1) Right Atrium 2) Right Ventricle3)Left Atrium4)Left Ventricle
Cranial End
Trachea
Bifurcation of the trachea is around the 5th intercostal space
Diaphragm
Crura of the Diaphragm- pillar of muscle (right and left) - diaphgragm originates from the periosteum of the lumbar vertebrae 2/3. It fans out (trefoil shape - peripheral muscle fibers with a tendon/aponeurosis in the middle) and then attaches to the ribs on the periphery. The caval foramen is in the aponeurosis.
Right Lateral Recumbancy.
Positionofheart
Apex right down near the sternum (by xiphoid process). Top is near the tracheal bifurcation.
Heart shifted to the left (somewhat) - greater mass of lungs on the right side (cranial, middle, caudal, accessory).
Cardiactopography
•Heart•Cardiacnotch•Space5-6forcardiocentesis
•Regionsofauscultation
Equine
B/w the third and 6th rib (lateral aspect)
3rd Rib
6th Rib
Cardiac Notch - nothing lies b/w the heart and the ribs in this area. B/w the third and 5th space - is a bit bigger on the right (in dogs)
Lung covering a bit of the heart
Equine
Horse
Notch is a little more cranial - is bigger on the left side than on the right.
1. Outline of the heart2. Basal border of the lungs3. Line of pleural reflection.
line of pleuralreflection
Dog
caudal borderof the triceps
Dorsally at last rib
Crosses at ~9th c-cjunction
Ribs 3-6
Cow
line of pleuralreflection
caudal borderof the triceps 8th costochondral
junction
Last rib
Ribs 3-6
line of pleuralreflection
caudal borderof the triceps
HorseLast rib
8-9th costochondraljunctionRibs 3-6
If you want to listen to the heart or do a pericardiocentesis you gotta do it around the axilla.
Not the same as the costal arch! Is more cranial than that
AKA the costo-diaphragmatic line.
Costodiaphragmatic recess
Theangleoftheheartdiffersbetweenspecies
Species with deeper chests have a more upright heart. Cat in particular have a heart that really leans forward.
Apex
Cranial
Caudal
Relationstotheheart
• Lateral• Lungs,chestwall,phrenicn.
•Cranial• Thymus,lungs,cranialmediastinum
•Caudal• Diaphragm(abdominalviscera)
Dog, left lateral
What is it in contact with?
(innervates the diaphragm)
phrenic n
Cranial mediastinum (thymus, great vessels, sympathetic trunk & vagosympathetic trunk)
The human heart from the ventral (or anterior) aspect
Adapted from Martini, Timmons and McKinley, 2000
Inhumans,leftisleftandrightisright
Pulmonary Artery - only artery pumping deoxygenated blood.
Pulmonary Artery - only artery pumping deoxygenated blood.
LV
cranial
LVRVRV
cranial
Left lateral (Auricular) Right lateral (Atrial)
R Auricle L Auricle R AtriumL Atrium
Right atria is cranialLeft atria is caudalRight ventricle is cranial and to the right. Left ventricle is caudal and to the left. Auricular - blind ended sacs of the atria - lie on the left and right sides of the heart. Interventricular groove on the left side (periconal)Subsinuosal groove on the caudal/right side.
4. paraconal groove with
pulmonary trunk
Right atria is cranialLeft atria is caudalRight ventricle is cranial and to the right. Left ventricle is caudal and to the left. Auricular - blind ended sacs of the atria - lie on the left and right sides of the heart. Interventricular groove on the left side (periconal)Subsinuosal groove on the caudal/right side.
4. paraconal groove with
pulmonary trunk
Right ventricle
Photo: P. F. Flood
Left ventricle
Equineheart- leftside
Equine heartright side
Right atriumLeft atrium
Atrialsurface
Right ventricle
Subsinuosal groove
Left Ventricle
Right ventricle
Subsinuosal groove
Left Ventricle
cranialcranial
Paraconal groove
Conus arteriosus
SA node
Subsinuosal groove
Conus arteriosus is a cone that funnels blood into the artery
Grooves are almost always filled with fat. In the depth there are arteries and veins.
Called it because its beneath the SA node
Coronary groove - filled with fat - seperates the atria from the ventricles - carries the great cardiac vein and other vessels.
Right Atrium
Conus arteriosus is a cone that funnels blood into the artery
Grooves are almost always filled with fat. In the depth there are arteries and veins.
Called it because its beneath the SA node
Coronary groove - filled with fat - seperates the atria from the ventricles - carries the great cardiac vein and other vessels.
Right Atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
= Coronary groove
Paraconal groove
Equineheart,leftview
= Coronary groove
Subsinuosal groove
Equineheart–rightview
Baseofheart
• Ossacordis• Heartvalves• Coronaryvessels
Seperates the atria (above) and the ventricles (below). 1) left atrio-ventricular valve.2) right atrio-ventricular valve. Has Cusps/Leaves - tied down by the heart strings (AKA cordae tendinae)3/4) semilunar valves.3) aortic valve.4) pulmonary valve & arteryBase of the heart is a fibrocartilagenous plate - gives the heart a rigid structure - so right its not uncommon to have bones within the plate called the ossa cordis. The plate has 4 holes in it.
Seperates the atria (above) and the ventricles (below). 1) left atrio-ventricular valve.2) right atrio-ventricular valve. Has Cusps/Leaves - tied down by the heart strings (AKA cordae tendinae)3/4) semilunar valves.3) aortic valve.4) pulmonary valve & arteryBase of the heart is a fibrocartilagenous plate - gives the heart a rigid structure - so right its not uncommon to have bones within the plate called the ossa cordis. The plate has 4 holes in it.
pectinate muscles• Coronarysinus• Fossaovalis• Terminalcrest• Azygous v.
• R- horse&dog• L- pig• L&R- ruminants
6 - cranial vena cava - empties into RA4 - caudal vena cava5 - intervenous tubercle8 - terminal crest - the site of the SA node9 - fossa ovale b/w RA and LA - doesn’t let blood from each side to mix. 7 - coronary sinus - empties blood into the RA - where the vast majority from the heart itself is drained back into the RA. Venous openings into all 4 chambers - deoxygenated heart blood is deposited into all the other chambers in the fabesian veins
pectinate muscles in auricles
6 - cranial vena cava - empties into RA4 - caudal vena cava5 - intervenous tubercle8 - terminal crest - the site of the SA node9 - fossa ovale b/w RA and LA - doesn’t let blood from each side to mix. 7 - coronary sinus - empties blood into the RA - where the vast majority from the heart itself is drained back into the RA. Venous openings into all 4 chambers - deoxygenated heart blood is deposited into all the other chambers in the fabesian veins
cone shaped part of right ventricle leading into the pulmonary artery
divides the inflow/outflow regions
Ties down valves to the papillary muscles
Septomarginal (muscular) band from intraventricular septum to the free boarder of the ventricle - prevents thin wall of right ventricle from balooning out - also is a short cut for electrical impulses so the entire ventricular wall contracts at the same time.
Trabeculae carneae - irregular spongy look of the heart inside - decreases blood turbulence.
cone shaped part of right ventricle leading into the pulmonary artery
divides the inflow/outflow regions
Ties down valves to the papillary muscles
Septomarginal (muscular) band from intraventricular septum to the free boarder of the ventricle - prevents thin wall of right ventricle from balooning out - also is a short cut for electrical impulses so the entire ventricular wall contracts at the same time.
Trabeculae carneae - irregular spongy look of the heart inside - decreases blood turbulence.
Right ventricle wraps around the front and contracts against the left ventricle. The left ventricle contacts more during a circular fashion.
During diastole - there is very little pressure on the inflow to the ventricles. Venous pressure exceeds the low ventricular pressure. The beginning of filling is passive. At the end of diastole the atria contracts (tops up the volume in the ventricle). Eventually the ventricle will contract - pushes AV valve shut - pressure is high and leaves out the semilunar valves.
Right ventricle wraps around the front and contracts against the left ventricle. The left ventricle contacts more during a circular fashion.
During diastole - there is very little pressure on the inflow to the ventricles. Venous pressure exceeds the low ventricular pressure. The beginning of filling is passive. At the end of diastole the atria contracts (tops up the volume in the ventricle). Eventually the ventricle will contract - pushes AV valve shut - pressure is high and leaves out the semilunar valves.
