this reference text is published in cooperation with isa press, the...

INSTRUMENT ENGINEERS HANDBOOKFourth Edition

ProcessMeasurementand AnalysisVOLUME I

Bela G LiptakEDITOR-IN-CHIEF

ISA-The Instrumentation Systems and Automation Society f isn

CRC PRESSBoca Raton London New York Washington DC

This reference text is published in cooperation with ISA Press the publishing division of ISAInstrumentation Systems and Automation SocietyISA is an international nonproTHORNt technical organization that fosters advancement in the theory design manufacture and use of sensors instrumentscomputers and systems for measurement and control in a wide variety of applications For more information visit wwwisaorg or call (919) 549-8411

his book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission and sources areindicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information but the author and thepublisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopyingmicroTHORNlming and recording or by any information storage or retrieval system without prior permission in writing from the publisher

All rights reserved Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use or the personal or internal use of speciTHORNc clients may be grantedby CRC Press LLC provided that $150 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center 222 Rosewood Drive Danvers MA01923 USA The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-8493-1083-0 (v 1)03$000+$150 The fee is subject tochange without notice For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC a separate system of payment has been arranged

The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution for promotion for creating new works or for resale SpeciTHORNcpermission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying

Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC 2000 NW Corporate Blvd Boca Raton Florida 33431

Trademark Notice

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identiTHORNcation and explanationwithout intent to infringe

Visit the CRC Press Web site at wwwcrcpresscom

copy 2003 by Beacutela Liptaacutek

No claim to original US Government worksInternational Standard Book Number 0-8493-1083-0 (v 1)

Library of Congress Card Number 2003048453Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

Printed on acid-free paper

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Instrument engineers handbook Beacutela G Liptaacutek editor-in-chiefp cm

Rev ed of Instrument engineers handbook Process measurement and analysis c1995 and Instrument engineers handbook Process control c1995

Includes bibliographical references and indexContents v 1 Process measurement and analysisISBN 0-8493-1083-0 (v 1) 1 Process controlHandbooks manuals etc 2 Measuring instrumentsHandbooks

manuals etc I Liptaacutek Beacutela G II Instrument engineers handbook Process measurement and analysis

TS1568 I56 2003 6298dc21 2003048453


Dedicated to you my colleagues the instrument and process control engineersI hope that by applying the knowledge found on these pages you will make

our industries more efficient safer and cleaner and thereby will not onlycontribute to a happier future for all mankind but will also advance the

recognition and respectability of our profession


vii

C O N T E N T S

Contributors xiiiIntroduction xxiDefinitions xxviiAbbreviations Nomenclature Acronyms and Symbols xxxixSocieties and Organizations li

1 General Considerations 1

11 Flowsheet Symbols and PampI Diagrams 4 12 Functional Diagrams and Function Symbols 31 13 Instrument Terminology and Performance 46 14 System Accuracy 7815 Uncertainty Calculations 8616 Configuring Intelligent Devices 9317 Instrument Installation 10018 Instrument Calibration 10819 Response Time and Drift Testing 114110 Redundant and Voting Systems 126111 Instrument Evaluation 136112 Binary Logic Diagrams 142

2 Flow Measurement 151

21 Application and Selection 15622 Anemometers 17323 BTU Flowmeters for Heat Exchangers 17724 BTU Flowmeters for Gaseous Fuels 18025 Cross-Correlation Flow Metering 18326 Elbow Taps 18927 Flow Switches 19328 Jet Deflection Flow Detectors 19829 Laminar Flowmeters 201210 Magnetic Flowmeters 208211 Mass Flowmeters Coriolis 225212 Mass FlowmetersmdashMiscellaneous 237213 Mass FlowmetersmdashThermal 244214 Metering Pumps 251215 Orifices 259216 Pitot Tubes and Area Averaging Units 277217 Polyphase (OilWaterGas) Flowmeters 287


viii

Contents

218 Positive-Displacement Gas Flowmeters 294219 Positive-Displacement Liquid Meters and Provers 299220 Purge Flow Regulators 307221 Segmental Wedge Flowmeter 310222 Sight Flow Indicators 313223 Solids Flowmeters and Feeders 318224 Target Meters 335225 Turbine and Other Rotary Element Flowmeters 337226 Ultrasonic Flowmeters 357227 Variable-Area Gap and Vane Flowmeters 362228 V-Cone Flowmeter 371229 Venturi Tubes Flow Tubes and Flow Nozzles 374230 Vortex and Fluidic Flowmeters 384231 Weirs and Flumes 395

3 Level Measurement 401

31 Application and Selection 40532 Bubblers 42133 Capacitance and Radio Frequency (RF) Admittance 43034 Conductivity and Field-Effect Level Switches 44535 Diaphragm Level Detectors 44936 Differential Pressure Level Detectors 45437 Displacer Level Devices 46538 Float Level Devices 47439 Laser Level Sensors 482310 Level Gauges Including Magnetic 486311 Microwave Level Switches 497312 Optical Level Devices 500313 Radar Noncontacting Level Sensors 504314 Radar Contact Level Sensors (TDR GWR PDS) 508315 Radiation Level Sensors 514316 Resistance Tapes 526317 Rotating Paddle Switches 530318 Tank Gauges Including Float-Type Tape Gauges 533319 Thermal Level Sensors 544320 Ultrasonic Level Detectors 548321 Vibrating Level Switches 556

4 Temperature Measurement 561

41 Application and Selection 56542 Bimetallic Thermometers 59043 Calibrators and Simulators 59444 Cones Crayons Labels Paints and Pellets 59945 Fiber-Optic Thermometers 60446 Filled-Bulb and Glass-Stem Thermometers 61047 Integrated Circuitry Transistors and Diodes 62048 Miscellaneous and Discontinued Sensors 62349 Radiation and Infrared Pyrometers 630410 Resistance Temperature Detectors 645411 Temperature Switches and Thermostats 657412 Thermistors 666413 Thermocouples 673


Contents

ix

414 Thermowells 697415 Ultrasonic and Sonic Thermometers 705

5 Pressure Measurement 709

51 Selection and Application 71252 Accessories (Seals Snubbers Calibrators Manifolds) 71853 Bellows-Type Pressure Sensors 72654 Bourdon and Helical Pressure Sensors 73155 Diaphragm or Capsule-Type Sensors 73656 Differential Pressure Instruments 74357 Electronic Pressure Sensors 75158 High-Pressure Sensors 76259 Manometers 766510 Multiple Pressure Scanners 774511 Pressure Gauges 779512 Pressure Repeaters 785513 Pressure and Differential Pressure Switches 790514 Vacuum Sensors 795

6 Density Measurement 807

61 Density Applications and Selection 80962 Displacement- and Float-Type Densitometers 81663 Hydrometers 82364 Hydrostatic Densitometers 82665 Oscillating Coriolis Densitometer (Gas Liquid and Slurry Services) 83166 Radiation Densitometers 83667 Ultrasonic Sludge and Slurry Densitometers 84168 LiquidSlurryGas DensitymdashVibrating Densitometers 84469 Weight-Based and Miscellaneous Densitometers 852610 Gas Densitometers 857

7 Safety and Miscellaneous Sensors 865

71 Boroscopes 87272 Electrical and Intrinsic Safety 87573 Electrical Meters and Sensors 88974 Energy Management Devices (Peak Load Shedding) 90375 Excess Flow and Regular Check Valves 90876 Explosion Suppression and Deluge Systems 91277 Flame Arresters Conservation Vents and Emergency Vents 92078 Flame Fire and Smoke Detectors 92879 Leak Detectors 936710 Linear and Angular Position Detection 944711 Machine Vision Technology 951712 Metal Detectors 955713 Noise Sensors 958714 Proximity Sensors and Limit Switches 964715 Relief ValvesmdashDetermination of Required Capacity 973716 Relief ValvesmdashSizing Specification and Installation 991717 Rupture Discs 1018718 Soft Sensors 1030719 Tachometers and Angular Speed Detectors 1038720 Thickness and Dimension Measurement 1045721 Torque and Force Transducers 1051722 Vibration Shock and Acceleration 1061


x

Contents

723 Weather Stations 1077724 Weighing Systems General Considerations 1084725 Weight Sensors 1101

8 Analytical Instrumentation 1127

81 Analyzer Application and Selection 114482 Analyzer Sampling Process Samples 117083 Analyzer Sampling Stack Particulates 118984 Analyzers Operating on Electrochemical Principles 119885 Air Quality Monitoring 120786 Biometers 122287 Biological Oxygen Demand Chemical Oxygen Demand

and Total Oxygen Demand 122488 Calorimeters 123589 Carbon Dioxide 1242810 Carbon Monoxide 1245811 Chlorine 1251812 Chromatographs Gas 1258813 Chromatographs Liquid 1289814 Coal Analyzers 1295815 Colorimeters 1299816 Combustibles 1304817 Conductivity Analyzers 1316818 Consistency Analyzers 1323819 Corrosion Monitoring 1329820 Differential Vapor Pressure Sensor 1335821 Dioxin Analysis 1339822 Elemental Monitors 1342823 Fiber-Optic Probes 1347824 Fluoride Analyzers 1353825 Hydrocarbon Analyzers 1358826 Hydrogen Sulfide 1364827 Infrared and Near-Infrared Analyzers 1369828 Ion-Selective Electrodes 1388829 Mass Spectrometers 1399830 Mercury in Ambient Air 1407831 Mercury in Water 1413832 Moisture in Air Humidity and Dew Point 1420833 Moisture in Gases and Liquids 1434834 Moisture in Solids 1450835 Molecular Weight 1457836 Nitrate Ammonia and Total Nitrogen 1469837 Nitrogen Oxide Analyzers 1474838 Odor Detection 1480839 Oil in or on Water 1486840 Open Path Spectrophotometry (UV IR FT-IR) 1493841 Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) 1506842 Oxygen in Gases 1514843 Oxygen in Liquids (Dissolved Oxygen) 1526844 Ozone in Gas 1536845 Ozone in Water 1540846 Particulates Opacity Dust and Smoke 1544847 Particle Size and Distribution Monitors 1559848 pH Measurement 1565849 Phosphorus Analyzer 1585


Contents

xi

850 Physical Properties AnalyzersmdashASTM Methods 1589851 Raman Analyzers 1606852 Refractometers 1620853 Rheometers 1628854 Streaming Current or Particle Charge Analyzer 1637855 Sulfur-in-Oil Analyzers 1641856 Sulfur Oxide Analyzers 1646857 Thermal Conductivity Detectors 1653858 Total Carbon Analyzers 1658859 Toxic Gas Monitoring 1666860 Turbidity Sludge and Suspended Solids 1680861 Ultraviolet and Visible Analyzers 1687862 ViscometersmdashApplication and Selection 1700863 ViscometersmdashLaboratory 1708864 ViscometersmdashIndustrial 1723865 Water Quality Monitoring 1744866 Wet Chemistry and Autotitrator Analyzers 1755

Appendix 1765

A1 International System of Units 1767A2 Engineering Conversion Factors 1777A3 Chemical Resistance of Materials 1799A4 Composition of Metallic and Other Materials 1806A5 Steam and Water Tables 1809A6 Friction Loss in Pipes 1817A7 Tank Volumes 1821A8 Directory of ldquoLostrdquo Companies 1824


xiii

C O N T R I B U T O R S

The names of the authors of each edition are given at the beginning of each section Here all the contributors of all editionsof this volume are listed in alphabetical order showing their academic degrees titles and

positions they held at the timeof making their contributions

The authors who have participated in the preparation in this fourth edition of the

InstrumentEngineersrsquo Handbook (IEH)

are noted by an asterisk () in front of their names but because they built on the work of theauthors of the previous editions all authors are listed

BUD ADLER

BSEE Life Member ISA Director Business Development Moore Industries-Inter-national Inc

ROSS C AHLSTROM JR

BSCh and Math Executive Vice President Mentech Inc

ARTHUR ALSTON

BS PE Senior Research Engineer Chevron Research Co

MARTIN ANKLIN

PhD Research Scientist Endress + Hauser Switzerland

RAYMOND ANNINO

PhD retired Professor and Researcher formerly with The Foxboro Co

CATHY APPLE

BSChE Project Engineer Micro Motion Inc

JAMES B ARANT

BSChE PE retired Senior Consultant formerly with EI du Pont de Nemours Co

TIBOR BAAN

BME CEO of Aalborg Instrument and Controls Inc

ALLAN T BACON JR

BACh Staff Engineer Environmental Technologies Group

STEVEN BAIN

BscEE PEng Canada

WENDALL M BARROWS

Senior Applications Coordinator Union Carbide Corp

JAN BARTH

EE MS Manager Industrial Instrument Users Association The Netherlands

ERNEST H BAUGHMAN

PhD Assistant Professor University of La Verne California

JONAS BERGE

Engineer Smar Singapore

A C BLAKE

EE Manager Industrial Instrument Div Cambridge Instrument Co

CHRISTOPHER P BLAKELEY

BSChE Marketing Manager Water Treatment Honeywell Inc


xiv

Contributors

L JOSEPH BOLLYKY

PhD PE President Bollyky Associates

R V BOYD JR

BSEE MSEE PE Engineering Supervisor Saudi Aramco

WALT BOYES

Principal Marketing Practice Consultants

AUGUST BRODGESELL

BSEE President CRB Systems Inc

JAMES E BROWN

BSME PE Manager of Engineering Union Carbide Corp

THOMAS M CARDIS

MSCh Laboratory Manager ABB Process Analytics

BOYCE CARSELLA JR

BA Senior Product Manager Magnetrol International

THOMAS J CLAGGETT

BSEE Application Specialist Honeywell Inc

WILSON A CLAYTON

BSChE MSME Chief Engineer Hy-Cal Engineering

GERALD L COMBS

PhDCh Research Chemist Applied AutomationHartmann amp Braun

VINCENT B CORTINA

BSChE MSIM Business Manager EGampG Co

GILES M CRABTREE

BSEE PE Principal Engineer GIMACA Engineering

H L DANEMAN

BChE PE Principal LabPlan

JOHN L DANIEWICZ

BSEE MA Product Manager TN Technologies Inc

RONALD H DIECK

BS MS FISA President Ron Dieck Associates Inc

LOUIS D DINAPOLI

BSEE MSEE Director Flowmeter Marketing and Technology BIF Products of Leedsamp Northrup Co

WOLFGANG DRAHM

PhD Research Scientist Endress + Hauser Germany

WATSON P DURDEN

AS Senior Engineer Westin Engineering

MICHAEL PAUL DZIEWATKOSKI

PhD Applications Manager Metter-Toledo Ingold

SUZANNE MARIE EDVI

IIT Senior Instrument Specialist Bantrel Inc Canada

ALBERT D EHRENFRIED

MS in Instrumentation President Metritape Inc

HALIT EREN

ME MBA PhD Senior Lecturer Cutin University Australia

GEORG F ERK

BSME MSChE PE Consultant

JOSEF FEHRENBACH

Dipl Ing VEGA Grieshaber GmbH amp Co Germany

KENNETH S FLETCHER

PhD Technical Group Leader Analytical Measurements The Foxboro Co

ALBERT P FOUNDOS

BSChE MBA President Fluid Data Inc

WALTER F GERDES

BSEE PE Technical Specialist The Dow Chemical Co


Contributors

xv

PEDRO M B SILVA GIRAtildeO

PhD Professor Instituto Superior Teacutecnico Lisbon Portugal

IAN H GIBSON

BSc Dip App Chem Dip Chem Eng Dip Inst Tech Principal Technical Spe-cialist Process Control Systems Fluor Australia

RICHARD A GILBERT

BA MS PhD Professor of Chemical Engineering University of Florida

ANTHONY C GILBY

PhD Research Coordinator The Foxboro Co

PAUL M GLATTSTEIN

BSEE Senior Electrical Engineer Crawford amp Russell Inc

JOHN D GOODRICH JR

BSME Engineering Supervisor Bechtel Corp

ROBERT J GORDON

PhD Environmental Division Manager Global Geochemistry Corp

DAVID M GRAY

BSChE Senior Application Specialist Leeds amp Northrup a Unit of General Signal

JAMES R GRAY

BSCh MBA Applications Manager Rosemount Analytical

BHISHAM P GUPTA

BSME MSME PhD PE Specialist Supervisor Saudi Aramco

JOHN T HALL

BS Senior Technical Editor Instrument amp Control Systems

CHARLES E HAMILTON

BSChE Senior Environmental Specialist The Dow Chemical Co

JOHN N HARMAN III

BSCh MSCh PE Senior Project Engineer Beckman Instruments

HASHEM M HASHEMIAN

MSNE President Analysis and Measurement Services Corp

ROBERT A HERRICK

BSChE PE Consulting Engineer

HEROLD I HERTANU

MSEE PE Senior Vice President Advanced Engineering Concepts Inc

CONRAD H HOEPPNER

BSEE MSEE Consultant Simmons Precision Products Inc

MICHAEL F HORDESKI

BSEE MSEE PE Control System Consultant Siltran Digital

JOEL O HOUGEN

PhDChE PE Consultant Professor Emeritus University of Texas

WALTER D HOULE

BSEE President Automation Management International

WILFRED H HOWE

BSEE MBA PE Chief Engineer The Foxboro Co

DAVID L HOYLE

BSChE System Design Engineer The Foxboro Co

JAY S JACOBSON

PhD Plant Physiologist Boyce Thomson Institute for Plant Research

RAJSHREE R JAIN

BSChE Applications Engineer Capital Controls Co

ROBERT F JAKUBIK

BSChE Manager Process Control Applications Digital Applications Inc

JAMES E JAMISON

BSc-ChE PE Technical Director Instrumentation and Process Control SystemsVECO (Canada) Ltd


xvi

Contributors

JOHN M JARVIS

PhD Manager of Gas Products Engineering Detector Electronics

HERBERT H JONES

BS Principal Applications Engineer Beckman Instruments Inc

RICHARD K KAMINSKI

BA Senior Instrument Designer Dravo Engineers and Constructors

DAVID S KAYSER

BSEE Senior Instrument Engineer Texas City Refining Inc

THOMAS J KEHOE

BSChE PE Manager Technical Services Beckman Instruments Inc

TAMAacuteS KEMEacuteNY

ME EE PhD Secretary General IMEKO International Measurement ConfederationHungary

CHANG H KIM

BSChE Manager Technical Services ARCO Chemical Co

JOHN G KOCAK JR

BA Consultant

JOHN G KOPP

BSME PE Senior Product Marketing Manager Fischer amp Porter Co

JOSEF KOZAacuteK

PhD Aeronautical Research and Test Institute Czech Republic

CULLEN G LANGFORD BSME PE ISA Fellow Consultant Cullen G Langford Inc

GEORGE R LEAVITT BSME PE Consultant

MARIA T LEE-ALVAREZ PhD Physical Science Teacher Cincinnati Public School District

DAVID LEWKO Senior Analyzer Specialist Bantrel Co

TRUMAN S LIGHT BSCh MSCh PhDCh Consultant

BEacuteLA G LIPTAacuteK MME PE ISA Fellow Consultant inducted into Control Process Automation Hallof Fame in 2001

DAVID H F LIU BSc MS PhD Principal Scientist J T Baker Inc

ANDREW J LIVINGSTON BS MBA Nuclear Product Manager Ohmart Vega

HARRY E LOCKERY BSEE MSEE PE President Hottinger-Baldwin Measurements Inc

DAVID J LOMAS Marketing Support Executive Kent Process Control Ltd

ORVAL P LOVETT JR BSCE Consulting Engineer Instruments and Control Systems I E du Pont deNemours Co

JIRIacute LUKAS MSC Scientific Worker Aeronautical Research and Test Institute of Czech Republic

JULES J MAGDA PhD ChE Associate Professor Dept of Chemical and Fuels Engineering Universityof Utah

DAVID C MAIR BCE PE Manager Sales Services Wallace amp Tiernan Div of Pennwalt Corp

RAMASAMY MANOHARAN PhD Manager of Sensor Technology Rosemount Analytical Inc


Contributors xvii

FRED D MARTIN BS Analyzer Consultant Fluid Data Amscor

THOMAS A MAYER BSE MSE PE Senior DevelopmentResearch Engineer PPG Industries

GERALD F McGOWAN BSEE MSEE Vice President of Engineering Lear Siegler Inc

GREGORY K McMILLAN BSEPhys MSEE Fellow Monsanto Chemical Co

DEAN MILLER BSME MBA Manager of Pressure Relief and Tooling Engineering Fike Corp

HUGH A MILLS ME President Macran Products

CHARLES F MOORE BSChE MSChE PhDChE Professor of Chemical Engineering University ofTennessee

LEONARD W MOORE PE President and CEO of Moore Industries International Inc

GERHARD MURER Dipl Eng Manager of Anton Paar GmbH Austria

THOMAS J MYRON JR BSChE Senior Systems Design Engineer The Foxboro Co

JAMES A NAY PE BSME Consultant Retired

S NISHI DSc Research Scientist National Chemical Laboratory for Industry Japan

ROBERT NUSSBAUM BSEE Senior Instrument Engineer Crawford amp Russell Inc

DAVID S NYCE BSEE MBA Director of Technology at MTS Systems Corp

RICHARD T OLIVER BSChE MSChE PhDChE Senior Design Engineer The Foxboro Co

WILLIAM H PARTH BS MS Senior Instrument Specialist The Dow Chemical Co

SIMON J PATE B Eng Director of Projects amp Systems Detector Electronics Corp

ALMONT V PAWLOWSKI BSEE CSST PE Research Associate at Louisiana State University

KENNETH A PERROTTA BSCh Vice President of Technology Balston Inc

KURT O PLACHE BSChE PE Vice-President Marketing Micro-Motion Inc

GEORGE PLATT BSChE PE Staff Engineer Bechtel Power Corp

DANIEL E PODKULSKI BSChE Senior Instrument Engineer Chevron Research amp Technology

MICHAL PTAacuteCNIacuteK PhD Aeronautical Research and Test Institute Czech Republic

DIETER RALL BSME MSME PE General Manager Trans-Met Engineering Inc

M RAZAQ PhD Senior Scientist Teledyne Analytical Instrument Co

MORTON W REED PE PhD Consultant

JAMES B RISHEL BSME President Corporate Equipment


xviii Contributors

HOWARD C ROBERTS BAEE PE Consultant

JACK C RODGERS PE Vice President of Nuclear Business at OhmartVEGA

JOHN B ROEDE ME Senior Application Consultant AMETEK-Drexelbrook

ALBERTO ROHR EE Dr Eng Consultant Vedano al Lambro (MI) Italy

LEWIS B ROOF BS MS Senior Measurement Engineer Applied Automation Inc

GREGORY J RORECH BSChE PE Principal Engineer Geraghty amp Miller Inc

STEPHAN RUDBAumlCH MSc President Matematica AB Sweden

ROBERT S SALTZMAN BS Eng Phys Principal of Bob Saltzman Associates

GARY C SANDERS BSEE MT FICMT Director of Engineering Tyco Valves amp Controls mdash Penberthy

ERIC J SCHAFFER BSEE MSEE Project Engineer MST Systems Corp

NARESH K SETHI BS PhD Technical Team Leader BP South Houston Texas

ROBERT E SHERMAN BSCh MSCh MSBA

DONALD J SIBBETT PhD Vice President Geomet Inc

ROBERT SIEV BSChE MBA CE Engineering Specialist Bechtel Corp

MIKHAIL SKLIAR PhD ChE Associate Professor Dept of Chemical and Fuels Engineering Universityof Utah

KENNETH C SLONEKER BSME VP Laboratory Director Electronic Development Laboratories Inc

RALPH G SMITH BS MS PhD Professor University of Michigan

ROBERT J SMITH II BSEET Plant Engineer at Rock-Tenn Co

JOAN B STODDARD PhD President Stoddard Productivity Systems Inc

RICHARD STRAUSS BSChE MSChE Consultant

EUGENE L SZONNTAGH MSChE PhD PE Consultant

JAMES F TATERA BS MBA Senior Process Analysis Consultant Tatera Associates Inc

EDWARD TELLER PhD Professor-at-Large University of California

AMOS TURK PhD Professor of Chemistry City University of New York

ALAN H ULLMAN BS (Chemistry) PhD Senior Scientist at The Procter amp Gamble Co

IAN VERHAPPEN BscEnv BScCh PE Engineering Associate at Syncrude Canada Ltd

MICHAEL VUJICIC PE Director Industrial Products Optech Inc


Contributors xix

WILLIAM H WAGNER BSChE PE Staff Engineer at Union Carbide Corp

MICHAEL H WALLER B ME SM ME Professor at Miami University

WILLEM M WALRAVEN ME MampCE Head of Evaluation Department Netherlands Organization for AppliedResearch

NORMAN S WANER BSME MSME ME PE Manager of Training and Development Bechtel Corp

JOHN V WELCH BSME MBA Market Specialist at MKS Instruments Inc

ALAN L WERTHEIMER PhD Principal Scientist Leeds amp Northrup Co

GEORGE P WHITTLE BSChE MSChE PhDChE PE Associate Professor University of Alabama

THEODORE J WILLIAMS BS MSChE MSEE PhD PE Professor of Engineering Director of Purdue Labo-ratory for Applied Industrial Control

ROBERT W WORRALL BA PE Principal Instrument Engineer Catalytic Inc

IRVING G YOUNG BS MS PhD Chemist Advanced Technology Staff Honeywell Inc

JESSE L YODER PhD President Flow Research


xxi

I N T R O D U C T I O N

Ours is a very young profession when the first edition of theInstrument Engineersrsquo Handbook (IEH) came out MarksrsquoMechanical Engineersrsquo Handbook was in its fifth edition andPerryrsquos Chemical Engineersrsquo Handbook was in its sixthNow as we are starting to work on the fourth edition of theIEH we are already in a new millenium But while ourprofession is young we are also unique and special

After all no other engineering profession can claim whatwe can No other engineering profession can offer to increasethe GDP by $50 billion without building a single new plantand to do that while increasing safety and reducing pollutionWe can do that We can achieve that goal solely through theoptimization of our existing industries We can increase pro-ductivity without using a single pound of additional rawmaterial without needing a single additional BTU

THIS FOURTH EDITION

During the nearly four decades of its existence the IEH hasbecome the most widely used reference source of the instru-mentation and control (IampC) engineering profession Duringthis same period the tools of our IampC profession havechanged as control systems were transformed from the earlymechanical and pneumatic ones to todayrsquos electronic anddigital implementations

During this period even the name of our profession haschanged Today some call it automation while others referto it by a variety of other names including instrumentationprocess control IampC and computer automation Yet whilewe have not been able to agree even on the name of ourprofession our experience and our knowledge of controlprinciples has penetrated all the fields of modern scienceand technology I hope that the three volumes of the IEHhave played a major role in spreading this knowledge andunderstanding

In 1968 this handbook started out as a three-volume ref-erence set and in that respect no change has occurred Thefirst volume deals with measurement the second with con-trol and the third with digital networks and software systems

CONTENTS OF THE IEH VOLUMES

In this the first volume a chapter is devoted to each majormeasured variable and a subchapter (section) is devoted toeach different method of making that measurement Somemeasurements are relatively simple as for example thedetection of level therefore that chapter has only 21 sectionsOthers such as analysis are more varied and that chapterhas 66 sections

The individual sections (subchapters) begin with a flow-sheet symbol and a feature summary This summary providesquick access to specific information on the available sizescosts suppliers ranges and inaccuracies of the devices cov-ered in that section

This fourth edition updates the information content of thepreviously published sections incorporates the new develop-ments of the last decade by the addition of new sections andbroadens the horizons of the work from an American to aglobal perspective

In this first volume Process Measurement and Analysisthe emphasis is on measurement hardware including thedetection of flow level temperature pressure density vis-cosity weight composition and safety sensors

The second volume of this set Process Control coverscontrol hardware including transmitters controllers controlvalves and displays and it provides in-depth coverage to thetheory of control and explains how the unit processes ofpumping distillation chemical reaction heat transfer andmany others are controlled

The third volume is devoted to Process Software andDigital Networks In combination the three volumes coverall the topics used by process control or instrument engineers

READERS OF THE IEH

Experienced process control engineers are likely to use thisreference set either to obtain quick access to specific infor-mation or to guide them in making selections Less experi-enced engineers and students of instrument engineering are


xxii Introduction

likely to use this reference work as a textbook A studentmight use it to learn about the tools of our profession

To fulfill the expectations of both the experienced and thebeginning engineer the handbook has been structured to beflexible On one hand it contains all the basic informationthat a student needs but it also covers the most recentadvances and provides quick and easy access to both typesof information Quick access to specific topics and informa-tion is provided both by the feature summary at the beginningof each section and by an extensive index at the end of eachvolume

BIRDrsquoS EYE VIEWS ORIENTATION TABLES

Another goal of this reference set is to assist the reader inselecting the best sensors for particular applications Toachieve this goal each chapter begins with a section thatprovides an application- and selection-oriented overviewalong with an orientation table

The orientation tables list all the sensors that are discussedin the chapters and summarize the features and capabilitiesof each If the reader is using this handbook to select a sensorfor a particular application the orientation table allows thenarrowing of the choices to a few designs

After the options have been reduced the reader might turnto the corresponding sections and based on the informationin the feature summaries at the front of each section decideif the costs inaccuracies and other characteristics meet therequirements of the application If so the reader might focusin on the likely candidate and read all the information in theselected section

NEW NEEDS AND EXPECTATIONS

As I was editing this reference set for the fourth time I couldnot help but note the nature of both the new solutions andthe new needs of the process control industry

The new solutions become obvious as you review thecontents of the 400 to 500 sections of the 25 or so chaptersof this set of handbooks The new needs are not so obviousThe new needs are the consequences of the evolution of newhardware new software and the completely new technolo-gies that have evolved These needs become obvious only ifone is immersed in the topic to the depth and for the durationthat I have been It might speed technological progress ifsome of these needs are mentioned here

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION

In earlier decades it took some time and effort to agree onthe 3 to 15 PSIG (02 to 10 bar) signal pressure range forthe standard pneumatic or on the 4 to 20 mA DC standardanalog electronic signal range Yet when these signal ranges

were finally agreed upon everybody benefited from havinga standard signal

Similarly the time is ripe for adopting a worldwide stan-dard for a single digital communication protocol The timeis ripe for an internationally accepted digital protocol thatcould link all the digital ldquoblack boxesrdquo and could also act asthe ldquotranslatorrdquo for those that were not designed to ldquospeakthe same languagerdquo In so doing the valuable engineeringenergies that today are being spent to figure out ways forblack boxes to communicate could be applied to more valu-able tasks such as increasing the productivity and safety ofour processing industries Optimization can make our indus-tries competitive once again and contribute not to the exportof jobs but to the creation of jobs at home

MEANINGFUL PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

It is also time to rein in the commercial interests and toimpose uniform expectations so that all sales literature willprovide performance data in the same form In todayrsquos salesliterature the performance-related terms such as inaccuracyand rangeability are rarely defined properly

Such terms as ldquoinaccuracyrdquo are frequently misstated asldquoaccuracyrdquo and sometimes the error percentages are givenwithout stating whether they are based on full-scale or actualreadings It is also time for professional societies and testinglaboratories to make their findings widely available so thattest results can be used to compare the products of differentmanufacturers

It is also desirable to have the manufacturers always statenot only the inaccuracy of their products but also the range-ability over which that inaccuracy statement is valid Simi-larly it would be desirable if rangeability were defined asthe ratio between those (maximum and minimum) readingsfor which the inaccuracy statement is valid

It would also be desirable to base the inaccuracy state-ments on the performance of at least 95 of the sensorstested and to include in the inaccuracy statement not onlylinearity hysteresis and repeatability but also the effects ofdrift ambient temperature overrange supply voltage humid-ity radio frequency interference (RFI) and vibration

BETTER VALVES

The performance capabilities of final control elements shouldalso be more uniformly agreed upon and more reliably statedThis is particularly true for the characteristics gains andrangeabilities of control valves For example a valve shouldbe called linear only if its gain (Gv) equals the maximumflow through the valve (Fmax) divided by the valve stroke inpercentage (100)

Valve manufacturers should publish the stroking range(minimum and maximum percentages of valve openings)within which the gain of a linear valve is still Fmax100


Introduction xxiii

Valve rangeability should be defined as the ratio of theseminimum and maximum valve openings Other valve char-acteristics should also be defined by globally accepted stan-dards in this same manner

ldquoSMARTERrdquo SENSORS AND ANALYZERS

In the case of transmitters the overall performance is largelydefined by the internal reference used in the sensor In manycases there is a need for multiple-range and multiple-referenceunits For example pressure transmitters should have bothatmospheric and vacuum references and should have suffi-cient intelligence to switch automatically from one to theother reference on the basis of their own measurement Sim-ilarly dp flow transmitters should have multiple spans andshould have the intelligence to automatically switch theirspans to match the actual flow as it changes

The addition of ldquointelligencerdquo could also increase theamount of information gained from such simple detectors aspitot tubes If for example in addition to detecting the dif-ference between static and velocity pressures the pitot tubewere also able to measure the Reynolds number it would beable to approximate the shape of the velocity profile Anldquointelligent pitot-tuberdquo of such capability could increase theaccuracy of volumetric flow measurements

IMPROVED ON-LINE ANALYZERS

In the area of continuous on-line analysis further develop-ment is needed to extend the capabilities of probe-type ana-lyzers The needs include the changing of probe shapes toachieve self-cleaning or using ldquoflat tipsrdquo to facilitate cleaningThe availability of automatic probe cleaners should also beimproved and their visibility should be increased by the useof sight flow indicators

An even greater challenge is to lower the unit costs offiber-optic probes through multiplexing and by sharing thecost of their electronics among several probes Anotherimportant goal for the analyzer industry is to produce devicesthat are self-calibrating self-diagnosing and modular indesign To reduce the overall cost of analyzer maintenancedefective modules should identify themselves and should beeasily replaceable

EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTIVITY CONTROLLERS

In the area of control what is most needed is to move fromthe uncoordinated single loops to optimizing multivariableenvelope and matrix algorithms When using such multivari-able envelopes the individual levels pressures and temper-atures become only constraints while the overall multivari-able envelope is dedicated to maximizing the efficiency orproductivity of the controlled process

In this sense most of todayrsquos digital controls are still onlyldquoempty boxesrdquo New software packages are needed to ldquoedu-caterdquo and to give ldquopersonalityrdquo to them Software is neededthat when loaded will transform a general-purpose unit con-troller into an advanced and optimized control system servingthe particular process whether it is a chemical reactor adistillation tower a compressor or any other unit operation

This transformation in the building blocks of control sys-tems would also make the manufacturing of digital controlhardware more economical because all ldquoempty boxesrdquo couldbe very similar

UNIT OPERATION CONTROLLERS

The use of such multipurpose hardware could also providemore flexibility to the user because a unit controller that wascontrolling a dryer for example could be switched to controlan evaporator or a pumping station just by loading a differentsoftware package into it Once the particular software pack-age was loaded the unit controller would require customiza-tion only which could be done in a menu-driven question-and-answer format

During the customization phase the user would answerquestions on piping configuration equipment sizes mate-rial or heat balances and the like Such customizationsoftware packages would automatically configure and tunethe individual loops and would make the required relativegain calculations to minimize interaction between loops Itwill probably take a couple decades to reach these goalsbut to get there it is necessary to set our sights on thesegoals now

COMMON SENSE RECOMMENDATIONS

While talking about such sophisticated concepts as opti-mized multivariable control it is very important to keep ourfeet on the ground keep in mind that the best process controlengineer is still Murphy and remember that in a real planteven Murphy can turn out to be an optimist For that reasonI list the following common sense practical advice andrecommendations

bull Before one can control a process one must fully under-stand it

bull Being progressive is good but being a guinea pig isnot

bull If an outdated control strategy is implemented theperformance of even the latest digital hardware willbe outdated

bull Increased safety is gained through the use of multiplesensors configured through voting systems or medianselectors

bull If an instrument is worth installing it should also beworth calibrating and maintaining


xxiv Introduction

bull Constancy is the enemy of efficiency as the load andfeed compositions float the process variables shouldalso be allowed to change with them

bull Control loops can be stabilized by replacing their sin-gle set points with control gaps

bull Annunciators do not correct emergencies they justreport problems that the designer did not know howto handle and therefore decided to drop into the lapsof the operators The smaller the annunciator the bet-ter the control system design

bull A good process control engineer will tell the user whathe needs to know and not what he wants to hear Theright time for business lunches is not before receivingthe purchase order but after the plant has started upand is running

HISTORY OF THE HANDBOOK

The birth of this handbook was connected to my own workIn 1962 at the age of 26 I became the chief instrumentengineer at Crawford amp Russell an engineering design firmspecializing in the building of plastics plants CampR was grow-ing and my department had to grow with it Still at the ageof 26 I did not dare to hire experienced people because Idid not believe that I could lead and supervise older engineers

But the department had to grow so I hired fresh graduatesfrom the best engineering colleges in the country I pickedthe smartest graduates and I obtained permission fromCampRrsquos president Sam Russell to spend every Friday after-noon teaching them In a few years not only did my depart-ment have some outstanding process control engineers CampRalso saved a lot on their salaries

By the time I reached 30 I felt secure enough to stopdisguising my youth I shaved off my beard and threw awaymy thick-rimmed phony eyeglasses I no longer felt that Ihad to look older but my Fridayrsquos notes remainedmdashthey stillstood in a two-foot high pile on the corner of my desk

ldquoDOES YOUR PROFESSION HAVE A HANDBOOKrdquo

In the mid-1960s an old-fashioned Dutch gentleman namedNick Groonevelt visited my office and asked ldquoWhat is thatpile of notesrdquo When I told him he asked ldquoDoes your pro-fession have a handbookrdquo

ldquoIf it did would I be teaching from these notesrdquo Ianswered with my own question (Actually I was wrong ingiving that answer because Beharrsquos Handbook of Measure-ment and Control was already available but I did not knowabout it)

ldquoSo let me publish your notes and then instrument engi-neers will have a handbookrdquo Nick proposed and in 1968the first edition of the Instrument Engineersrsquo Handbook(IEH) was published

In 1968 the Soviet tanks (which I fought in 1956) werebesieging Prague so I decided to dedicate the three volumesof the IEH to the Hungarian and Czech freedom fighters Afellow Hungarian-American Edward Teller wrote the pref-ace to the first edition and Frank Ryan the editor of ISAJournal wrote the introduction

My coauthors included such names as Hans Baumann StuJackson Orval Lovett Charles Mamzic Howard RobertsGreg Shinskey and Ted Williams It was an honor to workwith such a team In 1973 because of the publication of thefirst edition of the IEH I was elected the youngest ISA fellowever

LATER EDITIONS

By the end of the 1970s the world of process control hadchanged Pneumatics were on the way out and newapproaches such as distributed control systems (DCS) andon-line analyzers proliferated It was time to revise the hand-book By 1975 I also had to run my own consulting officeso I could not devote my full attention to updating the hand-book

Therefore I hired Kriszta Venczel to do most of the workand she did her best by inserting metric units and the likeWe got some excellent new contributions from Ed FarmerTom Kehoe Thomas Myron Richard Oliver PhillipSchnelle Mauro Togneri and Theodore Williams The sec-ond edition was published in 1982 It was well received butI knew that it would have been better if I had devoted moretime to it

By the mid-1990s the handbook was ready for anotherupdating edition By that time the process control marketwas becoming globalized ldquosmartrdquo instruments had evolvedand such hardware inventions as fiber-optic probes and throt-tling solenoid valves proliferated Therefore I stopped teach-ing at Yale and cut back on consulting to make time to editthe third edition

By the second half of the 1990s the first two volumes ofthe third edition one on measurement and the other on con-trol were published At that time I realized that a thirdvolume was also needed to cover all of the evolving digitalsoftware packages communication networks buses andoptimization packages Therefore it took the last decade ofthe twentieth century to publish the three volumes of thethird edition

THE FOURTH EDITION

Work on the fourth edition of the IEH started in the newmillenium and this first volume on measurement and analysisis the result of this effort I do hope that in three to five yearsyou might hold all three updated IEH volumes in your handsNow that the fourth edition of the Measurement and Analysis


Introduction xxv

volume has been published I am starting work on the secondvolume which is devoted to process control

This second volume will cover control hardware includ-ing transmitters controllers control valves and displays andit provides in-depth coverage of both control theory and howthe unit processes of pumping distillation chemical reactionheat transfer and many others are controlled and optimizedMy main goal is to expand this last area by both increasingthe list of unit operations that we cover and more impor-tantly by giving much more emphasis to optimization

WHY DONrsquoT YOU PITCH IN

I would like to ask you to help me locate the best experts onall five continents for each important unit operation in ourprocessing industries If you have spent a lifetime learningand understanding the unique personality of a process andhave figured out how to maximize its efficiency donrsquot keepthat knowledge to yourselfmdashshare it with us

If you or one of your colleagues would like to participateas a coauthor please send me an e-mail and I will send youthe table of contents (TOC) of the control volume If the topicof your interest is not in the TOC we can add it if it is Iwill consider your offer to update the material that has alreadyappeared in the third edition

Please understand that I am not looking for people withwriting skills I am looking for engineers with knowledgeand experience This is not to say that I will reject college

professors naturally I will not although I might delete someof their differential equations and bring them down from thefrequency domain back into the time domain Similarly Iwill consider the contributions of professional consultants ifthey do not view the IEH as a forum for self-promotion Iwill also consider manufacturers as coauthors if they are ableto be balanced and are willing to give credit where credit isdue even if it means crediting their competition

But my favorite coauthor is the plant engineer who is shorton words but long on experience I do not mind gettinganswers such as ldquoI donrsquot know if this is conductivity orultrasonics all I know is that it worksrdquo The IEH is writtenby users and for users and it is not about fancy packagingmdashit is about content So donrsquot worry about your writing skillsI can help with that Please help make the fourth edition ofthe IEH one we can be proud of Please drop me an e-mail ifyou want to pitch in

We know that there is no greater resource than the com-bined knowledge and professional dedication of a well edu-cated new generation We live in an age in which technologycan make a difference in overcoming the social and environ-mental ills on this planet We live in an age in which aninexhaustible and nonpolluting energy technology must bedeveloped It is hoped that this handbook will make a con-tribution toward these goals and that in addition it willimprove the professional standing of instrument and processcontrol engineers around the world

Beacutela LiptaacutekStamford Connecticutt

(liptakbelaieh4aolcom)


xxvii

D E F I N I T I O N S

ABSOLUTE (DYNAMIC) Constant of proportionality betweenVISCOSITY (micro) applied stress and resulting shear velocity

(Newtonrsquos hypothesis)ABSORBANCE (A) Ratio of radiant energy absorbed by a

body to the corresponding absorptionof a blackbody at the same temperatureAbsorbance equals emittance on bodieswhose temperature is not changing (A= 1 minus R minus T where R is the reflectanceand T is the transmittance)

ABSORPTION The taking in of a fluid to fill the cav-ities in a solid

ACCUMULATION The pressure increase over the maximumallowable working pressure of a tank orvessel during discharge through the pres-sure relief valve It is given either in per-centage of the maximum allowableworking pressure or in pressure unitssuch as bars or pounds per square inch

ADMITTANCE (A) The reciprocal of the impedance of acircuit Admittance of an AC circuit isanalogous to the conductance of a DCcircuit Expressed in units of Seimens

ADSORPTION The adhesion of a fluid in extremelythin layers to the surfaces of a solid

ALPHA CURVE The relationship between the resistancechange of an RTD vs temperature Inthe European alpha curves the alphavalue is 000385 ΩdegC in the Americancurves it is 000392 ΩdegC

AMPACITY The current (amperes) a conductingsystem can support without exceedingthe temperature rating assigned to itsconfiguration and application

AMPEROMETRIC Titration in which the end point is det-TITRATION ermined by measuring the current

(amperage) that passes through thesolution at a constant voltage

AMPEROMETRY The process of performing an ampero-metric titration The current flow is

monitored as a function of time betweenworking and auxiliary electrodes whilethe voltage difference between them isheld constant in other designs the cur-rent is monitored as a function of theamount of reagent added to bring abouttitration of an analyte to the stoichio-metrically defined end point Alsocalled constant potential voltametry

APPARENT Viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid underVISCOSITY given conditions Same as consistency

ATTENUATION Loss of communication signal strengthBACKPLANE Physical connection between individ-

ual components and the data and powerdistribution buses inside a chassis

BACKPRESSURE Pressure on the discharge side of apressure relief valve This pressure isthe sum of the superimposed and thebuilt-up backpressures The superim-posed backpressure is the pressure thatexists in the discharge piping of therelief valve when the valve is closed

BALANCED SAFETY A safety relief valve with the bonnetRELIEF VALVE vented to atmosphere The effect of

backpressure on the performance char-acteristics of the valve (set pressureblow-down and capacity) is much lessthan on the conventional valve Thebalanced safety relief valve is made inthree designs (1) with a balancing pis-ton (2) with a balancing bellows and(3) with a balancing bellows and anauxiliary balancing piston

BALLING DEGREES Unit of specific gravity used in thebrewing and sugar industries

BALUN (BALANCED A device used for matching character-UNBALANCED) istics between a balanced and an unbal-

anced mediumBANDPASS FILTER An optical or detector filter that permits

the passage of a narrow band of the


xxviii Definitions

total spectrum It excludes or is opaqueto all other wavelengths

BANDWIDTH Data-carrying capacity the range offrequencies available for signals Theterm is also used to describe the ratedthroughput capacity of a given networkmedium or protocol

BARKOMETER Unit of specific gravity used in the tan-DEGREES ning industry

BASEBAND A communication technique wherebyonly one carrier frequency is used tosend one signal at a time Ethernet isan example of a baseband network alsocalled narrowband contrast withbroadband

BAUMEacute DEGREES A unit of specific gravity used in theacid and syrup industries

BLACKBODY The perfect absorber of all radiantenergy that strikes it The blackbody isalso a perfect emitter Therefore bothits absorbance (A) and emissivity (E)are unity The blackbody radiatesenergy in predictable spectral distribu-tions and intensities that are a functionof the blackbodyrsquos absolute tempera-

BLOWDOWN The difference between the set pressure(BLOWBACK) and the reseating (closing) pressure of

a pressure relief valve expressed inpercent of the set pressure bars orpounds per square inch

BOLOMETER Thermal detector which changes itselectrical resistance as a function of theradiant energy striking it

BONDING The practice of creating safe high-capacity reliable electrical connectivitybetween associated metallic partsmachines and other conductive equip-ment

BRIGHTNESS This device uses the radiant energy onPYROMETER each side of a fixed wavelength of the

spectrum This band is quite narrowand usually centered at 065 microm in theorange-red area of the visible spectrum

BRITISH THERMAL The amount of heat required to raiseUNIT (BTU) the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1degF

at or near 60degFBRIX DEGREE A specific gravity unit used in the sugar

industryBROADBAND A communication technique that mul-

tiplexes multiple independent signalssimultaneously using several distinctcarriers A common term in the tele-communications industry to describeany channel having a bandwidth greater

than a voice-grade channel (4 kHz)Also called wideband Contrast withbaseband

BTU ldquoDRYrdquo This is the heating value that isexpressed on a ldquodry basisrdquo The com-mon assumption is that pipeline gascontains 7 lb (or less) of water vaporper million standard cubic feet

BTU ldquoSATURATEDrdquo This is the heating value that isexpressed on the basis of the gas beingsaturated with water vapors This stateis defined as the condition when the gascontains the maximum amount of watervapors without condensation when itis at base pressure and 60degF

BUILT-UP Variable backpressure that develops asBACKPRESSURE a result of flow through the pressure

relief valve after it opens This is anincrease in pressure in the relief valversquosoutlet line caused by the pressure dropthrough the discharge headers

BURNING Burning is when the flame does notspread or diffuse but remains at aninterface where fuel and oxidant aresupplied in proper proportions

CAPACITANCE (C) The amount of charge in coulombsstored in a system necessary to raisethe potential difference across it by 1 Vrepresented in the SI unit farad

CAPACITOR DEVICE This device consists of two conductorselectrically isolated by an insulatorThe conductors are called plates andthe insulator is referred to as the dielec-tric The larger the capacitor thesmaller its impedance and the more ACcurrent will flow through it

CHARACTERISTIC The impedance obtained from the out-IMPEDANCE put terminals of a transmission line that

appears to be infinitely long whenthere are no standing waves on the lineand the ratio of voltage to current is thesame for each point of the line (nominalimpedance of a waveguide)

CHATTER Rapid abnormal reciprocating varia-tions in lift during which the disc con-tacts the seat

CHRONOPOTEN- Process in which the potential differ-TIOMETRY ence between a metallic measuring

electrode and a reference electrode ismonitored as a function of time At themeasuring electrode an oxidation orreduction of a solution species takes place

CLOSING PRESSURE The pressure measured at the valve(RESEAT PRESSURE) inlet at which the valve closes flow is

substantially shut off and there is nomeasurable lift


ture (Figure 411a) A blackbody canbe configured as shown in Figure 411b

Definitions xxix

COAX Jargon meaning coaxial cable consist-ing of a center wire surrounded by low-K insulation surrounded by a secondshield conductor It has the characteristicof low capacitance and inductance tofacilitate transmission of high-frequencycurrent

COLD DIFFERENTIAL The pressure at which the PRV is ad-TEST PRESSURE justed to open during testing The CDTP(CDTP) setting includes the corrections required

to consider the expected service tem-perature and backpressure

COMBUSTION AIR This dimensionless number indicatesREQUIREMENT the amount of air required (stoichio-INDEX (CARI) metrically) to support the combustion

of a fuel gas Mathematically the com-bustion air requirement index is definedby the equation below

CONDUCTANCE (G) The reciprocal of resistance in units ofSiemens (S formerly mhos)

CONDUCTIVITY (g) The reciprocal of resistivity All solidsand liquids have some degree of con-ductivity For the purpose of this sec-tion any material above 1 microScm willbe considered to be conductive (includ-ing most metals and water containingany ions)

CONSISTENCY Resistance of a substance to deforma-tion It is the same as viscosity for aNewtonian fluid and the same as appar-ent viscosity for a non-Newtonian fluid

CONSTANT Backpressure that does not change underBACKPRESSURE any condition of operation whether the

pressure relief valve is closed or openCONVENTIONAL A safety relief valve with the bonnet

SAFETY RELIEF vented either to atmosphere or internallyVALVE to the discharge side of the valve The

performance characteristics (set pres-sure blowdown and capacity) aredirectly affected by changes of thebackpressure on the valve

COULOMETRY Process of monitoring analyte concen-tration by detecting the total amount ofelectrical charge passed between twoelectrodes that are held at constantpotential or when constant current flowpasses between them

CPVC Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride a low-cost reasonably inert polymer used inthe construction of some noninsertionsensors It is easily solvent welded Themaximum temperature range is up toabout 225degF

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY How atoms are arranged in an objectthe direct relationship between thesearrangements and material properties(conductivity electrical propertiesstrength etc)

CURIE (CI) A unit of radiation source size corre-sponding to 37 billion disintegrationsper second

DATA SERVERS A standard interface to provide dataexchange between field devices anddata clients

DEAD BAND The range through which an input canbe varied without causing a change inthe output

DEFLAGRATION OR A process in which a flame front advan-EXPLOSION ces through a gaseous mixture at sub-

sonic speedsDEIONIZED Refers to water of extremely high

purity with few ions to carry currentIf exposed to air for any significantperiod it will have a conductivity ofabout 5 microScm because of dissolvedCO2

DEMULTIPLEXING Separation of multiple input streamsthat were multiplexed into a commonphysical signal back into multiple out-put streams

DESIGN PRESSURE This pressure is equal to or less thanthe maximum allowable working pres-sure It is used to define the upper limitof the normal operating pressure range

DETONATION A process in which the advancement ofa flame front occurs at supersonicspeeds

DEVICE DESCRIPTION A clear unambiguous structured textdescription that allows full utilizationoperation of a field device by a hostmaster without any prior knowledge ofthe field device

DEW POINT Saturation temperature of a gasndashwatervapor mixture

DIELECTRIC An electrical insulator (includes metaloxides plastics and hydrocarbons)

DIELECTRIC A scheme by which changes in insulat-COMPENSATION ing liquid composition or temperature

can be prevented from causing any out-put error Requires a second sensor andhomogeneous liquid A dielectric is amaterial that is an electrical insulatoror in which an electric field can be sus-tained with a minimum of dissipationof power

DIELECTRIC A unit expressing the relative chargeCONSTANT storage capability of various insulators

Full vacuum is defined as 10 and allgases are indistinguishable for practical

CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions

purposes TFE has a dielectric constantof 20 cold water about 80 There areno related units because this is the ratioof absolute dielectric constant to thatof vacuum The dielectric values ofselected materials are given in Tables

DIODE A two-terminal electronic (usually semi-conductor) device that permits currentflow predominantly in only one direction

DISCONTINUITY An abrupt change in the shape (orimpedance) of a waveguide (creating areflection of energy)

DUST-IGNITION- Enclosed in a manner to exclude ignit-PROOF able amounts of dust or amounts that

might affect performance Enclosed sothat arcs sparks and heat otherwisegenerated or liberated inside of theenclosure will not cause ignition ofexterior accumulations or atmosphericsuspensions of dust

EFFECTIVE COEFFICI- This is a coefficient used to calculateENT OF DISCHARGE the minimum required discharge area

of the PRVELECTROCHEMICAL The changes in voltage or current flow

PROCESS that occur between two electrodes in asolution (electrolyte) over time Theoxidation or reduction of the analyteprovides data related to concentration

ELECTROLYTIC A probe that is similar to a galvanic probePROBE except that a potential is applied across

the electrodes and the electrodes arenot consumed Dissolved oxygendetection is a primary application ofthis type of probe

ELECTROMAGNETIC A disturbance that propagates outward WAVE (ENERGY) from any electric charge that oscillates

or is accelerated far from the chargeit consists of vibrating electric andmagnetic fields that move at the speedof light and are at right angles to eachother and to the direction of motion

ELECTRON Electron microscopes are scientific ins-MICROSCOPE truments that use a beam of highly

energetic electrons to examine objectson a very fine scale

EMISSIVITY OR The emissivity of an object is the ratioEMITTANCE (E) of radiant energy emitted by that object

divided by the radiant energy that ablackbody would emit at that sametemperature If the emittance is thesame at all wavelengths the object iscalled a gray body Some industrialmaterials change their emissivity withtemperature and sometimes with othervariables Emissivity always equals

absorption and it also equals 1 minusthe sum of reflectance and transmit-tance (E = A = 1 minus T minus R)

EQUIVALENT TIME A process that captures high-speed elec-SAMPLING (ETS) tromagnetic events in real time (nano-

seconds) and reconstructs them into anequivalent time (milliseconds) whichallows easier measurement with presentelectronic circuitry

ETHERNET A baseband local area network specifi-cation developed by Xerox Corpora-tion Intel and Digital Equipment Corpto interconnect computer equipmentusing coaxial cable and transceivers

EXPLOSION-PROOF All equipment is contained withinenclosures strong enough to withstandinternal explosions without damageand tight enough to confine the result-ing hot gases so that they will not ignitethe external atmosphere This is the tra-ditional method and is applicable to allsizes and types of equipment

FARAD (F) A unit of capacitance Because this isa very large unit a unit equal to onetrillionth of a farad (called a picofaradpF) is commonly used in RF circuits

FEP Fluorinated ethylene propylene a flu-orocarbon that is extremely chemi-cally inert melts at a reasonable tem-perature and can be plastic-weldedfairly easily It is difficult to bond withadhesives The maximum temperaturerange is limited to the 300degF (150degC)area

FIELDBUS An all-digital two-way multidropcommunication system for instrumentsand other plant automation equipment

FIREWALL A router or access server designated asa buffer between any public networksand a private network

FLASH POINT The lowest temperature at which a flam-mable liquid gives off enough vaporsto form a flammable or ignitable mix-ture with air near the surface of theliquid or within the container used Manyhazardous liquids have flash points ator below room temperatures They arenormally covered by a layer of flam-mable vapors that will ignite in thepresence of a source of ignition

FLUIDITY Reciprocal of absolute viscosity unitin the cgs system is the rhe whichequals 1poise

FLUTTER Rapid abnormal reciprocating varia-tions in lift during which the disc doesnot contact the seat


33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi

FUEL CELLS Cells that convert the chemical energyof fuel and oxygen into electricalenergy while the electrode and the elec-trolyte remain unaltered Fuel is con-verted at the anode into hydrogen ionswhich travel through the electrolyte tothe cathode and electrons which travelthrough an external circuit to the cath-ode If oxygen is present at the cathodeit is reduced by these electrons and thehydrogen and oxygen ions eventuallyreact to form water

GALVANIC PROBE A probe for which no external voltageis applied across electrodes currentflows as the cell is depolarized whendiffusion of the analyte occurs Elec-trodes are consumed during this oper-ation and require periodic replacement

GRAY BODY This is an object having an emittanceof less than unity but this emittance isconstant at all wavelengths (over thatpart of the spectrum where the mea-surement takes place) This means thatgray-body radiation curves are identi-

except that they are dropped down onthe radiated power density scale

GROSS CALORIFIC The heat value of energy per unit vol-VALUE ume at standard conditions expressed

in terms of British thermal units perstandard cubic feet (BtuSCF) or askilocalories per cubic Newton meters(KcalNmiddotm3) or other equivalent units

GROUND A conducting connection whether inten-tional or accidental between an electri-cal circuit or equipment and the Earthor to some conducting body that servesin place of Earth (See NFPA 70ndash100)

GROUND FAULT A device used to open ungrounded con-PROTECTOR ductors when high currents especially

those resulting from line-to-groundfault currents are encountered

GUARD The ldquoelectronic guardrdquo (called a shieldin some RF level literature) consists ofa concentric metallic element with anapplied voltage that is identical to thevoltage on the conductor that it isldquoguardingrdquo This negates the capaci-tance between the guarded conductorand the outside world

GUIDED WAVE A contact radar technology for whichRADAR (GWR) time domain reflectometry (TDR) has

been developed into an industrial-levelmeasurement system in which a probeimmersed in the medium acts as thewaveguide

HAGEN-POISEUILLE Defines the behavior of viscous liquidLAW flow through a capillary

HOME RUN Wire between the cabinet where theWIRING Fieldbus host or centralized control

system resides and the first field junc-tion box or device

HUB (SHARED) Multiport repeater joining segmentsinto a network

HYGROMETER An apparatus that measures humidityHYGROSCOPIC A material with a great affinity for mois-

MATERIAL tureIMPEDANCE Maximum voltage divided by maxi-

mum current in an alternating currentcircuit Impedance is composed of resis-tive inductive and capacitive compo-nents As in DC circuits the quantityof voltage divided by current is expressedin ohms (Ω)

INFRARED The portion of the spectrum whosewavelength is longer than that of redlight Only the portion between 07 and20 microm gives usable energy for radiationdetectors

INTERFACE (1) Shared boundary for example thephysical connection between two sys-tems or two devices (2) Generally thepoint of interconnection of two compo-nents and the means by which theymust exchange signals according tosome hardware or software protocol

INTEROPERABILITY A marketing term with a blurred mean-ing One possible definition is the abil-ity for like devices from different man-ufacturers to work together in a systemand be substituted one for another with-out loss of functionality at the hostlevel (HART)

INTRINSIC SAFETY Available energy is limited under allconditions to levels too low to ignite thehazardous atmosphere This method isuseful only for low-power equipmentsuch as instrumentation communica-tion and remote control circuits

KINEMATIC Dynamic viscositydensity = υ = microρVISCOSITY (υυυυ)

LAMBDA The desired closed-loop time constantoften set to equal the loop lag time

LATENCY Latency measures the worst-case max-imum time between the start of a trans-action and the completion of that trans-action

LIFT The rise of the disc in a pressure-reliefvalve

LINE DRIVER Inexpensive amplifier and signal con-verter that conditions digital signals toensure reliable transmissions over


cal to the ones shown in Figure 411a

xxxii Definitions

extended distances without the use ofmodems

LOWER EXPLOSIVE The lowest concentration of gas or vaporLIMIT (LEL) in air at which once ignition occurs

the gas or vapor will continue to burnafter the source of ignition has beenremoved

LOWPASS FILTERS Filters that are used to remove high-frequency interference or noise fromlow-frequency signals

MANCHESTER A digital signaling technique that con-tains a signal transition at the center ofevery bit cell

MANUFACTURING A range around the specified burst pres-RANGE sure within which the marked or rated

burst pressure must fall Manufacturingrange is not used in ISO standards

MAXIMUM The maximum pressure expected dur-ALLOWABLE ing normal operationOPERATING PRESSURE (MAOP)

MAXIMUM This is the maximum pressure allowedALLOWABLE for continuous operation As definedWORKING PRESSURE in the construction codes (ASME B313)(MAWP) for unfired pressure vessels it equals

the design pressure for the same designtemperature The maximum allowableworking pressure depends on the typeof material its thickness and the ser-vice conditions set as the basis fordesign The vessel may not be operatedabove this pressure or its equivalent atany metal temperature other than thatused in its design consequently forthat metal temperature it is the highestpressure at which the primary pressurerelief valve can be set to open

MECHANICAL Mechanically increasing the emissivityEMISSIVITY of a surface to near-blackbody condi-ENHANCEMENT tions (using multiple reflection)

MICRON Equals 001 mm 10000 angstroms (Aring)A unit used to measure wavelengths ofradiant energy

MODEM Modulator-demodulator a device thatconverts digital and analog signals Atthe source a modem converts digitalsignals to a form suitable for transmis-sion over analog communication facil-ities At the destination the analogsignals are returned to their digitalform Modems allow data to be trans-mitted over voice-grade telephonelines

MORPHOLOGY The shape and size of the particlesmaking up the object the direct rela-tionship between these structures and

their material properties (ductilitystrength reactivity etc)

MULTIPLEXING A scheme that allows multiple logicalsignals to be transmitted simulta-neously across a single physical chan-nel Compare with demultiplexing

NARROWBAND A radiation pyrometer that is sensitivePYROMETER to only a narrow segment of wave-

lengths within the total radiation spec-trum Optical pyrometers are amongthe devices in this category

NET CALORIFIC The measurement of the actual availableVALUE energy per unit volume at standard con-

ditions which is always less than thegross calorific value by an amountequal to the latent heat of vaporizationof the water formed during combustion

NETWORK All of the media connectors and asso-ciated communication elements bywhich a communication system oper-ates

NEWTON The internationally accepted unit offorce defined as the force required toaccelerate 1 kg by 1 msec2 It equals02248 pound-force or about 4 oz

NONFRAGMENTING A rupture disc design that when burstDISC does not eject fragments that could

interfere with the operation of down-stream equipment (ie relief valves)

NONINCENDIARY Equipment that in normal operationdoes not constitute a source of ignitionie surface temperature shall notexceed ignition temperature of thespecified gas to which it may beexposed and there are no sliding ormake-and-break contacts operating atenergy levels capable of causing igni-tion Used for all types of equipmentin Division 2 locations Relies on theimprobability of an ignition-capablefault condition occurring simulta-neously with an escape of hazardousgas

OIL IMMERSION Concept in which equipment is sub-merged in oil to a depth sufficient toquench any sparks that may be pro-duced This technique is commonlyused for switchgears but it is not uti-lized in connection with instruments

OPERATING PRESSURE The operating pressure of a vessel isthe pressure in pounds per square inchgauge (PSIG) to which the vessel isusually subjected in service A process-ing vessel is usually designed for amaximum allowable working pressurein PSIG that will provide a suitable


Definitions xxxiii

margin above the operating pressure toprevent any undesirable operation ofthe relief device It is suggested that thismargin be approximately 10 or 25 PSI(173 kPa) whichever is greater Sucha margin will be adequate to preventthe undesirable opening and operation ofthe pressure relief valve caused by minorfluctuations in the operating pressure

OPERATING The margin between the maximumPRESSURE MARGIN operating pressure and the set pressure

of the PRVOPERATING The ratio of the maximum operating

PRESSURE RATIO pressure to the set pressure of the PRVOPERATING RATIO (1) The ratio of the maximum operating

OF A RUPTURE DISC pressure to the marked burst pressureexpressed as a percentage (commonUS definition) (2) The ratio of themaximum operating pressure to theminimum of the performance toleranceexpressed as a percentage (commonISO definition)

OPTICAL PYROMETER Also called brightness pyrometer ituses a narrow band of radiation withinthe visible range (04 to 07 microm) tomeasure temperature by color match-ing and other techniques

OVERPRESSURE The pressure increase over the set pres-sure of the primary relief device Whenthe set pressure is the same as the max-imum allowable operating pressure(MAOP) the accumulation is the sameas the overpressure Pressure increaseover the set pressure of the primaryrelieving device is overpressure Wemay observe from this definition thatwhen the set pressure of the first (pri-mary) safety or relief valve is less thanthe maximum allowable working pres-sure of the vessel the overpressure maybe greater than 10 of set pressure

PARTIAL PRESSURE In a mixture of gases the partial pres-sure of one component is the pressureof that component if it alone occupiedthe entire volume at the temperature ofthe mixture

PASCAL-SECOND Internationally accepted unit of abso-(PA middot S) lute (dynamic) viscosity One Pamiddots =

1 Newton-secm2 = 10 poise = 1000centipoise

PDVF This fluorocarbon has substantially lower(POLYVINYLIDENE temperature limits than the others (250degFFLUORIDE) or 120degC) and is less inert chemically

It is dissolved by the ketones (acetoneMEK MIBK) and attacked by benzeneand high concentrations of sulfuric acid

The most insidious enemy is causticwhich causes brittleness and crackingIt has much better toughness and abra-sion resistance than the other fluorocar-bons as well as unique electrical prop-erties (K = 8)

PE (POLYETHYLENE) A low-temperature insulation that iscompatible with a wide range of corro-sives but is attacked by most petroleumproducts Generally limited to situa-tions where fluorocarbons and chloro-carbons are not allowed such as thetobacco and nuclear power industriesMaximum allowable temperature is inthe 180degF (80degC) area

PEEK (POLYETHER A high-temperature injection-moldedETHERKETONE) polymer that is chemically quite inert

This material has wide chemical appli-cation Temperature capability is highat 450 to 500degF (225 to 260degC) Avoidany liquids with ldquophenolrdquo in their namesAdhesive bonding to the molded partswould be difficult

PFA A fluorocarbon that is quite inert chem-(PERFLUOROALKOXY) ically melts at a fairly high tempera-

ture and is easily plastic welded It canbe used up to 550degF (290degC) but as aprobe insulation it is generally limitedto 350degF (175degC) because of bondinglimitations with the metal rod

PHASE DIFFERENCE A contact radar technology unlike TDR-SENSOR (PDS) based systems which measure using

subnanosecond time intervals PDSderives level information from thechanges in phase angle

PHOTODETECTOR A device that measures thermal radia-tion by producing an output throughrelease of electrical changes within itsbody They are small flakes of crystal-line materials such as CdS or InSb thatrespond to different portions of thespectrum consequently showing greatselectivity in the wavelengths at whichthey operate

PIXEL (ldquoPICTURE A dot that represents the smallest graphicELEMENTrdquo) unit of display in a digital image used in

machine vision and camera technologyPLENUM Air distribution ducting chamber or

compartmentPOISE (micromicromicromicro) Unit of dynamic or absolute viscosity

(dyne-seccm2)POISEUILLE (PI) Suggested name for the new interna-

tional standard unit of viscosity thepascal-second

POLAROGRAPHY Process for monitoring the diffusion cur-rent flow between working and auxiliary


xxxiv Definitions

electrodes as a function of applied volt-age as it is systematically varied Theconcentration of analyte allows for theflow of the diffusion current which islinearly dependent on the analyte con-centration Polarography can beapplied using direct current pulseddirect current and alternating currentvoltage excitation waveforms Dis-solved oxygen determination is anexample of an application for whichpolarography is used

POTENTIOMETRY When no current is passing between elec-trodes Examples ORP pH selective-ion electrodes The electromotive forceor potential difference (at zero current)is monitored between the measuringand reference electrodes

POTTING Refers to the use of a potting compoundto completely surround all live partsthereby excluding the hazardous atmo-sphere has been proposed as a methodof protection There is no known usageexcept in combination with other means

PP (POLYPROPYLENE) Similar to PE Used for low cost andwhere fluorocarbons and chlorocar-bons are excluded Maximum temper-ature is in the area of 200degF

PRESSURE-RELIEVING The broadest category in the area ofDEVICE pressure-relief devices includes rup-

ture discs and pressure relief valves ofboth the simple spring-loaded typesand certain pilot-operated types

PRESSURE RELIEF A generic term that can refer to reliefVALVE (PRV) valves safety valves and pilot-oper-

ated valves The purpose of a PRV isto automatically open and to relieve theexcess system pressure by sending theprocess gases or fluids to a safe locationwhen its pressure setting is reached

PRIMARY STANDARD A measuring instrument calibrated at anational standard laboratory such asNIST and used to calibrate other sensors

PROOF A unit of specific gravity used in thealcohol industry

PROTOCOL Formal description of a set of rules andconventions that govern how deviceson a network exchange information

(P)TFE The oldest highest-temperature and(TETRAFLUORO- most inert fluorocarbon probe insula-ETHYLENE) tion Extremely difficult to adhesive

bond it is usable up to 550degF (290degC)but on probes its temperature limit isdetermined by the type of bonding tothe probe rod (300 450 or 550degF) Thisis the most common probe insulation in

the industry Because it never melts (itdisintegrates producing HF at gt600degF)it is difficult to fabricate is impossibleto plastic weld and exhibits a high degreeof microporosity Can be destroyed bybutadiene and styrene monomer (TheldquoPrdquo in (P) TFE stands for polymerized)

PURGING This refers to the maintenance of a slightPRESSURIZATION positive pressure of air or inert gas withinVENTILATION an enclosure so that the hazardous atmo-

sphere cannot enter Relatively recentin general application it is applicableto any size or type of equipment

QUEVENNE DEGREE A specific gravity unit used in express-ing the fat content of milk

RACEWAY A general term for enclosed channelsconduit and tubing designed for hold-ing wires and cables

RADAR (RADIO A system using beamed and reflectedDETECTION radio frequency energy for detecting andAND RANGING) locating objects measuring distance or

altitude navigating homing bombingand other purposes in detecting andranging the time interval between trans-mission of the energy and receptionof the reflected energy establishes therange of an object in the beamrsquos path

RADIO FREQUENCY A frequency that is higher than sonic(RF) but less than infrared The low end of

the RF range is 20 kHz and its highend is around 100000 MHz

RADIO FREQUENCY A phenomenon in which electromagneticINTERFERENCE (RFI) waves from a source interfere with

the performance of another electricaldevice

RATED RELIEVING The maximum relieving capacity of theCAPACITY PRV This information is normally pro-

vided on the nameplate of the PRV Therated relieving capacity of the PRVexceeds the required relieving capacityand is the basis for sizing the ventheader system

RATIO PYROMETER See two-color pyrometerREACTANCE (X) The portion of the impedance of a circuit

that is caused by capacitance induc-tance or both Expressed in ohms

REAR MOUNT A technique for making long inactivesections by mounting the probe on theend of a pipe with its coax cable run-ning through the pipe to the top of thetank The coax must survive the processtemperature so it is often of high-temperature construction

REFLECTANCE OR The percentage of the total radiationREFLECTIVITY (R) falling on a body that is directly

reflected without entry Reflectance is


Definitions xxxv

zero for a blackbody and nearly 100for a highly polished surface (R = 1 minusA minus T where A is the absorbance andT is the transmissivity)

RELATIVE HUMIDITY The ratio of the mole fraction of mois-ture in a gas mixture to the mole fractionof moisture in a saturated mixture at thesame temperature and pressure Alterna-tively the ratio of the amount of mois-ture in a gas mixture to the amount ofmoisture in a saturated mixture at equalvolume temperature and pressure

RELATIVE VISCOSITY Ratio of absolute viscosity of a fluid atany temperature to that of water at20degC (68degF) Because water at thistemperature has a micro of 1002 cP therelative viscosity of a fluid equals approx-imately its absolute viscosity in cPBecause the density of water is 1 thekinematic viscosity of water equals1002 cSt at 20degC

RELIEF VALVE An automatic pressure-relieving deviceactuated by the static pressure upstreamof the valve which opens in proportionto the increase in pressure over theoperating pressure It is used primarilyfor liquid service

RELIEVING PRESSURE The sum of opening pressure plus over-pressure It is the pressure measured ata valversquos inlet at which the relievingcapacity is determined

REOPENING The opening pressure when the pressurePRESSURE is raised as soon as practicable after the

valve has reseated or closed from a pre-vious discharge

RESISTIVE AC current can be separated into twoCOMPONENT components the portion that is in

phase with the excitation voltage is theresistive component

RESISTIVITY (ρ) The property of a conductive materialthat determines how much resistance aunit cube will produce Expressed inunits of ohm-centimeters (Ωmiddotcm)

RICHTER DEGREES A unit of specific gravity used in thealcohol industry

ROENTGEN (R) A unit for expressing the strength of aradiation field In a 1-R radiation field208 billion pairs of ions are producedin 1 cm2 of air

ROENTGEN A unit of allowable radiation dosageEQUIVALENT MAN corresponding to the amount of radia-(REM) tion received when exposed to 1 R over

any period of timeROOT VALVE The first valve off the processRUPTURE TOLERANCE The tolerance range on either side of

OF A RUPTURE DISC the marked or rated burst pressure

within which the rupture disc is expectedto burst Rupture tolerance may also berepresented as a minimumndashmaximumpressure range Also referred to as per-formance tolerance in ISO standards

SAFETY RELIEF An automatic pressure-actuated relievingVALVE device suitable for use as either a safety

or relief valveSAFETY VALVE An automatic pressure-relieving device

actuated by the static pressure upstreamof the valve and characterized by rapidand full opening or pop action It canbe used for steam gas or vapor service

SAND FILLING All potential sources of ignition areburied in a granular solid such as sandThe sand acts partly to keep the haz-ardous atmosphere away from thesources of ignition and partly as an arcquencher and flame arrester It is usedin Europe for heavy equipment it is notused in instruments

SATURATION A condition in which RF current froma probe to ground is determined solelyby the impedance of the probe insula-tion Increased conductivity in the sat-urating medium even to infinity willnot cause a noticeable change in thatcurrent or in the transmitter output

SATURATION The pressure of a fluid when conden-PRESSURE sation (or vaporization) takes place at

a given temperature (The temperatureis the saturation temperature)

SATURATED A solution that has reached the limit ofSOLUTION solubility

SAYBOLT FUROL A time unit referring to the Saybolt vis-SECOND (SFS) cometer with a Furol capillary which

is larger than a universal capillarySAYBOLT UNIVERSAL A time unit referring to the Saybolt vis-

SECOND (SUS) cometerSAYBOLT Measures time for given volume of fluid

VISCOMETER to flow through standard orifice units(UNIVERSAL FUROL) are seconds

SEALING Excluding the atmosphere from poten-tial sources of ignition by sealing suchsources in airtight containers Thismethod is used for components suchas relays not for complete instru-ments

SEAL-OFF PRESSURE The pressure measured at the valveinlet after closing at which no furtherliquid steam or gas is detected at thedownstream side of the seat

SEGMENT The section of a network that is termi-nated in its characteristic impedanceSegments are linked by repeaters toform a complete network


xxxvi Definitions

SERVICE Term used by NFPA-70 (NEC) todemarcate the point at which utilityelectrical codes published by IEEE(NESC) take over Includes conductorsand equipment that deliver electricityfrom utilities

SET PRESSURE The pressure at which a relief valve is(OPENING PRESSURE) set to open It is the pressure measured

at the valve inlet of the PRV at whichthere is a measurable lift or at whichdischarge becomes continuous as deter-mined by seeing feeling or hearing Inthe pop-type safety valve it is the pres-sure at which the valve moves more inthe opening direction as compared tocorresponding movements at higher orlower pressures A safety valve or asafety relief valve is not considered tobe open when it is simmering at a pres-sure just below the popping point eventhough the simmering may be audible

SHEAR VISCOMETER Viscometer that measures viscosity ofa non-Newtonian fluid at several differ-ent shear rates Viscosity is extrapo-lated to zero shear rate by connectingthe measured points and extending thecurve to zero shear rate

SIKES DEGREE A unit of specific gravity used in thealcohol industry

SIMMER (WARN) The condition just prior to opening atwhich a spring-loaded relief valve is atthe point of having zero or negativeforces holding the valve closed Underthese conditions as soon as the valvedisc attempts to rise the spring con-stant develops enough force to close thevalve again

SMART FIELD DEVICE A smart field device is a microprocessor-based process transmitter or actuatorthat supports two-way communicationswith a host digitizes the transducer sig-nals and digitally corrects its processvariable values to improve system per-formance The value of a smart fielddevice lies in the quality of data itprovides

SPECIFIC HUMIDITY The ratio of the mass of water vapor tothe mass of dry gas in a given volume

SPECIFIC VISCOSITY Ratio of absolute viscosity of a fluid tothat of a standard fluid usually waterboth at the same temperature

SPECTRAL EMISSIVITY The ratio of emittance at a specificwavelength or very narrow band to thatof a blackbody at the same temperature

START-TO-LEAK The pressure at the valve inlet at whichPRESSURE the relieved fluid is first detected on the

downstream side of the seat before nor-mal relieving action takes place

STICTION Combination of sticking and slippingwhen stroking a control valve

STOKE Unit of kinematic viscosity υ (cm2sec)STRESS Forcearea (FA)SUBCHANNEL In broadband terminology a frequency-

based subdivision creating a separatecommunication channel

SUPERIMPOSED Variable backpressure that is present inBACKPRESSURE the discharge header before the pres-

sure relief valve starts to open It canbe constant or variable depending on thestatus of the other PRVs in the system

SWITCHED HUB A multiport bridge joining networksinto a larger network

TEFLON TFE Most people interchange the name TeflonFEP AND PFA with TFE This is completely incorrect

but understandable TFE was the firstfluorocarbon polymer to carry the tradename ldquoTeflonrdquo at EI DuPont Dupontchose to use the Teflon trade name fora whole family of fluorocarbon resinsso FEP and PFA made by Dupont arealso called Teflon To complicate thematter other companies now manufac-ture TFE FEP and PFA which legallycannot be called Teflon because thatname applies only to DuPont-madepolymers

THERMOPILE A device that measures thermal radia-tion by absorption to become hotterthan its surroundings It is a number ofsmall thermocouples arranged like thespokes of a wheel with the hot junctionat the hub The thermocouples are con-nected in series and the output is basedon the difference between the hot andcold junctions

TRALLES DEGREE A unit of specific gravity used in thealcohol industry

THROUGHPUT The maximum number of transactionsper second that can be communicatedby the system

TIME DOMAIN An instrument that measures the elec-REFLECTOMETER trical characteristics of wideband trans-(TDR) mission systems subassemblies com-

ponents and lines by feeding in avoltage step and displaying the super-imposed reflected signals on an oscil-loscope equipped with a suitable time-base sweep

TIMEOUT An event that occurs when one networkdevice expects to hear from another net-work device within a specified period oftime but does not The resulting timeout


Definitions xxxvii

usually results in a retransmission ofinformation or the dissolving of the ses-sion between the two devices

TOPOLOGY (1) Physical arrangement of networknodes and media within an enterprisenetworking structure (2) The surfacefeatures of an objectmdashldquohow it looksrdquoor its texture a direct relation betweenthese features and the materialrsquos prop-erties (hardness reflectivity etc)

TOTAL EMISSIVITY The ratio of the integrated value of allspectral emittance to that of a blackbody

TRANSISTOR A three-terminal solid state electronicdevice made of silicon gallium ars-enide or germanium and used foramplification and switching in circuits

TRANSMITTANCE OR The percentage of the total radiant energyTRANSMISSIVITY (T) falling on a body that passes directly

through it without being absorbedTransmittance is zero for a blackbodyand nearly 100 percent for a materialsuch as glass in the visible spectrumregion (T = 1 minus A minus R where A is theabsorbance and R is the reflectance)

TWADDELL DEGREE A unit of specific gravity used in thesugar tanning and acid industries

TWO-COLOR A device that measures temperature asPYROMETER a function of the radiation ratio emitted

around two narrow wavelength bandsAlso called a ratio pyrometer

UPPER EXPLOSIVE The highest concentration of gas or vaporLIMIT (UEL) in air in which a flame will continue to

burn after the source of ignition hasbeen removed

VARACTOR A voltage-sensitive capacitorVARIABLE Backpressure that varies as a result ofBACKPRESSURE changes in operation of one or more

pressure-relief valves connected into acommon discharge header

VELOCITY GRADIENT Rate for change of liquid velocity across(SHEAR) the streammdashVL for linear velocity

profile dVdL for nonlinear velocityprofile Units are VndashL = ftsecft = secminus1

VELOCITY HEAD The velocity head is calculated as v22 gwhere v is the flowing velocity and gis the gravitational acceleration (9819ms2 or 32215 fts2 at 60deg latitude)

WAVEGUIDE A device that constrains or guides thepropagation of electromagnetic wavesalong a path defined by the physicalconstruction of the waveguide includesducts a pair of parallel wires and coax-ial cable

WIDEBAND (TOTAL) A radiation thermometer that measuresPYROMETER the total power density emitted by the

material of interest over a wide rangeof wavelengths

WOBBE INDEX AGA 4A defines the Wobbe index as anumerical value that is calculated bydividing the square root of the relativedensity (a key flow orifice parameter)into the heat content (or BTU per stan-dard cubic foot) of the gas Mathemat-ically the Wobbe index is defined bythe equation below

where WI = the Wobbe indexCV = the calorific valueSG = the specific gravity

WI CV SQ=


xxxix

A B B R E V I A T I O N S N O M E N C L A T U R E A C R O N Y M S A N D S Y M B O L S

2D two-dimensional3D three-dimensional

Aa accelerationA (1) area (2) ampere symbol for basic SI

unit of electric current (3) admittanceAring angstrom (= 10minus10 m)AA atomic absorptionAAS atomic absorption spectrometerabs absolute (eg value)AC alternating currentACFM actual cubic feet per minute volumetric

flow at actual conditions in cubic feet perminute (= 2832 alpm)

ACL asynchronous connectionlessACMH actual cubic meters per hourACMM actual cubic meters per minuteACS analyzer control systemACSL advanced continuous simulation languageAD analog to digital also analog-to-digital

converterAD actuation depthADC analog-to-digital converterADIS approved for draft international standard

circulationAampE alarm and eventAES atomic emission spectrometerAF a-f audio frequencyAFD adjustable frequency driveAGA3 American Gas Association Report No 3ai Adobe Illustrator

AI analog inputa(k) white noiseALARA as low as reasonably achievableALARP as low as reasonably practicablealpm actual liters per minutealt altitudeAM amplitude modulated or actual measure-

ment

amp ampere also AAMPS advanced mobile phone systemAMS asset management solutions or analyzer

maintenance solutionsAO analog outputAOTF acousto-optical tunable filtersAP access pointAPC automatic process controlAPDU application (layer) protocol data unitAPI application programming interface or abso-

lute performance indexdegAPI API degrees of liquid densityAPM application pulse modulationAR autoregressiveARA alarm response analysisARIMA autoregressive integrated moving averageARP address resolution protocolASCII American Standard Code for Information

InterchangeAS-i actuator sensor interfaceASIC application-specific integrated circuitASK amplitude shift keyingasym asymmetrical not symmetricalATG automatic tank gaugingatm atmosphere (= 147 psi)ATP adenosine triphosphateATR attenuated total reflectanceAUI attachment unit interfaceaux auxiliaryAWG American wire gauge

Bb dead timedegBa balling degrees of liquid densitybar (1) barometer (2) unit of atmospheric pres-

sure measurement (= 100 kPa)barg bar gaugebbl barrels (= 01589 m3)BCD binary coded decimalBCS batch control system


xl Abbreviations Nomenclature Acronyms and Symbols

degBeacute Baumeacute degrees of liquid densityBFO beat frequency oscillatorBFW boiler feedwaterbhp brake horsepower (= 746 W)degBk Barkometer degrees of liquid densityblk black (wiring code color for AC ldquohotrdquo con-

ductor)BMS burner management systemBOD biochemical oxygen demandbp bp boiling pointBPCS basic process control systemBPS bsec bits per secondBPSK binary phase shift keyingBq becquerel symbol for derived SI unit of

radioactivity joules per kilogram JkgdegBr Brix degrees of liquid densityBtu British thermal unit (= 1054 J)BWG Birmingham wire gaugeB2B business to business

Cc (1) velocity of light in vacuum (3 times 108

ms) (2) centi prefix meaning 001C coulombs symbol for discharge coeffi-

cient capacitancedegC Celsius degrees of temperatureca circa (about approximately)CAC channel access codeCAD computer aided designCal calorie (gram = 4184 J) also g-calCAN control area network or control and auto-

mation networkCARI combustion air requirement indexCATV community antenna television (cable)cc cubic centimeter (= 10minus6 m3)CCD charge-coupled deviceCCF common cause failure or combination

capacity factorCcm cubic centimeter per minuteCCR central control roomCcs constant current sourceCCS computer control system or constant cur-

rent sourceCCTV closed circuit televisionCCW counterclockwiseCD dangerous coverage factorcd candela symbol for basic SI unit of lumi-

nous intensityCD compact disk or collision detectorCDDP cellular digital data packetCDF cumulative distribution functionCDMA code division multiple accessCDPD cellular digital packet dataCDT color detection tubeCDTP cold differential test pressureCEMS continuous emissions monitoring system

CENP combustion engineering nuclear powerCE Conformiteacute Europeacutene (European Confor-

mity) applicable to electrical safetyCFA Continuous flow analyzerCFM cfm cubic feet per minute (2832 lpm)ft3minCFR Code of Federal RegulationsCFyr cubic foot per yearCi curie (= 37 times 1010 Bq)CI cast ironCIM computer integrated manufacturingCIP computer aided production or control and

information protocol (an application layerprotocol supported by DeviceNet Control-Net and EthernetIP)

CJ cold junctionCIP clean in placeCL1 electrically hazardous Class 1 Division 1

Groups C or DCLD chemiluminescence detectorCLP closed-loop potential factorcm centimeter (= 001 m)CM condition monitoring or communication

(interface) moduleCMF Coriolis mass flowmeterCMMS computerized maintenance management

systemCMPC constrained multivariable predictive controlcmph m3h cubic meter per hourCNI ControlNet InternationalCO controller output or carbon monoxideCO2 carbon dioxideCO2D carbon dioxide demandCOD chemical oxygen demandCOF coefficient of hazeCOM component object modelCOTS commercial off-the-shelfcpm cycles per minute counts per minuteCo cobaltcos cosine (trigonometric function)cp cp (1) candle power (2) circular pitch (3)

center of pressure (cp and ctp sometimesare used for centipoise)

cps (1) cycles per second (hertz Hz) (2)counts per second (3) centipoise (= 0001PamiddotS)

CPS computerized procedure systemCPU central processing unitCPVC chlorinated polyvinyl chlorideCR corrosion rateCRC cyclical redundancy check or cyclic redun-

dancy code (An error detection coding tech-nique based on modulo-2 division Some-times misused to refer to a block checksequence type of error detection coding)

CRDS cavity ring-down spectroscopy


Abbreviations Nomenclature Acronyms and Symbols xli

CRLF carriage return-line feedCRT cathode ray tubeCs cesiumCS carbon steelCSL car seal lockCSMACD carrier sense multiple access with collision

detectionCSO car seal openCSS central supervisory stationcSt centistokeCSTR continuous-stirred tank reactorCT cooling tower or the product of C for dis-

infectant concentration and T for time ofcontact in minutes

CTDMA concurrent time domain multiple accessCTMP chemi-thermo-mechanical pulpCVAAS cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopyCVF circular variable filterscvs comma-separated variablesCW clockwise

Dd (1) derivative (2) differential as in dxdt

(3) deci prefix meaning 01 (4) depth (5)day

D diameter also dia and φ or derivative timeof a controller

DA data accessDA digital-to-analogDAC device access codeDACU data acquisition and control unitDAE differential algebraic equationDAMPS digital advanced mobile phone systemdB decibelsDBB double-block and bleedDBPSK differential binary phase shift keyingDC diagnostic coverageDC dc direct currentDCE data communications equipmentDCOM distributed COMDCS distributed control systemDD data definition or dangerous component fail-

ure is detected in leg or a device descriptionwritten using DDL

DDBP disinfectantsdisinfection byproductsDDC direct digital controlDDE dynamic data exchangeDDL device description language (an object-

oriented data-modeling language currentlysupported by PROFIBUS FF and HART)

deg degree also deg (π180 rad)DES data encryption standardDFIR diffused infraredDFR digital fiber-optic refractometerDFT digital Fourier transformDH data highway

DI discrete (digital) inputdia diameter also D and φDIAC dedicated inquiry access codeDIR diffused infraredDIS draft international standardDIX Digital-Intel-Xerox (DIX is the original

specification that created the de facto Ether-net standard IEEE 8023 came later afterEthernet was established)

d(k) unmeasured disturbanceD(k) measured disturbanceDLE data link escapeDLL dynamic link libraryDMA dynamic mechanical analyzerDMM digital multimeterDN diameter normal the internal diameter of

a pipe in rounded millimetersDO dissolved oxygen or discrete (digital) outputDOAS differential optical absorption spectros-

copydp cell differential pressure transmitter (a Foxboro

trademark)DPD NN-diethyl-p-phenylenediamineDPDT double-pole double-throw (switch)dpi dots per inchDQPSK differential quadrature phase shift keyingDSL digital subscriber lineDSP digital signal processingDSR direct screen referenceDSSS direct sequence spread spectrumDT dead time (second or minutes)DTC digital temperature compensationDTE data terminal equipmentDTGS deuterated tryglycine sulfateDTM device type manager (An active-X compo-

nent for configuring an industrial networkcomponent A DTM ldquoplugs intordquo an FDT)

DU dangerous component failure occurred inleg but undetected

DVM digital voltmeter

Ee (1) error (2) base of natural (Naperian)

logarithm (3) exponential function alsoexp (minusx) as in eminusx

E (1) electric potential in volts (2) scientificnotation as in 15E minus 03 = 15 times 10minus3

E expected value operatorEAI enterprise application integrationEAM enterprise asset managementEBCDIC extended binary code for information inter-

changeEBR electronic batch recordsECD electron capture detectorECKO eddy-current killed oscillatorECN effective carbon number


xlii Abbreviations Nomenclature Acronyms and Symbols

ECTFE ethylene chloro-tetra-fluoro-ethylene (Halar)EDS electronic data sheet (DeviceNet)EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acidEDXRF energy dispersive x-ray fluorescenceEEPE electricalelectronicprogrammable electronicEEPES electricalelectronicprogrammable electronic

systemEFD engineering flow diagrameg exempli gratia (for example)EHC electrohydraulic controlEHM equipment health managemente(k) feedback errorEL elastic limitEmf EMF (1) electromotive force (volts) (2) electro-

motive potential (volts)EMI electromagnetic interferenceEMIRFI electromagnetic interferenceradio frequency

interferenceem(k) processmodel errorEN European standardEPA enhanced performance architecture Envi-

ronmental Protection AgencyEPC engineering-procurement-construction

(firm or industry)EPCM engineering procurement and construc-

tion management (companies)EPDM ethylene propylene diene terpolymerEPS electronic pressure scanner Encapsulated

PostScript file or emergency power supplyEQ eq equationERM enterprise resource manufacturingERP enterprise resource planning effective radi-

ated powerERW electric-resistance weldedESD emergency shutdown (system) electro-

static dischargeESN electronic serial numberETFE ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer

(Tefzelreg)ETS equivalent time samplingExp exponential function as in exp (ndash at) = eminusat

also e

FF frequency (also freq)F farad symbol for derived SI unit of capac-

itance ampere-second per volt AmiddotsVdegF degrees Fahrenheit [tdegC = (tdegF minus 32)18]FAT factory acceptance testingFBAP function block application process (FF)FBD function block diagramFBG fiber bragg gratingFC flow controllersFCC fluid catalytic cracking unitFCOR filtering and correlation (method)

FCS frame check sequenceFDE fault disconnection electronicsFDL fieldbus data linkFDMA frequency division multiple accessFDS flame-detection systemFDT field device tool (a Windowsreg-based

Microsoft framework for engineering andconfiguration tools)

FE final elementsFEED front end engineering and designFEGT furnace exit gas temperatureFEP fluorinated ethylene propyleneFES fixed end systemFF-HSE Foundation Fieldbus high-speed EthernetFFT fast Fourier transformFH frequency hoppingFhp fractional horsepower (eg 14-hp motor)FHSS frequency hopped spread spectrumFI flow indicatorFIA flow injection analyzerFIC flow indicator controllerFID flame ionization detectorFIE flame ionization elementFIFO first-in first-outFig figureFISCO fieldbus Intrinsic Safety COnceptfl fluidfl oz fluid ounce (= 2957 cc)FM frequency modulatedFMCW frequency modulated carrier waveFMEA failure mode and effects analysisFMEDA failure modes effects and diagnostic analysisFMS fieldbus message specification or fieldbus

messaging servicessystemFO fiber optic or fail openFOP fiber-optic probeFOV field of viewfp fp freezing pointFPC fine particle contentFPD flame photometric detectorFPM fpm feet per minute (= 03048 mm)ftminfps fts feet per second (= 03048 ms)FRC flow recording controllerFRM frequency response methodFS fs full scaleFSC fail safe controllerFSD full scale deflectionFSK frequency shift keyingFT Fourier transformFTA fault tree analysisFTIR Fourier transform infraredFTNIR Fourier near infraredFTP file transfer protocolFTS fault-tolerant systemFTU formazin turbidity unit


Abbreviations Nomenclature Acronyms and Symbols xliii

Gg acceleration resulting from gravity (= 9806

ms2) or conductivityG giga prefix meaning 109 or process gain

or conductancegal gallon (= 3785 liters)GB gigabyte 1000000000 bytesGbE gigabit Ethernetgbps GBPS gigabits per secondGc feedback controller transfer functionGC gas chromatographg-cal gramcalorie see also calGd unmeasured disturbance transfer functionGD measured disturbance transfer functionGD approximate feedforward transfer function

modelGEOS geosynchronous Earth orbit satelliteGff feedforward controller transfer functionGFC gas filter correlationGHz gigahertzGIAC general inquiry access codeGLR gas-to-liquid ratioG-M Geiger-Mueller tube for radiation moni-

toringGm model transfer functionGMR giant magneto resistiveGPH gph gallons per hour (= 3785 lph)galhGp process transfer functionGPM gpm gallons per minute (= 3785 lpm)galminGPS global positioning satellite global posi-

tioning systemg gramgrn green (wiring code color for grounded con-

ductor)GSC gas-solid chromatographyGSD Profibus version of an electronic data sheetGUI graphical user interfaceGWR guided wave radarGy gray symbol for derived SI unit of absorbed

dose joules per kilogram Jkg

Hh (1) height (2) hourH (1) humidity expressed as pounds of mois-

ture per pound of dry air (2) henry symbolof derived SI unit of inductance volt-secondper ampere VmiddotsA

H1 field-level fieldbus also refers to the 3125kbps intrinsically safe SP-50 IEC61158ndash2physical layer

HAD historical data accessHampRA hazard and risk analysisHART highway addressable remote transducer

HAZOP HAZard and OPerability studiesHC horizontal cross-connectHCN hydrogen cyanideHEC header error checkHF hydrogen fluoride or hydrofluoric acidHFE human factors engineeringHFT hardware fault tolerancehhv higher heating valueHIPS high-integrity protection systemsHIPPS high-integrity pressure protection systemHIST host interface system testHMI human-machine interfaceHMSD hexamethyldisiloxanehor horizontalHP hp horsepower (US equivalent is 746 W)HPLC high-pressure (or high-precision) liquid

chromatographyHSE high-speed Ethernet (host-level fieldbus)HSI human system interfaceHTG hydrostatic tank gaugingHTML hypertext markup languageHTTP hypertext transfer protocolHVAC heating ventilation and air conditioningHW hardwareHWD height width depthHz hertz symbol for derived SI unit of fre-

quency one cycle per second (ls)

II integral time of a controller in units of

timerepeatIA instrument airIAC inquiry access codeIAE integral of absolute errorIampC instrumentation and control or information

and controlIampE instrument and electricalIAQ indoor air qualityibidem in the same placeIC integrated circuit intermediate cross-

connect or inorganic carbonICA independent computing architectureICCMS inadequate core cooling monitoring systemICMP internet control message protocolICP inductively coupled plasmaID inside diameterie id est (that is)IEH Instrument Engineersrsquo HandbookIETF Internet engineering task forceIIS Internet information serverIL instruction listILD instrument loop diagramsIMC internal model controliMEMS integrated microelectromechanical systemin inch (= 254 mm)


xliv Abbreviations Nomenclature Acronyms and Symbols

InGaAs iridium gallium arsenidein-lb inch-pound (= 0113 N times m)IO inputoutputI-P current-to-pressure conversionIP Internet protocol or ionization potentialIPA isopropyl alcoholIPL independent protection layerIPTS international practical temperature scaleIR infraredIS intermediate systemISAB ionic strength adjustment bufferISE integral of squared error or ion selective

electrodeISFET ion-selective field-effect transistorISM industrial scientific medicalISP Internet service provider or interoperable

system providerIT information technology (as in IT manager

or IT department)ITAE integral of absolute error multiplied by

timeITSE integral of squared error multiplied by timeITT intelligent temperature transmittersJTU Jackson turbidity unitIXC interexchange carrier

JJ joule symbol for derived SI unit of energy

heat or work Newton-meter NmiddotmJIT just-in-time (manufacturing)

Kk kilo prefix meaning 1000K coefficient also dielectric constantK Kelvin symbol for SI unit of temperature

or process gain (dimensionless) not usedwith degree symbol

kbs kbps kilobits per secondkbseckBps kBsec kilobytes per secondk-cal kilogram-calories (= 4184 J)kg kilogram symbol for basic SI unit of masskg-m kilogram-meter (torque = 7233 foot-

pounds)KHP potassium acid phthalatekip 1000 pounds (= 4536 kg)km kilometersKOH potassium hydroxideKp proportional gain of a PID controllerkPa kilopascalkVA kilovolt-ampereskW kilowattsKWD kilowatt demandkWh kilowatt-hours (= 36 times 106J)

Ll liter (= 0001 m3 = 02642 gal) also LL (1) length (2) inductance expressed in

henrysL2F laser two-focus anemometerLab CIE functions for lightness redgreen

blueyellowLAN local area networkLAS link active scheduler (FF)lat latitudelb pound (= 04535 kg)LC level controller or liquid chromatographyLCD liquid crystal displayLch CIE functions for lightness chroma hueLCM life cycle managementLCSR loop current step responseLD ladder diaphragmLDA laser Doppler anemometerLDP large display panelLEC local exchange carrier or lower explosive

limitLED light-emitting diodeLEL lower explosive limitLEOS low Earth orbit satellitesLF linear feetLGR liquid-to-gas ratioLI level indicatorLIC level indicator controllerLIDAR laser induced doppler absorption radar or

light detection and ranginglim limitlin linearliq liquidLLC logical link controllm lumen symbol for derived SI unit of lumi-

nous flux candela-steradian cdmiddotsrln Naperian (natural) logarithm to base eLNG liquefied natural gasLO lock openLOC limiting oxygen concentrationlog log10 logarithm to base 10 common logarithmLOI local operation interfacelong longitudeLOPA layers of protection analysisLOS line of sightLP or LPG liquefied petroleum or propane gasLPC large particle contentLPG liquefied petroleum gaslph liters per hour (02642 gph)lpm liters per minute (02642 gpm)LPR linear polarization resistanceLQG linear quadratic GaussianLRC longitudinal redundancy check or level

recording controllerLRL lower range limitLRV lower range value


Abbreviations Nomenclature Acronyms and Symbols xlv

LTI linear time-invariantLVDT linear variable differential transformerLVN limiting viscosity numberlx lux symbol for derived SI unit of illumi-

nance lumen per square meter lmm2

Mm (1) meter symbol for basic SI unit of

length (2) milli prefix meaning 10ndash3 (3)minute (temporal) (also min)

M (1) 1000 (in commerce only) (2) machnumber (3) molecular weight mole (4)mega prefix meaning 106

mA milliampere (= 0001 A)MAC medium access controlMACID medium access control identifierMAE minimum absolute errorMAOP maximum allowable operating pressureMAP manufacturing automation (access) proto-

colMAU media access unitMAWP maximum allowable working pressuremax maximumMb megabit 1000000 bitsMB megabyte 1000000 bytes Mbps Mbsec megabits per secondMBps MBsec megabytes per secondMC main cross-connectmCi mC millicuries (= 0001 Ci)mcp mean candle powerMCR main control panelMCT mercury cadmium tellurideMDBS mobile data base stationMDIS mobile data intermediate systemme mass-to-energy ratiomed medium or medianMEDS medium Earth orbit satelliteMEMS microelectromechanical systemmep mean effective pressureMES manufacturing execution system or mobile

end stationMeV mega-electron voltMFD mechanical flow diagramMFE magnetic flux exclusionmfg manufacturer or manufacturingmg milligrams (= 0001 g)mho outdated unit of conductance replaced by

siemens (S)mi mile (= 1609 km)MI melt indexMIB management information basemicro prefix meaning 10minus9 also micro (mu) some-

times (incorrectly) u as in ug to mean microg[both meaning microgram (= 10minus9 kg)]

micron micrometer (= 10minus6 m) (term now consid-ered obsolete)

MIE minimum ignition energyMIMO multiple-input multiple-outputMIMOSA machinery information management open

system alliancemin (1) minute (temporal) also m (2) mini-

mum (3) mobile identification numberMIR multiple internal reflectionMIS management information systemml milliliter (= 0001 l = 1 cc)MLR multiple linear regressionmm millimeter (= 0001 m) or millimicron

(= 10minus9 m)mmf magnetomotive force in amperesMMI man-machine interfacemmpy millimeters per yearMMS machine monitoring system or manufactur-

ing message specificationMOC management of changeMODEM modulatordemodulatorMON motor octane numberMOS metal oxide semiconductorMOSFET metallic oxide semiconductor field-effect

transistormol mole symbol for basic SI unit for amount

of substancemol moleculeMOON M out of N voting systemmp mp melting pointMPa megapascal (106 Pa)MPC model predictive controlMPFM multiphase flowmetermph MPH mile per hour (1609 kmh)mihmps ms meters per secondMPS manufacturing periodicaperiodic servicesmpy mills per yearmR milliroentgen (= 0001 R)mrd millirad (= 0001 rd)mrem milliroentgen-equivalent-manMRP material requirement planning or manufac-

turing resource planningms msec millisecond (= 0001 s)MS mass spectrometer Microsoftreg

MSA metropolitan statistical areasMSB most significant bitMSD most significant digitMSDS material safety data sheetMT measurement testMTBE methyl tertiary butyl etherMTBF mean time between failuresMTSO mobile telephone switching officeMTTF mean time to failureMTTFD mean time to fail dangerouslyMTTFS mean time to spurious failureMTTR mean time to repairMTU master terminal unit


xlvi Abbreviations Nomenclature Acronyms and Symbols

MVC minimum variance controllerMW megawatt (= 106 W)MWC municipal waste combustorsMWD molecular weight distribution

NN Newton symbol for derived SI unit of

force kilogram-meter per second squaredkgmiddotms2

n (1) nano prefix meaning 10minus6 (2) refrac-tive index

N0 Avogadrorsquos number (= 6023 times 1023 molminus1)N-16 nitrogen-16NAAQS national ambient air quality standardsNAP network access portpointNAT network address translationNB nominal bore internal diameter of a pipe

in inchesNC NC normally closed (switch contact)NC numeric controllerNDIR nondispersive infraredNDM normal disconnect modeNDT nondestructive testingNEC National Electrical CodeNESC National Electrical Safety CodeNEXT near-end crosstalkNIC network interface cardNIP normal incident pyrheliometerNIR near infrarednm nanometer (10minus9 m)NMR nuclear magnetic resonanceNO NO normally open (switch contact)NPS nominal pipe size the internal diameter of

a pipe in inchesNRM normal response modeNRZ non-return to zero (refers to a digital sig-

naling technique)NS nominal pipe size the internal diameter of

a pipe in inchesNTC negative temperature coefficientNTP network time protocol or normal tempera-

ture and pressure corresponding to 1 atmabsolute (147 psia) and 0degC (32degF)

NTSC National Television Standards CodeNTU nephalometric turbidity unitNUT network update time

OOCD orifice-capillary detectorOD outside diameter or oxygen demandODBC open database connectivity or communica-

tionOES optical emission spectrometeroft OFT optical fiber thermometryohm unit of electrical resistance also Ω (omega)OJT on-the-job training

OLE object linking and embeddingOLE_DB object linking and embedding data baseOMMS optical micrometer for micromachineON octane numberOPC object link embedding (OLE) for process

controlOP-FRIR open path Fourier-transform infraredOP-HC open-path hydrocarbonOP-TDLAS open-path tunable diode-laser absorption

spectroscopyOP-UV open-path ultravioletor orange (typical wiring code color)ORP oxidation-reduction potentialOS operator station or operating systemOSFP open shortest path firstOSI open system interconnect (model)OSIRM open system interconnectreference modelOT operator terminal or open tubularOTDR optical time domainoz ounce (= 00283 kg)

PPampID piping and instrumentation diagramp (1) pressure (2) pico prefix meaning 10minus12

(3) variable for resistivityPa pascal symbol for derived SI unit of stress

and pressure Newtons per square meterNm2

PA plant airPAC path average concentrationPAL phase alternating linePAN personal area networkPampID piping (process) and instrumentation dia-

gram (drawing)Pas Pamiddots pascal-second a viscosity unitPAS process automation system (successor to

DCS)PB proportional band of a controller in percent

(100controller gain)PC personal computer (usually Microsoft

Windowsreg-based) or pressure controllerPCA principal component analysisPCCS personal computer control systemPCDD polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxinePCDF polychlorinated dibenzo furansPCR principal component regressionPCS process control system or personal commu-

nication servicespct percent alsoPCTFE polychlorotrifluoroethylenePCV pressure control valvePD positive displacement or proportional and

derivativePDA personal digital assistant or photodiode

arrayPDD pulsed discharge detector


Abbreviations Nomenclature Acronyms and Symbols xlvii

PDF probability density function probability offailure or portable document file

PDS phase difference sensorPDU protocol data unitPDVF polyvinylidene fluoridePE polyethylenePED pressure equipment directivePEEK poly ether ether ketonePEL permissible exposure levelPES programmable electronic systemPFA per-fluoro-alkoxy copolymerPFC procedure functional chartPFD process flow diagramPdM predictive maintenancepF picofarad (= 10minus12 F)PF pf power factorPFA perfluoralkoxy (a form of Teflon)PFD process flow diagramPFD probability of failure on demandPFDavg average probability of failure on demandPFPD pulsed flame photometric detectorPGNAA prompt gamma neutron activation analysisPGC process gas chromatographpH acidity or alkalinity index (logarithm of

hydrogen ion concentration)PHA process hazard analysispi pl Poiseuille a viscosity unitPI proportional and integral or pressure indi-

catorPI pneumatic to current (conversion)PIC pressure indicating controller or path inte-

grated concentrationPID proportional integral and derivative (con-

trol modes in a classic controller) or pho-toionization detector

PI-MDC path integrated minimum detectable con-centration

PIMS process information management systemPIP process industry practicesPIR precision infrared radiometerPLC programmable logic controllerPLS physical layer signaling or partial least

squaresPM photomultiplierPMA physical medium attachmentPMBC process model based controlPMD photomultiplier detectorPMF probability mass functionPMMC permanent magnet moving coilPMT photomultiplier tube or photometer tubePOPRV pilot-operated pressure relief valvePP polypropyleneppb PPB parts per billionppm PPM parts per millionPPP point-to-point protocolppt parts per trillion

PRC pressure recording controllerPRD pressure relief deviceprecip precipitate or precipitatedPRV pressure relief valvePS power supply (module)PSAT pre-startup acceptance testPSD power spectral density or photosensitive

devicePSG phosphosilicate glassPSI pre-startup inspectionpsi PSI lbin2 pounds per square inch (= 6894 kPa)PSIA psia absolute pressure in pounds per square inchPSID psid differential pressure in pounds per square

inchPSIG psig above atmospheric (gauge) pressure in

pounds per square inchPSK phase shift keyingPSM process safety managementPSSR re-startup safety reviewPSTN public switched telephone networkPSU post-startupPSV pressure safety valvept point part or pint (= 04732 liter)PTB Physikalisch-Technische BundesanstaltPTC positive temperature coefficientPTFE polytetrafluoroethylene (conventional Teflon)PUVF pulsed ultraviolet fluorescencePV process variable (measurement) or the

HART primary variablePVC polyvinyl chloridePVDF polyvinylidene fluoridePVLO process variable low (reading or measure-

ment)PVHI process variable high (reading or measure-

ment)PWM pulse width modulationPWR pressurized water reactorPZT lead-zirconate-titanate ceramic

Qq (1) rate of flow (2) electric charge in cou-

lombs Cqminus1 backward shift operatorQ quantity of heat in joules J or electric

chargedegQ Quevenne degrees of liquid densityQA quality assuranceQAM quadrature amplitude modulationQCM quartz crystal microbalanceQPSK quadrature phase shift keyingqt quart (09463 l)QV quaternary variable

Rr radius also radr2 multiple regression coefficient


xlviii Abbreviations Nomenclature Acronyms and Symbols

R (1) resistance electrical in ohms (2) resis-tance thermal meter-Kelvin per wattmmiddotKW (3) gas constant (= 8317 times 107ergmiddotmolminus1degCminus1) (4) roentgen symbol foraccepted unit of exposure to X and gammaradiation (= 258 times 10minus4 Ckg)

Ra radiumrad (1) radius also r (2) radian symbol for SI

unit of plane angle measurement or symbolfor accepted SI unit of absorbed radiationdose (= 001 Gy)

RADAR radio detection and rangingRAID redundant array of inexpensive disksRAM random access memoryRampD research and developmentRASCI responsible for approves supports con-

sults informedRCU remote control unitRDP remote desktop protocolrem roentgen equivalent man (measure of

absorbed radiation dose by living tissue)rev revolution cycleRe Reynolds numberReD Reynolds number corresponding to a par-

ticular pipe diameterRF rf radio frequencyRFC request for comment (an Internet protocol

specification)RFF remote fiber fluorimetryRFI radio frequency interferenceRFQ request for quoteRGA residual gas analyzerRGB red green blueRGM reactive gaseous mercuryRH relative humidityRI refractive indexRIP routing information protocolr(k) set pointRMS rms root mean square (square root of the mean

of the square) or rotary mirror sleevesROI return on investmentROM read-only memoryRON research octane numberRPC remote procedure call (RFC1831)RPM rpm rmin revolutions per minuteRVP Reid vapor pressurerps rsec revolutions per secondRRF risk reduction factorRRT relative response time (the time required to

remove most of the disturbance)RS recommended standardRSA rural service areasRSS root sum squaredRTD resistance temperature detectorRTO real-time optimization or operation

RTOS real-time operating systemRTR remote transmission requestRTS ready (or request) to sendRTSCTS request to sendclear to sendRTU remote terminal unitRUDS reflectance units of dirt shadeRV relief valveRWS remote workstation

Ss second (also sec) symbol for basic SI unit

of time also Laplace variableS siemens (siemenscm) symbol for unit of

conductance amperes per volt AVs2y sample variance of output ySAP service access pointsat saturatedSAT site acceptance test or supervisory audio toneSAW surface acoustic waveSC system codesSCADA supervisory control and data acquisitionSCCM standard cubic centimeter per minuteSCD streaming current detectorSCFH standard cubic feet per hourSCCM standard cubic centimeter per minuteSCD sulfur chemilumenesce detectorSCE saturated calomel electrodeSCFH standard cubic feet per hourSCFM standard cubic feet per minute (air flow at

10 atm and 70degF)SCM station class markSCMM standard cubic meters per minuteSCO synchronous connection orientedSCOT support coated open tubular (column)SCR silicon-controlled rectifierSCS sample control systemSD component in leg has failed safe and failure

has been detectedSDIU Scanivalve digital interface unitSDN send data with no acknowledgementSDS smart distributed systemSEA spokesman election algorithmsec second also sSER sequence of event recorderSFC sequential function chartSFD system flow diagram or start of frame

delimiterSFF safe failure fractionSFI sight flow indicatorSFR spurious failure rateSG specific gravity also sp grSHE standard hydrogen electrodeSHS sample handling systemSID system identification digit (number)SIF safety instrumented functionSIG special interest group


Abbreviations Nomenclature Acronyms and Symbols xlix

SIL safety integrity levelsin sine trigonometric functionSIS safety instrumented systemSISO single-input single outputSG SpG specific gravity also sp grSIL safety integrity levelSIS safety instrumented systemSKU stock keeping unitsSLAMS state and local air monitoring stationsSLC safety life cycleslph standard liters per hourslpm standard liters per minuteSMR specialized mobile radioSMTP simple mail transfer (management) proto-

colSN signal-to-noise (ratio)SNG synthetic natural gasSNMP simple network management protocolSNR signal-to-noise ratioSOAP simple object access protocol (an Internet

protocol that provides a reliable stream-oriented connection for data transfer)

SOE sequence of eventsSONAR sound navigation and rangingSOP standard operating procedureSP set pointSPC statistical process controlSPDT single-pole double-pole throw (switch)SPL sound pressure level or sound power levelSPRT standard platinum resistance thermometerSPST single-pole single-throw (switch)sq square squaredSQC statistical quality controlSQL structured (or standard) query languageSr steradian symbol for SI unit of solid angle

measurementSRD send and request data with replySRS safety requirements specificationSRV safety relief valveSS stainless steelSSL secure socket layersSSU Saybolt seconds universalstd standardST structural textSTEL short-term exposure limitSTEP standard for the exchange of product model

dataSTP shielded twisted pair or standard tempera-

ture and pressure corresponding to 70degF(211degC) and 147 psia (1 atm abs)

STR spurious trip ratesSU security unit or component in leg has failed

safe and failure has not been detectedSUS Seybold universal secondsSV secondary variable or safety valveSW software

TT (1) ton (metric = 1000 kg) (2) time (3)

thicknessT (1) temperature (2) tera prefix meaning

10minus12 (3) period (= 1Hz in seconds) (4)tesla symbol for derived SI unit of mag-netic flux density webers per square meterWbm2

T12 half lifetan tangent trigonometric functionTAS thallium arsenic selenidetau τ process time constant (seconds)TBM tertiary butyl mercaptantc thermal coefficient of linear expansionTC thermocouple temperature controller or

total carbonTCD thermal conductivity detectorTCP transmission control protocolTCPIP transmission control protocolinternet pro-

tocolTCV temperature control valvetd process dead time (seconds)Td derivative time (in seconds) of a PID con-

trollerTDLAS tunable diode laser absorption spectros-

copyTDM time division multiplexingTDMA time division multiple accessTDR time domain reflectometryTE thermoelectricTEM transmission electron microscopeTG thermogravimetryTi integral time (in seconds) of a PID control-

lerTI time interval between proof tests (test inter-

val) temperature indicatorTIC temperature indicating controller or total

inorganic carbonTIFF tagged image file formatTISAB total ionic strength adjustment bufferTLV threshold limit valueTMP thermomechanical pulpTMR triple modular redundancyTN total nitrogenTOC total organic carbonTOD total oxygen demandTOF time of flightTQM total quality managementTOP technical and office protocolTR temperature recorderTR transmitreceiveTRC temperature recording controllerTS tensile strengthTTFM transit time flow measurementTTP through the probeTV tertiary variable


l Abbreviations Nomenclature Acronyms and Symbols

degTw Twaddell degrees of liquid densityTWA time weighed average

Uu prefix = 10minus6 used incorrectly when the

Greek letter micro is not availableUART universal asynchronous receiver transmit-

terUBET unbiased estimationUCMM unconnected message managerUDP useruniversal data protocol (an Internet

protocol with low overhead but no guaran-tee that communication was successful)

UEL upper explosive limitufb(k) feedback controller outputUFD utility flow diagramuff(k) feedforward controller outputUHF ultra-high frequencyUHSDS ultra-high-speed deluge systemu(k) controller outputUML universal modeling languageUPS uninterruptible power supplyUPV unfired pressure vesselURL upper range limitURV upper range valueUSB universal serial busUTP unshielded twisted pairUTS ultimate tensile stressUUP unshielded untwisted pairUV ultravioletUV-VIS-NIR ultraviolet-visible-near infrared

Vv velocityV volt symbol for derived SI units of voltage

electric potential difference and electromo-tive force watts per ampere WA

Vac voltage alternating currentVampV verification and validationVBA Visual Basic for ApplicationsVDF vacuum fluorescent displayVDT video display tubeVDU video display unitvert verticalVFD variable frequency driveVFIR very fast infraredVHF very high frequencyVIS visibleV-L vapor-liquid (ratio)

VLF very low frequencyVM voltmeterVME Virsa Module Europa (IEEE 1014ndash1987)VMS vibration monitoring systemVOC volatile organic compoundsVR virtual realityVRML virtual reality modeling languagevs versus

Ww (1) width (2) mass flow rateW (1) watt symbol for derived SI unit of

power joules per second Js (2) weight(also wt)

w waterWAN wide area networkWb weber symbol for derived SI unit of mag-

netic flux volt-seconds VmiddotsWCOT wall coated open tubular (column)WDXRF wavelength dispersion x-ray fluorescenceWG standard (British) wire gaugewh white (wiring code color for AC neutral

conductor)WI Wobbe indexWLAN wireless local area networkWPAN wireless personal area networkWS workstationwt weight also W

XX reactance in ohmsXML extensible markup languagex-ray electromagnetic radiation with a wave-

length lt100 AringXRF x-ray fluorescenceXYZ tristimulus functions

YY expansion factory(k) process outputyd yard (= 0914 m)yr year

ZZ (1) atomic number (proton number) (2)

electrical impedance (complex) expressedin ohms

ZEB zero energy band


li

S O C I E T I E S A N D O R G A N I Z A T I O N S

AATCC American Association of Textile Chemistsand Colorists

ACC American Chemistry CouncilACGIH American Conference of Governmental

Industrial HygenistsACS American Chemical SocietyAGA American Gas AssociationAIA Automatic Imaging AssociationAIChE American Institute of Chemical EngineersAMTEX American Textile PartnershipANSI American National Standards InstituteAOCS American Oil Chemists SocietyAPHA American Public Health AssociationAPI American Petroleum InstituteARI Air Conditioning and Refrigeration InstituteASA American Standards AssociationASCE American Society of Civil EngineersASME American Society of Mechanical EngineersASRE American Society of Refrigeration Engi-

neersASTM American Society for Testing and Materi-

als or ASTM InternationalAWWA American Water Works AssociationBSI British Standards InstitutionCARB California Air Resources BoardCCITT Consultative Committee for International

Telegraphy and TelephonyCENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical

StandardizationCIE Commission International delrsquoEclairageCII Construction Industry InstituteCIL Canadian Industries LimitedCPAC Center for Process Analytical ChemistryCSA Canadian Standards AssociationDARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDIERS Design Institute for Emergency Relief Sys-

temsDIN Deutsche Institut fuer NormungDOD Department of Defense (United States)DOE Department of Energy

DOT Department of TransportationEIA Electronic Industries AssociationEIATIA Electrical Industries AllianceTelecommu-

nications Industries AllianceEPA Environmental Protection AgencyEPRI Electric Power Research InstituteEXERA Association des Exploitants dEquipements

de Mesure de Reacutegulation et dAutoma-tisme an instrument userrsquos associationbased in France

FCI Fluid Control InstituteFDA Food and Drug AdministrationFF Fieldbus FoundationFIA Fire Insurance AssociationFM Factory MutualFMRC Factory Mutual Research CorporationFPA Fire Protection AssociationFSEC Florida Solar Energy CenterGERG Groupe Europeen de Recherches GaziSres

(European Gas Research Group) BrusselsGRI Gas Research InstituteHCF HART Communication FoundationIAEI International Association of Electrical

InspectorsICE Institute of Civil EngineersICEA Insulated Cable Engineerrsquos AssociationIEC International Electrotechnical CommissionIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic

EngineersIETF Internet Engineering Task ForceIGT Institute of Gas TechnologyIPTS International Practical Temperature ScaleIrDA or IRDA Infrared Data AssociationISA Instrumentation Systems and Automation

SocietyISO International Standards OrganizationISSeP International Soros Science Education

ProgramISTM International Society for Testing and

Materials


lii Societies and Organizations

ITA Instrumentation Testing AssociationJBF Japan Batch ForumJPL Jet Propulsion LaboratoryKEPRI Korean Electric Power Research InstituteLCIE Laboratoire Central des Industries Elec-

triquesLPGA National LP-Gas AssociationMCA Manufacturing Chemistsrsquo AssociationNAMUR Normen-Arbeitsgemeinschaft fuumlr Meszlig-und

Regulungstechnik in der ChemischenIndustry (German standardization associa-tion for process control)

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Adminis-tration

NBFU National Board of Fire UnderwritersNBS National Bureau of StandardsNEMA National Electrical (Equipment) Manufac-

turers AssociationNEPSI National Supervision and Inspection Cen-

ter for Explosion Protection and SafetyInstrumentation

NFPA National Fire Protection AssociationNIOSH National Institute of Occupational Safety

and HealthNIST National Institute of Standards and Tech-

nologyNRC Nuclear Regulatory CommissionNSC National Safety CouncilNSPE National Society of Professional Engineers

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Adminis-tration

OTS Office of Technical ServicesSAE Society of Automotive EngineersSAMA Scientific Apparatus Manufacturers Asso-

ciationSIREP An international instrument userrsquos associ-

ation based in the United KingdomTAPPI Technical Association of the Pulp and

Paper IndustryTIA Telecommunications Industries AllianceUL Underwriters Laboratories IncUSASI USA Standard InstituteUSNRC US Nuclear Regulatory CommissionWBF World Batch ForumWEF Water Environment FederationWIB An international instrument userrsquos associ-

ation based in the Netherlands

NOTES

1 Whenever the abbreviated form of a unit might lead toconfusion it should not be used and the term shouldbe written out in full

2 The values of SI equivalents were rounded to threedecimal places

3 The words ldquometerrdquo and ldquoliterrdquo are used with theiraccepted English spelling instead of those in Europeanstandards (ie metre and litre)


INSTRUMENT ENGINEERS HANDBOOK Process Measurement and Analysis Fourth Edition VOLUME I

CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS

ABBREVIATIONS NOMENCLATURE ACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

SOCIETIES AND ORGANIZATIONS

NOTES

Appendix A1 International System of Units

Appendix A2 Engineering Conversion Factors

Appendix A3 Chemical Resistance of Materials

Appendix A4 Composition of Metallic and Other Materials

Appendix A5 Steam and Water Tables

Appendix A6 Friction Loss in Pipes

Appendix A7 Tank Volumes

Appendix A8 Directory of Lost Companies

This reference text is published in cooperation with ISA Press the publishing division of ISAInstrumentation Systems and Automation SocietyISA is an international nonproTHORNt technical organization that fosters advancement in the theory design manufacture and use of sensors instrumentscomputers and systems for measurement and control in a wide variety of applications For more information visit wwwisaorg or call (919) 549-8411

his book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission and sources areindicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information but the author and thepublisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopyingmicroTHORNlming and recording or by any information storage or retrieval system without prior permission in writing from the publisher

All rights reserved Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use or the personal or internal use of speciTHORNc clients may be grantedby CRC Press LLC provided that $150 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center 222 Rosewood Drive Danvers MA01923 USA The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-8493-1083-0 (v 1)03$000+$150 The fee is subject tochange without notice For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC a separate system of payment has been arranged

The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution for promotion for creating new works or for resale SpeciTHORNcpermission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying

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Trademark Notice

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identiTHORNcation and explanationwithout intent to infringe

Visit the CRC Press Web site at wwwcrcpresscom


No claim to original US Government worksInternational Standard Book Number 0-8493-1083-0 (v 1)

Library of Congress Card Number 2003048453Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

Printed on acid-free paper

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Instrument engineers handbook Beacutela G Liptaacutek editor-in-chiefp cm

Rev ed of Instrument engineers handbook Process measurement and analysis c1995 and Instrument engineers handbook Process control c1995

Includes bibliographical references and indexContents v 1 Process measurement and analysisISBN 0-8493-1083-0 (v 1) 1 Process controlHandbooks manuals etc 2 Measuring instrumentsHandbooks

manuals etc I Liptaacutek Beacutela G II Instrument engineers handbook Process measurement and analysis

TS1568 I56 2003 6298dc21 2003048453






vii

C O N T E N T S







viii

Contents







Contents

ix









x

Contents






Contents

xi


Appendix 1765



xiii







BUD ADLER


ROSS C AHLSTROM JR


ARTHUR ALSTON


MARTIN ANKLIN


RAYMOND ANNINO


CATHY APPLE


JAMES B ARANT


TIBOR BAAN


ALLAN T BACON JR


STEVEN BAIN

BscEE PEng Canada

WENDALL M BARROWS


JAN BARTH


ERNEST H BAUGHMAN


JONAS BERGE


A C BLAKE





xiv

Contributors

L JOSEPH BOLLYKY


R V BOYD JR


WALT BOYES


AUGUST BRODGESELL


JAMES E BROWN


THOMAS M CARDIS


BOYCE CARSELLA JR


THOMAS J CLAGGETT


WILSON A CLAYTON


GERALD L COMBS


VINCENT B CORTINA


GILES M CRABTREE


H L DANEMAN


JOHN L DANIEWICZ


RONALD H DIECK


LOUIS D DINAPOLI


WOLFGANG DRAHM


WATSON P DURDEN




SUZANNE MARIE EDVI


ALBERT D EHRENFRIED


HALIT EREN


GEORG F ERK


JOSEF FEHRENBACH


KENNETH S FLETCHER


ALBERT P FOUNDOS


WALTER F GERDES



Contributors

xv



IAN H GIBSON


RICHARD A GILBERT


ANTHONY C GILBY


PAUL M GLATTSTEIN


JOHN D GOODRICH JR


ROBERT J GORDON


DAVID M GRAY


JAMES R GRAY


BHISHAM P GUPTA


JOHN T HALL


CHARLES E HAMILTON


JOHN N HARMAN III


HASHEM M HASHEMIAN


ROBERT A HERRICK


HEROLD I HERTANU


CONRAD H HOEPPNER


MICHAEL F HORDESKI


JOEL O HOUGEN


WALTER D HOULE


WILFRED H HOWE


DAVID L HOYLE


JAY S JACOBSON


RAJSHREE R JAIN


ROBERT F JAKUBIK


JAMES E JAMISON



xvi

Contributors

JOHN M JARVIS


HERBERT H JONES


RICHARD K KAMINSKI


DAVID S KAYSER


THOMAS J KEHOE




CHANG H KIM


JOHN G KOCAK JR

BA Consultant

JOHN G KOPP


JOSEF KOZAacuteK


















Contributors xvii





























xviii Contributors





























Contributors xix













xxi




THIS FOURTH EDITION











READERS OF THE IEH



xxii Introduction



















BETTER VALVES




Introduction xxiii























xxiv Introduction















LATER EDITIONS





THE FOURTH EDITION



Introduction xxv













xxvii


























xxviii Definitions


































Definitions xxix
































CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES













vii

C O N T E N T S







viii

Contents







Contents

ix









x

Contents






Contents

xi


Appendix 1765



xiii







BUD ADLER


ROSS C AHLSTROM JR


ARTHUR ALSTON


MARTIN ANKLIN


RAYMOND ANNINO


CATHY APPLE


JAMES B ARANT


TIBOR BAAN


ALLAN T BACON JR


STEVEN BAIN

BscEE PEng Canada

WENDALL M BARROWS


JAN BARTH


ERNEST H BAUGHMAN


JONAS BERGE


A C BLAKE





xiv

Contributors

L JOSEPH BOLLYKY


R V BOYD JR


WALT BOYES


AUGUST BRODGESELL


JAMES E BROWN


THOMAS M CARDIS


BOYCE CARSELLA JR


THOMAS J CLAGGETT


WILSON A CLAYTON


GERALD L COMBS


VINCENT B CORTINA


GILES M CRABTREE


H L DANEMAN


JOHN L DANIEWICZ


RONALD H DIECK


LOUIS D DINAPOLI


WOLFGANG DRAHM


WATSON P DURDEN




SUZANNE MARIE EDVI


ALBERT D EHRENFRIED


HALIT EREN


GEORG F ERK


JOSEF FEHRENBACH


KENNETH S FLETCHER


ALBERT P FOUNDOS


WALTER F GERDES



Contributors

xv



IAN H GIBSON


RICHARD A GILBERT


ANTHONY C GILBY


PAUL M GLATTSTEIN


JOHN D GOODRICH JR


ROBERT J GORDON


DAVID M GRAY


JAMES R GRAY


BHISHAM P GUPTA


JOHN T HALL


CHARLES E HAMILTON


JOHN N HARMAN III


HASHEM M HASHEMIAN


ROBERT A HERRICK


HEROLD I HERTANU


CONRAD H HOEPPNER


MICHAEL F HORDESKI


JOEL O HOUGEN


WALTER D HOULE


WILFRED H HOWE


DAVID L HOYLE


JAY S JACOBSON


RAJSHREE R JAIN


ROBERT F JAKUBIK


JAMES E JAMISON



xvi

Contributors

JOHN M JARVIS


HERBERT H JONES


RICHARD K KAMINSKI


DAVID S KAYSER


THOMAS J KEHOE




CHANG H KIM


JOHN G KOCAK JR

BA Consultant

JOHN G KOPP


JOSEF KOZAacuteK


















Contributors xvii





























xviii Contributors





























Contributors xix













xxi




THIS FOURTH EDITION











READERS OF THE IEH



xxii Introduction



















BETTER VALVES




Introduction xxiii























xxiv Introduction















LATER EDITIONS





THE FOURTH EDITION



Introduction xxv













xxvii


























xxviii Definitions


































Definitions xxix
































CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









viii

Contents







Contents

ix









x

Contents






Contents

xi


Appendix 1765



xiii







BUD ADLER


ROSS C AHLSTROM JR


ARTHUR ALSTON


MARTIN ANKLIN


RAYMOND ANNINO


CATHY APPLE


JAMES B ARANT


TIBOR BAAN


ALLAN T BACON JR


STEVEN BAIN

BscEE PEng Canada

WENDALL M BARROWS


JAN BARTH


ERNEST H BAUGHMAN


JONAS BERGE


A C BLAKE





xiv

Contributors

L JOSEPH BOLLYKY


R V BOYD JR


WALT BOYES


AUGUST BRODGESELL


JAMES E BROWN


THOMAS M CARDIS


BOYCE CARSELLA JR


THOMAS J CLAGGETT


WILSON A CLAYTON


GERALD L COMBS


VINCENT B CORTINA


GILES M CRABTREE


H L DANEMAN


JOHN L DANIEWICZ


RONALD H DIECK


LOUIS D DINAPOLI


WOLFGANG DRAHM


WATSON P DURDEN




SUZANNE MARIE EDVI


ALBERT D EHRENFRIED


HALIT EREN


GEORG F ERK


JOSEF FEHRENBACH


KENNETH S FLETCHER


ALBERT P FOUNDOS


WALTER F GERDES



Contributors

xv



IAN H GIBSON


RICHARD A GILBERT


ANTHONY C GILBY


PAUL M GLATTSTEIN


JOHN D GOODRICH JR


ROBERT J GORDON


DAVID M GRAY


JAMES R GRAY


BHISHAM P GUPTA


JOHN T HALL


CHARLES E HAMILTON


JOHN N HARMAN III


HASHEM M HASHEMIAN


ROBERT A HERRICK


HEROLD I HERTANU


CONRAD H HOEPPNER


MICHAEL F HORDESKI


JOEL O HOUGEN


WALTER D HOULE


WILFRED H HOWE


DAVID L HOYLE


JAY S JACOBSON


RAJSHREE R JAIN


ROBERT F JAKUBIK


JAMES E JAMISON



xvi

Contributors

JOHN M JARVIS


HERBERT H JONES


RICHARD K KAMINSKI


DAVID S KAYSER


THOMAS J KEHOE




CHANG H KIM


JOHN G KOCAK JR

BA Consultant

JOHN G KOPP


JOSEF KOZAacuteK


















Contributors xvii





























xviii Contributors





























Contributors xix













xxi




THIS FOURTH EDITION











READERS OF THE IEH



xxii Introduction



















BETTER VALVES




Introduction xxiii























xxiv Introduction















LATER EDITIONS





THE FOURTH EDITION



Introduction xxv













xxvii


























xxviii Definitions


































Definitions xxix
































CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









Contents

ix









x

Contents






Contents

xi


Appendix 1765



xiii







BUD ADLER


ROSS C AHLSTROM JR


ARTHUR ALSTON


MARTIN ANKLIN


RAYMOND ANNINO


CATHY APPLE


JAMES B ARANT


TIBOR BAAN


ALLAN T BACON JR


STEVEN BAIN

BscEE PEng Canada

WENDALL M BARROWS


JAN BARTH


ERNEST H BAUGHMAN


JONAS BERGE


A C BLAKE





xiv

Contributors

L JOSEPH BOLLYKY


R V BOYD JR


WALT BOYES


AUGUST BRODGESELL


JAMES E BROWN


THOMAS M CARDIS


BOYCE CARSELLA JR


THOMAS J CLAGGETT


WILSON A CLAYTON


GERALD L COMBS


VINCENT B CORTINA


GILES M CRABTREE


H L DANEMAN


JOHN L DANIEWICZ


RONALD H DIECK


LOUIS D DINAPOLI


WOLFGANG DRAHM


WATSON P DURDEN




SUZANNE MARIE EDVI


ALBERT D EHRENFRIED


HALIT EREN


GEORG F ERK


JOSEF FEHRENBACH


KENNETH S FLETCHER


ALBERT P FOUNDOS


WALTER F GERDES



Contributors

xv



IAN H GIBSON


RICHARD A GILBERT


ANTHONY C GILBY


PAUL M GLATTSTEIN


JOHN D GOODRICH JR


ROBERT J GORDON


DAVID M GRAY


JAMES R GRAY


BHISHAM P GUPTA


JOHN T HALL


CHARLES E HAMILTON


JOHN N HARMAN III


HASHEM M HASHEMIAN


ROBERT A HERRICK


HEROLD I HERTANU


CONRAD H HOEPPNER


MICHAEL F HORDESKI


JOEL O HOUGEN


WALTER D HOULE


WILFRED H HOWE


DAVID L HOYLE


JAY S JACOBSON


RAJSHREE R JAIN


ROBERT F JAKUBIK


JAMES E JAMISON



xvi

Contributors

JOHN M JARVIS


HERBERT H JONES


RICHARD K KAMINSKI


DAVID S KAYSER


THOMAS J KEHOE




CHANG H KIM


JOHN G KOCAK JR

BA Consultant

JOHN G KOPP


JOSEF KOZAacuteK


















Contributors xvii





























xviii Contributors





























Contributors xix













xxi




THIS FOURTH EDITION











READERS OF THE IEH



xxii Introduction



















BETTER VALVES




Introduction xxiii























xxiv Introduction















LATER EDITIONS





THE FOURTH EDITION



Introduction xxv













xxvii


























xxviii Definitions


































Definitions xxix
































CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









x

Contents






Contents

xi


Appendix 1765



xiii







BUD ADLER


ROSS C AHLSTROM JR


ARTHUR ALSTON


MARTIN ANKLIN


RAYMOND ANNINO


CATHY APPLE


JAMES B ARANT


TIBOR BAAN


ALLAN T BACON JR


STEVEN BAIN

BscEE PEng Canada

WENDALL M BARROWS


JAN BARTH


ERNEST H BAUGHMAN


JONAS BERGE


A C BLAKE





xiv

Contributors

L JOSEPH BOLLYKY


R V BOYD JR


WALT BOYES


AUGUST BRODGESELL


JAMES E BROWN


THOMAS M CARDIS


BOYCE CARSELLA JR


THOMAS J CLAGGETT


WILSON A CLAYTON


GERALD L COMBS


VINCENT B CORTINA


GILES M CRABTREE


H L DANEMAN


JOHN L DANIEWICZ


RONALD H DIECK


LOUIS D DINAPOLI


WOLFGANG DRAHM


WATSON P DURDEN




SUZANNE MARIE EDVI


ALBERT D EHRENFRIED


HALIT EREN


GEORG F ERK


JOSEF FEHRENBACH


KENNETH S FLETCHER


ALBERT P FOUNDOS


WALTER F GERDES



Contributors

xv



IAN H GIBSON


RICHARD A GILBERT


ANTHONY C GILBY


PAUL M GLATTSTEIN


JOHN D GOODRICH JR


ROBERT J GORDON


DAVID M GRAY


JAMES R GRAY


BHISHAM P GUPTA


JOHN T HALL


CHARLES E HAMILTON


JOHN N HARMAN III


HASHEM M HASHEMIAN


ROBERT A HERRICK


HEROLD I HERTANU


CONRAD H HOEPPNER


MICHAEL F HORDESKI


JOEL O HOUGEN


WALTER D HOULE


WILFRED H HOWE


DAVID L HOYLE


JAY S JACOBSON


RAJSHREE R JAIN


ROBERT F JAKUBIK


JAMES E JAMISON



xvi

Contributors

JOHN M JARVIS


HERBERT H JONES


RICHARD K KAMINSKI


DAVID S KAYSER


THOMAS J KEHOE




CHANG H KIM


JOHN G KOCAK JR

BA Consultant

JOHN G KOPP


JOSEF KOZAacuteK


















Contributors xvii





























xviii Contributors





























Contributors xix













xxi




THIS FOURTH EDITION











READERS OF THE IEH



xxii Introduction



















BETTER VALVES




Introduction xxiii























xxiv Introduction















LATER EDITIONS





THE FOURTH EDITION



Introduction xxv













xxvii


























xxviii Definitions


































Definitions xxix
































CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









Contents

xi


Appendix 1765



xiii







BUD ADLER


ROSS C AHLSTROM JR


ARTHUR ALSTON


MARTIN ANKLIN


RAYMOND ANNINO


CATHY APPLE


JAMES B ARANT


TIBOR BAAN


ALLAN T BACON JR


STEVEN BAIN

BscEE PEng Canada

WENDALL M BARROWS


JAN BARTH


ERNEST H BAUGHMAN


JONAS BERGE


A C BLAKE





xiv

Contributors

L JOSEPH BOLLYKY


R V BOYD JR


WALT BOYES


AUGUST BRODGESELL


JAMES E BROWN


THOMAS M CARDIS


BOYCE CARSELLA JR


THOMAS J CLAGGETT


WILSON A CLAYTON


GERALD L COMBS


VINCENT B CORTINA


GILES M CRABTREE


H L DANEMAN


JOHN L DANIEWICZ


RONALD H DIECK


LOUIS D DINAPOLI


WOLFGANG DRAHM


WATSON P DURDEN




SUZANNE MARIE EDVI


ALBERT D EHRENFRIED


HALIT EREN


GEORG F ERK


JOSEF FEHRENBACH


KENNETH S FLETCHER


ALBERT P FOUNDOS


WALTER F GERDES



Contributors

xv



IAN H GIBSON


RICHARD A GILBERT


ANTHONY C GILBY


PAUL M GLATTSTEIN


JOHN D GOODRICH JR


ROBERT J GORDON


DAVID M GRAY


JAMES R GRAY


BHISHAM P GUPTA


JOHN T HALL


CHARLES E HAMILTON


JOHN N HARMAN III


HASHEM M HASHEMIAN


ROBERT A HERRICK


HEROLD I HERTANU


CONRAD H HOEPPNER


MICHAEL F HORDESKI


JOEL O HOUGEN


WALTER D HOULE


WILFRED H HOWE


DAVID L HOYLE


JAY S JACOBSON


RAJSHREE R JAIN


ROBERT F JAKUBIK


JAMES E JAMISON



xvi

Contributors

JOHN M JARVIS


HERBERT H JONES


RICHARD K KAMINSKI


DAVID S KAYSER


THOMAS J KEHOE




CHANG H KIM


JOHN G KOCAK JR

BA Consultant

JOHN G KOPP


JOSEF KOZAacuteK


















Contributors xvii





























xviii Contributors





























Contributors xix













xxi




THIS FOURTH EDITION











READERS OF THE IEH



xxii Introduction



















BETTER VALVES




Introduction xxiii























xxiv Introduction















LATER EDITIONS





THE FOURTH EDITION



Introduction xxv













xxvii


























xxviii Definitions


































Definitions xxix
































CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









xiii







BUD ADLER


ROSS C AHLSTROM JR


ARTHUR ALSTON


MARTIN ANKLIN


RAYMOND ANNINO


CATHY APPLE


JAMES B ARANT


TIBOR BAAN


ALLAN T BACON JR


STEVEN BAIN

BscEE PEng Canada

WENDALL M BARROWS


JAN BARTH


ERNEST H BAUGHMAN


JONAS BERGE


A C BLAKE





xiv

Contributors

L JOSEPH BOLLYKY


R V BOYD JR


WALT BOYES


AUGUST BRODGESELL


JAMES E BROWN


THOMAS M CARDIS


BOYCE CARSELLA JR


THOMAS J CLAGGETT


WILSON A CLAYTON


GERALD L COMBS


VINCENT B CORTINA


GILES M CRABTREE


H L DANEMAN


JOHN L DANIEWICZ


RONALD H DIECK


LOUIS D DINAPOLI


WOLFGANG DRAHM


WATSON P DURDEN




SUZANNE MARIE EDVI


ALBERT D EHRENFRIED


HALIT EREN


GEORG F ERK


JOSEF FEHRENBACH


KENNETH S FLETCHER


ALBERT P FOUNDOS


WALTER F GERDES



Contributors

xv



IAN H GIBSON


RICHARD A GILBERT


ANTHONY C GILBY


PAUL M GLATTSTEIN


JOHN D GOODRICH JR


ROBERT J GORDON


DAVID M GRAY


JAMES R GRAY


BHISHAM P GUPTA


JOHN T HALL


CHARLES E HAMILTON


JOHN N HARMAN III


HASHEM M HASHEMIAN


ROBERT A HERRICK


HEROLD I HERTANU


CONRAD H HOEPPNER


MICHAEL F HORDESKI


JOEL O HOUGEN


WALTER D HOULE


WILFRED H HOWE


DAVID L HOYLE


JAY S JACOBSON


RAJSHREE R JAIN


ROBERT F JAKUBIK


JAMES E JAMISON



xvi

Contributors

JOHN M JARVIS


HERBERT H JONES


RICHARD K KAMINSKI


DAVID S KAYSER


THOMAS J KEHOE




CHANG H KIM


JOHN G KOCAK JR

BA Consultant

JOHN G KOPP


JOSEF KOZAacuteK


















Contributors xvii





























xviii Contributors





























Contributors xix













xxi




THIS FOURTH EDITION











READERS OF THE IEH



xxii Introduction



















BETTER VALVES




Introduction xxiii























xxiv Introduction















LATER EDITIONS





THE FOURTH EDITION



Introduction xxv













xxvii


























xxviii Definitions


































Definitions xxix
































CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









xiv

Contributors

L JOSEPH BOLLYKY


R V BOYD JR


WALT BOYES


AUGUST BRODGESELL


JAMES E BROWN


THOMAS M CARDIS


BOYCE CARSELLA JR


THOMAS J CLAGGETT


WILSON A CLAYTON


GERALD L COMBS


VINCENT B CORTINA


GILES M CRABTREE


H L DANEMAN


JOHN L DANIEWICZ


RONALD H DIECK


LOUIS D DINAPOLI


WOLFGANG DRAHM


WATSON P DURDEN




SUZANNE MARIE EDVI


ALBERT D EHRENFRIED


HALIT EREN


GEORG F ERK


JOSEF FEHRENBACH


KENNETH S FLETCHER


ALBERT P FOUNDOS


WALTER F GERDES



Contributors

xv



IAN H GIBSON


RICHARD A GILBERT


ANTHONY C GILBY


PAUL M GLATTSTEIN


JOHN D GOODRICH JR


ROBERT J GORDON


DAVID M GRAY


JAMES R GRAY


BHISHAM P GUPTA


JOHN T HALL


CHARLES E HAMILTON


JOHN N HARMAN III


HASHEM M HASHEMIAN


ROBERT A HERRICK


HEROLD I HERTANU


CONRAD H HOEPPNER


MICHAEL F HORDESKI


JOEL O HOUGEN


WALTER D HOULE


WILFRED H HOWE


DAVID L HOYLE


JAY S JACOBSON


RAJSHREE R JAIN


ROBERT F JAKUBIK


JAMES E JAMISON



xvi

Contributors

JOHN M JARVIS


HERBERT H JONES


RICHARD K KAMINSKI


DAVID S KAYSER


THOMAS J KEHOE




CHANG H KIM


JOHN G KOCAK JR

BA Consultant

JOHN G KOPP


JOSEF KOZAacuteK


















Contributors xvii





























xviii Contributors





























Contributors xix













xxi




THIS FOURTH EDITION











READERS OF THE IEH



xxii Introduction



















BETTER VALVES




Introduction xxiii























xxiv Introduction















LATER EDITIONS





THE FOURTH EDITION



Introduction xxv













xxvii


























xxviii Definitions


































Definitions xxix
































CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









Contributors

xv



IAN H GIBSON


RICHARD A GILBERT


ANTHONY C GILBY


PAUL M GLATTSTEIN


JOHN D GOODRICH JR


ROBERT J GORDON


DAVID M GRAY


JAMES R GRAY


BHISHAM P GUPTA


JOHN T HALL


CHARLES E HAMILTON


JOHN N HARMAN III


HASHEM M HASHEMIAN


ROBERT A HERRICK


HEROLD I HERTANU


CONRAD H HOEPPNER


MICHAEL F HORDESKI


JOEL O HOUGEN


WALTER D HOULE


WILFRED H HOWE


DAVID L HOYLE


JAY S JACOBSON


RAJSHREE R JAIN


ROBERT F JAKUBIK


JAMES E JAMISON



xvi

Contributors

JOHN M JARVIS


HERBERT H JONES


RICHARD K KAMINSKI


DAVID S KAYSER


THOMAS J KEHOE




CHANG H KIM


JOHN G KOCAK JR

BA Consultant

JOHN G KOPP


JOSEF KOZAacuteK


















Contributors xvii





























xviii Contributors





























Contributors xix













xxi




THIS FOURTH EDITION











READERS OF THE IEH



xxii Introduction



















BETTER VALVES




Introduction xxiii























xxiv Introduction















LATER EDITIONS





THE FOURTH EDITION



Introduction xxv













xxvii


























xxviii Definitions


































Definitions xxix
































CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









xvi

Contributors

JOHN M JARVIS


HERBERT H JONES


RICHARD K KAMINSKI


DAVID S KAYSER


THOMAS J KEHOE




CHANG H KIM


JOHN G KOCAK JR

BA Consultant

JOHN G KOPP


JOSEF KOZAacuteK


















Contributors xvii





























xviii Contributors





























Contributors xix













xxi




THIS FOURTH EDITION











READERS OF THE IEH



xxii Introduction



















BETTER VALVES




Introduction xxiii























xxiv Introduction















LATER EDITIONS





THE FOURTH EDITION



Introduction xxv













xxvii


























xxviii Definitions


































Definitions xxix
































CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









Contributors xvii





























xviii Contributors





























Contributors xix













xxi




THIS FOURTH EDITION











READERS OF THE IEH



xxii Introduction



















BETTER VALVES




Introduction xxiii























xxiv Introduction















LATER EDITIONS





THE FOURTH EDITION



Introduction xxv













xxvii


























xxviii Definitions


































Definitions xxix
































CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









xviii Contributors





























Contributors xix













xxi




THIS FOURTH EDITION











READERS OF THE IEH



xxii Introduction



















BETTER VALVES




Introduction xxiii























xxiv Introduction















LATER EDITIONS





THE FOURTH EDITION



Introduction xxv













xxvii


























xxviii Definitions


































Definitions xxix
































CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









Contributors xix













xxi




THIS FOURTH EDITION











READERS OF THE IEH



xxii Introduction



















BETTER VALVES




Introduction xxiii























xxiv Introduction















LATER EDITIONS





THE FOURTH EDITION



Introduction xxv













xxvii


























xxviii Definitions


































Definitions xxix
































CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









xxi




THIS FOURTH EDITION











READERS OF THE IEH



xxii Introduction



















BETTER VALVES




Introduction xxiii























xxiv Introduction















LATER EDITIONS





THE FOURTH EDITION



Introduction xxv













xxvii


























xxviii Definitions


































Definitions xxix
































CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









xxii Introduction



















BETTER VALVES




Introduction xxiii























xxiv Introduction















LATER EDITIONS





THE FOURTH EDITION



Introduction xxv













xxvii


























xxviii Definitions


































Definitions xxix
































CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









Introduction xxiii























xxiv Introduction















LATER EDITIONS





THE FOURTH EDITION



Introduction xxv













xxvii


























xxviii Definitions


































Definitions xxix
































CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









xxiv Introduction















LATER EDITIONS





THE FOURTH EDITION



Introduction xxv













xxvii


























xxviii Definitions


































Definitions xxix
































CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









Introduction xxv













xxvii


























xxviii Definitions


































Definitions xxix
































CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









xxvii


























xxviii Definitions


































Definitions xxix
































CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









xxviii Definitions


































Definitions xxix
































CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









Definitions xxix
































CARIair fuel ratio

sg=


xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









xxx Definitions






























33q and 314a

Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









Definitions xxxi































xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









xxxii Definitions





























Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









Definitions xxxiii





























xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









xxxiv Definitions

































Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









Definitions xxxv

































xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









xxxvi Definitions




























Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









Definitions xxxvii






















WI CV SQ=


xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









xxxix










ment








































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES









































































also e


























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


NOTES



























































































































































































li



















Materials



















NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

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NOTES






CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION

THIS FOURTH EDITION


READERS OF THE IEH





BETTER VALVES








LATER EDITIONS

THE FOURTH EDITION


DEFINITIONS


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z


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