This book has been revised according to the CCE pattern of school education based onNCERT syllabus prescribed by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) for Class X

Science for Tenth Class(Part – 3)

BIOLOGYAs per NCERT/CBSE Syllabus

(Based on CCE Pattern of School Education)

LAKHMIR SINGHAnd

MANJIT KAUR

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© 1980, Lakhmir Singh & Manjit Kaur

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Biology X: Lakhmir Singh

LAKHMIR SINGH did his M.Sc. from DelhiUniversity in 1969. Since then he has beenteaching in Dyal Singh College of DelhiUniversity, Delhi. He started writing books in1980. Lakhmir Singh believes that book writingis just like classroom teaching. Though a bookcan never replace a teacher but it should makethe student feel the presence of a teacher.Keeping this in view, he writes books in such astyle that students never get bored reading hisbooks. Lakhmir Singh has written more than 15books so far on all the science subjects: Physics,Chemistry and Biology. He believes in writingquality books. He does not believe in quantity.

MANJIT KAUR did her B.Sc., B.Ed. from DelhiUniversity in 1970. Since then she has beenteaching in a reputed school of Directorate ofEducation, Delhi. Manjit Kaur is such a popularscience teacher that all the students want to jointhose classes which she teaches in the school. Shehas a vast experience of teaching science toschool children, and she knows the problemsfaced by the children in the study of science.Manjit Kaur has put all her teaching experienceinto the writing of science books. She has co-authored more than 15 books alongwith herhusband, Lakhmir Singh.

It is the team-work of Lakhmir Singh and ManjitKaur which has given some of the most popularbooks in the history of science education in India.Lakhmir Singh and Manjit Kaur both writeexclusively for the most reputed, respected andlargest publishing house of India : S.Chand andCompany Pvt. Ltd.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

AN OPEN LETTERDear Friend,

We would like to talk to you for a few minutes, just togive you an idea of some of the special features of thisbook. Before we go further, let us tell you that this bookhas been revised according to the NCERT syllabusprescribed by the Central Board of Secondary Education(CBSE) based on new “Continuous and ComprehensiveEvaluation” (CCE) pattern of school education. Just likeour earlier books, we have written this book in such asimple style that even the weak students will be able tounderstand biology very easily. Believe us, while writingthis book, we have considered ourselves to be thestudents of Class X and tried to make things as simpleas possible.

The most important feature of this revised edition of the bookis that we have included a large variety of different types ofquestions as required by CCE for assessing the learningabilities of the students. This book contains :

(i) Very short answer type questions (including true-falsetype questions and fill in the blanks type questions),

(ii) Short answer type questions,(iii) Long answer type questions (or Essay type questions),(iv) Multiple choice questions (MCQs) based on theory,(v) Questions based on high order thinking skills (HOTS),(vi) Multiple choice questions (MCQs) based on practical

skills in science,(vii) NCERT book questions and exercises (with answers),

and

(viii) Value based questions (with answers).

Please note that answers have also been given for the varioustypes of questions, wherever required. All these features willmake this book even more useful to the students as well asthe teachers. “A picture can say a thousand words”. Keepingthis in mind, a large number of coloured pictures and sketchesof various scientific processes, procedures, appliances andeveryday situations involving principles of biology have beengiven in this revised edition of the book. This will help thestudents to understand the various concepts of biologyclearly. It will also tell them how biology is applied in the realsituations in homes, transport and industry.

We are sure you will agree with us that the facts ofbiology are just the same in all the books, the differencelies in the method of presenting these facts to thestudents. In this book, the various topics of biologyhave been explained in such a simple way that whilereading this book, a student will feel as if a teacher issitting by his side and explaining the various things tohim. We are sure that after reading this book, thestudents will develop a special interest in biology andthey would like to study biology in higher classes aswell.

We think that the real judges of a book are the teachersconcerned and the students for whom it is meant. So,we request our teacher friends as well as the studentsto point out our mistakes, if any, and send theircomments and suggestions for the further improvementof this book.

Wishing you a great success,

Yours sincerely,

396, Nilgiri Apartments,Alaknanda, New Delhi-110019E-mail : singhlakhmir@hotmail.com

Other Books by Lakhmir SinghOther Books by Lakhmir SinghOther Books by Lakhmir SinghOther Books by Lakhmir SinghOther Books by Lakhmir Singh and Manjit Kaur and Manjit Kaur and Manjit Kaur and Manjit Kaur and Manjit Kaur

1. Awareness Science for Sixth Class

2. Awareness Science for Seventh Class

3. Awareness Science for Eighth Class

4. Science for Ninth Class (Part 1) PHYSICS

5. Science for Ninth Class (Part 2) CHEMISTRY

6. Science for Tenth Class (Part 1) PHYSICS

7. Science for Tenth Class (Part 2) CHEMISTRY

8. Rapid Revision in Science

(A Question-Answer Book for Class X)

9. Science for Ninth Class (J & K Edition)

10. Science for Tenth Class (J & K Edition)

11. Science for Ninth Class (Hindi Edition) :

PHYSICS and CHEMISTRY

12. Science for Tenth Class (Hindi Edition) :

PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY and BIOLOGY

13. Saral Vigyan (A Question-Answer Science

Book in Hindi for Class X)

DISCLAIMERWhile the authors of this book have made every effort to avoid any mistake or omission and have used their skill, expertise andknowledge to the best of their capacity to provide accurate and updated information, the authors and the publisher do not give anyrepresentation or warranty with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication and are selling thispublication on the condition and understanding that they shall not be made liable in any manner whatsoever. The publisher and theauthors expressly disclaim all and any liability/responsibility to any person, whether a purchaser or reader of this publication or not, inrespect of anything and everything forming part of the contents of this publication. The publisher and authors shall not be responsiblefor any errors, omissions or damages arising out of the use of the information contained in this publication. Further, the appearance ofthe personal name, location, place and incidence, if any; in the illustrations used herein is purely coincidental and work of imagination.Thus the same should in no manner be termed as defamatory to any individual.

CONTENTSFIRST TERM

1. LIFE PROCESSES 1 – 78Characteristics of Living Things ; Life Processes : Nutrition, Respiration, Transport,Excretion, Control and Coordination, Growth, Movement and Reproduction ;Modes of Nutrition : Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Modes of Nutrition ; Typesof Heterotrophic Nutrition : Saprotrophic, Parasitic and Holozoic Nutrition ;Nutrition in Plants : Photosynthesis ; Conditions Necessary for Photosynthesis :Sunlight, Chlorophyll, Carbon Dioxide and Water ; Experiments to Show ThatSunlight, Chlorophyll and Carbon Dioxide are Necessary for Photosynthesis ;Raw Materials for Photosynthesis : Carbon Dioxide and Water ; Site ofPhotosynthesis : Chloroplasts ; Nutrition in Animals : Herbivores, Carnivores andOmnivores ; Nutrition in Simple Animals : Amoeba ; Nutrition in ComplexMulticellular Animals : Human Beings ; Human Digestive System ; Dental Caries ;Breathing and Respiration ; How Energy Released During Respiration is Stored :ATP; Types of Respiration : Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration ;Respiration in Plants : Roots, Stems and Leaves ; Respiration in Animals : Amoeba,Earthworm and Fish ; Respiration in Humans : Respiratory System in Humans ;Experiment to Show That Carbon Dioxide is Produced During Respiration ; Rateof Breathing ; Transport in Plants : Xylem and Phloem ; Blood and itsComponents ; Functions of Blood ; Transport in Humans : Human CirculatorySystem ; Heart Beats and Pulse ; Blood Pressure and its Measurement ; How doFood and Oxygen Reach Body Cells ; Lymphatic System ; Excretion in Plants ;Excretion in Animals ; Excretion in Humans : Human Excretory System ; KidneyFailure and Dialysis

2. CONTROL AND COORDINATION 79 – 122Stimuli ; Response to Stimuli is a Characteristic Property of LivingOrganisms ;Control and Coordination in Plants ; Plant Hormones : Auxin ,Gibberellins ; Cytokinins and Abscisic Acid (ABA) ; Plant Movements ; Tropism(or Tropic Movements) ; Respose of Plants to Light : Phototropism ; Response ofPlants to Gravity : Geotropism ; Response of Plants to Chemicals : Chemotropism ;Response of Plants to Water : Hydrotropism ; Directional Response of Plants tothe Touch of an Object : Thigmotropism ; Stem Tendrils and Leaf Tendrils ; TheUsefulness of Tropic Movements ; Nasties (or Nastic Movements); Non-DirectionalMovement of a Plant Part in Response to the Touch of an Object : Thigmonasty ;The Case of Sensitive Plant ; Non-Directional Movement of a Plant Part inResponse to Light : Photonasty ; The Case of Dandelion Flowers andMoonflowers ; Coordination in Animals ; Sense Organs ; Receptors :Photoreceptors, Phonoreceptors, Olfactory Receptors, Gustatory Receptors andThermoreceptors ; Effectors : Muscles and Glands ; Control and Coordination inHumans : Nervous System and Endocrine System ; Human Nervous System ;The Unit of Nervous System : Neuron ; Synapse ; The Organs of Human NervousSystem ; Brain, Spinal Cord and Nerves ; The Parts of the Nervous System ; ThePeripheral Nervous System ; Reflex Action and Reflex Arc ; The AutonomicNervous System and Voluntary Nervous System ; Central Nervous System : Brainand Spinal Cord ; Hormones ; Exocrine Glands and Endocrine Glands ; TheEndocrine System ; Feedback Mechanism

SECOND TERM3. HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE 123 – 177

Reproduction : Production of New Organisms From the Existing Organisms ofthe Same Species ; Types of Reproduction : Asexual Reproduction and SexualReproduction ; Asexual Reproduction Methods : Fission (Binary Fission andMultiple Fission), Budding, Spore Formation, Regeneration, Fragmentation andVegetative Propagation ; Artificial Propagation of Plants : Cuttings, Layeringand Grafting ; Advantages of Artificial Propagation ; Tissue Culture ; Advantagesof Tissue Culture ; Do Organisms Create Exact Copies of Themselves in AsexualReproduction ; Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants ; The Main Parts of aFlower : Receptacle, Sepals, Petals, Stamen (Male Part of Flower), Carpel (FemalePart of Flower) ; Pollination : Self Pollination and Cross-Pollination ; Fertilisation ;Formation of Fruits and Seeds ; Germination of Seeds ; Sexual Reproduction inAnimals ; Male and Female ; Male Gamete : Sperm ; Female Gamete : Ovum orEgg ; Fertilisation : Internal Fertilisation and External Fertilisation ; The Advantagesof Sexual Reproduction ; Why the Amount of DNA Does Not Get Doubled DuringSexual Reproduction ; How Sexual Reproduction in Animals Takes Place ;Puberty ; Changes Which Take Place in Males and Females at Puberty ; HumanReproductive System : Male Reproductive System and Female ReproductiveSystem ; Fertilisation in Humans and Development of Embryo ; DifferencesBetween Zygote, Embryo and Foetus ; Sexual Cycle in Females (Women) :Menstruation ; Menarche and Menopause ; Birth Control ; Birth Control Methods :Barrier Methods , Chemical Methods and Surgical Methods ; Female Foeticide ;Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) : Gonorrhoea, Syphilis and AIDS

4. HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION 178 —212Heredity : Transmission of Characters (or Traits) From Parents to Their Offpsrings ;Variations : Accumulation of Variations and Advantages of Variations ;Chromosomes ; Genes : Dominant Genes and Recessive Genes ; Genotypeand Phenotype ; F1 Generation and F2 Generation ; Rules for the Inheritance ofTraits ; Mendel’s Contribution ; Monohybrid Inheritance and The Law ofSegregation ; Explanation of the Results of Monohybrid Inheritance ; DihybridInheritance and the Law of Independent Assortment ; Explanation of the Resultsof Dihybrid Inheritance ; How are the Characteristics (or Traits) Transmitted toProgeny ; How do Genes Control the Characteristics (or Traits) ; Four Types ofBlood Groups : A, B, AB and O ; How Blood Groups are Inherited ; SexChromosomes : X Chromosome and Y Chromosome ; Inheritance of Sex orSex Determination of a Child ; Acquired Traits and Inherited Traits ; Evolution :Sequence of Gradual Changes in Primitive Organisms Over Millions of Years inWhich New Species are Produced ; Evidence for Evolution : Homologous Organs,Analogous Organs and Fossils ; Homologous Organs : Organs Having SameBasic Structure But Different Functions ; Forelimbs of Human, Lizard, Frog, Birdand Bat ; Analogous Organs : Organs Having Different Basic Structure But SimilarFunctions ; Wing of Insect and Wing of Bird ; Fossils : Remains or Impressions ofDead Animals or Plants That Lived in the Remote Past ; Ammonite, Trilobite andDinosaur ; Darwin’s Theory of Evolution : The Theory of Natural Selection (Survivalof the Fittest) ; Speciation ; Evolution of Eyes and Evolution of Feathers ; Evolutionby Artificial Selection : The Case of Wild Cabbage; Evolution Should Not beEquated With Progress ; Human Evolution and Origin of Life on Earth

5. OUR ENVIRONMENT 213—244Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Wastes ; Ecosystem ; Components ofEcosystem : Abiotic Components and Biotic Components ; The Functioning ofan Ecosystem ; Producers, Consumers and Decomposers ; Importance ofDecomposers ; Food Chains : Lists of Organisms (Living Things) Showing ‘WhoEats Whom’ ; Food Web : Large Number of Interconnected Food Chains in anEcosystem ; Trophic Levels : The Various Steps (or Organisms) in a Food Chainat Which Transfer of Food (or Energy) Takes Place ; First Trophic Level : Producers ;Second Trophic Level : Herbivores ; Third Trophic Level : Carnivores : Fourth TrophicLevel : Large Carnivores (or Top Carnivores) ; Pyramid of Numbers ; Effect ofMan’s Activities on the Ecosystem ; The Sun Provides Energy for Maintaining AllLife on Earth ; Transfer of Energy in Food Chains ; Flow of Materials in Ecosystemis Cyclic but Flow of Energy is Unidirectional ; Ten Per Cent Law ; Why the Numberof Trophic Levels in a Food Chain is Limited ; Accumulation of Harmful Chemicals(Like Pesticides) in Food Chains : Biological Magnification ; How do Our ActivitiesAffect the Environment ; Depletion of Protective Ozone Layer in the UpperAtmosphere : Result of the Use of Chemicals Called Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) ;Harmful Effects of Depletion of Ozone Layer ; Managing the Garbage WeProduce ; Methods of Disposal of Garbage : Recycling, Preparation of Compost,Incineration, Landfill and Sewage Treatment

6. MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES 245—261Natural Resources : Forests and Wildlife, Water, Coal and Petroleum ; SustainableDevelopment and Conservation of Environment ; Why do We Need to ManageOur Natural Resources : Resources of the Earth are Limited ; Management ofForests and Wildlife : Conservation of Biodiversity (Large Number of Plant andAnimal Species) Which We Have Inherited ; Stakeholders in the Management(or Conservation) of Forests : People Who Live in and Around the Forests ; ForestDepartment of the Government, Industrialists Who Use Forest Products in TheirFactories and Activists Who Campaign For the Conservation of Forests andWildlife ; Deforestation (Large Scale Cutting Down of Forest Trees) and Silviculture(Replenshing the Cut Down Forests by Growing More Trees and Plants) ; Role ofOrdinary People in the Conservation of Forests ; The Case of Khejri Trees andBishnoi Community of Rajasthan ; The Chipko Andolan (Hug the TreesMovement) ; Participation of Local People in the Management of Forests;Conservation of Wildlife ; Sources of Water ; Construction of Dams Over theRivers ; Advantages and Disadvantages of Constructing Dams ; Pollution ofRiver Water ; Ganga Action Plan (GAP) to Clean the River Ganga ; RainwaterHarvesting in Rural and Urban Areas ; Coal and Petroleum Deposits in theEarth are Limited ; Steps to Reduce the Consumption of Coal and Petroleum ;Pollution Caused by Burning Coal and Petroleum Based Fuels ; Acid Rain andits Harmful Effects ; The Three R’s to Save the Environment : Reduce, Recycleand Reuse

• Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)Based on Practical Skills in Science (Biology) 262 – 272

• NCERT Book Questions and Exercises (with answers) 273 – 296• Value Based Questions (with answers) 297 – 310

PHYSICS & CHEMISTRY BY SAME AUTHORSScience for Tenth Class, Part 1 : PHYSICS

1. Electricity2. Magnetic Effect of Electric Current3. Sources of Energy4. Reflection of Light5. Refraction of Light6. The Human Eye and the Colourful World• Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Based on Practical Skills in Science

(Physics)• NCERT Book Questions and Exercises (with answers)• Value Based Questions (with answers)

Science for Tenth Class, Part 2 : CHEMISTRY1. Chemical Reactions and Equations2. Acids, Bases and Salts3. Metals and Non-Metals4. Carbon and its Compounds5. Periodic Classification of Elements• Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Based on Practical Skills in Science

(Chemistry)• NCERT Book Questions and Exercises (with answers)• Value Based Questions (with answers)

LATEST CBSE SYLLABUS, CLASS 10 SCIENCE(BIOLOGY PART)

FIRST TERM (April to September)

Life processes : “Living beings” ; Basic concept of nutrition, respiration, transport and excretion inplants and animals.

Control and coordination in animals and plants : Tropic movements in plants; Introduction to planthormones ; Control and coordination in animals : nervous system ; voluntary, involuntary and reflex action,Chemical coordination : animal hormones.

SECOND TERM (October to March)

Reproduction : Reproduction in animals and plants (asexual and sexual). Reproductive health–need forand methods of family planning, Safe sex vs HIV/AIDS, Child bearing and women’s health.

Heredity and evolution : Heredity ; Mendel’s contribution–Rules for inheritance of traits ; Sexdetermination : brief introduction ; Basic concepts of evolution.

Natural resources : Management of natural resources. Conservation and judicious use of natural resources.Forests and wildlife, coal and petroleum conservation. Examples of peoples’ participation for conservationof natural resources. Big dams : advantages and limitations ; alternatives if any. Water harvesting. Sustainabilityof natural resources.

Our environment : Ecosystem, environmental problems, ozone depletion, waste production and theirsolutions. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances.

Something which is ‘living’ (not dead) is said to be ‘alive’. In most simple terms, ‘alive’ means ‘havinglife’. Alive is called ‘jeevit’ or ‘zinda’ in Hindi. We are alive and you are also alive. Those thingswhich are alive are called ‘living things’. All the plants and animals (including human beings) are

alive or living things. Now, an important question arises : What criteria do we use to decide whethersomething is alive ? This is discussed below.

The most important criterion to decide whether something is alive (or not) is the movement. Movementis one of the most important signs of life in an organism. All the living things (which are alive) move bythemselves without any external help. In some cases the movements of living things are quite fast whichcan be easily observed by us but in other cases the movements are very slow and hence observed withdifficulty. For example, the movements in most of the animals are fast and can be observed easily but

the movements in plants are usually slow and observed with difficulty. Animals and plants move indifferent ways. This will become clear from the following discussion.

Animals can move from one place to another or they can move their body parts. For example, a frog

Life Processes

1

Figure 1. Living things move. Movement is the most important sign of being alive. These pictures show the movement in animals (including human beings).

(a) Frog jumping (b) Birds flying (b) Athletes running

Science for Tenth Class Part 3 Biology

Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : 9789352530304Author : Lakhmir Singh &Manjit Kaur

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