thomas gardner’s ornament stock: a checklist · thomas gardner’s ornament stock: a checklist...

Script & Print 39:2 (2015) 69–111 © 2015 BSANZ [ISSN 1834-9013]

Thomas Gardner’s Ornament Stock: A Checklist

Patrick Spedding

The following checklist of printers’ ornaments was compiled as part of research undertaken to expand the available information on Thomas Gardner (c. 1712–1765) and to facilitate the identification and differentiation of works printed by him. (And, by identifying more of his printing, obtaining a better idea of the scope of his activities as a printer and publisher.)1 Gardner was a relatively minor printer-publisher, with a small stock of ornaments, who is known to have printed fewer than two hundred items. However, he was the printer and publisher of most of Eliza Haywood’s later, and most highly-regarded, works—including The Female Spectator (1744–1746)—and is of considerable interest to Haywood scholars for this reason.2

I compiled a very crude catalogue of Gardner’s ornament stock in 1995, while preparing my Bibliography of Eliza Haywood (2004). I did so by sketching some of the ornaments used by Gardner (and other printers of works by Haywood) into a notebook that I carried from library to library across Europe and America. These sketches were replaced with photocopies, where possible, as it became clear which ornaments had been owned by each printer. While crude, this method was sufficient for the relatively simple task of identifying a few anonymously-printed works as having likely been printed by Gardner,3 but it was of little use in the more challenging task of differentiating the many editions of each “Book” in The Female Spectator. The present, much more ambitious, ornament catalogue was undertaken with the latter (still incomplete) task in mind.

While the present ornament catalogue was undertaken to help identify and differentiate works printed by Gardner, and is the outgrowth of my previous work, and will contribute to my future work on Haywood and Gardner, the catalogue was also undertaken partly as a test and a demonstration of an alternative model for compiling catalogues of this type. The limits of the present catalogue of Gardner’s ornament stock, and the way it was prepared, are closely related to this function as test and demonstration. The distinct, additional aims of this catalogue, which relate to this function, require some explanation, a discussion of previous ornament catalogues and a brief consideration of the impact that technological changes have had on the compilation of ornament catalogues.

1 See “Thomas, Lucy and Henry Lasher Gardner, Opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand, 1739–1805,” Script & Print 39.1 (2015): 21–58.2 For further details concerning The Female Spectator see the note to 1745.2 (below) and my Bibli-ography of Eliza Haywood (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2004), 431–64 (title referenced as Ab.60).3 I attributed six items to Gardner in 2004. See Bibliography of Eliza Haywood, Ca.6.1 [1748.1 below], Ca.6.2 [1748.2], Ca.7.3 [1750.2], Ca.44.1 [1751.1], Da.5.1 [1742.1], Db.1.1 [1741.1].

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Only five eighteenth-century British printers have had studies of their ornament stock published since 1950, many combining prolonged, even career-length, research with minute examination of the printed products of each press.4 The 370 pages of Keith Maslen’s Samuel Richardson of London, Printer (2001) is the product of fifty years’ research; it was begun by Maslen as a PhD student and completed a decade into his retirement. Maslen’s study lists over five hundred ornaments in over two thousand printed items, each one examined and catalogued with a col-lation and other bibliographical details. At the other end of the scale is Richard J. Goulden’s “Preliminary Inventory” of the ornament stock of Henry Woodfall, the work of only one decade, which lists over five hundred ornaments in almost six hundred books, catalogues and pamphlets.5

A distinctive feature of these catalogues is the extent to which they are depen-dent on unusual and rich documentary evidence. Maslen’s The Bowyer Ornament Stock (1973) was possible—or, rather, is as comprehensive as it is—because of the discovery of the Bowyer paper stock ledger. And these Bowyer ledgers made a significant contribution to Maslen’s study of Richardson’s ornament stock. Like-wise, J. C. Ross’s Charles Ackers’ Ornament Usage (1990) depends heavily on ledgers that Ross had edited over twenty years earlier with D. F. Mackenzie. Goulden’s The Ornament Stock of Henry Woodfall (1988) is much less dependent on the pub-lication, in 1855, of excerpts from Woodfall’s printing ledger, but these excerpts are, nevertheless, both very important and an unusual and rich resource for a bibliographer. Although all five catalogues depend, to a greater or lesser degree, on unusually rich documentary evidence, the care and skill with which Maslen and others have produced these catalogues is admirable—astonishing actually—and it is enormously intimidating to anyone contemplating the compilation of further ornament catalogues. Which may, perhaps, explain why only five

4 William M. Sale, Jr., Samuel Richardson: Master Printer. Cornell Studies in English vol. 37 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1950); Keith I. D. Maslen, The Bowyer Ornament Stock (Oxford: Oxford Bibliographical Society, 1973); James McLaverty, Pope’s Printer, John Wright (Oxford: Oxford Bibliographical Society, 1977); Richard J. Goulden, The Ornament Stock of Henry Woodfall, 1719–1747. A Preliminary Inventory (London: The Bibliographical Society, 1988); J. C. Ross, Charles Ackers’ Ornament Usage (Oxford: Oxford Bibliographical Society, 1990); Keith Maslen, Samuel Rich-ardson of London, Printer: A Study of his Printing Based on Ornament Use and Business Accounts. Otago Studies in English 7 (Otago, New Zealand: Department of English, University of Otago, 2001). For supplements to these catalogues, see Keith Maslen, “A Supplement to The Bowyer Ornament Stock” in An Early London Printing House at Work: Studies in the Bowyer Ledgers (New York: The Bibliographical Society of America, 1993), 235–43; Patrick Spedding, “A Note on the Ornament Usage of Henry Woodfall,” BSANZ Bulletin 27 (2003): 109–16; Keith Maslen, “Samuel Richardson of London, Printer: Further Extending the Canon,” Script & Print 36:3 (2012): 133–54.5 Goulden, The Ornament Stock of Henry Woodfall, vii. The 506 ornaments are made up of 312 head-pieces and tailpieces, 45 factotums, 6 framed initials and 10 series of initials (totaling 143 initials).

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eighteenth-century British printers have had studies of their ornament stock published in the last six decades.

In 1959, David Foxon mentioned that he was “attempting to collect materials” for a general “index of eighteenth-century printers’ ornaments from their return to popularity about 1710 to their decline in the 1750’s.”6 The value of a universal catalogue of British printers’ ornaments is that it would be theoretically possible to use such a catalogue to identify the printer(s) of most of the items printed between 1710 and 1760 by the ornaments used—since each printer had a stock of ornaments and each ornament, being hand-carved, was unique. Of course, many printers’ ornaments are very similar, making it difficult to distinguish similar designs; printers sometimes shared printing work, making it difficult to identify the printer who owned an individual ornament that appears within each book; and printers occasionally let others use their ornaments, sold or passed them on to others, making it difficult to distinguish occasional use from ownership. Con-sequently, a universal catalogue of printers’ ornaments would not be the equivalent of a finger-print or DNA database. But, for a bibliographer, the “index” Foxon had in mind would come pretty close, enabling one to identify, for example, the person responsible for (anonymously) printing Sodom, Or the Gentleman Instructed (c. 1735) and A Dialogue Between a Married Lady and a Maid (1740)—both of which are clandestine publications with ornaments on their title-page.

Unfortunately, Foxon’s plan for a universal index of printers’ ornaments was abandoned for what may be called technical reasons, and the only material result of his plan is a forty-leaf manuscript, which can be consulted in Edinburgh. As James McLaverty explains, Foxon had an interest in printers’ ornaments from the start of his research on English verse, in the early 1950s:

Foxon established a file of printers’ ornaments even though he found it difficult to get the quality of pictures he wanted, but it was soon clear that a photographic record of all printers’ ornaments would be too expensive and cumbersome. During his period at Harvard in 1959, however, he had access to a Polaroid camera with close-up lens, which helped him to identify Edinburgh piracies in the period, pira-cies that had, for example, perplexed the bibliography of Pope. The files of these ornaments have been given to the National Library of Scotland.7

In 1984, C. J. Mitchell declared that “the time has come for a catalogue of printers’ ornaments: a catalogue of all ornaments of all printers.”8 Mitchell’s plan

6 David Foxon, “Modern Aids to Bibliographic Research,” Library Trends 7:4 ([northern] Spring 1959): 579. Special issue: “Current Trends in Bibliography” online (https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/5854).7 “David Foxon, Humanist Bibliographer,” Studies in Bibliography 54 (2001): 98. For Foxon’s manu-script, see National Library of Scotland [SU.37 fol (4.2 Fox)].8 Although Mitchell called for a “a catalogue of all ornaments of all printers” his paper was restricted to ornaments of eighteenth-century British printers. See C. J. Mitchell, “The Taxonomy of Printers’s

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was possible, he said, because the technical problem of copying and reproducing printers’ ornaments—one of the two most important obstacles to such an undertaking—has been solved by The Eighteenth Century microfilm series and photocopiers that can print from microfilm. His paper, which outlined a taxonomy of printers’ ornaments, solved the procedural aspect of sorting the ornaments, the second major obstacle to producing a universal catalogue. Mitchell’s method was, it seems, to paste images (photocopies) of 969 ornaments onto sheets of card or paper and to physically arrange them in a logical sequence based on descriptions using his taxonomy. Although Mitchell was undoubtedly correct that the time had come for a union catalogue of printers’ ornaments, no such catalogue was attempted—by himself or by others.

Technological advancements in the last two decades have made it significantly easier to build a very large data-set of images of printers’ ornaments such as Foxon and Mitchell imagined. However, although digital images are easier to obtain every day—directly, via digital cameras, hand-held scanners and other devices, and indirectly via ECCO, Google Books, the Internet Archive, and from digitisation projects at individual libraries—and databases of great sophistication have long since rendered quaint Mitchell’s “time-consuming and … frustratingly unproduc-tive” method of “leafing through” a collection of photocopied ornaments, there is no sign that anyone is “attempting to collect materials for an index of eighteenth-century printers’ ornaments,” such as Foxon attempted and Mitchell advocated.

This is not to say that there is no sign of work on eighteenth-century British printers’ ornaments and devices, but the University of Florida’s collection of “F H (Francis Hoffman) Relief Cuts” appears to be the only site to cover London print-ers’ ornaments, 1710–1760.9 This site, constructed more than a decade ago, con-tains seventy-seven ornaments (thirty-seven head-pieces—one of them Gardner’s; thirty-two tail-pieces; and eight initials) found in thirty-eight books between 1720 and 1741 (twenty-nine from the 1720s; seven from the 1730s; two from the 1740s).10 Ornaments are numbered and dimensions are provided (height and width in millimetres). Grey-scale images of the ornaments vary in size between c. 200 and c. 750 pixels; although larger ornaments appear larger on screen, the relationship of image size to original size is unclear.

Almost every other online resource is (as we are told on the Sorbonne’s “Theleme” site) “concernent avant tout les marques des deux premiers siècles

Ornaments,” BSANZ Bulletin 9 (1985): 45.9 “F H (Francis Hoffman) Relief Cuts” online (http://web.uflib.ufl.edu/spec/rarebook/fh/fh.htm) (last updated 15 May 2000).10 The headpiece used by Gardner (“Head-Piece 11”) is not identified as belonging to him since, on this site, it is located only in X1739.2 (which does not mention Gardner in the imprint). See http://web.uflib.ufl.edu/spec/rarebook/fh/h39cs1.htm and http://web.uflib.ufl.edu/spec/rarebook/fh/bib1739.htm#1739–1.


de l’imprimerie” [primarily limited to printers’ devices from the first two centuries of printing] because a printer’s device, alone, can identify books prior to 1700, while other types of evidence (it is claimed) are available for later books.11 Listed on the Sorbonne site (under “Marques et devises” and “Ornements typographiques”), are the Ornamental Letters DataBase12 and the International Bank of Printers’ Ornaments13—each with thousands of images—the Consortium of European Research Libraries Thesaurus, and databases at the universities of Barcelona, Florida and elsewhere. Another resource, not listed on the Theleme site, is Paul Dijstelberge’s Ursicula database.14 Dijstelberge’s database of “more than 25,000 initials and ornaments, [is] searchable by iconographical keywords.” Begun by March 2005,15 in late 2007 Dijstelberge explained that it was his intention to extend his Ursicula database—containing “16th-17th century, mostly Dutch books”—to all European printing up to 1700.16 In 2009, he presented a confer-ence paper17 demonstrating his database, explaining that “all European printers (1500–1800) should have a place in this database.” It remains unclear when, or if, it will expand far enough to constitute a union catalogue of London printers’ ornaments covering the period 1710 to 1760.

Building a large database of high-definition images, with accurate descriptions based on a limited vocabulary (a taxonomy of iconographic keywords) is now a reasonably simple—if enormously time-consuming—task. Such a database would not be significantly different from the catalogues imagined by Foxon and Mitchell in terms of compilation, since it would require a scholar (or group of scholars) to locate and differentiate each ornament. But further improvements to this approach are certainly possible. A decade ago I drafted a funding application for a

11 See http://theleme.enc.sorbonne.fr/cours/livres_imprimes_anciens/imprimeurs.12 The Centre d’Etudes Supérieures de la Renaissance at the University of Tours began a large digi-tisation project in 2003; the AGORA program analyzes the page layout of books scanned as a part of this “Bibliothèques Virtuelles Humanistes” allowing the semi-automatic extraction of initials (i.e., creating a searchable database). See http://www.bvh.univ-tours.fr/presentation_en.asp.13 https://bcutodai.unil.ch/BCUTodai/app/todaiGetIntro.do?uri=todaiInfo&page=todaiIntro.html14 The Ursicula database is—seemingly—not to be confused with the series of books digitised by Dijstelberge under the title “Ursicula” and published online (http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/Dutch/Renaissance/Ursicula.html). This site contains over three hundred facsimiles from the period c. 1485–1820, mostly (c. 70%) from the seventeenth century, others either eighteenth (c. 20%) or sixteenth century (c. 10%), with a few items from the fifteenth or nineteenth centuries.) None of the works are in English or printed in London.15 Messages published on the Society for the electronic forum belonging to the History of Authorship, Reading, and Publishing (SHARP-L) are archived with web addresses beginning “https://list.indiana.edu/sympa/arc/sharp-l/” followed by a month and message number. See 2005-03/msg00052.html and 2005-10/msg00011.html.16 Ibid., 2007–10/msg00066.html and 2007–12/msg00055.html.17 “Initials, Ornaments and Other Typographical Material as Ways to Identify Printers,” presented at “The Jesuits of the Low Countries: Identity and Impact (1540–1773),” Leuven, Belgium, 4 December 2009.

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large-scale database of printers’ ornaments which made use of pattern-recognition software. It was based on the belief that a relatively small ornament database could be rapidly expanded once it were possible to match catalogued ornaments with any similar ornament that appears in a large corpus of digitised books, and to identify ornaments not on the database that appear in books containing a very high per-centage of ornaments from a single printer. It would still be necessary—using such an approach—to disambiguate mistaken ornament identifications, enter metadata tags for new ornaments, and establish the ownership of each ornament over its life. But, if the pattern-recognition were performed with sufficient accuracy, and repeated many times, the time taken to build up a substantial file of ornaments for many printers and a largely-complete list of titles printed by them would be reduced to the point that a universal catalogue of British printers’ ornaments could be attempted with institutional support.

In 2004, it was not clear that the relevant software was actually available, although work has been going on in this general area for many years—a 2007 paper by Mathieu Delalandre et al. on speeding up the search for and retrieval of ornaments from digitized books (using orientation and other algorithms) cites relevant scholarship from as early as 1978, with a significant number of works from the late 1990s.18 However, it is now clear that it is technically possible to successfully mount the kind of project I imagined. Indeed, many technical elements have been in daily use in related projects for some years. The AGORA program, for example, analyzes the page layout of books scanned as a part of this “Bibliothèques Virtuelles Humanistes” to identify all of the ornamented initials.19 Nevertheless, no one has used this—or any other approach—to compile a union catalogue of British printers’ ornaments.

Although technological advances have certainly made the compilation of a union catalogue of printers’ ornaments easier, and improved what we would now call the functionality of such a index/catalogue/database, it has been some time since technological advances were actually necessary for such a project to be undertaken. And, since no such union catalogue has been attempted, it would appear that technical limitations are not the most important barrier to their creation (as Mitchell argued in 1984)—digital cameras, databases and pattern-recognition software have simply updated this fantasy of bibliographical control.20 It is not clear why other scholars have not undertaken a project of this type, but the

18 Mathieu Delalandre, Jean-Marc Ogier and Josep Lladós, “A Fast CBIR System of Old Ornamen-tal Letter,” in Graphics Recognition. Recent Advances and New Opportunities: 7th International Work-shop, edited by Liu Wenyin, Josep Lladós, Jean-Marc Ogier (Heidelberg: Springer, 2008), 143–44.19 See http://www.bvh.univ-tours.fr/presentation_en.asp.20 Robert B. Downs offers a history of one aspect of this fantasy (“a complete record of the existence and location of every book”) in “Problems of Bibliographical Control,” Library Trends 2 (1954): 498–508.


non-technical reasons I did not pursue my own project remain insurmountable: it would be enormously difficulty to obtain funding and institutional support for a project of this size and complexity (given the lack of conventional publication outputs or bibliometrically-measurable “impact”), attract the qualified personnel, and obtain the cooperation of rights-owners, while it is too large and complex a project to be undertaken as—effectively—a hobby.

Although, as argued, technological advances alone have not made—and seem unlikely to make—a universal catalogue of British printers’ ornaments possible, these advances have certainly made it easier to compile a catalogue of the orna-ment stock of an individual printer such as Gardner. I am indebted to David Levy, the bibliographer of Edmond Hoyle, for the discovery of just how quickly is it possible to compile a checklist of ornaments for an individual printer using basic computer functions. Indeed, the bulk of the following checklist was compiled in a few weeks as a way of testing the method Levy inspired. I describe my method below in the hope that others will be prompted to undertake, and publish, similar ornament studies. Given the improbability that the existing non-technological barriers will fall, the aggregation of such studies may be the only way a union catalogue of British printers’ ornaments will be compiled.

On 30 July 2012 David Levy posted on his blog an essay on the “sixth” edition of Edmond Hoyle, A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist (1746) [1746.15].21 In his post, Levy traced the damage, which occurred between 1745 and 1750, to an ornament (H09, below) he had identified as belonging to Gardner. Identifying Gardner as the printer required, Levy explained, “a lot of tedious work” trawling through ECCO. In private correspondence with Levy it emerged that he had found possible or likely printers for a number of the anonymously-printed works he is interested in—each of which he was seeking to confirm with closer study—by looking at the ornaments that were used in similar titles from the period that are available on ECCO. Levy keeps a file of these ornaments by taking a screen-cap of the page on which each ornament appears.22

I adapted Levy’s method to compile a “preliminary” checklist of Gardner ornaments as follows: I downloaded from ECCO, first, five books in which the phrase “Printed by T. Gardner” appears in the imprint (searching for the quoted

21 David Levy, “Hoyle’s ‘Sixth’ Edition and Progressive Ornament Damage” (30 July 2012; updated 29 September 2012) (http://edmondhoyle.blogspot.com.au/2012/07/hoyles-sixth-edition-and-progressive.html).22 Wikipedia defines a screen-cap as follows: A “screen capture (or screen-cap) … is an image taken by the computer user to record the visible items displayed on [a computer] monitor … using the (host) operating system or software running on the computer.” See, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenshot.

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text, using a publisher search on ECCO).23 Opening a folder for each downloaded file, I took screen-caps of every ornament in each item, then reviewed these screen-caps and identified the clearest example of each ornament. Ornaments not previously seen were colour-coded red, those seen in only one other work were coded orange, those seen in more than two works, were coded green.24 A single example of each ornament (code green) was duplicated and categorised—as a printer’s device, headpiece, tailpiece or factotum—by naming each image H01 (for headpiece no. 1), T02 (for tailpiece no. 2) etc.; these duplicate images were placed in a separate folder. By keeping the duplicate images open in “Preview” (i.e., an image slideshow) it was easy to identify new code-green ornaments, as each additional Gardner item was downloaded and searched. And, as ornaments I had colour-coded orange or red appeared in more books, I changed the colour code of each to green or orange. (I will explain why shortly.)

In this way, I downloaded and searched every book in which a “T. Gardner” appeared as printer, publisher or distributor (i.e., all items captured by searching for him as a “publisher”), then every book printed at his address (“opposite St. Clement’s Church” and variants) or under his sign (“Cowley’s Head”). The initial group of files was searched, and the initial group of Gardner ornaments identified, in an afternoon. Most of the Gardner files were located, and ornaments identified, in about a week—at which point the best image of each ornament was placed in a Word file. A draft bibliography of all the items containing Gardner ornaments was next created, with a reference number for each item, so that a concise record could be offered of the appearance of each ornament in the ornament file. This, along with a more exhaustive search of ECCO, Google Books and the Internet Archive, occupied a second week. At which point, the following Checklist was effectively complete.25

The draft checklist of Gardner ornaments I have here described was created, initially, as a proof-of-concept exercise—as an improved version of my earlier

23 There were a number of other printers, publishers and booksellers named Gardner who were active during the life-time of Thomas Gardner. Sixty-three of the 212 items found, when searching on ESTC for “Gardner” as a publisher between 1735 and 1765, are not related to Thomas: fifty-one are for Ebenezer Gardner, at various locations (1736–1759: “Bartholomew-Close near West-Smithfield,” “Coleman-Street near the Old Jewry,” “at Milton’s-Head, in Gracechurch-Street” and “at the Ship, in Lombard-Street, near Grace-Church-Street”), three are for S. Gardner—probably a relation—“near the Cross-Keys Inn in Gracechurch-Street” (1760–1763), one is for “Mrs. Gard-ner”—wife of Ebenezer?—“in Gracechurch-Street,” six are for John Gardner, “in Charles Street, near Parliament Street, Westminster” (1763–1765), one is for Gardner as an occupational descriptor (“Duncan Campbell junior, gardner, at his house near the Gallowgate toll;” 1765) and one is for a “Thomas Gardner, engraver.”24 The Macintosh operating system allows files to be given a “color label”—just as Word allows the highlighting of text.25 Though compiled in several weeks, several more weeks were occupied in organising the informa-tion collected into a publishable form, and even longer in obtaining images suitable for publication.


sketch or photocopy-cut-and-paste method. I have since undertaken an extensive study of Gardner, focussing on both biographical and bibliographical records. Copyright registrations, legal records and existing scholarship—on Gardner and on printers’ ornaments—located during this study, enabled me to identify Gardner as the printer of more than a dozen works not captured using the method outlined above; David Levy also kindly shared with me a short list of Hoyle items he had identified as containing Gardner ornaments.26 Importantly, these additions have made very little impact on the catalogue of ornaments below: adding almost two dozen instances of previously-unidentified ornament usage, but not identifying any new ornaments. Each new instance of Gardner’s printing reinforced my conviction that the method outlined above is sufficient to create a useful and functional checklist—precisely because each new example of anonymous printing by Gardner had no impact on my draft checklist of Gardner ornaments. And, since they had no material impact, it suggests that such searches of scholarship, primary documents and other sources are not necessary to create a functional checklist of a printer’s ornament stock.

Regarding the colour-coding of ornaments and the assessment of their evidential value, Maslen notes that the bibliographical use of printers’ ornaments as a means of identifying the work of a printer relies on two well tested and established principles: that each ornament is unique and and that each was owned by an individual printer.27 The main difficulty in establishing the work of a printer from ornament usage alone relates to the second point—printers sometimes shared printing work and or let others use their ornaments,28 though the latter practice was less common than may be supposed.29 Both Goulden and Maslen suggested that the more frequently an ornament is used in conjunction with other ornaments “from the same stock,” the more reliable it is in establishing the work of a printer.30 That is, ornaments are suspect if they appear only in books that are suspect: books that are the product of shared printing or printing with borrowed ornaments (not distinguishing, in this case, ornaments borrowed by Gardner, or from Gardner). This is why, initially, ornaments were rated for reliability based on frequency alone but, as it became clear

26 These items are in addition to the one I had already identified as having been printed by Gardner in my Bibliography and those which I located, in the more nuanced searches of ECCO. These lat-ter works were items with advertisements by Gardner, but which do not have Gardner’s name in the imprint. The ornaments used in these cases suggested that the items were printed by Gardner.27 Maslen, Samuel Richardson of London, Printer, 46.28 Goulden, The Ornament Stock of Henry Woodfall, vii, ix (“the spectres of alien ornaments”); Maslen, Samuel Richardson of London, Printer, 4629 “Borrowing from or lending to other printers may be supposed to have happened, but very few instances have been found” (ibid.).30 Ibid., 48; Goulden, The Ornament Stock of Henry Woodfall, ix.

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which ornaments appeared most frequently in the company of other frequently used ornaments, it was possible to weed out ornaments that—while appearing more than once—tended to appear in suspect works (a subject I return to below).

The bibliography to this Checklist identifies, and keeps separate, items that contain only code green ornaments (one hundred and four items) from those that contain [1] no ornaments, Gardner or otherwise (ten items), [2] a mixture of code-green and other ornaments (twenty-three items), or [3] no code-green Gardner ornaments (six items). That is, for the purposes of this checklist, Bibliography Part A contains those items for which there is firm evidence that they were printed by Gardner, based on ornament usage (one hundred and four items); whereas Bibliography Part B contains those items that cannot be identified as having been printed by Gardner, based on ornament usage alone (thirty-nine items)—though many of these items may, in fact, have been printed by Gardner.

Unlike previous ornament catalogues, a high percentage of Bibliography Part A imprints identify the printer. Only nine percent of Goulden’s Woodfall items, and five percent of Maslen’s Richardson items, bear the name or initials of the printer.31 Since this checklist was compiled primarily by looking for items on ECCO containing Gardner’s name in the imprint it is hardly surprising that seventy-eight percent of imprints bear his name. Robin Alston has suggested that Gardner was “quite fastidious” in the wording of his imprints, carefully differentiating items that he printed from those that he printed and/or published and sold.32 It is obviously true that every item which Gardner claims to have printed in Bibliography A, was actually printed by him, since this is a list of works printed by Gardner. However, almost a quarter (twenty-six) of the items listed below that contain only Gardner ornaments conceal his role as printer—with the imprint statement “printed for T. Gardner”—and a further twenty-three do not mention him in the imprint at all.33 Only fifty-five imprints (only slightly more than half ) clearly state that the

31 Goulden, The Ornament Stock of Henry Woodfall, v; Maslen, Samuel Richardson of London, Printer, 46.32 R. C. Alston, “Thomas Gardner: Printer and Publisher, 1735–1747,” The Library, 6th ser., 4.4 (December 1982): 427.33 There items are as follows: “printed for” (twenty-six items) [1739.1, 1739.2, 1739.3, 1739.4, 1739.5, 1739.6, 1739.9, 1739.10, 1739.11, 1740.2, 1740.4, 1741.2, 1753.1, 1753.2, 1755.1, 1755.2, 1756.1, 1756.2, 1756.3, 1756.4, 1759.1, 1761.2, 1762.2, 1763.1, 1767.1, 1768.1]; imprints not mentioning Gardner at all (twenty-three items) [1738.2, 1738.3, 1738.4, 1739.7, 1739.8, 1740.1, 1741.1, 1742.1, 1743.1, 1743.4, 1745.3, 1746.12, 1746.13, 1746.14, 1746.15, 1747.5, 1748.1, 1748.2, 1748.7, 1750.1, 1750.2, 1751.1, 1752.1]. Items with the imprint “printed and sold by …” or “printed and published by T. Gardner” were intended to mean “printed by” Gardner “and sold” (or “and published”) by him, rather than “printed by” (an un-named printer) “and sold” (or—less likely—“published”) by Gardner. The latter type of imprints are usually clearly punctuated to indi-cate the omission of a printer, in the form “Printed. And sold” or “Printed; and sold” by the named booksellers. For an example of the former see X1740.6.


item concerned is “printed by T. Gardner” (thirty-six items), “printed and publish’d by T. Gardner” (thirteen items), or “printed and sold by T. Gardner” (six items).34

In Bibliography Part B, four of the ten items for which there is no ornament evidence have imprints stating “printed by” or “printed for,” five state “sold by,” and the remaining item does not mention Gardner at all.35 Eight of the twenty-three items with mixed ornaments have imprints stating “printed by,” six are “printed for,” two are “sold by,” while seven do not mention Gardner.36 Four of the six items with no Gardner ornaments have imprints stating “printed for,” the remaining two items being “sold by” Gardner.”37 Although the sample is small, an important pattern emerges. Taking the last of these categories first, Gardner did not claim to print any item that contains no ornaments identified here as belonging to him. It seems likely, therefore, he did not print any of these items. It is also likely, given the accuracy of Gardner’s imprint statements, that those items in the first category—items without any ornaments—that claim to have been printed by Gardner were actually been printed by him; and those items which only claim to have been sold by Gardner were not printed by him.

The second category (items that contain a mixture of code-green and other ornaments) includes at least two unambiguous examples of shared printing, but a number of items (that have only one or two ornaments not included here) are not so clearly examples of shared printing. With X1751.1, the preliminaries (only) of all four volumes contain Gardner ornaments, while the main texts of each volume do not; and X1766.1, all of the first two volumes and the first few gatherings of volumes three and four contain Gardner ornaments, while the remaining gatherings do not. In both cases, it is reasonably clear what occurred: in the first case, demand for Haywood’s History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless was so strong that

34 That is: “printed by Thomas Gardner” [1735.1, 1736.2, 1737.2] (three items), “printed for the Author, by T. Gardner” [1736.3, 1746.8, 1746.19, 1746.19] (four items), “Impensis T. Gardner” [1740.5, 1747.4] (two items) or “printed by T. Gardner” [1736.1, 1737.1, 1738.1, 1742.2, 1742.3, 1742.4, 1744.3, 1746.1, 1746.2, 1746.3, 1746.4, 1746.5, 1746.6, 1746.7, 1746.9, 1746.10, 1746.16, 1746.17, 1747.1, 1747.2, 1747.3, 1748.6, 1751.2, 1757.1, 1761.1, 1762.1, 1762.3, 1762.4] (twenty-eight items); “printed and publish’d by T. Gardner” [1743.2, 1743.3, 1744.1, 1744.2, 1745.1, 1745.2, 1746.11, 1748.3, 1748.4, 1748.5, 1750.3] (eleven items) or “printed by and for T. Gardner” [i.e., printed by and published for] (one item) [1740.3]; “printed and sold by” Gardner [1735.2, 1740.6, 1744.4, 1745.4, 1745.5, 1749.1] (six items).35 That is: “printed by” (two items) [X1747.2, X1758.1], “impensis” (one item) [X1754.2], “printed for” (one item) [X1755.1], “sold at” (one item) [X1740.2], “sold by” (five items) [X1756.3, X1756.4, X1756.5, X1756.6], no mention of Gardner (one item) [X1756.1].36 That is: “printed by” (eight items) [X1735.1, X1735.2, X1738.1, X1739.3, X1744.2, X1747.3, X1750.1, X1751.1], “printed for” (six items) [X1740.1, X1740.3, X1754.1, X1755.2, X1756.2, X1766.1], “sold by” (two items) [X1740.4, X1744.1], no mention of Gardner (seven items) [X1738.2, X1738.3, X1739.2, X1742.1, X1742.2, X1742.3, X1745.1].37 That is: “printed for” (four items) [X1739.1, X1739.4, X1740.5, X1761.1]; “sold by” (two items) [X1740.6, X1747.1].

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Gardner was unable to print a second edition fast enough to meet public demand, forcing him to employ another printer to print it; and in the second case, Gardner seems to have taken ill and died when printing was well advanced, forcing Lucy Gardner to have the edition completed by another printer. Other items, with only one or two ornaments not accepted here, are more varied in character.

Only one of eight ornaments in X1742.1 and X1742.2 are doubtful, suggesting the whole of both pamphlets was printed by Gardner, either with a borrowed ornament, or with an ornament owned—but not accepted here as belonging to Gardner. Likewise, only one of eight ornaments, used once in the twelve hundred pages of X1735.1, and only one of the sixteen ornaments in the near one thousand pages of X1750.1, are not included here, suggesting a borrowed ornament, or a Gardner ornament not included below. However, the near one thousand pages of X1744.1 use only two ornaments, one accepted, one not. At first glance, this suggests a 50:50 chance of the item being printed by Gardner (or not), with a borrowed ornament (or not). The nine ornaments in the first volume of X1742.3 are also fairly evenly divided between Gardner and (seemingly) non-Gardner, and these ornaments are fairly evenly distributed throughout the text. Short works, such as X1738.2, X1738.3 and X1747.3 are similarly divided.

As stated, the more frequently an ornament appears with known ornaments, the more reliable it is in establishing the work of a printer. Ornaments were cheap to buy compared to copper-plate engravings and, as Maslen notes, many appear only once, seemingly commissioned for a particular item.38 (The young lady depicted in the headpiece to each issue of Haywood’s The Young Lady (1756) is almost certainly an example of this.)39 However, Maslen continues, “The evidential value of such ornaments for identifying other works printed [in this case, by Gardner] is thus dubious.”40 And, since the present ornament catalogue was undertaken to identify and differentiate works printed by Gardner, rather than to account for every ornament that appeared in any work associated with him, or attributable to him, or to resolve the division of labour in every item that appears to be the result of shared printing,41 I have limited the checklist of ornaments below to those that appear in four or more unrelated items—one of which contains Gardner ornaments alone—and separated my bibliography of questionable items (Part B) from my bibliography of Gardner items (Part A).42

38 Maslen, Samuel Richardson of London, Printer, 48.39 The decorated border used on octavo editions of periodicals by Haywood was almost certainly commissioned for The Female Spectator but, since it was re-used on The Parrot and Epistles for the Ladies, it is included in the ornament catalogue below.40 Maslen, Samuel Richardson of London, Printer, 50.41 For the same reason, I have not investigated which sheets (or formes) may have been printed by Gardner in items with mixed ornaments.42 I have made an exception for two of the three printer’s devices depicting the bust of Abraham Cowley (1618–67; i.e., “Cowley’s Head”), which were used by Gardner in only one or two items seen


In order to make the evidential value of each ornament as clear as possible, each instance of ornament usage is indicated using the reference number for each item in the Bibliography. The reference number begins with the year of publication, and numbers appear in numerical order, so that the period and frequency of ornament usage is immediately apparent. Although the status of each item in Part B of the Bibliography remains unresolved, each instance of ornament usage within this group of items is included in the ornament catalogue. As seen above, the reference numbers in Part B have an X before the year of publication and each of these items is listed following the Part A items of the same year. Thus, while distinctive and separate, each Part B reference number contributes to the immediate impression of period and frequency of use.

Although my account of the period and frequency of ornament usage is incomplete it is clear that certain ornaments were very lightly used (PD02 [once], PD01 [twice], T04 [four times], H01, H02, H13 and F04 [five]) while others were very heavily used (H20 [forty], H04 [forty-five], F03 [forty-seven] and PD03 [forty-nine]). It is also clear, as Barker noted, that Gardner “had a decided preference for combining” certain ornaments; Barker mentions H06 and F02 (combined seven times), though a better example is H04 and F03 (which are combined forty-four times).43 It is also apparent that Gardner obtained at least half of the ornaments below by 1740 (i.e., in the first five years as a printer), and added no new ornaments after 1748 (in his last seventeen years as a printer)—though some of the ornaments that he did obtain in the late 1740s were very heavily used (such as H04, H20 and F03), and a number of his ornaments were decidedly worse for wear (such as H01, which was cracked when he obtained it; H08, which broke in the early 1740s; and H09, which cracked in the late 1740s).

Maslen’s Samuel Richardson of London, Printer expanded on the pioneering work of Sale, who used only a “selection” of approximately one hundred ornaments to identify almost six hundred items. Though limited in scope, Sale’s work prompted—as he intended—research which led to a better understanding of Richardson’s press.44 Like Sale’s study, this checklist offers only a selection

by me, since the appearance of this device on any item would offer much more powerful evidence of Gardner’s involvement than any other type of ornament. Examples of related items, disqualifying an ornament from inclusion here, are the headpiece used in X1735.2 (on A2r), X1739.2, X1742.1 and X1742.2—where the last two items are both editions of A Key to the Business of the Present S—n —and the factotum in X1735.1 (on 2Ov), X1735.2 and X1739.3—where the first and last items are both editions of A Correct and Familiar Exposition on the Common-Prayer-Book.43 In fact, H04 appears only once below without F03 (in 1747.3) and F03 appears only three times without H04 (in X1750.1a, X1750.1b and 1761.1).44 Maslen, Samuel Richardson of London, Printer, 1.

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of ornaments, represented in only a selection of Gardner’s output.45 So it is quite likely that further research will also establish that this checklist is incomplete; but, like Sale, I hope this catalogue will prompt the research which will render it obsolete. However, I am also mindful that the compilation of such a “preliminary” ornament catalogue as this is a necessary step toward not just a better understanding of Gardner and his press but toward the development of a union catalogue of printers’ ornaments.

I have suggested that the aggregation of individual ornament studies is the most likely path to creating a union catalogue or British printers’ ornaments, and I have expressed scepticism that existing non-technical barriers to such a catalogue will fall. However, were these barriers to fall, it is likely that any large scale catalogue of British printers’ ornaments would require, or substantially benefit from, more individual ornament studies than have yet been published. And, since a large scale catalogue of printers’ ornaments would add enormously to our knowledge of the period, I hope to encourage more such studies to be published—whether or not they follow the method outlined above.

Monash University, Melbourne

BibliographyThe following bibliography contains only basic information concerning the items used to compile the present ornament catalogue. The primary reference used to identify each item is an ESTC number, though other references to more detailed or specific bibliographies have been provided where appropriate. The ESTC numbers will lead readers to basic bibliographical information (on ESTC online) and to the specific copies of each item examined (via digital surrogate) to compile this ornament catalogue (on ECCO). Two other sources of digital surrogates have been used and are referenced below: Google Books and the Internet Archive. Each of these sources provided additional copies for consultation but only a single item not available on ECCO (X1742.1) was examined using one of these sources. In addition to these digital surrogates, I have personally examined some of the items below which are in my own or the Monash University collections. However, since digital surrogates alone were used to compile the present ornament catalogue, these surrogates alone are referenced below. And, since all but one these surrogates appear on ECCO, this item alone is described as “not on ECCO.”46

45 ESTC lists 152 items printed, published or sold by Gardner, about two-thirds of which were avail-able to me in digital surrogate. My selection is not random (since I include every item available to me in digital form), and may not be entirely representative (since the choice of texts on The Eighteenth Century microfilm series—and, therefore, represented on ECCO—may not be entirely random either) but I have not “selected” from those texts available to me in electronic form.46 Since only one part of one item (1745.3) appears twice on ECCO, in different copies, this item


The bibliography is divided into two sections to differentiate items that include only the ornaments illustrated below, from those that contain one or more ornaments not illustrated below, the ownership (and evidential value) of which is presently uncertain. It must be emphasised that this separation is not intended to imply that Gardner did not print any of the items in Bibliography (Part B), or that Gardner did not own some of the ornaments that appear in these items. However, further research, using other methods, is needed to clarify the ownership (and evidential value) of the ornaments that appear in these items.

Since this ornament catalogue was compiled from digital surrogates alone, and the following bibliography only includes items used to compile this ornament catalogue, the bibliography cannot offer anything like a complete listing of works printed by Gardner. Likewise, though dates of publication were established for most items while conducting biographical research on Gardner, some items could not be accurately dated. Consequently, a chronological arrangement has not been attempted. Instead, the bibliography is arranged alphabetically (by author and title) within years: items are referenced by year and item number in the form “1735.1” (i.e., 1735, no.1), “1735.2” (1735, no.2), etc.

For anonymous publications, the author’s name is supplied in square brackets if this information is provided on ESTC. Where other sources of information have been used, references are provided. The imprint of each item has been shortened to include (in quotation) only Gardner’s name, location and sign, plus his role (items printed or published by or for Gardner, or sold by him) and the role of other printers, publishers and booksellers named in each imprint. In the few cases of very long imprints, only the first four names that appear, other than Gardner’s, are quoted in full. Imprint dates are provided in Arabic numerals; for undated items, dates suggested by ESTC are supplied in square brackets. Where contemporary newspapers and periodicals have been used to supply dates of publication, references are provided. Re-issues of items, where known, are listed together with relevant bibliographical references.

Whether an ornament appears only once or scores of times in an item, the reference for that item appears only once after each ornament. Since, as explained, the bibliography is neither complete, nor arranged in an accurate chronological sequence, a full account of the usage of each ornament is not possible. However, individual item references do allow readers to easily trace ornaments to the items in which they appear, and provide a crude, relative measure of ornament use and longevity. So, for instance, though two of the three printer’s devices used by Gardner are recorded here in a total of only three items, the third appears in forty-nine items (twenty-eight if you count the device only once for each multi-volume set). It is also appears from the item references that the devices were used

alone contains Gale Document Numbers to distinguish the copies reproduced. In other cases where an item appears on ECCO twice (for example, 1746.11), both reproductions are of the same copy.

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sequentially: PD1 (appears in items from 1739), PD2 (in an item from 1740) and PD3 (in items from 1744–1768).

Lucy Gardner printed and published three items after the death of her husband, Thomas; all three use the ornaments below (alone). As I explain in my biographical account of Thomas, Lucy and Henry Gardner, Lucy inherited Thomas’s business, building and other goods in 1765 and carried it on after his death—passing it on to Henry by 1776. Although Henry briefly used a publisher’s device in the early 1770s (see appendix), it appears that he did little, if any, of his own printing and none of his publications uses any of his father’s ornaments. (Indeed, it appears that, though he took over the publishing and bookselling business at no. 200 on the Strand, he did not inherit Thomas’s “Printing Office” in Milford Lane and did not have the facilities to print his own publications.) Two of Lucy’s three publications are on ECCO (1767.1, 1768.1), they are included here—but not included in the above account—because of the clear continuity in ornament ownership and use.

Bibliography (Part A):Items that Contain Only Gardner Ornaments1735.1 Jasper Charlton, The Ladies Astronomy and Chronology, in Four Parts (“Printed

by Thomas Gardner in Bartholomew-Close, for the Author; and Sold … by John Whiston … and Thomas Scadlethorp,” 1735); ESTC: t73781.

1735.2 Tipping Silvester, A Critical Dissertation on Titus iii. 10, 11 (“Printed and Sold by Thomas Gardner, in Little Bartholomew-Close [and five others],” 1735); ESTC: t34418; advertised London Evening-Post, 25–28 October 1735.

1736.1 John Muller, A Mathematical Treatise (“Printed by T. Gardner, in Bartholomew-Close, for the Author; and Sold by W. Innys and R. Manby … and J. Nourse,” 1736); ESTC: t93743; GB [i-9JAAAAMAAJ].

1736.2 Tipping Silvester, A Letter to Mr. Foster, Occasioned by his Second Letter to Dr. Stebbing, on the Point of Heresy (“Printed by Thomas Gardner in Bartholomew-Close, for T. Cooper,” [1736]); ESTC: n19678; advertised London Evening-Post, 4–6 November 1736.

1736.3 George Wilkinson, A Sermon Preached in the Charter-House Chappel (“Printed for the Author, by T. Gardner, in Bartholomew Close, and sold by T. Cooper … J. Jackson,” 1736); ESTC: t5160.

1737.1 Anon., A Critical Dissertation on the Mandrake of the Antients (“Printed by T. Gardner, for W. Bickerton,” 1737); ESTC: t86816; GB [fuVbAAAAQAAJ], missing the title-leaf; advertised Daily Gazetteer, 26 April 1737.

1737.2 Tipping Silvester, A Critical Dissertation on Titus iii. 10, 11 (“Printed by Thomas Gardner in Bartholomew-Close, for T. Cooper,” [1737?]); ESTC: t34419 [an expanded edition of 1735.2].

1738.1 Jasper Charlton, The Ladies Astronomy and Chronology, in Four Parts, 2nd ed. (“Printed by T. Gardner in Bartholomew-Close, for the Author; and Sold … by J. Whiston … and T. Scadlethorp,” 1738); ESTC: t73788.


1738.2 William Doyle, Two Letters Wherein the Sovereignty of the British Seas … Appertaineth to the King of Great-Britain (“Printed for J. Brett,” 1738); ESTC: n14100; advertised London Daily Post and General Advertiser, 26 October 1738; expanded reissue (of 1739), ESTC: n14102.

1738.3 T. G[ib], Remarks on the Reverend Mr. Whitefield’s Journal (“Printed for the Author, and Sold by J. Brett … Mrs. A. Dodd … Mrs. Cook, Mrs. Nutt, and Mrs. Bartlett,” [1738]); ESTC: t46841; advertised London Evening-Post, 12–14 September 1738.

1738.4 Stephen Guazzo, The Art of Conversation. In Three Parts (“Printed for J. Brett,” 1738); ESTC: t109491; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 8 (October 1738): [552], no.12.

1739.1 Anon., The Conduct of the Livery-Men at the Late Election of a Lord-Mayor (“Printed for T. Gardner, Printer and Publisher, at Cowley’s-Head without Temple-Bar,” 1739); ESTC: t031157; advertised Daily Post, 4 October 1739.

1739.2 Anon., An Examination of a Pamphlet, Entitled His Catholic Majesty’s Manifesto, &c (“Printed for T. Gardner, Printer and Publisher, at Cowley’s-Head without Temple-Bar,” 1739); ESTC: t1980; advertised London Daily Post and General Advertiser, 18 September 1739; Gentlemen’s Magazine 9 (September 1739): [500], no.4.

1739.3 Anon., A Letter to Sir G——e C———n, Shewing Reasons for Setting him Aside at the Approaching Election (“Printed for T. Gardner, Printer and Publisher, at Cowley’s-Head without Temple-Bar,” 1739); ESTC: n11449; advertised London Evening-Post, 25–27 September 1739; Gentlemen’s Magazine 9 (October 1739): [556], no.6.

1739.4 Anon., Observations Arising from the Declaration of War against Spain (“Printed for T. Gardner, Printer and Publisher, at Cowley’s-Head without Temple-Bar,” 1739); ESTC: t108686; reissued n10777.

1739.5 [ John Fludger], A Letter to the Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Oxford (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s- Head without Temple-Bar,” 1739); ESTC: t55144; advertised London Daily Post and General Advertiser, 31 May 1739; Gentlemen’s Magazine 9 ( June 1739): [332], no.35.

1739.6 [ John Fludger], A Second Letter to the Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Oxford (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, without Temple-Bar,” 1739). ESTC: t87994; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 9 (August 1739): [444], no.28.

1739.7 [Thomas Gage], The Speech of the Right Honourable the Lord Viscount Gage … against the convention with Spain (“Printed for F. Style,” 1739); ESTC: t108903; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 9 ( June 1739): [332], no.1.

1739.8 [Samuel Johnson], Marmor Norfolciense: Or An Essay on an Ancient Prophetical Inscription (“Printed for J. Brett,” 1739); ESTC: t135786; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 9 (May 1739): 276, no.16.

1739.9 [Henry More], Enthusiasm Explained: Or, A Discourse on the Nature, Kind, and Cause of Enthusiasm (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head without Temple-Bar,” 1739); ESTC: t32779; advertised London Evening-Post, 14–16 June 1739; Gentlemen’s Magazine 9 ( June 1739): [332], no.20.

1739.10 Robert Seagrave, An Answer to the Reverend Dr. Trapp’s Four Sermons Against Mr. Whitefield (“Printed for J. Oswald, and R. Hett … and T. Gardner, without Temple-Bar,” 1739); ESTC: t216960; advertised London Daily Post and General Advertiser, 14 June 1739; Gentlemen’s Magazine 9 ( June 1739): [332], no.10; reissued (“Second edition”): t59701.

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1739.11 Robert Seagrave, An Answer to the Reverend Dr. Trapp’s Four Sermons Against Mr. Whitefield, 3rd ed. (“Printed for J. Oswald, and R. Hett … and T. Gardner, without Temple-Bar,” 1739); ESTC: t59390; advertised London Evening-Post, 19–21 June 1739.

1740.1 Anon., Considerations on the Management of the Late Secret Expeditions (“Printed for W. Webb,” 1740); ESTC: t2956.

1740.2 Anon., An Historical Account of the Lives of Dr. Martin Luther, and Mr. John Calvin, 2nd ed. (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head without Temple-Bar,” 1740); ESTC: t55963; advertised London Evening-Post, 26 July 1740.

1740.3 Anon., The Sentiments of the Old Whigs Upon a Place-Bill, 2nd ed. (“Printed by and for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head without Temple-Bar,” 1740); ESTC: t28291; IA [sentimentsofoldw00tolauoft]; advertised Daily Post, 22 December 1739.

47

1740.4 Samuel Brewster, Jus Feciale Anglicanum, 2nd ed. (“Printed for T. Cooper … W. Shropshire … and T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head without Temple-Bar,” 1740); ESTC: t4748; advertised London Evening-Post, 20–22 December 1739.

1740.5 Richard Manningham, Artis Obstetricariæ Compendium Tam Theoriam Quam Praxin Spectans (“Impensis T. Gardner, apud insigne Capitis Couleii propre Temple-Bar,” 1740); ESTC: t65480.48

1740.6 [Samuel Weller], The Trial of Mr. Whitefield ’s Spirit (“Printed and Sold by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head without Temple-Bar,” 1740); ESTC: t57928.

1741.1 Anon., Europe’s Catechism (“Printed and Sold at the Pamphlet-Shops of London and Westminster,” 1741); ESTC: t56079; Spedding Db.1.1; advertised The Craftsman, 5 December 1741; Gentlemen’s Magazine 11 (December 1741): [670], no. 10 (listing Anne Dodd as the publisher).

1741.2 Anon., A Geographical and Historical Description of the Principal Objects of the Present War in the West-Indies (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head without Temple-Bar; J. Carter … T. Cooper … J. Jollyffe … and H. Chapelle,” 1741); ESTC: t40779; advertised The Champion, 24 March 1741.

1742.1 Anon., The Right Honourable Sir Robert Walpole, (Now Earl of Orford) Vindicated (“Printed for Eliza Haywood,” [1742]); ESTC: n25959; Spedding Da.5.1; Daily Post, 20 February 1742.

1742.2 Thomas Delamayne, Love and Honour. A Dramatick Poem (“Printed by T. Gardner, for the Author” 1742); ESTC: t139412.

1742.3 John Tennent, Physical Enquiries (“Printed by T. Gardner, near Temple-Bar, and sold by Andrew Millar … and John Millan,” 1742); ESTC: t56405.

47 Gardner’s advertisement is notable for the following statement: “N. B. The Hurry in printing a Second Edition of this Pamphlet has occasion’d a Mistake in numbering some of the Pages, and likewise a false Direction Word, viz. Witness instead of and, which the Reader is desired to excuse, and to depend on their [sic] being no Omission of Sense.”48 Abraham Cowley’s Latin poems were published in 1668 as: Abrahami Couleij Angli, Poemata Latina. In Quibus Continentur (Londini: Typis T. Roycroft, impensis Jo. Martyn, apud insigne Campanæ extra locum vulgò dictum Temple-Bar, 1668); ESTC: R18770; Wing C6680. Gardner’s “insigne Capitis Couleii” [at the sign of Cowley’s Head] was, then, based on an established Latin tradition for Cowley’s name.


1742.4 John Thornley, An Essay, Or Examination of the Doctrine of Robert Barclay’s Apology (“Printed by T. Gardner for E. Withers … Mr. Whitworth … Mr. Parsons … Mr. Rathbone … and by many other booksellers in the country,” 1742); ESTC: n9400.

1743.1 Anon., The Humours of Whist. A Dramatic Satire, As Acted Every Day at White’s and Other Coffee-Houses and Assemblies (“Printed for J. Roberts,” 1743); ESTC: t36850; Spedding Db.2.1; GB [ow11EdPLRwkC]; advertised London Daily Post and General Advertiser, 4 May 1743.

1743.2 Anon., The Lamentations of the French Marshals, Broglio and Noailles (“Printed and Publish’d by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head, without Temple-Bar,” 1743); ESTC: t107563; advertised Daily Advertiser, 30 June 1743.

1743.3 [Eliza Haywood], A Present for a Servant-Maid (“Printed and Publish’d by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head, without Temple-Bar; and sold by the Booksellers of Town and Country,” 1743); ESTC: t76347; Spedding Ab.58.1; E of C1.569 [20 June 1743]; advertised London Daily Post and General Advertiser, 21 June 1743.

1743.4 [Sir Charles Hanbury Williams], Old England’s Te Deum (“Printed for J. Jolly, near the Great Toy-Shop, by St. Pauls,” [1743]); ESTC: t83629; advertised London Daily Post and General Advertiser, 11 November 1743.49

1744.1 Anon., A Compleat View of the Birth of the Pretender (“Printed and Published by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church, in the Strand; and M. Cooper …,” 1744); ESTC: t115121; GB [_4wBAAAAQAAJ]; Gardner’s advertisement on the verso of the half-title is dated 25 April 1744.

49 On 9 November 1743, William Shropshire brought the manuscript of this pamphlet to Gardner, asking him to print fifteen hundred copies “at his Press, in his Printing House,” and requesting (on behalf of Jacob Robinson, the publisher) that the “fictitious name of J. Jolley” be given in the imprint. The “same evening, the Impression was finished” some copies were delivered to Shropshire’s servant, with the remainder sent to “Mr. Robinson’s House” the next day (see National Archives, Kew [PRO SP 36/62], f. 240r–v). The pamphlet was advertised the next day (11 November). On the following day (12 November), Thomas Waite sent two copies to Andrew Stone (ibid., f.205)—initiating the prosecution. On Saturday 18 November it was reported that “Yesterday Morning several Publishers of Pamphlets, &c. were taken into Custody by his Majesty’s Messengers, for selling Pamphlets entitled Old England’s Te Deum and a Dialogue between the two Troopers, &c.” (Daily Advertiser, 18 November 1743 [issue 4005]: [1a]; repeated General Evening Post, 19 November 1743 [issue 1586]: [1c]). Paul Whitehead, rumoured to be the author, denied this in a public advertisement: The Daily Advertiser, 28 November 1743. Gardner was examined on 6 December (PRO SP 36/62, 240r–v); and was set a bail of £200 on 9 December (ibid., ff.201r–202r, mistakenly dated “9 Novr. 1743”): Gardner implicated William Shropshire and Jacob Robinson—the latter was examined on 6 December (ibid., f.238) and had his bail set at £400 according to Jeremy Black. See, ibid. f.204 and Jeremy Black, The English Press in the Eighteenth Century (London: Croom Helm, 1987), 117. Among others arrested, the bail application for John Shuckburgh and Benjamin Cowse raised a point of law—whether the bail set was a recognizance to appear at court, or for the defendant’s good behaviour—which has attracted some commentary. See PRO TS 11/982 and George Wilson, Reports of Cases Argued and Adjudged in the King’s Courts at Westminster (London: A. Strahan, 1799), vol.3, C7r (“29”), Horace Binney, Reports of Cases Adjudged in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania (Philidelphia: William P. Ferrand and Co., 1809), 1.98, n. (a) [which extends for five pages] with relevant remarks in the note on pp. 99–102.

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1744.2 Anon., An Epistle to the Fair-Sex on the Subject of Drinking (“Printed and Published by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1744); ESTC: t54919; Spedding Ca.7.1; advertised London Daily Post and General Advertiser, 4 January 1744; Gentlemen’s Magazine 14 ( January 1744): 56, No.10.

1744.3 Richard Manningham, An Abstract of Midwifry (“Printed by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1744); ESTC: t55621.

1744.4 Tipping Silvester, The Evidence of the Resurrection of Jesus Vindicated (“Printed and sold by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1744); ESTC: n1496; advertised Daily Gazetteer, 4 January 1744; reissued, with new Preface (“Second edition”) t9742.

1745.1 Madame de Gomez, Select Novels, Translated from the French (“Printed and Published by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head against St. Clement’s Church, in the Strand; and W. Shropshire,” 1745); ESTC: t118689.

1745.2 [Eliza Haywood], The Female Spectator (“Printed and published by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church, in the Strand,” 1745–1746), 24 Books in 4 vols; ESTC: p2670, n6458; Spedding Ab.60.1; ECCO (Bodleian Library copy of Book 1 [CW107738152]; Harvard University, Houghton Library copy of 4 vols [CW3313826268, CW112770179, CW112049668, CW113000722]); advertised Daily Post, 24 April 1744; E of C1.595 [5 April 1745] (vol.1–2), E of C1.598 [1 May 1745] (“vol. 3d Book 13th”), E of C2.12 [16 February 1746 (=16 February 1747)] (vol.4); E of C2.25 [5 June 1747] (“vol: 3. Books 13.14.15.16.17.18”); reprinted 1747–1748: ESTC: n57043; Spedding Ab.60.2.50

1745.3 Edmond Hoyle, A Short Treatise on the Game of Back-Gammon (“Printed for T. Osborne … J. Hildyard … M. Bryson … and J. Leake,” 1745); ESTC: t86570.

1745.4 Alain René Le Sage, The Adventures of Robert Chevalier, Call ’d de Beauchene (“Printed and Sold by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand; R. Dodsley … M. Cooper,” 1745), 2 vols.; ESTC: t131201; IA [adventuresofrobe12lesa].

50 Haywood’s Female Spectator was published in twenty-four octavo “Books;” individual Books were reprinted, throughout the course of the periodical, to supply a varying, but generally-increasing, demand for earlier Books. At the conclusion of the periodical, a second octavo edition was advertised, with individual “Books” being reprinted as required. For almost four years, from April 1744 until March 1748 (when a cheaper, duodecimo edition was published), Gardner printed an unknown number of editions of many, but possibly not all, of the twenty-four Books. In 2004, I identified ten reprinted Books (reprints of Books I–IX); I have since identified another four (further reprints of Books I, II and V, and a reprint of Book XXII). Most reprinted Books cannot be dated (because binders, as they were instructed to do, removed the part-titles that recorded the imprint dates), and reprints can only be differentiated (or are most readily differentiated) by the ornaments that Gardner used. The present checklist was undertaken, in part, to facilitate this identification and differentiation. In my Bibliography of Eliza Haywood the octavo “editions” of The Female Spectator are crudely differentiated into first (Ab.60.1) and second (Ab.60.2) editions—the latter including all reprints of each octavo Book. Since few copies of the second edition of The Female Spectator survive, and none are presently available via surrogates, no entry has been included here for these reprinted Books. For further details see my Bibliography of Eliza Haywood (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2004), 431–64.


1745.5 [Samuel Weller], The Trial of Mr. Whitefield’s Spirit, 2nd ed. (“Printed and Sold by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand; and A. Millar,” 1745); ESTC: t174226.

1746.1 Anon., A Brief Account of the Life and Family of Miss Jenny Cameron (“Printed by T. Gardner, and Sold at his Printing-Office, at Cowley’s Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1746); ESTC: t129056; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 16 (August 1746): 444, no. 24.

1746.2 Anon., A Brief Account of the Life and Family of Miss Jenny Cameron, 2nd ed. (“Printed by T. Gardner, and Sold at his Printing-Office, at Cowley’s Head, opposite St. Clement’s-Church in the Strand,” 1746); ESTC: n15766; GB [ajoIAAAAQAAJ].

1746.3 Anon., Doctor Thomson Vindicated (“Printed by T. Gardner, and Sold at his Printing-Office, at Cowley’s Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1746); ESTC: t121675.

1746.4 Anon., Memoirs of Elizabeth Farnesio (“Printed by T. Gardner, and Sold at his Printing-Office, at Cowley’s-Head, opposite St. Clement’s-Church in the Strand,” 1746); ESTC: t155072; GB [sIw2AAAAMAAJ]; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 16 (November 1746): 616, no. 16; E of C2.4 [10 November 1746]; reissued t155073.

1746.5 Anon., Memoirs of the Lives and Families of the Lords Kilmarnock (“Printed by T. Gardner, and Sold at his Printing-Office, at Cowley’s-Head, opposite St. Clement’s-Church in the Strand,” 1746); ESTC: t104595; another issue t106471.

1746.6 Anon., Memoirs of the Lives and Families of the Lords Kilmarnock, 3rd ed. (“Printed by T. Gardner, and Sold at his Printing-Office, at Cowley’s Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1746); ESTC: t171941.

1746.7 Anon., Philamour and Philamena (“Printed by T. Gardner, and Sold by him at his Printing-Office, at Cowley’s-Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1746); ESTC: n12436; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 16 ( July 1746): 388, no. 3; E of C2.4 [10 November 1746].

1746.8 Anon., A Select History of the Lives and Sufferings of the Principal English Protestant Martyrs (“Printed for the Author, by T. Gardner, and sold by him at his Printing-Office at Cowley’s Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church, in the Strand; and J. Robinson,” 1746); ESTC: t138703; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 16 (May 1746): 276, no. 22.

1746.9 Anon., A Sketch of the Life and Character of Mr. Ratcliffe (“Printed by T. Gardner, and sold at his Printing-Office, at Cowley’s-Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1746); ESTC: t63235.51

1746.10 P. Frings, A Treatise on Phrensy (“Printed by T. Gardner, and Sold at his Printing-Office, at Cowley’s Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1746; ESTC: t193107; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 16 (October 1746): 560, no. 10; E of C2.4 [10 November 1746].

1746.11 [Eliza Haywood], The Parrot. With a Compendium of the Times (“Printed and published by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head, opposite St. Clement’s-Church in the Strand,” 1746), 9 Books in 1 vol.; ESTC: p2661; t135293; Spedding Ab.61.1; advertised General Advertiser, 2 August 1746.

51 Below the imprint on the title-page appears the claim, apparently false, that the copyright had been “Entered in the Hall-Book.”

Script & Print90

1746.12 [Edmond Hoyle,] The Laws of the Game of Whist. (Designed for Framing.) (“Printed for T. Osborne … J. Hildyard … M. Bryson … and J. Leake,” 1746); ESTC: t179984.

1746.13 Edmond Hoyle, A Short Treatise on the Game of Piquet, 2nd ed. (“Printed for T. Osborne … J. Hildyard … M. Bryson … and J. Leake,” 1746); ESTC: t87517.

1746.14 Edmond Hoyle, A Short Treatise on the Game of Quadrille, 2nd ed. (“Printed for T. Osborne … J. Hildyard … M. Bryson … and J. Leake,” 1746); ESTC: t87539.

1746.15 Edmond Hoyle, A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist, 6th ed. (“Printed for T. Osborne … J. Hildyard … M. Bryson … and J. Leake,” 1746); ESTC: t87541; advertised London Evening-Post, 26 October 1745 (for 9 November).

1746.16 [Gregory King], The Usual Ceremony Observed by the Lord High Steward and Peers of Great Britain (“Printed by T. Gardner, and Sold at his Printing-Office, at Cowley’s Head, opposite St. Clement’s-Church in the Strand,” 1746); ESTC: t118292.

1746.17 Thomas Thompson, The Case of the Right Honourable Thomas Winnington, Esq. (“Printed by T. Gardner, and Sold at his Printing-Office, at Cowley’s Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1746); ESTC: t3142; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 16 (October 1746): 560, no. 15.

1746.18 Henry Ward, The Works of Mr. Henry Ward, Comedian, 3rd ed. (“Printed for the Author, by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1746); ESTC: t145993.

1746.19 Wetenhall Wilkes, A Short History of the State of Man, with Regard to Religion and Morals (“Printed for the Author, by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, in the Strand,” 1746); ESTC: t86941.

1747.1 Anon., A Distinct and Impartial History of the Conspiracies, Trials, Characters, Behaviour and Dying Speeches … (“Printed by T. Gardner, and sold at his Printing-Office, at Cowley’s-Head, opposite St. Clement’s-Church in the Strand; and by all Booksellers in Great Britain and Ireland,” 1747); ESTC: t100297; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 17 (March 1747): 156, no. 6.

1747.2 Anon., Heaven’s Vengeance: Or, Remarkable Judgments, upon the Transgressors of each of the Ten Commandments (“Printed by T. Gardner, and sold at his Printing-Office, at Cowley’s-Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand; and by all Booksellers in Town and Country,” 1747); ESTC: t115124; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 17 (February 1747): 108, no. 47; E of C2.12 [16 February 1746 (i.e., 1747)].

1747.3 R. Campbell, The London Tradesman (“Printed by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, in the Strand,” 1747); ESTC: t41184; GB [nNoHAAAAQAAJ]; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 17 (September 1747): 451, no. 12; E of C2.32 [2 October 1747].

1747.4 William Deyman, De Morbis Venereis Topicis Tractatus ad Praxin Accomodatus (“Impensis T. Gardner, ad insigne Capitis Couleii, in vico vocato Strand,” 1747); ESTC: t10596; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 17 ( January 1747): 52, no. 25; reissued: t199556.52

1747.5 Edmond Hoyle, A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist, 7th ed. (“Printed for T. Osborne … J. Hildyard … M. Bryson … and J. Leake,” 1747); ESTC: t179915.

52 Gardner has changed his Latin imprint from “apud insigne Capitis Couleii propre Temple-Bar” [at the sign of Cowley’s Head, near Temple-Bar] (on 1740.6) to “ad insigne Capitis Couleii, in vico vocato Strand” [at the sign of Cowley’s Head, in the street called the Strand].


1748.1 Anon., An Earnest Appeal to Passionate People (“Printed for W. Owen,” 1748); ESTC: t12459; Spedding Ca.6.1; advertised General Advertiser, 30 January 1748; Gentlemen’s Magazine 18 (February 1748): 96, no. 42.53

1748.2 Anon., An Earnest Appeal to Passionate People, 2nd ed. (“Printed for W. Owen,” 1748); ESTC: n6598; Spedding Ca.6.2; advertised General Advertiser, 6 December 1748; E of C2.51 [12 October 1748] (“Second Edition”).

1748.3 [Eliza Haywood], Epistles for the Ladies (“Printed and published by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1749–1750), 12 Books in 2 vols.; ESTC: t75907; Spedding Ab.64.1; advertised Whitehall Evening Post, 5–8 November 1748; E of C2.52 [14 November 1748] (Bk.1), [2 December 1748] (Bk.1)]; E of C2.53 [31 December 1748] (Bk.3); E of C2.55 [31 January “1748” (=1749)] (Bk.4); E of C2.59 [1 April 1749] (Bk.5); E of C2.63 [24 May 1749] (Bk.6); E of C2.83 [30 June 1750] (vol.2).

1748.4 [Eliza Haywood], The Female Spectator, 2nd ed. (“Printed and published by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1748), 4 vols.; ESTC: t135110; Spedding Ab.60.5; advertised General Evening Post, 19–22 March 1748.

1748.5 [Eliza Haywood], The Fortunate Foundlings, 3rd ed. (“Printed and published by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1748); ESTC: t75906; Spedding Ab.59.3; advertised General Evening Post, 23 July 1748; E of C2.48 [12 July 1748] (“3d Edition”).

1748.6 [Eliza Haywood], Life’s Progress Through the Passions (“Printed by T. Gardner, and Sold at his Printing-Office, at Cowley’s Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church, in the Strand,” 1748); ESTC: t70078; Spedding Ab.63.1; advertised London Evening-Post, 23–26 April 1748; Gentlemen’s Magazine 18 (April 1748): 192, no. 6.

1748.7 Edmond Hoyle, Mr. Hoyle’s Treatises of Whist, Quadrille, Piquet, Chess, and Back-Gammon (“Printed for T. Osborne,” 1748); ESTC: t79890; advertised Whitehall Evening Post, 5 March 1748 (for 11 March).54

1749.1 Edward Yardley, The Good Samaritan. A Sermon Preached at the Parish-Church of St. Ann, Westminster (“Printed and Sold by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church, in the Strand,” [1749]); ESTC: t138703; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 19 (April 1748): 192, no. 46.

1750.1 Anon., God’s Revenge Against the Breakers of the Ten Commandments (“Printed for W. Owen,” 1750); ESTC: n30685; advertised Whitehall Evening Post, 24–27 February 1750.55

1750.2 Anon., A Present for Women Addicted to Drinking (“Printed for W. Owen,” 1750); ESTC: t75386; Spedding Ca.7.3; advertised London Evening-Post, 1–3 March 1750.56

53 Although Gardner’s name is not in the imprint, his advertisements appear on page [64].54 The four works reprinted here have separate title-pages, with editions indicated as follows: Whist [8th ed.], Quadrille [2nd ed.], Piquet and Chess [3rd ed.], and Back-Gammon [3rd ed.]. According to Levy, this work was reissued a number of times. See, for example, The Accurate Gamester’s Compan-ion, 9th ed. (“printed for T. Osborne, and sold by W. Reeve,” 1748) and ESTC: t87516; Mr. Hoyle’s Treatises, 10th ed. (“printed for T. Osborne,” 1750); ESTC: t87519; GB [mapAAAAAcAAJ].55 Although Gardner’s name is not in the imprint, his advertisements appear on page [312].56 Although Gardner’s name is not in the imprint, his advertisements appear on pages [71–72];

Script & Print92

1750.3 [Eliza Haywood], The Female Spectator, 3rd ed. (“Printed and published by T. Gardner, at his Cowley’s-Head, opposite St. Clement’s-Church in the Strand,” 1750), 4 vols.; ESTC: n6462; Spedding Ab.60.6.

1751.1 Anon., A Treatise on the Dismal Effects of Low-Spiritedness (“Printed for W. Owen,” [1751]); ESTC: t18497; Spedding Ca.44.1; advertised GM 21 (May 1751): 238, no. 15.

1751.2 [Eliza Haywood], The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless [1st ed.] (“Printed by T. Gardner, and sold at his Printing-Office at Cowley’s-Head, facing St. Clement’s Church, in the Strand; and by all Booksellers in Town and Country,” 1751), 4 vols.; ESTC: t73274; Spedding Ab.67.1; GB [kd4kAAAAMAAJ] (vol.1), [8t4kAAAAMAAJ] (vol.2), [WN8kAAAAMAAJ] (vol.3); advertised London Evening-Post, 22–24 October 1751; Gentlemen’s Magazine 21 (October 1751): 479, no. 21; E of C2.103 [14 October 1751].

1752.1 Anon., Have At You All: Or, The Drury-Lane Journal (“Printed: and sold at the Publick Register Office,” 1752); ESTC: p2341; Spedding Ca.15.1.

1753.1 Anon., Modern Characters (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head in the Strand; and sold by all Booksellers in Town and Country,” 1753), 2 vols.; ESTC: t67806; Spedding Ca.32.1a; advertised Public Advertiser, 2 May 1753; E of C2.127 [7 May 1753].

1753.2 [Eliza Haywood], The History of Jenny and Jemmy Jessamy [1st ed.] (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, facing St. Clement’s Church in the Strand; and sold by all Booksellers in Town and Country,” 1753), 3 vols.; ESTC: t75382; Spedding Ab.68.1; IA [historyofjemmyje01hayw] (vol.1), [historyofjemmyje02hayw] (vol.2), [historyofjemmyje03hayw] (vol.3); advertised London Evening-Post, 19–21 December 1753; E of C2.118 [19 December 1752].

1755.1 [Eliza Haywood], The Female Spectator, 5th ed. (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head, near St. Clement’s-Church in the Strand,” 1755), 4 vols.; ESTC: n6461; Spedding Ab.60.7; GB [7TAJAAAAQAAJ] (vol.1), [AzEJAAAAQAAJ] (vol.2), [HDEJAAAAQAAJ] (vol.3), [1iYJAAAAQAAJ] (vol.4); advertised Whitehall Evening Post, 29 November–2 December 1755.

1755.2 [Eliza Haywood], The Invisible Spy (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head,” 1755), 4 vols. E of C2.147 [12 November 1754]; ESTC: t142450; Spedding Ab.69.1; GB [XeIkAAAAMAAJ] (vol.1), [mOEkAAAAMAAJ] (vol.2), [jc4kAAAAMAAJ] (vol.3); IA [invisiblespy01haywiala] (vol.1), [invisiblespy03haywiala] (vol.3); advertised London Evening-Post 12 November 1754.

1756.1 Anon., Rules and Directions for All Such Persons as are Obliged to Find or Contribute, Either Towards Horse or Foot, in the Militia (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, near St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1756); ESTC: n48690.

1756.2 Anon., The Universal Visitor and Monthly Memorialist (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head, facing St. Clement’s-Church in the Strand; … [and five others],” 1756); ESTC: p1921; Gazetteer 20 January 1756.

57

1756.3 [Eliza Haywood], The Husband (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, facing St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1756); ESTC: t118517; Spedding Ab.72.1;

Gardner had previously issued this item under his imprint (see 1744.2).57 Numbers 5–9 (May–Sept 1756), only, are on ECCO.


advertised Whitehall Evening Post, 24–26 February 1756; Gentlemen’s Magazine 26 (February 1756): 95, no.44.

1756.4 [Eliza Haywood], The Wife (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, facing St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1756); ESTC: t75406; Spedding Ab.70.1; advertised Public Advertiser, 9 December 1755; Gentlemen’s Magazine 25 (December 1755): 574, no.31; E of C2.158 [9 December 1755].

1757.1 R. Campbell, The London Tradesman, 3rd ed. (“Printed by T. Gardner, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1757); ESTC: t73543.

1759.1 [Eliza Haywood], The Invisible Spy, 2nd ed. (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, facing St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1759), 2 vols.; ESTC: t134310; Spedding Ab.69.3; advertised Whitehall Evening Post, 3–6 March 1759 (“A New Edition”).

1761.1 William Bruce, Anthems to be Sung at the Coronation of their Majesties King George III and Queen Charlotte (“Printed by T. Gardner, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1761); ESTC: t224066; advertised Whitehall Evening Post, 17–19 September 1761; Gentlemen’s Magazine 31 (October 1761): [479].

1761.2 [Eliza Haywood], The Fortunate Foundlings, 5th ed. (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, facing St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1748); ESTC: n7104; Spedding Ab.59.4; advertised Whitehall Evening Post, 21–23 October 1761.

1762.1 William Bruce, A Sermon Preached Before the Right Honourable the Lord Mayor (“Printed by T. Gardner, and sold by him at Cowley’s Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand; and G. Kearsley …,” 1762); ESTC: t101696.

1762.2 [Eliza Haywood], The Wife, 2nd ed. (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, facing St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1756); ESTC: n24996; Spedding Ab.70.3a.

1762.3 James Macpherson, The Battle of Lora. A Poem (“Printed by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand; and sold by Messrs. Dodsley … and J Coote …,” 1762); ESTC: n15478; advertised London Chronicle, 1–3 April 1762.

1762.4 Richard Stainsby, A Sermon Preached at St. Clement Danes (“Printed by T. Gardner, and sold by him at Cowley’s Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand; and W. Chase …,” 1762); ESTC: t68695; advertised Public Advertiser, 2 March 1762.

1763.1 John Lindsay, A Brief History of England, Both in Church and State, 2nd ed. (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head in the Strand; W. Owen … J. Fuller…,” 1763); ESTC: t82557.

1767.1 Eliza Haywood, The Invisible Spy, 3rd ed. (“Printed for L. Gardner,” 1767), 2 vols. ESTC: t135554; Spedding Ab.69.4.

1768.1 Eliza Haywood, The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless, 4th ed. (“Printed for L. Gardner,” 1768), 4 vols. ESTC: t75389; Spedding Ab.67.7.

Script & Print94

Bibliography (Part B):Items with Ornaments of Uncertain Evidential Value or that Contain No Gardner OrnamentsX1735.1 [ John Fludger], A Correct and Familiar Exposition on the Common-Prayer-Book of

the Church of England (“Printed by Thomas Gardner, in Little Bartholomew-Close,” 1735); ESTC: t135987; issued in numbers; no.1 advertised The Craftsman, 3 May 1735. Mixed ornaments.

X1735.2 William Berriman, Family-Religion Recommended as the Best Preservative Against the Growth of Infidelity and Popery (“Printed by Thomas Gardner, in Little Bartholomew-Close; and sold by J. Wilford …,” 1735); ESTC: t35312; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 5 (May 1735): [179], no.26. Mixed ornaments.

X1738.1 Jean-Baptiste Du Halde, A Description of the Empire of China (“Printed by Thomas Gardner, in Little Bartholomew-Close, for Edward Cave,” 1738), 2 vols.; ESTC: t148343. Mixed ornaments.

X1738.2 Thomas Lediard, Some Observations on the Scheme, Offered by Messrs. Cotton and Lediard (London: “Printed for John Brett and Ruth Charlton … and to be had of the Booksellers of London and Westminster,” [1738]); ESTC: t110335; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 8 (April 1738): [224], no.18. Mixed ornaments.

X1738.3 [ James Sterling], An Ode on the Times. Address’d to— The Hope of Britain (“Printed for R. Doddesley [sic] … and Sold at the Pamphlet-Shops,” [1738]); ESTC: t41968; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 8 (March 1738): [168], no.13; E of C1.502 [28 February 1737]. Mixed ornaments.

X1739.1 Anon., Rules and Directions for All Such Persons as are Obliged to Find or Contribute, Either Towards Horse or Foot, in the Militia (“Printed for T. Gardner [at Cowley’s-Head without Temple-Bar, 1739]);58 ESTC: t177449; advertised London Daily Post and General Advertiser, 9 July 1739; Gentlemen’s Magazine 9 ( July 1739): [388], no.27. No Gardner ornaments.

X1739.2 Anon., The School of Venus: Or, The Lady’s Miscellany, 2nd ed. (“Printed for E. Curll,” 1739); ESTC: t73534; FH Relief Cuts 1739–1; GB [NcIAAAAQAAJ]. Mixed ornaments.

X1739.3 [ John Fludger], A Correct and Familiar Exposition on the Common-Prayer-Book of the Church of England (“Printed for the Compilers by Thomas Gardner in Bartholomew Close,” 1739); ESTC: t166346; advertised Weekly Miscellany, 14 April 1739 (identifying John Fludger as the author).59 Mixed ornaments.

X1739.4 Robert Seagrave, Remarks upon the Bishop of London’s Pastoral Letter (“Printed for J. Oswald, and R. Hett … and T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head without Temple-Bar,” 1739); ESTC: t46883; advertised London Evening-Post, 16–18 August 1739; reissued (“Second edition”) ESTC: t59370. No Gardner ornaments.

58 The imprint is damaged in the sole copy known; text supplied from The London Daily Post and General Advertiser advertisement. However, the damaged imprint appears to read, in part “[over-against Devereu]x-Court in the Strand.”59 This edition is a reprint of X1735.1.


X1740.1 Anon., A Brief Account of Spain (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head without Temple-Bar,” 1740); ESTC: n32242. Mixed ornaments.

X1740.2 Anon., A Collection of Papers, Lately Printed in the Daily Advertiser (“Printed. And Sold at the following Booksellers and Pamphlet-shops. At J. Oswald’s … James Buckland … T. Gardner and A. Dodd, without Temple-Bar [and five others] … and by other Booksellers, both in Town and Country. As also by the Booksellers in New-England …,” 1740); ESTC: t192325. No ornaments, Gardner or otherwise.

X1740.3 Anon., The Letter Sent from Don Blass de Lezo … Versify’d (“Published from the Copy printed at Jamaica, and now reprinted for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head without Temple-Bar,” 1740); ESTC: n46001. Mixed ornaments.

X1740.4 [Daniel Defoe], The Secrets of the Invisible World Disclos’d, 4th ed. (“Printed for J. Cecil … and Sold by H. Chapelle … E. Withers … [and seven others] and T. Gardner without Temple-Bar, 1740); ESTC: t70848. Mixed ornaments.

X1740.5 Robert Seagrave, Observations Upon the Conduct of the Clergy, 3rd ed. (“Printed for J. Oswald, and R. Hett … And T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head without Temple-Bar” 1740); ESTC: t59389. No Gardner ornaments.

X1740.6 William Seward, Journal of a Voyage from Savannah to Philadelphia (“Printed. And Sold at the following Booksellers and Pamphlet-shops. At J. Oswald’s … James Buckland … T. Gardner and A. Dodd, without Temple-Bar [and five others] … and by other Booksellers, both in Town and Country. As also by the Booksellers in New-England …,” 1740); ESTC: t29206. No Gardner ornaments.

X1742.1 Anon., A Key to the Business of the Present S—n (“Printed for T. Cooper …,” 1742); ESTC: t17429; not on ECCO; IA [keytobusinessofp00londuoft]. Mixed ornaments.

X1742.2 Anon., A Key to the Business of the Present S—n [another edition] (“Printed for T. Cooper …,” 1742); ESTC: n127. Mixed ornaments.

X1742.3 Antoine-François Prévost, Memoirs of a Man of Quality, 2nd ed. (“Printed for E. Cave,” 1742), 2 vols.; vol.1 only on ECCO; ESTC: t140069. Mixed ornaments.

X1744.1 Anon., A Supplement to Dr. Harris’s Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (“Printed for the Authors; and sold by M. Cooper … J. Clarke and T. Comyns … C. Bathurst … T. Gardner, opposite St. Clement’s Church, in the Strand; and most other Booksellers in Town and Country,” 1744); ESTC: t101515. Mixed ornaments.

X1744.2 [Eliza Haywood], The Fortunate Foundlings (“Printed and published by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1744); ESTC: t72453; Spedding Ab.59.1a; GB [jUVWAAAAcAAJ]; advertised Daily Post, 24 January 1744; reissued (“Second edition”) ESTC: n6877; Spedding Ab.59.1b. Mixed ornaments.

X1745.1 [Anne Claude Philippe, Comte de Caylus], Oriental Tales, Collected from an Arabian Manuscript, In the Library of the King of France (London: “Printed for T. Trye … W. Shropshire … and M. Cooper…,” 1745); ESTC: t114113; GB [Dro-AAAAYAAJ] (vol.1), [K7o-AAAAYAAJ] (vol.2); E of C1.589 [3 December 1744], shareholders: Trye, Shropshire and Gardner. Mixed ornaments.

X1747.1 William Foot, An Essay on Education (“Printed for Thomas Cadell … and to be had of the other Booksellers in Bristol; Mr. Aaron Tozer … and in London of Mr. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, opposite St. Clement’s Church, in the Strand,” [1747]);

Script & Print96

ESTC: t33307. advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 17 (April 1747): 204, no. 21. No Gardner ornaments.

X1747.2 Ambrose Godfrey, A Curious Research into the Element of Water (“Printed by T. Gardner, and Sold at his Printing-Office, at Cowley’s-Head, opposite St. Clement’s-Church in the Strand,” 1747); ESTC: t90116; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 16 (December 1746): 672, no. 29; No ornaments, Gardner or otherwise.

X1747.3 Capt. John Godfrey, A Treatise upon the Useful Science of Defence (“Printed for the Author, by T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1747); ESTC: t90405; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 17 (February 1747): 108, no. 8; reissued n503987. Mixed ornaments.

X1750.1 Thomas Cockman, Select Theological Discourses (“Printed by T. Gardner; and sold at his Printing-Office, opposite St. Clement’s-Church, in the Strand,” 1750), 2 vols.; ESTC: t105369; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 21 (August 1751): 383, no. 52. Mixed ornaments.

X1751.1 [Eliza Haywood], The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless, 2nd ed. (“Printed by T. Gardner, and sold at his Printing-Office at Cowley’s-Head, facing St. Clement’s Church, in the Strand; and by all Booksellers in Town and Country,” 1751), 4 vols.; ESTC: n33073; Spedding Ab.67.2; advertised London Evening-Post, 7–10 December 1751. Mixed ornaments.

X1754.1 John Hill, Urania: Or, A Compleat View of the Heavens (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, in the Strand; and Sold by all the Booksellers in Great Britain and Ireland,” 1754); ESTC: t11008; GB [lzigAAAAMAAJ]; advertised Public Advertiser, 6 March 1754; E of C2.139 [7 March 1754]; reissued (1768) t133480.60 Mixed ornaments.

X1754.2 Richard Manningham, Artis Obstetricariæ Compendium Tam Theoriam Quam Praxin Spectans (“Impensis T. Gardner, apud Insigne Capitis Couleii,” 1754); ESTC: n5118; IA [artisobstetricar01mann]. No ornaments, Gardner or otherwise.

X1755.1 John Fludger, The Judgments of God Considered (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, facing St. Clement’s Church, in the Strand,” 1755); ESTC: t29267; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 25 (December 1755): 574, no.14. No ornaments, Gardner or otherwise.

X1755.2 [Eliza Haywood], Epistles for Ladies, 2nd ed. (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head, near St. Clement’s Church in the Strand,” 1755), 2 vols.; ESTC: n17779; Spedding Ab.64.2a; advertised London Evening-Post, 13–15 May 1755; reissued ESTC: t75902; Spedding Ab.64.2b; reissued ESTC: t202681; Spedding Ab.64.2c. Only ESTC: t75902 is on ECCO. Mixed ornaments.

X1756.1 A Form of Prayer, For the Use of Private Families … Compos’d on Occasion of The Late Dreadful Earthquakes … Publish’d Pursuant to His Majesty’s pious Order, for a General Fast, to be religiously kept on the 6th of February, 1756 (“Sold by A. Dodd … G. Woodfall … and H. Cooke,” [1756]); ESTC: t9280; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine

60 In 1753, a Chancery case was brought by “Thomas Osborne, bookseller of Greys Inn, Middlesex” against “John Hill, doctor in physic and Thomas Gardner” (C 11/201/26). Since Gardner registered the copyright for, and may have made some contribution to the printing of Hill’s Urania, it is pos-sible—if the case relates to Gardner—that this publication prompted the litigation.


26 ( January 1756): 45, no.5; E of C2.159 [12 January 1756]. No ornaments, Gardner or otherwise.

X1756.2 Richard Rolt, A New and Accurate History of South-America (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head, facing St. Clement’s Church in the Strand; and Sold by all the Booksellers in Great-Britain and Ireland,” 1756); ESTC: t113379; GB [5N3TADuehEwC]; advertised Gentlemen’s Magazine 26 (February 1756): 93, no.13; PA, 1 March 1756. Mixed ornaments.

X1756.3 Christopher Smart, On the Eternity of the Supreme Being, A Poetical Essay, 3rd ed. (“Printed by J. Bentham … Sold by … W. Thurlbourn, and T. Merrill … J. Newberry … and T. Gardner at Cowley’s Head in the Strand,” 1756); ESTC: t118047. No ornaments, Gardner or otherwise.

X1756.4 Christopher Smart, On the Goodness of the Supreme Being, A Poetical Essay (“Printed by J. Bentham … Sold by … W. Thurlbourn, and T. Merrill … J. Newberry … and T. Gardner at Cowley’s Head in the Strand,” 1756); ESTC: t43252. No ornaments, Gardner or otherwise.

X1756.5 Christopher Smart, On the Goodness of the Supreme Being, A Poetical Essay, 2nd ed. (“Printed by J. Bentham … Sold by … W. Thurlbourn, and T. Merrill … J. Newberry … and T. Gardner at Cowley’s Head in the Strand,” 1756); ESTC: t9393. No ornaments, Gardner or otherwise.

X1756.6 Christopher Smart, On the Omniscience of the Supreme Being, A Poetical Essay, 2nd ed. (“Printed by J. Bentham … Sold by … W. Thurlbourn, and T. Merrill … J. Newberry … and T. Gardner at Cowley’s Head in the Strand,” 1756); ESTC: t107188. No ornaments, Gardner or otherwise.

X1758.1 [ John Lindsay], A Seasonable Antidote Against Apostasy (“Printed by T. Gardner, opposite St. Clement’s Church in the Strand, for the Author,” 1758); ESTC: t86792. No ornaments, Gardner or otherwise.

X1761.1 Anon., The Scripture Doctrine, History and Laws, Relating to Oaths and Vows, Leagues and Covenants (“Printed for T. Gardner, facing St. Clement’s Church in the Strand; W. Owen … and W. Bristow,” 1761); ESTC: t115496; advertised Whitehall Evening Post, 18–20 June 1761 (for 22 June). No Gardner ornaments.

X1766.1 [Eliza Haywood], The Female Spectator, 6th ed. (“Printed for T. Gardner, at Cowley’s-Head, near St. Clement’s-Church, in the Strand,” 1766), 4 vols.; ESTC: n6463; Spedding Ab.60.8; advertised St. James’s Chronicle, 8–10 April 1766. Mixed ornaments.

Script & Print98

A Checklist of Gardner Ornaments

The sequence of forty-nine ornaments below is arranged as follows: printer’s devices (3), headpieces (20), tailpieces (14), factotums (11), and borders (1). Within each category of ornament—with two exceptions—items are listed in descending order of height, then width (dimensions provided in the form height x width, in millimetres). This arrangement is fairly conventional,61 though Goulden (for instance) organises his tailpieces (but not his headpieces and factotums) chronologically,62 and places his printer’s devices last. A section for decorated initials is missing here because Gardner appears not to have used them, but I have included a section for decorated borders. Although the border used by Gardner appears to consist of four elements, none of the elements appear to have been used separately: they appear together, as a decorated border, only in octavo periodical works by Haywood. The exceptions to arrangement by height are printer’s devices (which are arranged chronologically) and headpieces (where the sole folio headpiece is placed first; the remaining headpieces are in height and width order).

Most of the ornaments have been reproduced from items in my own collection (thirty-four ornaments, indicated by the code PC-PS). The remaining ornaments have been supplied from items in the Mills Memorial Library, McMaster Uni-versity, Hamilton Ontario (five ornaments: CaOHM), Special Collections at Monash University Library, Melbourne (five ornaments: VMoU), the Huntington Library, San Marino, California (two ornaments: CSmH), the Christoph Keller, Jr. Library, New York (one ornament: NNG), Rare Books and Special Collections, University of Sydney Library (one ornament: NU) and one ornament from the collection of David Levy. I would like to thank Levy and the staff at these libraries for their assistance, especially Rick Stapleton, Archives and Research Collections Librarian, and Bev Bayzat, Library Assistant, Mills Memorial Library; Patrick Cates, Technical Services Librarian, Christoph Keller, Jr. Library; Stephen Tabor, Curator of Early Printed Books, Huntington Library; Richard Overell, Special Collections at Monash University Library; and Jacqui Grainger, Rare Book Manager, University of Sydney Library.

A few of Gardner’s ornaments are frequently printed upside-down. It is not clear whether Gardner’s compositors were uncertain about or indifferent to the orientation of these ornaments. The orientation adopted below for these ornaments reflects both the frequency with which they are encountered in a given orientation and the logic of the ornament design (the open end of the tiny vases in H20 face up the page, and the ends of the pair of fern-fronds or feathers arranged in F04 curve down the page).

61 Maslen, Samuel Richardson of London, Printer, 202.62 Goulden, The Ornament Stock of Henry Woodfall, [1].


The code given for each ornament is comprised of an initial or initials indicating the type of ornament followed by a number. Ornament codes are followed by brackets, containing: a reference number (identifying the item each ornament is reproduced from), page and leaf (locating the ornament within this item), a library code and call number (identifying the copy of the item used for the reproduced ornament), and the ornament dimensions. Ornaments (or rather, the inked impression made by a printer’s ornament) vary in size by a small amount, depending on how damp the paper was when printing occurred, the degree of paper movement, and other factors.63 The dimensions provided for each ornament here are an average of those observed in original impressions, rounded to the nearest millimetre; some variation from the dimensions provided should be expected.

An account of ornament usage follows each ornament; this is comprised of bibliography reference numbers, arranged chronologically, with Part B item numbers following Part A item numbers of the same year. Only one ornament-use is noted per work or (in the case of multi-volume works) volume is counted. For multi-volume works, lower-case letters are appended to reference number to indicate the volume an ornament appears in.

A note is provided for Gardner ornaments reproduced or discussed by others (such as those reproduced by A. D. Barker),64 which show marked similarities to other ornaments (such as those in Maslen’s catalogue of Richardson’s ornaments) or which were shortened or became progressively damaged in use (such as H01 and H08).

PRINTER’S DEVICES (100%)

PD1 [1739.9.[3] (A2r) [CSmH: 328601]: 23x19mm]Usage: 1739.5, 1739.9.

63 Ibid.64 A. D. Barker, “Printing and Publishing Johnson’s Marmor Norfolciense (1739) and London (1738 and 1739),” The Library, 6th ser., 3.4 (December 1981): 287–304, especially plates I–II which fol-low 294.

Script & Print100

PD2 [X1740.3.[1] (A1r) [CSmH: 315326]: 72x60mm]Usage: X1740.3.

PD3 [1745.2c.[127] (S1r) [PC-PS: 09.64]: 45x52mm]Usage: X1744.2, 1745.2a, 1745.2b, 1745.2c, 1745.2d, 1746.7, 1746.11, 1747.4, 1748.3a, 1748.3b, 1748.4a, 1748.4b, 1748.4c, 1748.4d, 1748.5, 1748.6, 1750.3a, 1750.3b, 1750.3c, 1750.3d, X1750.1a, X1750.1b, 1751.2a, X1751.1a, 1753.1a, 1753.1b, 1753.2a, 1755.1a, 1755.1b, 1755.1c, 1755.1d, 1755.2a, 1756.2, 1756.3, 1756.4, 1759.1a, 1759.1b, 1761.1, 1761.2, 1762.2, 1762.4, X1766.1a, X1766.1b, X1766.1c, X1766.1d, 1767.1a, 1767.1b, 1768.1a, 1768.1c.

HEADPIECES (84%)


H01 [X1735.1.123 (2H2r) [NNG: Lit 1900F //F67]: 17x149mm]Usage: X1735.1, X1738.1, X1739.3, X1740.3, 1743.2.Note: the crack immediately right of centre, evident in 1735, increased in width to c. 3mm by 1743.

H02 [1748.3b.[3] (a2r) [PC-PS: 00.387]: 30x82mm]Usage: X1739.2, 1746.18, 1747.1, 1748.3a, 1748.3b.Note: The initials of Francis Hoffman appear in the bottom right corner of this ornament (FH Relief Cuts, Head-Piece 11), which is a slightly smaller version of another ornament by Hoffman (FH Relief Cuts, head-piece 12). The two ornaments can be distinguished by the presence (here) of a steeple directly above the dog at mid-left; in the larger Hoffman ornament (30x90mm) the building above the dog lacks a steeple.

H03 [1746.8.[1] (B1r) [VMoU: 272.6 S464]: 26x85mm.Usage: 1735.2, X1735.2, 1736.2, 1737.2, X1739.2, 1741.2, 1746.3, 1746.4, 1746.7, 1746.8, 1746.9, 1746.10, 1746.18, 1746.19, 1749.1, X1750.1a, X1750.1b, 1756.1.

H04 [1748.3b.[193] (N1r) [PC-PS: 00.387]: 26x71mm]Usage: 1747.3, 1748.3b, 1748.4a, 1748.4b, 1748.4c, 1748.4d, 1748.5, 1748.6, 1750.3a, 1750.3b, 1750.3c, 1750.3d, 1751.1, 1751.2a, 1751.2b, 1751.2c, 1751.2d, 1753.1a, 1753.1b, 1753.2a, 1753.2b, 1753.2c, 1755.1a, 1755.1b, 1755.1c, 1755.1d, 1755.2a, 1755.2b, 1755.2c, 1756.3, 1756.4, 1757.1, 1759.1a, 1761.2, 1762.2, 1763.1, X1766.1a, X1766.1b, X1766.1c, X1766.1d, 1767.1a, 1768.1a, 1768.1b, 1768.1c, 1768.1d.Note: this headpiece is similar to Maslen R047 (26x73mm; used sixteen times, 1748–1754); however, the Gardner and Richardson ornaments can be distinguish by the foliage depicted in the bottom, left corner of the ornament. Where the Richardson

Script & Print102

ornament shows a terminal spray of three leaves facing left, with one leaf pointing upward, the Gardner ornament has a terminal spray of leaves facing downwards only. In the Richardson ornament the central bust is also somewhat compressed, and more crudely rendered, suggesting it may be a copy of the Gardner ornament.

H05 [1748.3b.[129] (I1r) [PC-PS: 00.387]: 23x74mm]Usage: 1744.2, X1744.2, 1745.2a, 1745.2b, 1745.2c, 1745.2d, 1746.11, 1748.3a, 1748.3b, 1750.2.

H06 [1748.1.[1] (B1r) [PC-PS: 11.123]: 23x73mm]Usage: 1736.3, 1737.1, 1738.2, 1738.3, 1739.1, 1739.2, 1739.3, 1739.4, 1739.5, 1739.6, 1739.8, 1739.9, 1739.10, 1739.11, 1740.1, 1740.2, 1740.3, 1740.4, 1740.6, 1741.1, 1742.1, 1742.3, 1742.4, 1743.1, 1743.3, 1744.1, 1745.1, 1746.1, 1746.2, 1746.13, 1746.19, 1747.2, 1748.1, 1748.7, 1750.1.Note: Barker, “Printing and Publishing Johnson’s Marmor Norfolciense (1739),” Plate I, ornament B.

H07 [1755.2b.[i] (A1r) [PC-PS: 09.191]: 12x73mm]Usage: 1739.2, X1740.1, 1741.1, 1741.2, X1742.1, X1742.2, 1743.3, 1745.4b, 1745.5, X1745.1a, X1745.1b, 1746.15, 1746.19, 1747.5, 1748.2, 1748.7, 1755.2a, 1755.2b, 1756.3, 1756.4, 1759.1a, 1759.1b; broken form: 1762.2.Note: this ornament broke, or was shortened, between the printing of 1759.1 and 1762.2, it appears in the latter lacking c. 6mm from the right end.

H08 [1738.3.28 (E2v) [CaOHM: Disbd.]: 10x74mm]; broken form [1745.4a.[5] (A3r) [CaOHM: B15770]: 10x63mm].


Usage: 1738.3, 1740.2, 1741.2; partially broken form: 1742.1; broken form: 1745.1, 1745.4a, X1745.1b.Note: this ornament broke, or was shortened, between the printing of 1741.2 and 1742.1; and was further broken or shortened by the time it was used on 1745.1.

H09 [X1740.1.53 (H3r) [CaOHM, B14993]: 9x74mm]Usage: X1740.1, 1740.3, 1743.1, X1744.2, 1745.3, X1745.1a, X1745.1b, 1746.10, 1746.13, 1746.15, 1747.2, 1747.5, 1748.6, 1748.7.Note: In his essay “Hoyle’s ‘sixth’ edition and progressive ornament damage,” David Levy argues that a crack which developed in this ornament appeared while printing 1747.5—the ornament being intact on page [1] (B1r), but cracked at mid-left on page 72 (G6v). Levy traces the ornament damage through 1748.7, 1748.6 and A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist, 10th ed. (1750) [ESTC: t87538; not on ECCO], noting the widening crack.

H10 [1745.4a.1 (B1r) [CaOHM, B15770]: 9x65mm.Usage: 1742.2, X1742.3, 1745.1, 1745.4a, 1745.4b, 1747.2, 1748.7, 1750.1.

H11 [1756.3.193 (K1r) [PC-PS: 07.44]: 8x72mm]Usage: 1746.11, 1746.18, 1746.19, 1747.1, 1753.2b, 1756.3, 1763.1, 1767.1a, 1767.1b.

H12 [1748.1.[3] (A2r) [PC-PS: 11.123]: 7x75mm]Usage: 1741.1, 1741.2, 1743.1, 1744.1, X1745.1b, 1746.13, 1746.17, 1746.18, 1746.19, 1747.1, 1747.5, 1748.1, 1748.5, 1751.2b, 1751.2d, X1751.1b, X1751.1c, X1751.1d, 1761.2.

H13 [1744.1.[1] (A1r) [VMoU: 942.067 C737]: 7x75mm.Usage: 1744.1, 1746.14, 1746.17, 1746.18, 1746.19.

Script & Print104

H14 [1755.2b.153 (H5r) [PC-PS: 09.191]: 7x67mm]Usage: 1745.1, 1745.4b, 1745.5, X1745.1a, X1745.1b, 1748.7, 1750.1, 1751.2a, 1751.2d, X1751.1a, 1753.2a, 1755.2b, 1755.2c, 1761.2.

H15 [1748.6.[1] (a1r) [PC-PS: 11.57]: 6x74mm]Usage: 1739.6, 1739.9, 1739.11, 1740.3, 1740.4, 1740.6, X1740.1, 1742.3, 1743.1, 1743.3, X1744.2, X1745.1b, 1746.15, 1747.5, 1748.5, 1748.6, 1751.2d, 1753.2c.Note: the distinctive design of this ornament (central fruit bowl; with a dog, at left, chasing a rabbit, at right) is similar to one used by Henry Woodfall (Goulden, no. 190) in 1744.

H16 [1740.4.[1] (A4v) [VMoU: PAM 343.01 B848J2]: 6x72mm.Usage: 1740.2, 1740.4, 1740.6, X1742.1, X1742.2, X1744.2.Note: this headpiece is very similar to Maslen R188 (6x71mm; used twelve times, 1727–1760) however, the Gardner and Richardson ornaments can be distinguish by the foliage in the corners of the ornament. In the Richardson ornament, on the far left and right, short buds emerge from the foliage, to fill both the top and bottom corners of the ornament. In the Gardner ornament, buds appear in the top, but not the bottom, corners. In the Richardson ornament the central bust, particularly the nose, is more clearly leonine, suggesting that Gardner’s may be a copy of the Richardson ornament.

H17 [1748.4b.288 (M12v) [PC-PS: 10.94]: 6x69mm]Usage: 1739.1, 1739.3, 1740.1, 1740.3, 1742.1, X1742.3, 1743.1, X1744.2, 1745.4a, 1745.5, X1745.1a, 1746.13, 1747.2, 1748.1, 1748.4b, 1748.4d, 1748.5, 1748.6, 1750.1.

H18 [1748.2.74 (E1v) [PC-PS: 06.169]: 6x68mm]Usage:, 1738.2, 1739.1, 1739.3, 1740.1, 1741.1, 1743.3, X1744.2, 1745.4b, X1745.1a, X1745.1b, 1746.11, 1748.2, 1748.6, 1748.7, 1751.2c, 1751.2d, 1753.1a, 1753.1b, 1753.2a, 1753.2b, 1753.2c, 1755.2a, 1759.1a, 1767.1a, 1767.1b.

H19 [1753.2.158 (H7v) [CaOHM, B15159]: 4x73mm]


Usage: 1739.6, 1739.9, 1739.11, 1741.2, 1742.3, X1742.1, X1742.2, 1748.7, 1753.2a, 1753.2b, 1753.2c.

H20 [1748.4a.56 (C4v) [PC-PS: 12.68]: 2x67mm]Usage: 1748.4a, 1748.4b, 1748.4c, 1748.4d, 1748.5, 1748.6, 1750.3a, 1750.3b, 1750.3c, 1750.3d, 1751.2a, 1751.2b, 1751.2c, 1751.2d, 1753.1a, 1753.1b, 1753.2a, 1753.2b, 1753.2c, 1755.1a, 1755.1b, 1755.1c, 1755.1d, 1755.2a, 1755.2b, 1755.2c, 1756.3, 1756.4, 1759.1a, 1759.1b, 1761.2, 1762.2, X1766.1a, X1766.1b, X1766.1c, 1767.1a, 1767.1b, 1768.1a, 1768.1b, 1768.1c.

TAILPIECES (100%)

T01 [1748.3b.192 (M12v) [PC-PS: 00.387]: 36x50mm]

Usage: 1735.1, X1735.1, 1736.1, 1738.1, 1738.4, X1738.1, X1738.2, 1739.3, X1739.2, X1739.3, X1742.1, X1742.2, X1742.3, 1743.3, 1743.4, 1744.3, 1745.3, 1747.1, 1747.4, X1747.3, 1748.3a, 1748.3b, 1748.5, 1748.7, 1751.1, 1751.2b, X1751.1b, X1751.1c, X1751.1d, 1753.1b, 1753.2b, 1759.1a, 1759.1b, 1761.2, 1762.2, 1762.3, 1763.1, 1767.1a, 1767.1b.

T02 [1756.3.192 (I12v) [PC-PS: 09.64]:

34x43mm]Usage: X1742.2, 1745.2a, 1745.2b, 1745.2c, 1746.16, X1747.3, 1748.3a, 1748.3b, 1748.4d, 1748.6, 1755.2a, 1756.3, 1756.4, 1759.1b, 1762.2, 1763.1, 1767.1b.

T03 [1748.3b.5 (A3r) [PC-PS: 00.387]: 32x56mm]

Usage: 1735.1, X1735.1, 1736.1, 1738.4, X1739.2, X1739.3, 1740.5, 1741.2, 1743.4, X1744.1, 1746.16, 1748.3a, 1748.3b, 1750.2, X1750.1a, 1751.2b, 1753.2c, 1755.2b, 1756.1.

T04 [1755.2c.[1] (π1r) [NU: H59 Macd]: 30x53mm]

Script & Print106

Usage: X1754.1, 1755.2c, X1755.2b, X1756.2.

T05 [1756.3.124 (G2v) [PC-PS: 07.44]: 29x39mm]

Usage: 1739.2, 1739.4, 1739.7, X1739.2, 1741.2, 1742.1, 1743.1, X1744.2, 1745.3, X1745.1b, 1746.8, 1746.19, 1747.5, 1748.3a, 1748.3b, 1751.2d, 1753.2c, 1756.3.

T06 [1745.2c.188 (2B2v) [PC-PS: 11.122]: 28x32mm]

Usage: 1741.1, 1743.1, 1745.2a, 1745.2b, 1745.2c, 1745.2d, 1745.4b, X1745.1b, 1746.1, 1746.3, 1746.11, 1746.15, 1746.18, 1746.19, 1747.5, 1748.1, 1748.3a, 1748.6, 1748.7, X1750.1a, X1750.1b, 1751.2b, 1751.2c, 1756.3, 1756.4, 1757.1, 1762.2.

T07 [1745.2a.198 (2D2v) [PC-PS: 09.64]: 27x40mm]

Usage: 1735.2, X1735.1, X1735.2, 1736.1, 1736.2, 1737.2, 1738.1, 1738.3, 1739.11, X1739.2, X1739.3, X1740.3, 1742.1, 1742.3, 1745.2a, 1745.2c, 1745.3, 1746.2, 1746.11, 1747.1, 1747.5, 1748.3a, 1748.3b, 1748.5, 1751.2c, 1756.3, 1756.4, 1761.2, 1762.1, 1763.1, 1767.1b.

T08 [1756.3.213 (K11r) [PC-PS: 00.387]: 25x38mm]

Usage: 1748.3a, 1748.3b, X1750.1a, 1751.2a, 1751.2c, 1751.2d, 1753.1a, 1753.1b, 1755.1c, 1755.2b, 1756.3, 1759.1a, 1761.2, 1762.2, X1766.1a, X1766.1b.

T09 [1748.4.319 (O4r) [PC-PS: 00.387]: 25x34mm]

Usage: X1740.3, 1742.1, X1742.1, 1743.1, 1745.4b, X1745.1a, X1745.1b, 1746.11, 1747.2, 1747.3, 1748.3a, 1748.3b, 1748.4b, 1748.5, 1748.7, 1750.1, X1750.1b, 1755.1a, 1755.2b, 1755.2c, 1756.3, 1756.4, 1759.1b, 1762.2, 1768.1b, 1768.1d.


T10 [1745.2d.384 (3D4v) [PC-PS: 11.122]: 23x25mm]

Usage: 1739.2, X1740.3, 1745.2d, 1745.4b, X1745.1a, 1746.15, 1748.3b, 1748.7, 1750.3b, 1751.2a, 1751.2d.

T11 [1748.1.51 (G2r) [PC-PS: 09.64]: 23x23mm]

Usage: 1739.2, 1740.2, X1740.1, 1741.2, 1742.1, 1744.4, 1745.2a, 1745.2b, X1745.1b, 1747.2, 1748.1, 1748.3a, 1748.7, 1750.1, 1750.3a, X1750.1a, 1751.2a, 1756.3, 1756.4, 1762.2.

T12 [1745.2d.252 (2K2v) [PC-PS: 11.122]: 21x37mm]

Usage: 1740.6, 1741.1, 1741.2, 1742.2, X1744.2, 1745.1, 1745.2b, 1745.2d, X1745.1a, X1745.1b, 1746.1, 1746.5, 1746.9, 1746.13, 1746.14, 1746.19, 1747.2, 1748.3b, 1748.6, 1750.1, 1751.2a, 1751.2d, 1755.1b, 1755.2a, 1755.2b, 1755.2a, 1755.2b, 1755.2c, 1756.3, 1762.2, 1767.1a, 1767.1b.

T13 [1748.3b.282 (R8v) [PC-PS: 00.387]: 17x35mm]

Usage: 1737.1, X1739.3, 1740.1, 1742.4, 1743.1, X1744.2, 1745.1, 1745.3, 1745.4a, 1746.2, 1746.8, 1746.13, 1746.15, 1746.17, 1747.1, 1747.3, 1748.3a, 1748.3b, 1748.4b, 1748.4c, 1751.2b, 1751.2c, X1751.1b, X1751.1c, X1751.1d, 1752.1, 1753.1a, 1753.2a, 1755.2a, 1755.2b, 1756.3, 1756.4, 1757.1, 1761.2, 1762.2, 1767.1a, 1768.1a.

T14 [1748.4d.103 (E4r) [PC-PS: 09.262]: 13x28mm]

Usage: 1739.8, 1740.2, X1740.1, 1743.1, 1745.1, X1745.1a, X1745.1b, 1746.13, 1747.2, 1748.3a, 1748.4d, 1750.1, 1751.2a, 1751.2b, 1751.2d, X1751.1a, 1753.2b, 1753.2c, 1755.2a, 1755.2b, 1755.2c, 1756.1, 1756.3, 1759.1a, 1759.1b, 1761.2, 1762.2, X1766.1b, 1767.1a, 1767.1b.Note: Barker, “Printing and Publishing Johnson’s Marmor Norfolciense (1739),” Plate I, ornament A.

Script & Print108

FACTOTUMS (100%)

F01 [1746.12.[1] (A1r) [PC-DL]: 48x45mm]

Usage: X1738.1, X1738.3, 1743.2, 1743.4, 1746.12, 1746.16.Note: Barker, “Printing and Publishing Johnson’s Marmor Norfolciense (1739),” Plate II, headpiece.

F02 [1746.8.[i] (B1r) [VMoU: 272.6 S464]: 24x24mm]

Usage: X1735.1, 1736.1, X1738.1, 1739.1, 1739.3, 1739.4, 1739.8, 1739.9, X1739.3, 1740.2, 1740.3, 1746.8, 1748.3a, X1750.1a, X1750.1b.Note: Barker, “Printing and Publishing Johnson’s Marmor Norfolciense (1739),” Plate I, ornament C.

F03 [1748.3b.[193] (N1r) [PC-PS:

00.387]: 23x23mm]Usage: 1748.3b, 1748.4a, 1748.4b, 1748.4c, 1748.4d, 1748.5, 1748.6, 1750.3a, 1750.3b, 1750.3c, 1750.3d, X1750.1a, X1750.1b, 1751.1, 1751.2a, 1751.2b, 1751.2c, 1751.2d, 1753.1a, 1753.1b, 1753.2a, 1753.2b, 1753.2c, 1755.1a, 1755.1b, 1755.1c, 1755.1d, 1755.2a, 1755.2b, 1755.2c, 1756.3, 1756.4, 1757.1, 1759.1a, 1761.1, 1761.2, 1762.2, 1763.1, X1766.1a, X1766.1b, X1766.1c, X1766.1d, 1767.1a, 1768.1a, 1768.1b, 1768.1c, 1768.1d.

F04 [1736.1.1 (B1r) [CaOHM: C1872]: 22x22mm]

Usage: 1735.2, X1735.1, X1735.2, 1736.1, 1737.2.

F05 [1740.4.[i] (B1r) [VMoU: PAM 343.01 B848J2]: 21x21mm.

Usage: 1738.2, 1738.3, X1739.3, 1740.4, 1740.6, X1740.3, 1741.1, 1741.2, 1742.1, 1743.1, 1746.4, 1746.7, 1746.10, 1746.15, 1746.18, 1746.19, 1747.3, X1747.3, 1748.7, 1756.1, 1759.1a, 1759.1b, 1763.1, 1767.1b.


F06 [1748.3b.[267] (R1r) [PC-PS: 00.387]: 21x21mm]

Usage: 1744.2, X1744.2, 1745.2a, 1745.2b, 1745.2c, 1745.2d, 1746.11, 1747.5, 1748.3a, 1748.3b, 1750.2, X1750.1a, 1755.2a, 1767.1a.

F07 [1748.1.[1] (B1r) [PC-PS: 11.123]: 18x18mm]

Usage: X1735.1, 1737.1, 1739.2, 1739.7, 1739.10, X1739.3, X1740.1, 1742.4, X1742.1, X1742.3, 1743.1, 1743.3, 1745.4a, 1745.5, X1745.1a, 1746.1, 1746.3, 1746.6, 1746.11, 1746.13, 1747.1, 1747.2, 1748.1, 1748.2, 1748.7, 1750.1, 1750.3d.

F08 [1750.3d.158 (G7v) [PC-PS: 11.67]: 18x18mm]

Usage: 1736.2, 1736.3, 1737.2, 1738.3, 1739.5, 1739.6, 1739.11, X1739.3, X1742.1, X1742.2, X1742.3, 1744.1, 1745.1, 1745.4a, 1745.4b, 1746.2, 1746.9, 1746.19, 1747.1, 1747.2, 1748.1, 1750.1, 1750.3d, 1755.1d.

F09 [1755.2b.153 (H5r) [PC-PS: 09.191]: 16x16mm]

Usage: 1740.2, 1740.3, X1742.2, 1743.2, 1748.2, 1755.2b, 1755.2c, 1763.1, X1766.1b.

F10 [1748.4a.56 (C4v) [PC-PS: 12.68]: 14x14mm]

Usage: X1745.1b, 1746.5, 1747.1, 1748.4a, 1748.4b, 1748.4c, 1748.4d.

F11 [1748.4d.156 (G6v) [PC-PS: 09.262]: 12x12mm]

Usage: 1747.2, 1748.4d, 1748.6, 1750.1, 1750.3a, 1750.3b, 1750.3c, 1750.3d, 1755.1a, 1755.1b, 1755.1c, 1755.1d, 1756.3, 1762.2, X1766.1a, X1766.1b.

Script & Print110

DECORATED BORDER (95%)

DB01 [1745.2b.[193] (2C1r) [PC-PS: 09.64]: 180x93mm]Usage: 1745.2a, 1745.2b, 1745.2c, 1745.2d, 1746.11, 1748.3a, 1748.3b.


APPENDIX: Henry Gardner’s Publisher’s Device (100%)

Henry Lasher Gardner publisher’s device (32x35mm) is a monogram made up of two mirrored elements: an H, and a flourish that resembles both an L and, when reversed, a G. The device appears on at least four items between 1771 to 1773:

Eliza Haywood, The Female Spectator, 7th ed. (“Printed for H. Gardner, opposite St. Clement’s Church, in the Strand,” 1771); ESTC: t135109; Spedding Ab.60.9; GB [NeFGb79R_XoC] (vol.1), [30OjRmCU44gC] (vol.2), [ J_0RwN_nlO8C] (vol.3), [qW1_NHLEZhkC] (vol.4). (Ornament reproduced from PC-PS: 06.08; vol.1, A2r.)

Margaret Minifie, The Hermit. A Novel, 2nd ed. (“Printed for H. Gardner, opposite St. Clement’s Church, in the Strand,” 1771); ESTC: t190415.

Eliza Haywood, The Invisible Spy, “New” ed. (“Printed for H. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head, facing St. Clement’s Church, in the Strand,” 1773); ESTC: t134304; Spedding Ab.69.6.

Eliza Haywood, The Wife, 3rd ed. (“Printed for H. Gardner, at Cowley’s Head,” 1773). ESTC: t75407; Spedding Ab.70.4; GB [KV8zAQAAMAAJ].

thomas gardner’s ornament stock: a checklist · thomas gardner’s ornament stock: a checklist...

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