2ph - SorwOur results, 2008 - 2ph - Sgrw Holmgren et al., 1951, 3ph, OilFloodsHolmgren et al., 1951, 3ph, GasExpansion
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Discussion and conclusions
For high initial gas saturation, more gas is trapped in the presence of oil than in two-phase flow.
The trapped oil saturation, while no higher than the maximum reached in two-phase flow, is higher than expected for low initial saturations.
Different from results in consolidated media.
Why? In unconsolidated media, in two-phase flow, there is little snap-off and hence little trapping.
In three-phase flow, oil layer collapse traps oil easily. Trapped oil prevents direct contact of gas by water except by snap-off and so we see more trapping.
Confirm this? Pore-scale modelling; further experiment at reservoir conditions and with consolidated media.
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Acknowledgements
ADNOC
Shell-Imperial Grand Challenge on Clean Fossil Fuels
Thank you!