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THEY WERE H N NANJJUNS The Nanjing Massacre Witnessed by American and British Nationals

SUPING L U

# m *. * & us . *t H O N G KON G U N I V E R S I T Y PRES S

Hong Kong University Pres s 14/F Hing Wai Centr e 7 Tin Wan Praya Roa d Aberdeen Hong Kong

© Hong Kong University Pres s 2004

ISBN 96 2 209 685 9 (Hardback ) ISBN 96 2 209 686 7 (Paperback)

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Printed and bound by United League 8k Graphic Printing Co. Ltd., in Hong Kong, China

Hong Kon g Universit y Pres s i s honoure d tha t X u Bing , whos e ar t explores the complex themes o f language across cultures , has writte n the Press' s nam e i n hi s Squar e Wor d Calligraphy . Thi s signal s ou r commitment t o cross-cultura l thinkin g an d the distinctiv e natur e of our English-language book s published i n China .

"At first glance , Square Word Calligraphy appears to be nothing mor e unusual tha n Chines e characters , bu t i n fac t i t i s a ne w wa y o f rendering Englis h word s i n th e forma t o f a square s o the y resembl e Chinese characters . Chinese viewers expec t t o be able to read Squar e Word Calligraphy but cannot . Western viewers, however are surprised to find the y can read it. Delight erupt s when meaning is unexpectedly revealed."

— Britta Erickson , The Art of Xu Bing

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Contents

Acknowledgments vi i

Introduction 1

Chapter 1 Wester n National s i n th e Falle n Nanjin g 1 1

Chapter 2 Englis h Medi a Coverag e o f th e Nanjin g Massacr e 1 9

Chapter 3 Th e Internationa l Committee , th e Nanjin g Safet y 4 3 Zone, an d Relate d Document s

Chapter 4 Persona l Record s o f American s i n Nanjin g 8 7

Chapter 5 America n Diplomati c Recor d an d U.S . Naval 17 5

Intelligence Report s

Chapter 6 Japanes e Attack s o n America n National s 20 3

Chapter 7 Damag e an d Losse s t o America n Propert y an d 22 1 Interests

Chapter 8 Britis h Diplomati c Document s an d Damag e t o 24 9

British Propert y

Epilogue 27 3

Appendix 1 Wester n National s Wh o Staye d o r Visited 28 3 Nanjing, 1 3 December 193 7 - Mid-Marc h 193 8

Appendix 2 Majo r Englis h Medi a Publication s o n th e Nanjin g 28 6 Massacre, Decembe r 193 7 - Octobe r 193 8

Appendix 3 Nanjin g Massacre-relate d Document s i n Harol d 28 8 John Timperley' s What War Means: Japanese Terror in China, 193 8

VI CONTENTS

Appendix 4 Lis t o f Document s fo r th e Nanjin g Safet y Zone : 29 1 Japanese Period ; American Serie s Regardin g th e Japanes e Occupation o f Nanjing ; University Serie s Regardin g th e Japanes e Occupation o f Nanjin g

Appendix 5 Nanjin g Massacre-relate d Document s i n Shuhs i 29 5 Hsu's The War Conduct of the Japanese, 193 8

Appendix 6 Lis t o f Document s i n Shuhs i Hsu' s Documents 29 6 of the Nanking Safety Zone, 193 9

Appendix 7 Document s Use d a s Enclosure s i n Jame s Espy' s 29 8 Report, "Condition s a t Nanking/ 7 Januar y 193 8

Appendix 8 Document s Use d a s Enclosure s i n Jame s Espy' s 30 0 Report, "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking, " Februar y 193 8

Appendix 9 Movement s o f th e Britis h Gunboats , Lowe r 30 3 Yangtze River , Lat e Decembe r 193 7 - Lat e Marc h 1938

Appendix 1 0 Writte n Statemen t b y Mine r Searl e Bates, - 30 4 Transcripts o f Cour t Testimon y b y Mine r Searle Bate s

Appendix 1 1 Affidavi t b y Georg e A. Fitc h 31 4

Appendix 1 2 Transcript s o f Cour t Testimon y b y John G . Mage e 31 6

Appendix 1 3 Affidavi t b y James H . McCallu m 33 2

Appendix 1 4 Writte n Statemen t b y Lewi s S . C. Smyth e 33 3

Appendix 1 5 Writte n Statemen t b y Rober t O . Wilson; 33 5 Transcripts o f Cour t Testimon y b y Rober t O . Wilson

Notes 34 3

Index 393

introduction

No soone r had victorious Japanese troops marched int o China' s capital , Nanjing, o n 1 3 Decembe r 1937 , tha n atrocitie s wer e committe d t o civilian resident s an d disarmed Chines e soldier s in and around th e city . The world' s attentio n wa s draw n t o th e inciden t know n a s th e "Rap e of Nanking " o r th e "Nanjin g Massacre " no t onl y becaus e o f it s enormous scale , bu t als o du e t o th e fac t tha t i n th e falle n cit y ther e were twenty-seven wester n nationals , five of whom were American an d British correspondents . Th e report s b y thes e journalist s gav e instan t prominence t o th e even t eve n whe n th e massacr e wa s i n progress . Fo r the followin g months , Englis h medi a aroun d th e worl d continue d th e coverage of the incident with material s smuggled out through diplomati c channels b y America n missionarie s stil l trappe d i n th e city .

In 1946 , several of the American missionarie s eithe r testified a s th e prosecution's witnesse s i n th e cour t o f th e Internationa l Militar y Tribunal fo r th e Fa r East , o r submitte d writte n statement s t o th e Tribunal. However , th e material s the y presente d ar e bu t th e ti p o f a n iceberg. A larg e numbe r o f eyewitnes s account s remaine d hidde n i n private an d persona l collections . Th e rol e playe d b y Westerner s i n th e city and their experiences were not adequatel y researched until recently .

Iris Chang' s boo k Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II, an d the publicity give n to John Rabe's Nanjing diarie s by his granddaughter , Ursul a Reinhardt , a t th e en d of 199 6 aroused publi c interest t o revisit the even t an d stimulated academi a t o re-examine th e incident an d issue s surroundin g it . I n recen t years , ther e ha s bee n a tendency i n academi a t o g o back i n time , i n searc h o f origina l sourc e materials lef t behin d b y eyewitnesse s fro m neutra l countries .

With th e passage of time, Westerners who experience d th e Nanjin g Massacre hav e departe d on e b y one . F . Tillman Durdi n wa s probabl y the las t t o leave us. He passed away on 7 July 1998 , at the age of ninety -

2 THEY WERE IN NANJING

one. Fortunately , man y o f thei r eyewitnes s account s wer e kep t an d collected b y majo r universitie s an d churc h historica l societie s acros s the U.S . Som e wer e discovere d i n thei r personne l file s i n thes e institutions, som e were among personal files donate d by their families , while other s wer e foun d i n th e archive s o f thei r friend s wh o ha d kep t correspondence wit h them . Amon g thes e archiva l materials , th e American missionaries ' letters , diaries , report s an d othe r document s kept in Yale Divinity School Library's China Mission Collection notabl y stand out . Altogether fourtee n America n missionarie s wer e in Nanjin g when th e massacr e too k place . Yale' s Chin a Missio n Collectio n alon e possesses eyewitnes s account s b y nin e o f them .

Martha L . Smalley took the lead in publishing the original massacr e accounts. Sh e edite d a collection , American Missionary Eyewitnesses to the Nanking Massacre, i n whic h a fe w o f eac h o f th e nin e missionaries ' material s wer e selected . Smalley' s collectio n wa s subsequently expande d by Kaiyuan Zhang into a much thicke r volume , Eyewitnesses to Massacre: American Missionaries Bear Witness to Japanese Atrocities in Nanjing. I n thi s volume , Zhan g collecte d mos t of the primary source s attributable to the nine missionaries. In addition , he publishe d a fe w page s o f diar y excerpt s b y Alber t N . Stewar d wh o did no t underg o th e massacr e perio d i n Nanjing , bu t returne d t o th e city a t th e en d o f 1938 . His diarie s recor d th e destructio n h e sa w an d the storie s h e hear d afte r hi s arrival .

Timothy Broo k mad e anothe r effor t t o publis h material s b y massacre witnesse s wit h hi s edite d book , Documents on the Rape of Nanking. Broo k chos e t o reprin t Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone, edite d an d publishe d b y Shuhs i Hs u i n Shangha i i n 1939 , an d further supplemente d Hsu' s collectio n wit h Rober t O . Wilson' s diar y letters t o hi s wife , Marjorie , fro m 9 December 193 7 t o 7 March 1938 , along with som e documents relate d to the Tokyo military tribunal . Th e number o f Wilson' s diar y letter s collecte d b y Broo k surpasse s tha t o f the collections in Yale Divinity Schoo l and Stanford University' s Hoove r Institution. Apparently , he had contacted Wilson's widow, Marjorie, an d obtained th e letter s fro m th e family' s collection .

Aside from wha t has been published by the above scholars, however , quite a few Englis h primar y source s concernin g th e Nanjin g Massacr e remain unpublished . Georg e A. Fitch's family donate d his personal file s and established th e Fitch Family Archives at Harvard-Yenching Library , and W. Plumer Mills' s family archive s are kept in the South Carolinian a Library a t the University o f Carolina , Columbia , Sout h Carolina , whil e Mills's personne l file s ar e kep t a t th e Presbyteria n Historica l Societ y

INTRODUCTION 3

in Philadelphia . Th e Disciple s o f Chris t Historica l Societ y Librar y a t Nashville, Tennessee , boast s anothe r valuabl e collectio n o f missionar y eyewitness materials . Th e majo r par t o f Jame s H . McCallum' s files , a substantial amoun t o f Lewis S. C. Smythe's documents , many of Minni e Vautrin's origina l archives , alon g with par t o f M . Searl e Bates' s paper s and som e o f Grac e Bauer' s material s ar e wel l preserve d there . Huber t L. Sone' s majo r collectio n an d som e o f Cliffor d S . Trimmer' s file s ar e kept in the Methodist Churc h Archives in Madison, New Jersey. Charle s H. Riggs' s material s ar e housed a t th e Congregationa l Missio n Librar y in Boston an d Harvard's Haughto n Library . Some of John G. Magee an d Ernest H . Forster' s files ca n be found a t th e Episcopa l Church Archive s in Austin , Texas . Quit e a fe w letter s writ te n b y Bates , Smythe , McCallum, Sone , an d Mill s t o th e America n Embass y a t Nanjin g ar e kept i n th e U.S . National Archives . Even withi n Yale' s Chin a Missio n Collection, a lot of valuable materials have not been published. For some reason, Zhang' s collectio n doe s no t includ e ove r a doze n importan t letters Mill s wrot e t o hi s wif e an d daughter s fro m 3 Januar y t o 2 3 December 1938 . Mills's letter to Lieutenant-Colonel Hirot a o n 2 March 1938, an d hi s lette r t o friend s o n 1 7 Apri l 1938 , alon g wit h man y o f Bates's famil y letter s an d severa l o f Forster' s letters , ar e no t selecte d either. Als o absen t fro m th e publicatio n ar e man y o f Vautrin' s letter s to friend s an d a substantia l portio n o f he r diaries , includin g severa l o f her diar y entries , i n whic h sh e recorde d tha t sh e ha d obtaine d th e number o f victim s fro m th e Re d Swastik a Society' s buryin g record . I n these documents , Vautri n als o mentione d tha t sh e ha d witnesse d th e Red Swastik a member s buryin g victi m bodies , an d discusse s wit h friends abou t th e massacr e site s with ten s o f thousand s bodie s strew n around i n a Nanjin g subur b alon g th e Yangtz e River .

In addition, Smythe' s War Damage in the Nanking Area December 1937 to March 1938: Urban and Rural Surveys i s anothe r importan t source material. Correspondents Durdi n and A. T. Steele also left behin d their files, not to mention th e news dispatches and media reports which , obscure wit h th e passag e o f sixty-fiv e year s an d scattere d i n differen t corners aroun d th e world , deserv e t o be rediscovere d an d reacquainte d with. Most o f all , there is a tremendous amoun t o f valuable document s in th e America n diplomati c an d nava l archives , an d i n th e Britis h diplomatic an d admiralt y file s tha t need s t o b e hunte d down .

This boo k i s anothe r attemp t t o searc h an d displa y eyewitnes s accounts o f th e massacr e an d othe r origina l material s relate d t o tha t event, though in another manne r and on a broader scale than in previou s publications. While it is not a collection of primary sources , it recounts ,


with clos e relianc e o n origina l documents , wha t wa s seen , hear d an d experienced b y America n an d Britis h national s i n th e falle n cit y o f Nanjing. Thei r experiences are told through origina l diaries, letters, wire dispatches, reports, diplomatic telegrams, naval intelligence information , and othe r documents , which have been unearthed from variou s source s around th e world . Wit h highlight s o f thei r account s wove n alon g wit h analysis, thi s volum e intend s no t onl y t o hel p reader s ge t acquainte d with English primary material s on the topic in a comprehensive fashion , but also to discuss issues which have not yet been adequately deal t with .

There has been a simple issu e tha t ha s lon g baffled scholar s i n th e field: accurat e information abou t thi s smal l group o f Westerners i n th e fallen Nanjing . A n attempt ha s been made to reconstruct th e list of th e twenty-seven Wester n nat ional s alon g wit h thei r ful l names , nationalities, affiliations , occupations , an d the duratio n o f their sta y i n the city . I n earl y Januar y 1938 , nin e consula r official s affiliate d wit h the American , British , an d Germa n Embassie s arrive d i n Nanjin g t o resume thei r respectiv e diplomati c duties . Som e o f them staye d longe r than others , and more were coming to release those who were schedule d to depart . In January and February, Dutch , Frenc h and Italian diplomat s made brie f visit s t o Nanjin g t o chec k upo n thei r propertie s i n th e city . Others, includin g U.S . and Britis h nava l officers , als o visite d th e city . Subsequently, th e lis t extend s t o includ e fifty-on e Wester n national s who eithe r staye d o r visite d Nanjin g fro m 1 3 December 193 7 to mid -March, 1938 .

This effor t serve s to provide accurate information abou t thos e wh o were in the city a s a key indicator fo r identifying an d verifying origina l witness materials . Mor e importantly , i t ma y rende r assistanc e t o interested researchers for uncovering new source materials in the future . It i s not impossibl e tha t som e schola r ma y happe n t o fin d Iv a Hynds' s personal file s i n a dark corne r i n the specia l collection o f a Los Angeles area university' s library , an d Grac e Bauer' s material s ma y surfac e i n a Baltimore are a loca l historical society . John M. Sheehan, th e captain o f USS Oahu, an d J . F . Armstrong, th e commandin g office r o f HM S Bee, might have left behind some private records of what they had seen alon g the Yangtz e shorelin e outsid e Nanjing .

The origina l Englis h medi a coverag e o f th e Nanjin g Massacr e wa s published fro m mid-Decembe r 193 7 to Octobe r 193 8 in places rangin g from Chicago , New York City, San Francisco, and London to Hong Kong, Beijing, Shangha i an d othe r places . Th e medi a report s ca n b e roughl y divided int o tw o categories : thos e tha t wer e reporte d b y th e fiv e American an d British correspondents , an d those that were based on th e

INTRODUCTION 5

eyewitness account s b y th e America n missionarie s i n th e city . I n th e late 1930s , thes e report s provide d timel y coverag e o f th e Nanjin g Massacre and , with vivid eyewitness accounts , attracted attentio n fro m the genera l publi c an d worl d leader s alike . I t i s no t a n exaggeratio n t o say that i t was English media coverage that placed the Nanjing Massacr e under the spotlight o n a global scale; however, afte r s o many years, thes e reports see m t o hav e fade d int o histor y an d ar e forgotten . Whil e eac h of th e majo r Englis h medi a report s i s analyzed i n thi s volume , a list of major Englis h medi a publication s o n th e massacr e i s attache d a s Appendix 2 .

The Nanjing Safet y Zone , inspired by Father Jaquinot' s Safet y Zon e in Shanghai , played an indispensable role in providing shelter , food an d protection fo r th e thousand s o f Chines e refugee s trappe d i n th e falle n city. The original materials preserved in Yale's China Mission Collectio n and other sources retrieved from th e American diplomati c archives wel l document th e origin , organization , developmen t an d activitie s o f th e International Committe e fo r th e Nanjin g Safet y Zone , a s wel l a s it s role i n th e establishmen t an d functio n o f th e Safet y Zone .

The activitie s o f th e Nanjin g Safet y Zon e ar e bes t exemplifie d b y the Safet y Zon e documents . However , th e prominen t statu s an d publicity o f th e Safet y Zon e document s woul d no t hav e been achieve d without th e effort s o f H . J . Timperley , Manchester Guardian's Chin a correspondent, an d Chines e politica l scientis t Shuhs i Hsu . Thes e tw o individuals worke d almos t simultaneously , thoug h fo r separat e boo k projects, t o publish the atrocity reports documented by the Internationa l C o m m i t t e e an d othe r eyewitnes s account s b y th e America n missionaries. Timperley' s What War Means: Japanese Terror in China made it s debu t i n Londo n i n Jul y 1938 , while Hsu' s The War Conduct of the Japanese appeare d in print in Shanghai at approximately th e sam e time. Hsu continue d hi s endeavor by compiling, editin g and publishin g in 193 9 Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone. Thi s i s considered th e most complet e collectio n o f document s produce d b y th e Internationa l Committee, eve n thoug h Hs u faile d t o locat e an d includ e forty-si x o f the 44 4 atrocit y cases , namely , case s 114-143 , 155-164 , an d 204-209 , into his collection. These missing cases , which had been well preserve d and archive d b y th e America n diplomat s i n 1938 , have bee n retrieve d from th e U.S. National Archives and are reprinted along with case s 445-470 i n thi s volume .

If the Englis h medi a report s an d the Safet y Zon e document s mad e their publi c appearanc e ove r sixt y year s ago , man y o f th e persona l accounts b y th e America n missionarie s wer e no t publishe d unti l


recently. Whil e som e o f th e account s stil l remai n unpublished , othe r source material s hav e jus t bee n discovered . Thes e valuabl e origina l sources have been used to recount the extraordinary experience s of eac h of thos e America n missionarie s i n th e falle n city , thoug h th e autho r has exercise d cautio n t o refrai n fro m repeatin g wha t ha s alread y bee n published. Eac h o f th e storie s display s thei r persona l observation s an d experiences fro m uniqu e perspectives . Fo r instance, o n top o f hi s well -known diaries , Fitch' s famil y letters , newl y retrieve d fro m Harvard -Yenching Library , hel p construc t hi s accounts ; man y o f Bates' s unpublished famil y letters , letter s t o th e America n an d Japanes e Embassies an d othe r document s kep t a t Yale , Nashville , an d th e National Archive s furthe r enhanc e hi s abundan t record ; Mills' s letter s to hi s wif e for m th e cor e element s o f hi s stories ; Smythe' s surve y provides enoug h sourc e material s t o mak e hi s experienc e uniquel y different fro m others ; and the newly unearthed surgica l list of over thirt y bloody case s formulate s Wilson' s observation s fro m a medica l professional's viewpoint .

After th e wors t o f th e massacr e wa s over , a n America n consula r group landed a t Nanjin g o n 6 January 1938 . They wer e the firs t foreig n officials allowe d t o ente r th e cit y sinc e th e Japanese captured it . Thre e days later, British and German diplomat s followed th e Americans ' suit . One o f th e diplomats ' majo r dutie s wa s t o repor t regularl y t o thei r superiors what ha d happened i n the fallen city . The American consula r representatives worke d diligentl y t o protec t America n interest s an d cabled report s bac k t o th e Departmen t o f Stat e almos t o n a daily basi s and, a s a result , accumulate d a mountain o f treasur e presentl y house d in the U.S. National Archives. These diplomatic documents and reports, which cove r a wide variet y o f area s rangin g from detaile d description s of Japanes e atrocities , violatio n o f America n property , refuge e relie f work, t o socia l an d economi c condition s i n th e city , dul y reflec t American diplomats ' activities , an d th e tu g o f wa r the y ha d bee n wrestling with thei r Japanese counterparts to protect American interest s and t o maintai n minimu m humanitaria n decenc y fo r th e Chinese .

It is widely known tha t durin g the massacre many Chinese civilian s were murdere d an d wome n molested . Bu t wha t i s les s know n i s th e fact tha t America n citizen s i n Nanjin g als o had t o liv e under constan t threat fro m th e Japanese . Som e o f th e American s wer e eve n slapped , attacked, robbed , an d abused . Ou t o f fourtee n America n missionaries , twelve experience d abus e i n on e for m o r another . Charle s H . Rigg s seemed t o have sustaine d th e most . H e was slappe d an d hi t o n severa l occasions.

INTRODUCTION 7

The mos t blatan t inciden t happene d t o Joh n M . Allison , th e to p American diplomat in town, who was slapped by a Japanese sentry whe n he wa s investigatin g a rap e cas e tha t occurre d o n America n premises . The Alliso n Incident , whic h hi t th e headline s o f man y majo r Englis h newspapers i n th e U.S. , th e U.K. , an d Chin a i n earl y 1938 , joined th e USS Panay bombin g t o becom e anothe r sourc e o f diplomati c frictio n between th e U.S . and Japan , thoug h i t ende d wit h a Japanese apology .

The Thomso n Inciden t i s anothe r exampl e i n whic h a n America n citizen fell victim to Japanese abuse. A Japanese sentry slapped J, Claude Thomson, a chemistry professo r a t the University o f Nanjing, whe n h e stopped and searched Thomson's ricksha w in a public street in Nanjing . However, the Japanese authorities denie d the slapping had ever happened when Alliso n lodge d a stron g protes t ove r th e incident . Th e incident , which occurre d in mid-June 1938 , well suggest s the pattern o f Japanes e soldiers' behavior an d tha t th e brutality , whic h culminate d durin g th e massacre days , stil l lingered .

The mos t prevailin g issu e tha t concerne d th e American diplomat s was damag e an d losse s t o America n propert y an d interests . America n institutions an d citizen s i n Nanjin g suffere d a tremendou s amoun t o f damage owin g t o th e Japanes e captur e o f th e cit y an d ensuin g destruction. Unauthorize d entr y an d violatio n case s o n America n property wer e a constant , i f no t a daily , phenomenon . Whe n th e American premise s wer e broke n into , thei r content s wer e eithe r destroyed o r looted . A s a result , compensatio n claim s file d b y th e American citizen s kep t comin g t o th e America n Embass y i n Nanjing . For severa l months , th e America n diplomat s busie d themselve s wit h investigating propert y damag e cases , verifyin g th e valu e o f losses , presenting th e case s t o loca l Japanes e authorities , an d negotiatin g an d bargaining wit h the m s o tha t claimant s coul d be informed o f th e su m of thei r compensation .

The Britis h diplomats , thoug h no t a s aggressive a s thei r America n counterparts, als o regularly reporte d th e condition s i n Nanjin g t o thei r superiors. Thei r description s abou t th e atrocitie s wer e no t a s detaile d as the America n ones , but the y als o faced quit e a few propert y damag e and los s cases . Unfortunately , du e t o th e Britis h diplomati c reportin g system an d th e filing principle s o f th e British Foreig n Office , ther e ar e not a s man y origina l sourc e material s accessibl e i n th e Publi c Recor d Office (th e British Nationa l Archives) , as there are in the U.S. Nationa l Archives.

According t o th e U.S . reporting system , a t leas t back i n th e 1930s , when Allison sen t a telegram t o the American Consul-Genera l Clarenc e


E. Gaus s a t Shanghai , o r t o America n Ambassado r Nelso n T Johnso n at Hankou, h e always copie d the message back t o the Secretar y o f Stat e Cordel Hull . Most o f the time, Allison communicate d directl y with th e Secretary o f State . Thi s syste m guarantee d a complet e se t o f communication message s t o b e kep t i n Washington , D.C .

Unlike the Americans, the British Consul at Nanjing (H . I. Prideaux-Brune, and later E. W. Jeffery) neve r reported directl y back to the Foreig n Office i n London . Mos t o f th e time , th e Consu l communicate d onl y with R . G. Howe, Charge d'Affaires o f the British Embassy a t Shanghai , because the Ambassador, Si r Knatchbull-Hugessen, wa s wounded by th e Japanese when h e was travelin g in his ca r from Nanjin g t o Shangha i i n August 1937 . Howe would mak e th e decisio n a s to which o f Nanjing' s messages woul d b e forwarde d t o London . Sometimes , h e copie d th e Nanjing Consul' s telegram s t o the Foreign Office , but , mor e often tha n not, h e summarize d wha t Nanjin g reporte d int o concis e message s t o be transmitte d t o London . Consequently , withi n th e Foreig n Offic e archives, ther e ar e n o telegram s directl y fro m Nanjing , an d onl y messages fro m Shangha i ca n b e found . Whe n th e Foreig n Offic e declassified it s ol d files , no t al l th e telegram s wer e ope n t o th e publi c in the Publi c Record Office . A n attempt t o search for document s i n th e archives o f the British Embassies i n Shangha i and Nanjing prove d to b e fruitless a s well. It is possible that thes e archives were lost o r destroye d during th e evacuatio n fro m Chin a afte r th e Pear l Harbo r attack .

Fortunately, becaus e th e Britis h consula r grou p di d no t hav e radi o facilities ashor e when the y landed a t Nanjing , the y had to rely on nava l radio facilitie s o n th e Britis h gunboat s fo r cablin g ou t messages . Man y of th e Nanjin g message s wer e retrieve d fro m th e Britis h Admiralt y archives. Bu t a chec k upo n th e number s o f th e telegram s reveal s tha t quite a few o f th e message s ar e stil l missing .

The existin g Nanjin g telegram s an d document s indicat e tha t th e British suffere d enormou s propert y damag e an d losse s i n th e cit y a s a result o f Japanes e atrocities . Britis h businesse s occupie d a lion' s shar e of China' s market , havin g establishe d themselve s fo r nearl y a centur y since Britain opene d th e doo r to Chin a durin g the Opiu m Wa r in 1840 . There were quite a few British companies and firms operatin g in Nanjin g with a larg e numbe r o f Britis h subject s workin g there . Whe n genera l destruction, lootin g and burning occurred in the city, their property ha d no chanc e o f escapin g damag e an d losses . Compensatio n claim s ove r property damag e file d b y th e Britis h subject s streame d int o th e Britis h Embassy i n Nanjing . A s lat e a s Octobe r 1938 , over a doze n ne w case s were filed a t the British Consulate-Genera l a t Shanghai , waiting for th e Nanjing Consu l t o presen t t o the Japanese loca l authorities i n th e city .

INTRODUCTION 9

Although th e Britis h diplomat s generall y too k a conciliator y approach t o th e Japanes e ove r atrocit y issues , the y wer e extremel y concerned about getting British merchants t o come back to resume thei r business. Loca l economi c condition s an d financia l informatio n wer e other majo r topic s i n diplomati c reports . Meanwhile , th e Nanjin g Consul worked aggressivel y with th e Japanese to obtain permission fo r British busines s representative s t o visi t Nanjing .

Besides diplomati c presenc e insid e th e city , th e America n an d British gunboat s wer e constantl y anchore d i n th e Yangtz e of f Nanjing . Four British gunboats , HM S Aphis, HM S Bee, HM S Cricket, an d HM S Scarab rotate d betwee n Nanjing , Shangha i an d Wuh u port s t o delive r equipment, supplie s an d mail . Th e America n gunboa t US S Oahu als o traveled betwee n th e thre e ports , performing simila r duties . When th e Japanese attacke d Nanjing , al l th e America n an d Britis h gunboat s vacated th e Nanjin g waters . HM S Ladybird, whic h wa s bombe d an d damaged by the Japanese at Wuhu o n 5 December 1937 , and USS Oahu, which hurrie d downstrea m t o rescue USS Panay survivors , arrived an d anchored severa l mile s abov e Nanjin g a t aroun d 4:3 0 p.m . o n 1 5 December an d departe d fo r Shangha i th e nex t morning . HM S Bee reached Nanjing n o later tha n 1 8 December an d staye d around unti l 2 2 December. Th e gunboa t returne d fiv e day s late r o n 2 7 Decembe r an d did no t leav e unti l 2 9 Januar y 1938 . Meanwhile, US S Oahu arrive d i n Nanjing water s o n 31 December an d proceeded th e next da y to the sit e where Panay sank . Th e America n gunboa t returne d o n 6 January 193 8 to lan d th e America n diplomati c official s an d wen t bac k t o th e Panay salvage operatio n o n 9 January . Th e operatio n wa s complete d o n 1 2 January. US S Oahu cam e bac k t o ancho r alongsid e HM S Bee and remained a t th e anchorag e til l earl y February .

Both American an d British naval officers reporte d activitie s aroun d Nanjing. Th e commandin g office r o f HM S Bee, J . F. Armstrong, kep t a monthly recor d o f hi s observation s outsid e Nanjing , whil e th e captai n of USS Oahu, Joh n M. Sheehan, did his reports on a weekly basis. Again, the America n nava l intelligenc e report s provid e mor e detaile d information tha n d o th e Britis h Admiralt y report s o f proceedings . Bu t both ar e valuable primary documents , i n particular , Sheehan' s detaile d reports abou t hi s observation s whe n h e wa s allowe d t o ente r Nanjin g on a numbe r o f occasions , thoug h h e wa s unde r clos e surveillanc e o f Japanese gendarmes .

After th e war was over , th e Internationa l Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Far East was established in Tokyo. Several of the American missionarie s agreed eithe r t o submi t writ te n statement s o r t o testif y a s th e


prosecution's witnesse s agains t Iwan e Matsui , unde r whos e comman d the Japanes e troop s attacke d an d capture d Nanjing , an d committe d atrocities i n an d aroun d th e city . I n 1946 , Bates , Magee , an d Wilso n appeared i n cour t i n Toky o t o testify , an d Bates , Fitch , McCallum , Smythe, an d Wilso n submitte d writte n statements . Thei r testimonies , which wer e give n nin e year s afte r th e Nanjin g Massacr e too k place , are generall y i n agreemen t wit h wha t the y ha d writte n dow n i n thei r private record s durin g th e massacr e days . Thes e missionarie s wer e consistent wit h thei r account s an d description s o f what the y had seen , heard an d experienced . Du e t o th e fac t tha t thes e ora l an d writte n testimonies ar e generally categorize d a s afterthoughts, the y ar e kept i n the appendices .

In th e 1930s , th e romanizatio n o f Chines e character s appeare d t o be anything but standardized . Different peopl e romanized the same ter m in different ways . Sometimes even the same person romanized th e sam e name differently . I n som e cases , th e romanizatio n i s beyon d an y reasonable assuranc e t o trac k bac k t o it s origina l Chines e form . Subsequently, dealin g wit h th e variou s alternation s o f Chines e romanization i s n o smal l task . I n orde r t o maintai n unifor m Chines e romanization withou t compromisin g th e authenticit y o f origina l materials, Pinyi n ha s been adopte d i n th e author' s account , wit h a fe w exceptions o f persona l names , whil e romanizatio n i n quotation s ha s been retaine d i n it s origina l form .

Epilogye

Sixty-six year s hav e elapse d sinc e th e Nanjin g Massacr e occurred . I n 1948, th e Internationa l Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Fa r Eas t reache d th e verdict tha t ove r 200,000 civilians an d prisoners o f war were murdere d in Nanjin g an d it s vicinit y durin g th e firs t si x week s o f th e Japanes e occupation,1 bu t controversie s ove r issue s surroundin g th e massacr e have lon g existed . Outcrie s wer e mainl y voice d b y som e Japanes e scholars wh o challenge d th e Tribunal' s judgment . Som e dispute d th e sentence of Iwane Matsui who was hanged in 194 8 for his alleged failur e in controllin g th e troop s unde r hi s comman d i n Nanjing . Som e questioned th e buria l record s an d th e numbe r o f massacr e victim s i n connection t o Nanjing' s population . Other s simpl y claime d tha t th e Nanjing Massacr e never happened, an d it was but a Chinese fabrication .

The Japanes e challenges , whil e invitin g rebuttal s fro m academi a in China , stimulate d wave s o f researc h interes t ove r th e Nanjin g Massacre in the West, where it had remained a relatively dorman t topi c until th e mid-1990s . Repeate d attempt s wer e mad e t o searc h fo r eyewitness account s lef t behin d b y national s o f neutra l countrie s i n the hop e tha t thei r origina l record s migh t she d ligh t o n th e murk y picture veile d b y th e controversies .

In December 1996 , a news repor t i n The New York Times 2 caugh t the author' s attention . Ursula Reinhardt , a granddaughter o f John Rabe, a German businessma n an d Chairman o f the International Committe e for th e Nanjin g Safet y Zone , publicize d he r grandfather' s diarie s fro m the massacr e days . Having spen t ove r a dozen year s i n Nanjin g o n th e campus Minni e Vautri n calle d "Ginling, " th e autho r responde d t o th e news wit h a n inklin g tha t ther e wa s a grou p o f American s wh o ha d lived throug h thos e difficul t month s i n Nanjin g a s well . Mos t o f th e Americans wer e wel l educated , an d i t wa s unlikel y tha t the y woul d not hav e kep t writte n record s abou t suc h a n experience , whic h bor e


deep i n thei r mind s an d woul d remai n i n thei r memor y fo r th e res t o f their lives .

However, fiv e decade s afte r th e massacre , th e searc h fo r thei r eyewitness material s proved to be a daunting and strenuou s task , i f no t a missio n impossible . Th e identitie s o f thes e American s ha d becom e blurred wit h th e passag e o f time , no t t o mentio n th e uncertaint y o f whether th e material s coul d hav e survive d thos e turbulen t years , and , if the y had , the y woul d undoubtedl y b e scattere d i n differen t corners .

This ambitiou s researc h projec t wa s starte d b y browsin g throug h old Englis h newspaper s publishe d i n th e U.S. , th e U.K. , an d China . A list o f Westerner s i n th e falle n Nanjing , whic h wa s publishe d b y The North-China Daily News o n 24 December 1937 , helped t o identify th e foreigners wh o wer e trappe d i n th e cit y an d ha d witnesse d wha t ha d happened, thoug h further effort s wer e made to refine th e lis t and assur e the accurac y o f it .

Armed wit h a lis t fro m a newspaper ove r sixt y year s ol d an d wit h state-of-the-art Interne t technology , th e autho r wa s abl e t o pursu e a massive searc h worldwide , a long journey which ha s proven t o be bot h painstaking an d rewarding . O n a number o f occasions , th e retrieva l o f one batc h o f material s le d t o th e discover y o f mor e document s elsewhere. Ove r th e years , th e autho r visite d th e Librar y o f Congress , the Harvard-Yenchin g Library , th e Yal e Divinit y Schoo l Library , th e National Archive s i n Washingto n D.C , th e Nationa l Archive s I I a t College Park , Maryland , th e Nationa l Librar y o f Chin a i n Beijing , th e Second Historica l Archive s o f Chin a i n Nanjing , th e Nanjing Massacr e Memorial Museum , th e Britis h Library , th e Publi c Recor d Offic e (th e British Nationa l Archives ) i n London , an d th e Disciple s o f Chris t Historical Societ y a t Nashville , Tennessee . At th e sam e time , throug h mail o r e-mail , th e autho r contacte d th e Sout h Carolinian a Librar y a t the University of South Carolina , Columbia , Sout h Carolina, th e Hoover Institution a t Stanfor d University , th e Unite d Methodis t Churc h Archives a t Madison, Ne w Jersey , the Archives of the Episcopal Churc h at Austin , Texas , th e Presbyteria n Historica l Societ y i n Philadelphia , and Harvard' s Houghto n Library .

These visit s an d correspondenc e yielde d a n enormou s amoun t o f original materials , documents , an d records. From differen t perspective s and locations , thes e eyewitnes s account s recor d what th e writer s wen t through, sa w an d hear d i n tha t doome d city . Readin g throug h the m provides a unique vantag e poin t t o examin e th e Nanjin g Massacr e a t a close range, both in distanc e and in time. The reign of terror, atrocities , destruction, an d various incidents and people involved are brought bac k to lif e i n thei r descriptions . Th e day-to-da y diarie s an d diar y letters , i n

EPILOGUE 275

particular, re-creat e the atmosphere o f extreme horro r tha t pervade d i n and around th e cit y walls. Reading them sen t a chill through th e spine .

These eyewitnes s record s als o provid e substantia l account s abou t the differen t aspect s o f socia l life a s a result o f the Japanese occupatio n and atrocities : th e abrup t disappearanc e o f municipa l function s an d services, the strugglin g o f wretched refugees , th e lack o f food an d dail y necessities, th e non-existenc e o f an y commercia l activities , an d th e inadequate medica l facilities . Th e nationa l capita l wa s turne d int o a ghost tow n overnight . Onc e prosperous , bustlin g district s wer e eithe r engulfed i n flames o r reduced t o ashe s an d rubble . What remaine d wa s fear fo r an y imminent dange r tha t migh t caus e harm o r even cos t one' s life. A ventur e outdoor s migh t produc e fata l consequences .

Many of the eyewitness accounts were private records, written dow n for no othe r purpose than for th e writers themselves , or for thei r famil y and friends . Hence , the y faithfull y revea l detail s o f th e event s an d incidents tha t th e writer s ha d live d through . Man y decade s later , th e vivid description s i n thes e eyewitnes s material s hel p reader s t o mak e sense o f a n incredibl e experienc e tha t non e o f u s wil l eve r have . Therefore, thes e origina l record s ar e o f significan t valu e t o us , a s wel l as to scholar s and researchers o f future generations, - they ca n help us t o understand th e inciden t i n a way n o othe r source s can .

To a larg e extent , thes e eyewitnes s account s hel p t o clarif y som e aspects o f th e controversia l issues , i f no t solv e them . I n ligh t o f thes e materials, th e fabrication theor y seem s to lose much o f its ground. I t i s absolutely unlikel y tha t ove r te n America n missionarie s woul d "fabricate" th e sam e type s o f atrocitie s i n thei r privat e an d persona l records. The missionaries witnessed the events of the Nanjing Massacr e as they unfolded , an d thei r account s presen t th e massacre i n blood an d tears, thoug h M . Searl e Bate s declare d tha t "Th e tota l sprea d o f thi s killing was so extensive tha t no one can give a complete picture o f it." 3

According to James H. McCallum, "N o da y goes by without it s report s of robbery , rap e an d injur y t o civilian s b y bayonet s o r shooting." 4

Meanwhile h e pointe d ou t t o hi s friend :

However there is one thing I note in so much of the publicity whic h may b e misleading . Repeatedl y th e remar k i s mad e "Th e rap e o f Nanking," "The Japanese troops got out of control in Nanking," "What happened i n Nanking". The facts probably are that i n many respect s conditions in Nanking were much better than in any of the territory around here . What happened here happened in al l the citie s between here and Shanghai and in Wuhu and every little village and town and hamlet tha t ha s bee n occupie d b y Japanese troops . Only ther e wer e


foreigners her e wh o reporte d an d objecte d an d tol d th e stor y t o th e whole world.5

In anothe r letter , McCallu m reiterate d hi s poin t tha t wha t ha d happened in Nanjing had also occurred in other places, and as "compare d with Soochow , Changchow , Wusi h an d al l suc h neighborin g place s Nanking i s and always has been in a favorable position . The worst tha t we had to say about Nankin g i s no differen t fro m tha t whic h happene d everywhere an d n o doub t i s stil l happenin g al l around." 6 Lewi s S . C . Smythe share d hi s view . I n a report , Smyth e stated ,

We lived through this terror in Nanking and many claimed it was due to th e fac t Nankin g wa s th e capital . Bu t a s report s hav e com e ou t from othe r places : Wuhu, Hangchow , Nantao , Soochow , Chinkiang , Wusih, Nantungchow , Ihchen , Luchowfu , Hsuchow , Hwaiyuan , i t i s the same sordid story.7

Witnesses an d thei r experience s indicate d tha t no t onl y di d th e Nanjing Massacr e tak e place , bu t tha t atrocitie s ha d als o occurre d i n other area s occupie d b y Japanes e troops .

Their argument s wer e prove n t o b e credibl e b y evidenc e provide d by other American missionarie s i n those locations. Archibald Alexande r McFadyen, a n America n medica l missionar y i n Xuzho u (Hsuchow) , China, wa s the father o f Archibald Alexander McFadyen , Jr. , one of th e three America n diplomat s wh o lande d a t Nanjin g i n Januar y 1938 . H e reported in July 193 8 to Frank Pruit Lockhart , American Consul Genera l at Shanghai , the Japanese atrocities in Xuzhou after i t fell to the Japanes e in Ma y 1938 . Th e behavio r o f th e Japanes e troop s ther e followe d th e same patter n a s i n Nanjing :

The Japanese entered the city from th e west — their route marked by burned villages, murder, an d rape. As they marched through the city, every door was broken open and the houses were looted 100 % — the only exception being the houses that flew a foreign flag . Few women, outside ou r refuge e camp , escape d bein g rape d durin g th e firs t an d second days of the Japanese occupancy. Many of the victims were girls of from twelv e t o fiftee n year s o f age , and ou r contraceptiv e clinic s were kept busy. Both young daughters of our hospital electrician were repeatedly raped the firs t night . The second day roving bands o f two or thre e arme d soldier s ofte n force d entranc e int o ou r missio n compound, where the women were housed; and their usual demands were wine, women, cigarettes , and matches — in the order given. .. .

On th e thir d o r fourth da y afte r th e tow n ha d been thoroughl y

EPILOGUE 277

looted by the Japanese, they began systematically t o burn th e busines s section o f th e city . More than hal f o f the business sectio n was burne d — thus th e lootin g wa s covere d u p an d man y o f th e dea d cremated .

About th e twentiet h da y afte r th e cit y fell , w e sa w tw o Japanes e artillerymen o n horses , chasin g a youn g woman . Th e husban d an d father o f the woman ran to our gate, where we had a guard, and begged them t o protec t th e woman . Th e guar d di d nothin g a t th e tim e bu t the woma n escaped . Tha t nigh t th e tw o Japanes e artilleryme n cam e back and bound the woman's husband, father, uncle , and two neighbors; and too k the m int o a she d wher e the y bayonete d them ; the n the y raped th e woma n an d too k he r wit h them . .. .

In th e men s hospital , w e treate d a youn g ma n whos e nec k ha d been cu t mor e tha n a thir d o f th e wa y throug h an d i n addition , rag s soaked i n gasolin e had been burned o n his back . H e was th e onl y on e that escape d wit h hi s life , ou t o f 8 2 tha t wer e caugh t i n hi s village .

This statemen t i s writte n no t fo r publicatio n bu t t o infor m ou r government o f wha t i s goin g o n ou t her e unde r Japanes e occupation . The leopar d doe s not chang e his spot s neither doe s th e Japanese arm y improve it s reputatio n a s i t penetrate s inland. 8

While reportin g th e atrocit y cas e in Xuzho u t o th e Secretar y o f State , Lockhart pointe d ou t tha t " th e org y o f looting , raping , drinkin g an d murder wh ic h marke d th e entr y o f th e Japanes e force s in t o Nank in g was duplicate d a t Hsuchow . I t seem s reasonabl e t o assume , therefore , that , whateve r ma y b e th e cause , suc h tendencie s ar e characterist i c i n the Japanes e Army , an d becom e credibl e t o foreigner s onl y w h e n ther e are foreigner s presen t o n th e scene." 9

As t o th e issu e tha t th e Japanes e Commande r faile d t o contro l th e troops i n Nanjing , numerou s account s b y th e American s provid e clues . James Esp y reporte d tha t th e ma i n concer n o f th e America n resident s in Nanjin g was :

"To have th e Japanes e authoritie s ge t thei r soldier s unde r contro l an d put a n en d t o th e horror s an d atrocitie s no w occurring" . Or , th e meaning o f such a statement ma y be more specifically give n as: In th e name o f humanity , th e Japanes e authoritie s shoul d pu t a n en d t o th e disorderly conduct of their soldiers, stop the killing, looting and burning and restor e norma l condition s o f civilia n lif e t o th e city. 10

Espy even suspecte d tha t order s were give n t o Japanese soldier s t o engag e in kill in g an d othe r atrocitie s a s h e ment ione d i n hi s report , "Whethe r carte b lanch e wa s give n t o thes e soldier s t o d o anythin g the y l ik e o r whe the r th e Japanes e armie s go t completel y ou t o f contro l afte r the y


entered th e cit y ha s no t bee n full y explained." 11 Huber t L . Sone wrot e in a letter :

The Japanese have taken no prisoners to hold a s prisoners — surrender or captur e ha s mean t almos t inevitabl e death .

But eve n worse tha n thi s wholesal e slaughter , ha s been th e othe r irresponsible an d uncontrolle d condition s t o whic h th e peopl e o f th e city have been subjected . Th e soldier s have swarmed al l over the city , looting, robbing , rapin g wome n b y da y an d b y night , torturing , murdering th e people o n th e leas t pretex t an d ofte n o n apparentl y n o pretext a t all , destroyin g an d burning . Nothin g an d n o on e wa s safe . And apparentl y littl e o r n o effor t ha s bee n mad e b y th e militar y t o control thei r troops. 12

W Plume r Mills told his wife, Nina , tha t after th e city was occupied , Japanese soldier s wer e turne d loose, 13 an d h e repeatedl y "urge d th e necessity fo r promp t an d adequat e measure s fo r th e contro l o f th e troops."14 Whe n hi s protest s produce d n o result , Mill s wa s "force d t o the conclusio n tha t th e Japanes e Arm y eithe r canno t o r wil l no t effectively contro l it s troops." 15 Bate s mad e simila r requests . Afte r h e reported atrocit y case s t o th e Japanes e Embassy , h e appealed , "W e earnestly hop e tha t disciplin e ma y b e restore d amon g th e troops." 16

Bates als o reporte d tha t h e ha d see n Japanes e soldier s "wer e scolde d for bein g caugh t b y officer s i n th e ac t o f rape , an d le t g o without a tie ;

others made to salute an officer followin g robbery," 17 an d he ascertaine d that "Ther e wa s n o indicatio n o f rea l effor t t o contro l Japanes e troop s until th e visi t o f Genera l Amay a t o Nankin g o n Februar y 6 , 1938." 18

The British Consu l in the city , H. I. Prideaux-Brune, mentione d severa l times in his dispatches the apparent lack of control. On 21 January 1938 , he reported , "Ther e have been n o sign s o f an y attemp t t o develo p civi l administration o r t o provid e securit y fo r Chines e lif e an d property." 19

A few day s late r he indicated tha t "Militar y lawlessnes s continue s du e to lac k o f an y centralize d control." 20

Even Japanese Foreign Minister, Kok i Hirota, di d not den y the lac k of contro l i n Nanjing . I n a note t o American Ambassador , Josep h Clar k Grew, o n 1 2 February 1938 , Hirota indicate d tha t "I n Nankin g variou s cases hav e bee n foun d whic h ar e considere d a s havin g occurre d o n account o f inadequat e contro l i n tha t city." 21

In a lette r t o Alexande r Paul , Smyth e mad e a commen t abou t Matsui's rol e i n controllin g hi s troops . Accordin g t o Smythe , Matsu i did no t bothe r t o disciplin e hi s soldier s unti l tw o week s afte r th e Department o f Stat e release d a forma l protes t file d b y th e America n missionaries an d America n diplomati c representative :

EPILOGUE 279

The onl y regre t tha t I have hear d Searl e expres s abou t thi s winte r i s that h e fear s w e mad e a seriou s mistak e i n no t openin g u p wid e o n publicity jus t a s soo n a s w e go t contac t wit h th e outsid e world . O n the whole , when w e have done any o f it , i t ha s don e much mor e goo d than damage . I t wa s no t unti l a dispatc h o f Allison' s wa s release d b y the Stat e Departmen t i n Washingto n th e latte r par t o f Januar y tha t anybody coul d ge t an y interes t i n improvin g condition s aroun d here . Two weeks late r Genera l Matsu i cam e up here and told his soldier s t o behave themselves . Nothin g bu t publicit y mad e hi m d o it . No , th e Japanese have gotten away with murder here and little the world know s about it ! I t i s no t onl y a matte r o f makin g a fus s abou t wha t ha s happened, bu t wha t i t ca n d o i n orde r t o ge t highe r up s i n Toky o t o take an interest in improving the Army's treatment o f Chinese civilian s in othe r area s tha t the y conquered. 22

It wa s widel y circulate d tha t th e remova l o f Iwan e Matsu i fro m the commandin g pos t wa s largel y du e t o th e atrocitie s commi t t e d i n Nanjing a s a new s repor t indicates :

With th e recal l o f Genera l Iwan e Matsui , commande r i n chie f o f th e Japanese Expeditionar y Forc e i n Centra l China , an d hi s replacemen t by Genera l Shunrok u Hata , i t wa s hope d tha t th e disciplin e i n th e Mikado's arm y woul d b e tightened . Ther e i s reaso n t o believ e tha t such a resul t wa s th e motivatio n fo r th e chang e i n command. 23

These eyewitnes s account s provid e informat io n concernin g t h e n u m b e r o f m a s s a c r e v i c t i m s a s we l l . Howeve r , t h e A m e r i c a n s ' information, wh ic h t o a larg e exten t wa s obtaine d th roug h indirec t means , appear s t o b e fragmentar y an d varie s accordin g t o thei r differen t sources. Thi s wa s becaus e thes e American s wer e extremel y bus y an d preoccupied w i t h relie f work ; moreover , the y wer e no t allowe d b y th e Japanese t o g o ou t o f th e cit y gate s freely , an d bot h th e majo r mas s execut ions an d buria l activitie s wer e carrie d o n i n th e suburbs .

Robert O . Wilso n go t hi s informatio n mainl y fro m hi s pat ients , m a n y o f w h o m wer e mas s murde r survivors . I n a let te r t o hi s wife , Wilson gav e th e followin g account :

The Re d Swastik a Societ y ha s fo r th e las t mont h bee n feverishl y burying bodies from al l parts o f the city outside the zone and from th e surrounding countryside . A conservativ e estimat e o f th e numbe r o f people slaughtered in cold blood is somewhere about 100,000 , including of cours e thousan d o f soldier s tha t ha d throw n dow n thei r arms . A few pitifu l survivor s o f man y o f th e mas s murder s manage d t o ge t t o the hospita l t o tel l thei r tale. 24


Minnie Vautrin obtained her information firs t throug h conversation s with Chines e friend s wh o ha d travele d throug h th e suburbs . Sh e recorded i n her 1 1 April 193 8 diary tha t ther e were stil l thousand s an d thousands o f dead bodies on both side s of the Yangtze and many bloate d ones floatin g dow n th e rive r — soldier s an d civilians. 25 O n 1 5 April , Vautrin visite d th e headquarter s o f th e Swastik a Societ y an d learne d that from abou t the middle of January to 1 4 April, the society had buried 1,793 bodie s foun d i n th e city , an d 39,58 9 outsid e th e cit y walls . Sh e specified tha t thes e figure s di d no t includ e Xiagua n an d Shan g Xin H e where the loss of life was tremendous. 26 McCallu m indicate d in a letter to hi s wif e tha t abou t "1,50 0 bodie s wer e burie d outsid e Hansimen , the bunc h o f me n w e trie d t o save , withou t success, " an d tw o "othe r bunches, on e o f 10,00 0 beyond th e HoCh i i n Hsiakua n an d anothe r o f 20,000 a little furthe r dow n th e river , al l soldier s wh o mus t hav e bee n trapped whe n the y trie d t o ge t ou t o f Nanking." 27 Smythe , however , provided hi s informatio n i n th e followin g manner :

It took the Red Swastika most of the spring to bury the bodies of the killed, and they reported burying over 30,000 bodies one-third of which were civilians. That figure was on condition you did not go too far up or down the river front wher e there were more bodies.28

John G . Mage e reveale d simila r information , thoug h h e indicate d tha t several organization s wer e involve d i n buryin g th e victims , an d man y bodies wer e burie d b y relative s an d friends :

The head o f th e Chines e Benevolen t Association 29 tha t has done the major par t o f th e burying told m e tha t betwee n Januar y 23rd , whe n they began work, t o March 19th , they had buried 32,104 bodies and that they estimated a similar number remained yet to be buried. Some other organizations did some burying as well, while many were buried by friend s an d relatives . Fo r instance , th e caretake r o f ou r Churc h Cemetery about a mile outside one of the gates, told me that between 2,000 and 3,000 people had been killed outside that gate and that they had been buried by the local people.30

The Re d Swastik a Societ y wa s finance d an d inspecte d b y th e International Commit te e i n it s buria l work. 31 Naturally , i t wa s convenient fo r thes e American s t o obtai n buria l dat a fro m th e society . So far, no written record has been discovered to show that they collecte d data fro m othe r organization s o r group s tha t wer e als o involve d i n burying th e dead . Apparently , i n spit e o f th e Re d Swastik a Society' s

EPILOGUE 281

busy work , ther e wer e stil l a larg e numbe r o f bodie s tha t remaine d unburied. Afte r Vautri n learne d tha t th e Re d Swastik a Societ y ha d buried 39,58 9 o n 1 5 April, sh e heard o n 2 2 April tha t ther e wer e "stil l many, man y unburie d bodie s alon g th e rive r ban k i n a horribl e condition, and many corpses floating dow n the river. Most of the corpse s still had thei r hands wired behind thei r backs." 32 Vautri n als o recorde d in he r 2 Apri l 193 8 diar y tha t "Dr . Rose n report s tha t ther e ar e stil l many unburie d bodie s o f Chines e soldier s ou t i n th e Nationa l Park, " and h e "hope s tha t som e grou p o f Chines e wil l becom e intereste d i n burying them." 33 Bate s indicate d tha t ther e wer e large numbers kille d whose number s the y ha d n o wa y o f checking :

Professor Smyth e an d I concluded , a s a resul t o f ou r investigation s and observation s an d checkin g o f burials , tha t twelv e thousan d civilians, men, women and children, were killed inside the walls within our ow n sur e knowledge. There were many other s kille d within th e city outsid e ou r knowledg e whos e number s w e hav e n o wa y o f checking, and also there were large numbers killed immediately outside the city , o f civilians . This i s quit e apar t fro m th e killin g o f ten s of thousands o f me n wh o wer e Chines e soldier s o r ha d bee n Chines e soldiers.34

According t o Chines e sources , th e Re d Swastik a Societ y burie d 43,123 bodies, Chong Sha n Tang buried 112,267 , the Red Cross Societ y buried 22,371 , th e Nanjin g Municipa l Governmen t burie d 3,000 , th e Xiaguan Distric t Governmen t burie d 3,240 , an d a privat e grou p organized an d funde d b y tw o lumbe r merchants , Shen g Shizhen g an d Chang Kaiyun , buried 28,730; other organizations an d groups were als o involved i n burying the dead. 35 I t was chiefly t o the Chong Shan Tang' s data tha t som e Japanes e scholar s raise d doubts . Thes e America n an d British eyewitnes s accounts , however , rende r littl e assistanc e i n clarifying th e issue, as Bates stated, "Ther e certainly were more killing s than these , bu t thei r circumstance s li e outsid e o f m y knowledge , an d therefore I do not estimat e thei r number," 36 an d the "number o f bodies carried away in the river, and the number o f bodies buried in other ways, we canno t count." 37 Th e controversia l clou d tha t shroud s th e victi m data issu e wil l no t b e lifte d unti l furthe r evidence , includin g Japanes e official records , civil or military, concernin g the massacre and the buria l activities, ar e mad e available .

Even thoug h thes e America n an d Britis h eyewitnes s account s ar e unable t o hel p clarif y al l th e controversia l issue s surroundin g th e Nanjing Massacre , the y ar e reliabl e an d consisten t first-han d


descriptions b y national s fro m neutra l countries . Wit h thei r faithfu l accounts, they help reconstruct th e events and recreate the atmosphere , so as to render a better understandin g o f tha t incident , whic h seem s s o remote to present-day generations. For that alone , they are extraordinar y and invaluable , an d wil l undoubtedl y enhanc e furthe r researc h studie s in th e field .

Notes

CHAPTER 1

1. H . J. Timperley, What War Means: Japanese Terror in China, London : Victor Gollancz Ltd. , 1938 , p. 208-210 .

2. Report of the Nanking International Relief Committee, November 1937 to April 30, 1938, p . 53. This publicatio n i s found i n Folde r 868 , Box 102 , Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

3. "Al l American s Saf e i n Capture d Nanking, " The Boston Evening Globe, 15 December 1937 , p. 13 .

4. "Nav y Report s Foreigner s Saf e Withi n Nanking, " The Boston Evening Globe, 1 5 December 1937 , p. 12 .

5. Th e spellin g o f he r las t nam e shoul d b e "Bauer. " 6. Th e spellin g o f her las t nam e shoul d b e "Vautrin " rathe r tha n "Vantrim. " 7. "Foreigner s Saf e i n Nanking, " The North-China Daily News (Shanghai) ,

24 December 1937 , p. 6 8. Thi s i s a list published i n a news repor t by Hallett Aben d in The New York

Times, 2 5 December 1937 , p. 1 and 5 . The titl e o f th e repor t i s "Tsina n i s besieged: Japanese ar e reported acros s Yellow River a t two places." Simila r lists were als o published i n The New York Times, 1 0 December 1937 , p. 4, and in The Los Angeles Times, 1 3 December 1937 , p. 5. Except for variations in spellin g o f som e o f th e name s an d tha t th e 1 0 December lis t include s Steele an d Menken , th e thre e list s ar e mostly th e same .

9. Th e origina l piec e i s kep t i n Folde r 2 , Bo x 263 , Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

10. Ernes t H. Forster , lette r t o his wife, Clarissa , 3 January 1938 , Folder 5 , Box 263, Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

11. Enclosur e No . 15- A to "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233) , Box 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archives II , College Park , MD .

12. "Wester n National s i n Nankin g a t th e Time o f Japanes e Entry , Decembe r 13th, 1937, " Folder 862, Box 102 , Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library .

344 NOTES FOR PAGES 16-18

13. Ibid . 14. Georg e Atcheson , No . 7 2 Telegram, 1 1 March 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e

File No . 12 3 AT 2/327) , Bo x 350, Recor d Grou p 59 , and Joh n M . Allison , No. 7 4 Telegram, 1 3 March 1938 , (Department o f Stat e File No. 12 3 AT 2/ 329), Bo x 350, Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

15. Joh n M. Allison, No . 28 Telegram, 2 p.m., 1 9 Januaryl938, (Departmen t o f State Fil e No . 124.932/564) , Diplomati c Posts , China , Volum e 217 2 (Nanking 1938 , Volume XIII) , Record Grou p 84 ; No. 11 4 Telegram, 6 p.m., 13 June 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 893.5151/477) , Microfil m Se t LM63, Rol l 136 , Record Grou p 59 ; and No . 13 1 Telegram, 1 1 a.m., 9 July 1938, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 793.94/13415) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Roll 54 , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

16. J . M. Sheehan, "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summar y fo r Week Endin g 16 January 1938, " File A8-2/FS#3 , Box 195 , Record Grou p 38 , Records o f the Offic e o f th e Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence , 1929-42 , th e Nationa l Archives , Washington , D.C .

17. Senio r nava l office r a t Nanjing , th e Telegra m t o Britis h Rea r Admira l Yangtze, 1 4 January 1938 , ADM116/3882, Yangtz e Records , January'"1938 , Public Recor d Office , London .

18. Joh n Rabe , Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe, Ne w York : Alfred A . Knopf , 1998 , p. 162 .

19. J . M. Sheehan , "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summar y fo r Wee k Endin g 30 January , 1938, " File A8-2/FS#3 , Box 195 , Record Grou p 38 , Records o f the Offic e o f th e Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence , 1929-42 , th e Nationa l Archives , an d Senio r Nava l Officer a t Nanjing , Cyphe r Message , 3 0 Januar y 1938 , ADM116/3882 , Yangtze Records , Januar y 1938 , Public Recor d Office , London .

20. Joh n M . Allison, No . 5 3 Telegram, 3 p.m., 1 0 February 1938 , (Departmen t of State File No. 793.94/12384) ; Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 50, Record Grou p 59, th e Nationa l Archive s II .

21. J . M. Sheehan , "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summar y fo r Week Endin g 13 February 1938, " File A8-2/FS#3, Box 195 , Record Grou p 38 , Records of the Offic e o f th e Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence , 1929-42 , the Nationa l Archives , an d Ernes t H . Forster , letter t o hi s wife , Clarissa , 1 2 February 1938 , Folde r 5 , Bo x 263 , Recor d Group 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library. ;

22. Jame s Espy , "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , p. 21 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e Nationa l Archives II .

23. Georg e A. Fitch's diary was first published anonymously in H. J. Timperley's book What War Means: Japanese Terror in China. Se e this note o n p. 33 of the book . Fitc h publishe d hi s memoir , My Eighty Years in China (Taipei : Mei Y a Publications), i n 1967 , which als o include s hi s Nanjin g diary . Se e the sam e not e o n p . 440.

NOTES FOR PAGES 18-19 345

24. Joh n G . Magee , "Repor t o f a Trip t o Tsi h Hsi a Sha n b y Joh n G . Magee, " Box 102 , Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library .

25. J . M. Sheehan , "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summar y fo r Wee k Endin g 9 Januar y 1938, " Fil e A8-2/FS#2 , Bo x 194 , Recor d Grou p 38 , Record s o f the Offic e o f th e Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence , 1929-42 , th e Nationa l Archives .

26. J . M. Sheehan , "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summar y fo r Week Endin g 21 February^938," Fil e A8-2/FS#3, Box 195 , Record Grou p 38 , Records of the Offic e o f th e Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence , 1929-42 , th e Nationa l Archives .

27. J . M. Sheehan , "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summar y fo r Week Endin g 28 February 1938, " File A8-2/FS#3, Box 195 , Record Grou p 38, Records of the Offic e o f th e Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence , 1929-42 , th e Nationa l Archives .

CHAPTER 2

1. Fran k Tillma n Durdi n (1907-1998) , bor n o n 3 0 Marc h 190 7 i n Elkhart , Texas, receive d hi s educatio n fro m Texa s Christia n Universit y (1935-38 ) and wa s a Niema n fello w a t Harvar d Universit y (1948-49) . Durdi n hel d several journalis t positions with The San Antonio Express, The Los Angeles Times an d The Shanghai Evening Post before joinin g The New York Times China staf f i n 1937 , and was with The New York Times unti l his retiremen t in 1974 . Durdi n wa s i n Nanjin g an d witnesse d th e battl e fo r th e capita l city, a s wel l a s th e ensuin g Japanes e atrocitie s fo r thre e day s befor e embarking fo r Shangha i o n US S Oahu o n 1 5 December 1937 . He reporte d in The New York Times th e Nanjin g battl e an d th e massacre . In th e earl y 1970s, he wa s assigne d a s th e chie f o f The New York Times' Hon g Kon g bureau an d i n 1971 , as a membe r o f th e firs t America n journalis t grou p admitted t o mainland Chin a afte r 1949 , he toured with th e American tabl e tennis delegation , a n indispensable componen t o f what late r became know n as "Pin g Pon g diplomacy. " Later , h e mad e numerou s trip s t o Chin a an d met wit h Den g Xiaopin g i n 1985 . Durdin revisite d Nanjin g an d wen t t o the Japanes e Atrocitie s Museu m i n 1988 . He reported hi s tri p an d recalle d his personal experienc e o f the Japanese brutality i n The San Diego Union-Tribune o n 1 7 Jul y 1988 . H e passe d awa y o n 7 July 199 8 a t th e Gree n Hospital i n Sa n Diego , California .

2. Archibal d Troja n Steel e (1903-1992) , bor n o n 2 5 Jun e 190 3 i n Toronto , Canada, immigrate d t o th e U.S . in 1916 , and grew up i n Idaho . Steel e go t his B.A. from Stanfor d University in 192 4 and became The New York Herald Tribune an d The Chicago Daily News Fa r Eas t corresponden t i n 1932 . H e traveled extensivel y i n Chin a an d reporte d diligently . H e wa s i n Beijin g when th e firs t sho t wa s fire d a t th e Marc o Pol o Bridge . He witnesse d th e Nanjing battl e an d th e rap e of Nanjing , an d published th e firs t eyewitnes s


dispatch o f th e Japanes e atrocitie s i n The Chicago Daily News o n 1 5 December 1937 . Steele visited Yan'an in the late 1930 s where he met wit h Mao Zedong . Fro m th e 1970 s on , h e mad e severa l trip s t o China , an d interviewed Den g Xiaopin g i n 1978 . Steel e publishe d severa l book s o n China. H e die d o n 2 8 February 199 2 in Sedona , Arizona .

3. Georg e A. Fitch , diary , 1 4 December 1937 , p. 8 , Folder 202 , Box 9, Recor d Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

4. "Nav y Report s Foreigner s Saf e Withi n Nanking, " The Boston Evening Globe, 1 5 December 1937 , p. 12 .

5. Ibid. , an d J . M . Sheehan , "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligenc e Summar y fo r Week Endin g 1 9 December, 1937, " File A8-2/FS#2, Box 194 , Record Grou p 38, Record s o f th e Offic e o f th e Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondence o f Nava l Intelligence , 192 9 - 42, th e Nationa l Archives , Washington, D.C .

6. Arthu r vo n Briese n Menke n (1903-1973 ) wa s bor n o n 1 3 December 190 3 in Ne w Yor k City . H e attende d th e Hotchkis s School , Lakecille , CT , an d graduated fro m Harvar d Colleg e i n 1925 . Menke n travele d extensively , photographing riots , strikes an d wars. He crossed th e Arabian Deser t i n a n automobile, explore d th e uppe r reache s o f th e Orinoc o Rive r i n Sout h America, an d reported th e Spanis h Civi l War . After th e Sino-Japanes e Wa r broke out , Menke n filme d th e bombin g o f US S Panay an d th e sieg e an d fall o f Nanjing . H e wo n a gold meda l fro m th e Adventurer s Clu b o f Ne w York fo r th e coverage . He serve d i n World War II as a major i n th e Marin e Air Corps . Afte r th e war , h e shifte d t o governmen t servic e an d directe d the United State s Information Agenc y in Italy. On 1 0 October 1973 , Menken died i n hi s hom e i n Florence , Italy .

7. "Fal l o f Nanking Vividly Reported by Eye-witness," The Peking Chronicle, 19 December 1937 , p. 1 .

8. Charle s Yate s McDanie l (1906-1983) , born o n 2 8 August 190 6 in Suzhou , China, t o an American missionar y family , wa s a graduate of the Universit y of Richmon d (1927) 7 and received a master's degre e from th e University o f North Carolina . McDaniel joined the Associated Press in 1935 . In December 1937, afte r th e Japanes e capture d Nanjing , h e wa s th e las t journalis t t o evacuate th e city . H e wa s als o th e las t corresponden t t o leav e Singapor e before i t fel l t o the Japanese in 1942 . After th e war , he was th e Associate d Press's burea u chie f i n Detroit . McDanie l wa s transferre d t o Washington , D.C, i n 194 9 an d staye d ther e unti l hi s retiremen t i n 197 1 afte r servin g the Associate d Pres s fo r 3 6 years . H e die d o n 1 4 Marc h 198 3 i n St . Petersburg, Florida .

9. A . T. Steele , "Japanes e Troops Kil l Thousands," The Chicago Daily News, 15 December 1937 , p. 1 .

10. Ibid . 11. Ibid . 12. A . T. Steele, "War's Death Drama Pictured by Reporter," The Chicago Daily

News, 1 7 December 1937 , p. 1 and 3 .


13. A . T . Steele , "Tell s Herois m o f Yankee s i n Nanking, " The Chicago Daily News, 1 8 December 1937 , p. 1 .

14. A . T . Steele , "Pani c o f Chines e i n Captur e o f Nanking , Scene s o f Horro r and Brutalit y ar e Revealed, " The Chicago Daily News, 3 Februar y 1938 , p. 2 .

15. A . T . Steele , "Reporte r Liken s Slaughte r o f Panick y Nankin g Chines e t o Jackrabbit Driv e in U.S., " The Chicago Daily News, 4 February 1938 , p. 2.

16. A . T. Steele , "Japanes e Troops Kil l Thousands," The Chicago Daily News, 15 December 1937 , p. 1 .

17. A . T. Steele, "War's Death Drama Pictured by Reporter," The Chicago Daily News, 1 7 December 1937 , p. 1 and 3 .

18. Arthu r Menken , "Witnes s Tell s Nankin g Horro r a s Chines e Flee, " The Chicago Daily Tribune, 1 7 December 1937 , p. 4 .

19. F . Tillman Durdin , "Butcher y Marked Captur e o f Nanking," The New York Times, 1 8 December 1937 , p. 1 and 10 .

20. F . Tillman Durdin , "Foreigners ' Rol e in Nankin g Praised, " The New York Times, 1 9 December 1937 , p. 1 and 38 .

21. F . Tillman Durdin , "Japanes e Atrocitie s Marke d Fal l o f Nankin g Afte r Chinese Comman d Fled, " The New York Times, 9 January 1938 , p. 38.

22. "Terro r i n Nanking, " The Times (London) , 1 8 December 1937 , p. 12 . 23. "Repor t o f a n Addres s b y Mr. Smit h (Reuters ) i n Hankow, " Th e Politica l

Archives o f th e Germa n Foreig n Ministry , China-Japan , Pol . VIII , 28 , vol . 19. It i s cited from Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe, Ne w York: Alfred A . Knopf, 1998 , p. 73.

24. "Terro r i n Nanking, " The Times (London) , 1 8 December 1937 , p. 12 . 25. C . Yates McDaniel , "Nankin g Horro r Described i n Diary o f War Reporter, "

The Chicago Daily Tribune, 1 8 December 1937 , p. 8. 26. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o his wife , Clarissa , 1 9 December 1937 , Folder 5 ,

Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 27. Rober t O . Wilson , lette r t o hi s wife , Marjorie , 1 8 December 1937 , Folde r

3875, Bo x 229, Record Grou p 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library.

28. Clarenc e E . Gauss , "Fla g Inciden t a t Wuh u an d Condition s Ther e an d i n Nanking afte r th e Japanes e Occupation, " 5 Januar y 1938 , p . 3-4 , (Department o f State File No. 811.015394/29) , Box 4785, Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II , College Park , Maryland .

29. Hallet t Edwar d Aben d (1884-1955 ) wa s bor n o n 1 5 Septembe r 188 4 i n Portland, Oregon . After studyin g a t Stanfor d University , h e wen t t o Chin a in 192 6 an d becam e The New York Times Chin a corresponden t th e following year . H e hel d tha t positio n fo r fourtee n year s unti l 1941 , when the Japanes e drov e him ou t o f China . Whe n h e was i n China , h e travele d extensively acros s the country , reportin g on various event s tha t too k plac e during thos e years . Hi s lon g tenur e a s th e Chin a corresponden t enable d him t o develop a thought-provoking insigh t int o Chinese and even Far East


affairs. Betwee n 193 0 an d 1950 , Abend publishe d te n book s abou t China . When th e Japanes e besiege d Nanjin g an d th e Nanjin g Massacr e wa s i n progress, h e wa s i n Shanghai . H e interviewe d refugee s fro m Nanjing , collected material s fro m America n missionarie s wh o ha d bee n there , an d reported th e Japanese brutality i n a timely manner . Man y o f the New York Times' report s abou t Nanjin g issue s a t th e tim e wer e writte n b y him .

30. "Nankin g Horror, " The North-China Daily News (Shanghai) , 25 Decembe r 1937, p . 4.

31. "Rape , Lootin g Follo w Takin g o f th e Capital, " The North-China Daily News, 2 5 December 1937 , p. 5 . Its origina l draf t entitle d "Som e Picture s From Nankin g (Dec . 15) " is kep t i n M . S . Bates's file s i n Folde r 862 , Box 102, Recor d Grou p 10 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

32. " A Grea t Change, " The North-China Daily News, 2 1 January 1938 , p. 4 . 33. "'North-China ' Statemen t Hi t b y Spokesman, " The North-China Daily

News, 2 2 January 1938 , p. 5 . 34. "Nankin g Safet y Zon e Stil l Filled With Refugees, " The North-China Daily

News, 2 7 January 1938 , p. 5 . 35. "Japan' s Reign of Terror in China : Firs t Authentic Description," The Daily

Telegraph and Morning Post (London) , 2 8 January 1938 , p. 15 . 36. "Rap e of Nanking: American Eyewitnes s Tell s of Debauchery by Invaders,"

The South China Morning Post (Hon g Kong) , 1 6 March 1938 , p. 17 . 37. "Nankin g — What Reall y Happene d — and th e Japanes e Paradise " The

China Weekly Review (Shanghai) , Supplemen t (1 9 March 1938) : 10 . 38. "Baske t Case, " Time (Chicago) , Vol . 31 (1 8 April 1938) : 22. 39. I t shoul d b e "[o f December]" . There wa s n o mas s executio n carrie d o n i n

January 1938 . 40. "Baske t Case, " p . 22. 41. "Th e Sac k o f Nanking " Ken (Chicago) , Vol . 1 (2 June 1938) : 12. 42. Georg e A . Fitch , My Eighty Years in China, Taipei : Mei Y a Publications ,

Inc., 1967 , p. 103 . 43. "Th e Sac k o f Nanking " Ken, Vol . 1 (2 June 1938) : 12 . 44. "Th e Rap e o f Nanking, " This World, Sunda y Supplemen t t o The San

Francisco Chronicle, 1 1 June 1938 , p. 16 . 45. "W e Wer e i n Nanking, " The Reader's Digest (Pleasantville , NY) , Vol . 3 3

(October 1938) : 41. 46. Bernhar d Al p Sindberg . 47. "W e Were i n Nanking, " p . 41-43 . 48. Christia n Kroger . 49. "W e Were in Nanking, " p . 44.

CHAPTER 3

1. W . P. Mills, letter t o his wife, Nina , 1 8 March 1938 , Box 141, Record Grou p 8, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .


2. Nankin g International Relie f Committee , "Repor t o f Activities, Novembe r 22, 1937-Apri l 15 , 1938," p. 1 , Box 103, Record Group 8 , Special Collection , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library .

3. Ibid . 4. Th e Internationa l Committee , " A Lette r t o th e Mayo r o f Nanking, " 2 1

November 1937 , Folder 861 , Box 102 , Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library .

5. Ibid . 6. Jame s Espy , "Th e Condition s a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 25 January 1938 ,

(Department o f Stat e File No. 793.94/12674) , Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 51, Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II , p. 27-28, and Georg e A. Fitch , diary summary, p. 4, Folder 202, Box 9, Record Group 11 , Special Collection , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library .

7. Joh n Rabe , lette r t o Kiyosh i Fukui , 1 7 December 1937 , p . 1 , Folde r 863 , Box 102, Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library .

8. Nankin g Internationa l Relie f Committee , "Repor t o f Activities, Novembe r 22, 1937-Apri l 15 , 1938," p. 1 , Box 103, Record Group 8 , Special Collection , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library .

9. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina , 24 January 1938 , Box 141, Record Grou p 8, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

10. Lewi s S . C . Smythe , memorandu m note , 1 0 December 1937 , Folde r 862 , Box 102 , Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

11. Joh n Rabe , Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe, Ne w York : Alfred A . Knopf , 1998 , p. 28.

12. Th e International Committee , " A Memorandum Note, " 30 November 1937 , Folder 861 , Box 102 , Recor d Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinit y School Library .

13. Clarenc e E . Gause , unnumbere d telegram , 1 December 1937 , Folde r 862 , Box 102 , Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

14. Joh n Rabe, telegram t o Father Jacquinot, 2 December 1937 , Folder 862 , Box 102, Recor d Grou p 10 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .


16. Th e Internationa l Committee , lette r t o W . H. Donald , 4 December 1937 , Folder 862 , Bo x 102 , Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinit y School Library .

17. Clarenc e E . Gause , No . 108 7 Telegram, 6 p.m., 4 December 1937 , Folde r 862, Bo x 102 , Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library.

18. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina, 24 January 1938 , Box 141, Record Grou p 8, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

19. Ibid . 20. Th e Internationa l Committee , "Th e Regulation s fo r Refuge e Zone " (i n

Chinese), Folde r 9 , Bo x 149 , Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .


21. Th e Internationa l Committee , "A n Ope n Lette r t o th e Resident s o f Nanjing" (i n Chinese) , 8 December 1937 , Folder 2 , Box 263, Record Grou p 8, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

22. Joh n Rabe , Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe, Ne w York : Alfred A . Knopf , 1998 , p. 56 .

23. Ibid . 24. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina , 24 January 1938 , Box 141, Record Grou p

8, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 25. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina , 31 January 1938 , Box 141, Record Grou p

8, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 26. Ibid . 27. Ibid. , an d Joh n Rabe , Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe,

New York : Alfred A . Knopf , 1998 , p. 62-63 . 28. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina, 3 February 1938 , Box 141, Record Grou p

8, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 29. Lewi s S . C. Smythe, letter t o his wife, Margare t (Mardie) , Chick, an d Folks ,

14 Decembe r 1937 , Bo x 103 , Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

30. Joh n Rabe , lette r t o Kiyosh i Fukui , 1 7 December 1937 , p . 2 , Folde r 863 , Box 102, Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library .

31. Joh n Rabe , lette r t o Japanes e Commande r o f Nanjing , 1 4 December 1937 , Folder 862 , Box 102 , Recor d Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinit y School Library .

32. Nankin g Internationa l Relie f Committee , "Repor t o f Activities , 2 2 November 1937-1 5 Apri l 1938, " p . 2 , Bo x 103 , Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

33. Joh n Rabe , lette r t o Tokuyas u Fukud a o f th e Japanes e Embassy , 1 5 December 1937 , Folder 862 , Box 102 , Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection , Yale University Divinit y Schoo l Library .

34. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , lette r t o John M . Allison, 1 0 January 1938 , Enclosur e No. 8-1 0 t o "Condition s a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 2 5 Januar y 1938 , (Department o f Stat e File No. 793.94/12674) , Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 51, 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II.

35. Joh n Rabe , lette r t o Alliso n o f th e America n Embassy , Prideaux-Brun e o f the Britis h Embass y an d Rose n o f th e Germa n Embassy , 1 9 January 1938 , Enclosure No . 8-11 t o "Condition s a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 25 Januar y 1938, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 793.94/12674) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Roll 51 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archives II .

36. M . S . Bates , lette r t o hi s so n Bobby , 2 6 Februar y 1938 , Folde r 8 , Bo x 1 , Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

37. Th e Internationa l Committe e fo r Nankin g Safet y Zone , "Relie f Situatio n in Nanking, " 1 4 February 1938 , p. 13 , Folder 866 , Box 102 , Record Grou p 10, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .


38. Report of the Nanking International Relief Committee, November 1937 to April 30, 1938, p . 10 , Folde r 868 , Bo x 102 , Recor d Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

39. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o hi s family , 2 8 January 1938 , Folder 6 , Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

40. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o hi s wife , Clarissa , 1 February 1938 , Folde r 5 , Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

41. M . S . Bates, lette r t o hi s wife , Lilliath , 1 3 February 1938 , Folder 8 , Box 1 , Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .


43. Report of the Nanking International Relief Committee, November 1937 to April 30, 1938, p . 10-11 , Folde r 868 , Box 102 , Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .


45. W . P. Mills was electe d vic e chairman shortl y befor e Rabe' s withdrawal i n February 1938 , an d fo r a tim e thereafte r h e wa s considere d th e actin g chairman, with Rab e retaining his origina l title . However, in practice, Mill s was chairma n an d soo n wa s recognize d a s such . D . J . Lea n wa s vic e chairman fro m Ma y t o Jul y 1939 .

46. Christia n Kroege r wa s no t a member o f th e Internationa l Committee , bu t served i n variou s capacitie s a t th e reques t o f th e chairman , Rabe .

47. Georg e A. Fitch was no t a member o f the Internationa l Committe e either . The origina l workin g basi s wa s tha t th e Directo r coul d refe r problem s o f policy to the Committee , an d receive its backing or instructions i n matter s of difficulty . However , th e Internationa l Committe e a s a whol e wa s a working bod y throughou t th e ba d month s o f 1937-38 , an d severa l o f it s members gav e much tim e t o detaile d tasks .

48. Report of the Nanking International Relief Committee, November 1937 to April 30, 1938, p . 53-54, Folde r 868 , Box 102 , Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Universit y Divinit y Schoo l Library . Jun e 193 8 i s onl y a representative dat e fo r th e change s connecte d wit h th e name s o f Smythe , Lean, Shields , an d Pickering .

49. Charle s H . Rigg s withdre w fro m Nanjin g fo r furloug h an d transfe r i n February 1939 .

50. D . J . Lean withdrew fro m Nanjin g fo r furloug h i n Jun e 1939 . 51. Joh n G . Mage e returned fro m furloug h i n Ma y 1939 . 52. Ernes t H . Forste r withdre w fro m Nanjin g fo r furloug h i n Jun e 1939 . 53. Jame s H . McCallu m withdre w fro m Nanjin g fo r furloug h i n Jul y 1939 . 54. C . Y. Hsu wa s electe d i n Decembe r 1938 . 55. S . Yasumura wa s als o electe d i n Decembe r 1938 , but h e withdre w fro m

Nanjing i n Februar y 1939 .


56. Alber t N . Stewar d wa s electe d i n Apri l 1939 . 57. A s for th e figur e o f 300,000 Chines e civilian s slaughtere d b y th e Japanese ,

Timperley ascertaine d i n a letter t o M. S . Bates that i t was given by Fathe r Jacquinot "wh o i s quit e certai n tha t hi s figur e o f 300,000 Chines e civilia n casualties i s correct." Se e Timperley's lette r to Bates, 28 March 1938 , Folder 65, Bo x 4 , Recor d Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinit y Schoo l Library.

58. "Japanes e Censo r Hold s U p Al l Report s o f Atrocities, " The China Weekly Review (Shanghai) , Vol . 83 (22 January 1938) : 199 - 200.

59. "Censorshi p a t Shanghai, " The Manchester Guardian (London) , 1 8 January 1938, p . 9 .

60. "Outrage s i n Nanking," The Manchester Guardian, 2 2 January 1938 , p. 11. 61. "'North-China ' Statemen t Hi t b y Spokesman, " The North-China Daily

News, 2 2 January 1938 , p. 5. 62. H . J . Timperley, lette r t o M . S . Bates, 4 Februar y 1938 , Folder 65 , Box 4 ,

Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 63. H . J . Timperley, lette r t o M . S . Bates, 2 9 Januar y 1938 , Folde r 65 , Box 4 ,

Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 64. H . J . Timperley, lette r t o M . S . Bates, 1 7 February 1938 , Folder 65 , Box 4,

Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 65. M . S. Bates, letter to H. J. Timperley, 3 March 1938 , Folder 65, Box 4, Record

Group 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 66. Ibid . 67. M . S . Bates , lette r t o H . J . Timperley , 1 4 March 1938 , Folde r 65 , Bo x 4 ,

Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 68. H . J . Timperley , lette r t o M . S . Bates , 1 4 March 1938 , Folde r 65 , Bo x 4 ,

Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 69. M . S . Bates , lette r t o H . J . Timperley, 2 1 Marc h 1938 , Folde r 65 , Box 4 ,

Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 70. H . J . Timperley , lette r t o M . S . Bates , 2 1 Marc h 1938 , Folde r 65 , Box 4 ,

Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 71. Ibid . 72. H . J . Timperley , lette r t o M . S . Bates , 2 8 Marc h 1938 , Folde r 65 , Bo x 4 ,

Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 73. "Japanes e Enquiry Regarding Possibility o f Prohibition o f Sale of 'What Wa r

Means'," Fil e 7573 , F0371/22147 , Publi c Recor d Office , London ^ 74. Ibid . 75. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , lette r t o John M . Allison, 7 January 1938 , Diplomati c

Posts, China , Volum e 2171 (Nanking 1938 , Volume XII) , Record Grou p 84 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

76. Shuhs i Hsu , The War Conduct of the Japanese, Shanghai : Kelly and Walsh , 1938.

77. Shuhs i Hsu , Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone, Shanghai : Kelly an d Walsh, Limited , 1939 , p. 94.


78. Enclosur e No . 1- e t o "Condition s a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 25 Januar y 1938, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 793.94/12674) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Roll 51 , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

79. Enclosur e No . 1- f t o "Condition s a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 25 Januar y 1938, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 793.94/12674) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Roll 51 , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

80. Enclosur e No . 1- g t o "Condition s a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 25 Januar y 1938, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 793.94/12674) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Roll 51 , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

81. Th e transliteratio n o f a Chinese phrase , whic h mean s " a youn g maid. " 82. Diplomati c Posts , China, Volume 2171 (Nanking 1938 , Volume XH), Record

Group 84 , th e Nationa l Archive s II . 83. Diplomati c Posts, China, Volume 2172 (Nanking 1938 , Volume XIII), Record

Group 84 , the Nationa l Archive s II . 84. Enclosur e to W. Reginald Wheeler's lette r t o S . K. Hornback, 2 8 May 1938 ,

(Department o f Stat e File No. 793.94/13177) , Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 54, Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

CHAPTER 4

1. Huber t L . Sone , lette r t o P . F . Price, 1 6 January 1938 , Missionar y Files : Methodist Church , 1912-1949 , Nankin g Theologica l Seminary , Rol l No . 85, Scholarl y Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE .

2. Rober t O . Wilson, letter t o his wife, Marjorie , 7 March 1938 , in Documents on the Rape of Nanking, ed . by Timoth y Brook , An n Arbor : Universit y o f Michigan Press , 1999 , p. 253.

3. Joh n G . Magee , lette r t o his wife , Faith , 5 January 1938 , Folder 2 , Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

4. Joh n G . Magee , lette r t o Rev . J . C. McKim, 2 April 1938 , Folder 62 , Box 4, Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

5. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina, 9 February 1938 , Box 141, Record Grou p 8, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

6. M . S . Bates , lette r t o hi s wife , Lilliath , 9 January 1938 , Folde r 8 , Bo x 1 , Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

7. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o hi s family , 2 8 January 1938 , Folder 6 , Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

8. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o his wife , Clarissa , 1 9 December 1937 , Folder 5 , Box 263, Record Group 8 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

9. Joh n G . Magee , lette r t o hi s wife , Faith , 1 9 December 1937 , Folder 2 , Box 263, Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

10. Rober t O . Wilson , lette r t o hi s wife , Marjorie , 1 8 December 1937 , Folde r 3875, Box 229, Recor d Grou p 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library.

11. Georg e A. Fitch, lette r t o his family, 1 5 January 1938 , Box 52, Fitch Famil y Archives, Harvard-Yenchin g Library .


12. Georg e A . Fitch , diaries , p . 1 , Folder 202 , Box 9, Record Grou p 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

13. M . S . Bates, letter t o his friends , 2 4 November 1937 , Folder 3485, Box 204, Record Grou p 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

14. M . S . Bates, lette r t o hi s friends , 1 0 January 1938 , Box 103 , Record Grou p 8, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

15. M . S . Bates, lette r t o hi s friends , 3 Marc h 1938 , Folder 63 , Box 4 , Recor d Group 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

16. M . S . Bates, lette r t o hi s friends , 1 0 January 1938 , Box 103 , Record Grou p 8, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

17. M . S . Bate s an d W . P . Mills , "Preliminar y Repor t o f Christia n Wor k i n Nanking — Winter 1937, " Bo x 103 , Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library .

18. M . S . Bates , lette r t o hi s wife , Lilliath , 9 Januar y 1938 , Folde r 8 , Bo x 1 , Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

19. Ibid . 20. M . S . Bates , "Not e o n Aftermat h o f Registratio n a t th e University , 2 6

December 1937, " December 31 , 1937 , Folder 3485, Box 204, Record Grou p 11, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

21. M . S . Bates, lette r t o hi s sons , Morton an d Bobby , 30 January 1938 , Folde r 8, Box 1 , Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library .

22. M . S. Bates, "Notes With a Copy of Correspondence Between the Universit y of Nankin g an d th e Japanes e Embassy , 16-2 7 December , 1937, " Box 103 , Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

23. M . S . Bates, lette r t o th e Officer s o f th e Japanes e Embassy , 1 7 Decembe r 1937, Folder 59 , Box 4, Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinit y School Library .

24. M . S . Bates, lette r t o th e Officer s o f th e Japanes e Embassy , 1 8 Decembe r 1937, Folder 59 , Box 4, Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity School Library . Origina l emphasis .

25. M . S . Bates, lette r t o Joh n M . Allison , 1 3 January 1938 , Folder 67, Bo x 4, Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

26. M . S . Bates , lette r t o Allison , 1 4 January 1938 , Folde r 67, Bo x 4 , Recor d Group 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

27. M . S . Bates , lette r t o hi s wife , Lilliath , 3 Februar y 1938 , Folde r 8 , Box 1 , Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

28. Ibid . 29. M . S . Bates, lette r t o Allison , 1 4 February 1938 , Folder 67 , Box 4, Recor d

Group 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 30. M . S. Bates, letter to Allison, 20 March 1938 , Folder 67, Box 4, Record Grou p

10, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 31. Ibid . 32. M . S . Bates , lette r t o Allison , 2 9 Apri l 1938 , Diplomati c Posts , China ,

Volume 2167 (Nanking 1938 , Volume VIII), Record Group 84 , the Nationa l Archives II .


33. M . S. Bates, letter to Allison, 2 May 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China, Volum e 2167 (Nanking 1938 , Volume VIII), Record Group 84, the National Archive s II.

34. M . S . Bates, lette r t o hi s wife , Lilliath , 2 3 February 1938 , Folder 8 , Box 1 , Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

35. M . S . Bates, lette r t o friends , 1 2 April 1938 , Folder 3486 , Box 204, Recor d Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

36. M . S . Bates , "Pseudo-Economi c Note s fro m Nanking, " 3 1 Marc h 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China, Volume 2172 (Nanking 1938 , Volume XHI), Record Group 84 , th e Nationa l Archive s II .


38. Georg e A . Fitch , lette r t o Holli s Wilbur , 6 Januar y 1938 , Bo x 52 , Fitc h Family Archives , Harvard-Yenchin g Library .

39. J . M. Sheehan, "Weekl y Intelligence Summary for Week Ending 1 3 February, 1938," File A8-2/FS#3, Box 195 , Record Grou p 38, Records o f the Offic e o f the Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Nava l Intelligence, 1929 - 42, the Nationa l Archives , Washington , D.C .

40. Enclosur e t o Frank W. Price's lette r t o Maxwel l M . Hamilton, 1 7 February 1938, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 793.94/12548) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Roll 51 , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II , College Park , MD .

41. Dougla s N . Sargen t (Chin a Inland Mission) , letter t o Fred J. Pedler, 1 8 April 1938, Fil e 2320 , F0371/32154 , Publi c Recor d Office , London .

42. "Repor t o n Nankin g Outrages, " 1 8 June 1938 , Fil e 6655 , F0371/22147 , Public Recor d Office , London .

43. "Japanes e Atrocitie s a t Nanking, " 1 3 February 1939 , Fil e 1712 , F0371 / 23514, Publi c Recor d Office , London .

44. Georg e A. Fitch, diaries , p. 10 , Folder 202 , Box 9, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

45. Georg e A . Fitch , lette r t o Holli s Wilbur , 6 Januar y 1938 , Bo x 52 , Fitc h Family Archives , Harvard-Yenchin g Library .

46. Georg e A. Fitch, lette r t o his family , 2 1 January 1938 , Box 52, Fitch Famil y Archives, Harvard-Yenchin g Library .

47. Ibid . 48. Georg e A . Fitch , lette r t o Pete r Shih , 1 4 February 1938 , Box 103 , Recor d

Group 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 49. Georg e A. Fitch, letter t o his family , 1 5 January 1938 , Box 52, Fitch Famil y

Archives, Harvard-Yenchin g Library . 50. Georg e A . Fitch , My Eighty Years in China, Taipei : Mei Y a Publications ,

1967, p . 103-104 , an d Georg e A . Fitch , lette r t o Pete r Shih , 1 4 Februar y 1938, Bo x 103 , Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library.

51. M . S . Bates , lette r t o hi s so n Bobby , 2 6 Februar y 1938 , Folde r 8 , Bo x 1 , Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

356 NOTES FOR PA GES 105-110

52. T . M. Tong, letter t o George A. Fitch, 1 9 February 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China, Volum e 217 1 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume XII) , Record Grou p 84 , th e National Archive s II .

53. Georg e A . Fitch , My Eighty Years in China, Taipei : Me i Y a Publications , 1967, p . 105 .

54. Ibid. , 107 . 55. "Th e Rap e o f Nanking : America n Eyewitnes s Tell s o f Debaucher y b y

Invaders," South China Morning Post (Hon g Kong), 1 6 March 1938 , p. 17 . 56. Georg e A . Fitch , My Eighty Years in China, Taipei : Me i Y a Publications ,

1967, p . 107-109 . 57. Georg e A. Fitch, "Th e Rape of Nanking," This World, a Sunday supplemen t

to The San Francisco Chronicle, 1 1 June 1938 , p. 16 . 58. Clariss a T . Forster , Nankin g letters , 2 November t o 1 5 December 1937 ,

Folder 5 , Box 263, Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library.

59. Joh n G . Mage e an d Ernes t H . Forster , "Nanking, " Apri l 1938 , p. 1 , Folder 6, Bo x 263 , Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinit y Schoo l Library.

60. Ibid. , p . 3. 61. Ibid. , p . 2 . 62. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o his friends , 1 4 January 1938 , Folder 4 , Box 263,

Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 63. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o his wife , Clarissa , 1 9 December 1937 , Folder 5 ,

Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 64. Ibid . 65. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o hi s wife , Clarissa , 1 2 February 1938 , Folder 5 ,

Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Dvinity Schoo l Library . 66. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o hi s wife , Clarissa , 2 6 Januar y 1938 , Folde r 5 ,

Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 67. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o his family , 2 8 January 1938 , Folder 6 , Box 263,

Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 68. Ibid . 69. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o hi s wife , Clarissa , 2 4 Januar y 1938 , Folde r 5 ,

Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 70. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o hi s wife , Clarissa , 1 9 December 1937 , Folder 5 ,

Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 71. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o his wife , Clarissa , 3 January 1938 , Folder 5 , Box

263, Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 72. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o hi s wife , Clarissa , 2 4 Januar y 1938 , Folde r 5 ,

Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 73. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o hi s wife , Clarissa , 1 February 1938 , Folder 5 ,

Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 74. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o hi s wife , Clarissa , 2 6 Januar y 1938 , Folde r 5 ,

Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .


75. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o his wife , Clarissa , 2 8 December 1937 , Folder 5 , Box 263, Record Group 8 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

76. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o hi s wife , Clarissa , 2 8 Januar y 1938 , Folde r 5 , Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

77. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o hi s friends , 1 6 March 1938 , Folder 6 , Bo x 263, Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

78. Ernes t H . Forster , Affidavi t Statement , 1 4 March 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China, Volum e 216 4 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume V) , Recor d Grou p 84 , th e National Archive s II .

79. Ernes t H. Forster, letter t o John M. Allison, 2 7 May 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China, Volum e 216 4 (Nankin g 1938 , Volum e V) , Recor d Grou p 84 , th e National Archive s II .

80. Joh n G . Magee, letter t o his wife , Faith , 4 January 1938 , Folder 2 , Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

81. Joh n G . Magee , lette r t o hi s wife , Faith , 1 1 Januar y 1938 , Folde r 2 , Bo x 263, Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

82. Joh n G . Magee , lette r t o hi s frien d Billy , 1 1 January 1938 , Folde r 4 , Bo x 263, Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

83. Joh n G . Magee , lette r t o his wife , Faith , 1 9 December 1937 , Folder 2 , Box 263, Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

84. Ibid . 85. Ibid . 86. Joh n G . Magee , lette r t o hi s wife , Faith , 2 2 December 1937 , Folder 2 , Box

263, Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 87. Joh n G . Magee , lette r t o his wife , Faith , 3 1 December 1937 , Folder 2 , Box

263, Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 88. Joh n G . Magee, letter t o his wife , Faith , 4 January 1938 , Folder 2 , Box 263,

Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 89. Joh n G . Magee , lette r t o hi s wife , Faith , 1 9 December 1937 , Folder 2 , Box

263, Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 90. Ibid . 91. Joh n G . Magee , "Introductio n t o th e Atrocit y Films" , Folde r 7 , Box 263,

Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 92. Joh n G . Magee , letter t o Rev . J. C. McKim, 2 April 1938 , Folder 62 , Box 4,

Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 93. Joh n G . Magee , lette r t o his wife , Faith , 1 9 December 1937 , Folder 2 , Box

263, Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 94. Joh n G . Magee , lette r t o hi s wife , Faith , 2 0 December 1937 , Folder 2 , Box

263, Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 95. Joh n G . Magee, letter t o hi s wife, Faith , 4 January 1938 , Folder 2 , Box 263,

Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 96. Joh n G. Magee, "Repor t o f a Trip to Hsih Hsia Shan , February 16-17 , 1938, "

p. 2 , Bo x 102 , Recor d Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinit y Schoo l Library.


97. Joh n G . Magee , "Introductio n t o th e Atrocit y Films, " Folde r 7 , Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

98. Ibid . 99. Joh n G. Magee, Case 3, Film 2, Folder 7 , Box 263, Record Group 8 , Specia l

Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 100. Joh n G. Magee, Case 9, Film 4, Folder 7 , Box 263, Record Group 8 , Specia l

Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 101. Joh n LeRo y Christian , Introductor y Not e t o Account of the Japanese

Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Librar y o f Congress.

102. Th e Bibl e Teachers ' Trainin g School . 103. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r t o his wife , Eva , 1 9 December 1937 , Account

of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Library o f Congress .

104. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r to his friends, 7 January 1938 , Correspondence of James Henry & Eva Anderson McCallum, Disciple s of Christ Historica l Society Library , Nashville , TN .

105. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r to Alexander Paul and Edwin Marx, 1 5 January 1938, p . 3, Correspondence o f James Henry & . Eva Anderson McCallum , Disciples o f Chris t Historica l Societ y Library , Nashville , TN .

106. China Missionaries Oral History Project: James Henry McCallum, Clarement, CA : Oral History Program, Claremen t Graduat e School , 1970 , p. 24 .

107. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r to his friends, 7 January 1938 , Correspondenc e of James Henry & Eva Anderson McCallum, Disciple s of Christ Historica l Society Library , Nashville , TN .

108. Jame s H . McCallum , lette r t o hi s wife , Eva , 1 6 Februar y 1938 , Correspondence o f Jame s Henr y & . Eva Anderso n McCallum , Disciple s of Chris t Historica l Societ y Library , Nashville , TN .

109. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r to Alexander Pau l and Edwin Marx, 1 5 January 1938, p. 3, Correspondence o f James Henry & . Eva Anderson McCallum , Disciples o f Chris t Historica l Societ y Library , Nashville , TN .

110. Jame s H. McCallum, "Repor t o f the Nanking University Hospita l (Dru m Tower)," 2 2 January 1938 , p. 3 , Correspondence o f Jame s Henr y & Ev a Anderson McCallum , Disciple s o f Chris t Historica l Societ y Library , Nashville, TN .

111. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r t o his wife, Eva , 30 December 1937 , Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Library o f Congress .

112. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r t o hi s wife, Eva , 1 5 January 1938 , Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Library o f Congress .




115. Jame s H . McCallum , lette r t o hi s wife , Eva , 1 January 1938 , Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937 - 38, th e Library o f Congress .

116. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r t o his wife , Eva , 31 December 1937 , Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Library o f Congress . Origina l emphasis .

117. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r t o his wife , Eva , 1 9 December 1937 , Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Library o f Congress .

118. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r t o his wife , Eva , 29 December 1937 , Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Library o f Congress .

119. Jame s H . McCal lum , let te r t o hi s wife , Eva , 3 Februar y 1938 , Correspondence o f Jame s Henr y & Eva Anderso n McCallum , Disciple s of Chris t Historica l Societ y Library , Nashville , TN . Origina l emphasis .

120. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r t o his wife , Eva , 29 December 1937 , Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Library o f Congress .

121. Jame s H . McCallum , lette r t o hi s wife , Eva , 1 January 1938 , Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Library o f Congress .

122. Jame s H . McCallum, lette r t o Allison, 1 8 January 1938 , Enclosure No . 5 to "Conditions a t Nanking, January 1938, " January 25, 1938 , (Departmen t of Stat e Fil e No. 793.94/12674) , Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 51 , 1930-193 9 Central Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

123. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r t o Allison, 2 4 January 1938 , Enclosure No . 4-B to "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking " 2 8 February 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Group 59, the National Archive s II.

124. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r t o Allison , 1 8 January 1938 , Enclosure No . 5 to "Condition s a t Nanking, January 1938, " 25 January 1938 , (Departmen t of Stat e File No. 793.94/12674) , Microfilm Se t M976, Rol l 51 , 1930-193 9 Central Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

125. Jame s H. McCallum, letter to Alexander Paul and Edwin Marx, 1 5 January 1938, p . 2, Correspondence o f James Henry & Eva Anderson McCallum , Disciples o f Chris t Historica l Societ y Library , Nashville , TN .

126. Jame s H . McCallum , Affidavi t Note , 2 7 Jun e 1946 , Exhibi t No . 309 , Microfilm Se t T918 , Rol l 12 , Cour t Papers , Journal , Exhibits , an d Judgments o f the International Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Far East, Recor d Group 238 , th e Nationa l Archive s II .


127. W . P . Mills , lette r t o hi s wife , Nina , 9 Januar y 1938 , Bo x 141 , Recor d Group 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

128. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina , 1 0 January 1938 , p. 1, Box 141 , Record Group 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

129. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina , 9 February 1938 , p. 4, Box 141, Record Group 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

130. Ibid . 131. Ibid . 132. W . P . Mills , lette r t o hi s wife , Nina , 2 2 Februar y 1938 , p . 2 , Bo x 141 ,

Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 133. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina , 1 0 January 1938 , p. 2, Box 141, Record

Group 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 134. Ibid . 135. W . P . Mills, lette r t o hi s wife , Nina , 9 January 1938 , Bo x 141 , Recor d

Group 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 136. Ibid . 137. W . P . Mills, lette r t o hi s wife , Nina , 1 0 January 1938 , Box 141 , Recor d

Group 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 138. W . P. Mills, letter t o his wife, Nina , 3 March 1938 , p. 2, Box 141 , Record

Group 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 139. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina, 1 0 January 1938 , p. 1 , Box 141, Record

Group 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinit y Schoo l Library . Origina l emphasis.

140. W . P . Mills , lette r t o hi s wife , Nina , 2 2 Februar y 1938 , p . 1 , Bo x 141 , Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library. Origina l emphasis.

141. Ibid . 142. W . P. Mills, letter t o the Japanese Embassy, 1 7 December 1937 , Enclosure

No. 3-A to "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s n.

143. W . P . Mills, lette r t o Joh n M . Allison , America n Embassy , 1 7 Januar y 1938, Enclosur e No . 3- H t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking, " 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233), Box 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59, th e Nationa l Archive s II .

144. W . P . Mills, lette r t o hi s wife , Nina , 1 2 June 1938 , p. 1 , Box 141 , Record Group 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

145. W . P . Mills, lette r t o hi s daughte r Mary , 2 3 Decembe r 1938 , Bo x 141 , Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

146. W . P . Mills, lette r t o J . Edward Mills , 1 4 November 1943 , and Jame s H . Keeley, Jr. , lette r t o J . Edward Mills , 2 2 August 1943 , South Carolinian a Library, Universit y o f Sout h Carolina , Columbia , SC .


147. Charle s H. Riggs, letter to his wife, Grace , 1 5 January 1938 , p. 1 , Folder 17 , Charles Henry Riggs Individual Biographical Folder, Box 50, ABC 77.1 fro m the America n Boar d o f Commissio n fo r Foreig n Mission s Archives , b y permission o f th e Houghto n Library , Harvar d University , an d th e Wide r Church Ministries .

148. Olive r J . Caldwell , "Adventure s i n Agriculture, " Advance (Boston ) Vol . 131 (Marc h 1 , 1939) : 116 .

149. Charle s H. Riggs, letter t o his wife, Grace , 1 5 January 1938 , p. 1 , Folder 17 , Charles Henry Riggs Individual Biographical Folder, Box 50, ABC 77.1 from the America n Boar d o f Commissio n fo r Foreig n Mission s Archives , b y permission" of th e Houghto n Library , Harvar d University , an d th e Wide r Church Ministries .

150. Ibid . 151. Charle s H. Riggs, letter to his wife, Grace , 1 2 March 1938 , p. 2, Folder 17 ,

Charles Henry Riggs Individual Biographical Folder, Box 50, ABC 77.1 from the America n Boar d o f Commissio n fo r Foreig n Mission s Archives , b y permission o f th e Houghto n Library , Harvar d University , an d th e Wide r Church Ministries .

152. Charle s H. Riggs, letter to his wife, Grace , 1 5 January 1938 , p. 2, Folder 17 , Charles Henry Riggs Individual Biographical Folder, Box 50, ABC 77.1 fro m the America n Boar d o f Commissio n fo r Foreig n Mission s Archives , b y permission o f th e Houghto n Library , Harvar d University , an d th e Wide r Church Ministries .

153. Ibid . 154. Ibid . 155. Charle s H . Riggs, letter t o his wife, Grace , 1 2 March 1938 , p. 1 , Folder 17 ,

Charles Henry Riggs Individual Biographical Folder, Box 50, ABC 77.1 from the America n Boar d o f Commissio n fo r Foreig n Mission s Archives , b y permission o f th e Houghto n Library , Harvar d University , an d th e Wide r Church Ministries .

156. Ibid . 157. Ibid . 158. Lewi s S . C . Smythe , writte n testimony , 7 June 1946 , Exhibi t No . 306 ,

Microfilm Se t T918 , Rol l 12 , Cour t Papers , Journal , Exhibits , an d Judgments o f the International Militar y Tribuna l fo r the Fa r East, Recor d Group 238 , th e Nationa l Archive s II .

159. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , lette r t o the Japanese Embassy, 1 9 December, 5:0 0 p . m., Enclosure No. 1-b to "Conditions a t Nanking, January 1938, " 25 January 1938, (Department of State File No. 793.94/12674), Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 51, Recor d Grou p 59 , the National Archives n .

160. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , "Wha t Happened i n Nanking o r the Situatio n i n th e Occupied Territory in China," August 1938 , p. 3, Correspondence of Lewis S. C. and Margaret Garret t Smythe , Disciples o f Chris t Historica l Societ y Library, Nashville , TN .


161. Lewi s S . C . Smythe , lette r t o hi s wife , Margare t (Mardie) , Chick s an d Folks, mornin g o f 1 3 December 1937 , Box 103 , Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

162. Lewi s S . C . Smythe , "Memorandu m o n th e Inciden t a t th e Ministr y o f Justice," 1 8 December 1937 , Folder 863, Box 102, Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

163. Lewi s S . C . Smythe , lette r t o hi s wife , Margare t (Mardie) , Chick s an d Folks, 2 3 December 1937 , Box 103 , Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library .


165. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , lette r t o Willard K . Shelton, Edito r o f th e Christia n Evangelist, 2 9 Apri l 1938 , Correspondence o f Lewi s S . C. an d Margare t Garrett Smythe , Disciples o f Chris t Historica l Societ y Library , Nashville , TN.

166. China Missionaries Oral History Project: Lewis S. C. Smythe, Claremont , CA: Ora l Histor y Program , Claremon t Graduat e School , 1970 , p . 71.

167. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , "Wha t Happened i n Nanking o r the Situatio n i n th e Occupied Territory in China," August 1938 , p. 3, Correspondence o f Lewis S. C. and Margaret Garret t Smythe , Disciples o f Chris t Historica l Societ y Library, Nashville , TN .



170. Lewi s S . C . Smythe , lette r t o hi s wife , Margare t (Mardie) , Chick s an d Folks, mornin g o f 1 4 December 1937 , Box 103 , Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .



173. Th e Foreig n Communit y o f Nanking , Petitio n t o th e Japanes e Embassy , Nanking, 2 1 Decembe r 1937 , Enclosur e No . 8- 6 t o "Condition s a t Nanking, Januar y 1938, " 25 January 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No . 793.94/12674), Microfil m Se t M976 , Rol l 51 , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e National Archive s II .

174. Joh n M . Allison, "Losse s Suffere d i n Nankin g b y Chines e a s a Resul t o f Present Hostilities, " 2 8 Apri l 1938 , p. 2 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No .


793.94/13146), Microfil m Se t M976 , Rol l 54 , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e National Archive s II .

175. Ibid. , p . 3. 176. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , War Damage in the Nanking Area December 1937

to March 1938: Urban and Rural Surveys, Nanjing : Th e Nankin g International Relie f Committee , Jun e 1938 , p. 1 .

177. Th e ter m "kille d b y militar y action " obviousl y refer s t o "kille d b y th e Japanese soldiers," as against by "military operations" which was specifie d by Smyth e a s "shells , bombs o r bullets fire d i n battle " i n War Damage, footnote 1 , p. 7 .

178. Her e Smythe attached an important not e tha t indicates , "Th e seriousnes s of 'takin g away ' i s underline d b y th e fac t tha t al l s o liste d ar e males . Actually man y wome n wer e take n fo r shorte r o r longe r servic e a s waitresses, fo r laundr y work , an d a s prostitutes. Bu t no t on e o f the m i s listed." War Damage, footnot e 3 , p. 7 .

179. Her e Smyth e attache d a footnot e tha t reads , "Th e 13,53 0 applican t families investigate d b y ou r Rehabilitatio n Commissio n durin g March , reported dat a which indicat e tha t 1 4 per cen t o f al l women ove r 1 6 were widows." War Damage, footnot e 2 , p. 8 .

180. Th e city' s norther n area . 181. Th e city' s northeaster n area . 182. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , War Damage in the Nanking Area December 1937

to March 1938: Urban and Rural Surveys, Nanjing : Th e Nankin g International Relie f Committee , Jun e 1938 , p. 12 .

183. Ibid. , p . 1 7 and 23 . 184. Ibid. , p . 22-23 . 185. Huber t L . Sone , lette r t o P . F. Price, 1 6 January 1938 , Missionary Files :

Methodist Church , 1912-1949 , Nanking Theologica l Seminary , Rol l No . 85, Scholarl y Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE .

186. Huber t L . Sone , lette r t o Rev . Marshal l T . Steele , 1 4 March 1938 , p . 3, Missionary Files : Methodis t Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence, 1897-1940 , Rol l No . 11 , Scholarl y Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE .

187. Huber t L . Sone, letter t o A. W. Wasson, 1 1 January 1938 , p. 1 , Missionary Files: Methodis t Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence , 1897-1940, Rol l No . 11 , Scholarly Resource s Inc. , Wilmington , DE .

188. Huber t L . Sone , lette r t o Rev . Marshal l T . Steele , 1 4 March 1938 , p . 5 , Missionary Files : Methodis t Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence, 1897-1940 , Rol l No . 11 , Scholarl y Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE .

189. Huber t L . Sone, letter t o A. W. Wasson, 1 1 January 1938 , p. 2, Missionar y Files: Methodis t Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence , 1897-1940, Rol l No. 11 , Scholarly Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE .

190. Huber t L . Sone , lette r t o Rev . Marshal l T . Steele , 1 4 March 1938 , p . 5 ,

'£


Missionary Files : Methodis t Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence, 1897-1940 , Rol l No . 11 , Scholarl y Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE .

191. Huber t L . Sone , lette r t o P . F. Price, 1 6 January 1938 , Missionary Files : Methodist Church , 1912-1949 , Nanking Theologica l Seminary , Rol l No . 85, Scholarl y Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE .

192. Ibid . 193. Huber t L . Sone , lette r t o Rev . Marshal l T . Steele , 1 4 March 1938 , p . 4 ,


194. Huber t L . Sone, letter t o A. W. Wasson, 1 1 January 1938 , p. 2, Missionar y Files: Methodis t Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence , 1897-1940, Rol l No . 11 , Scholarly Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE .

195. Huber t L . Sone , lette r t o P . F. Price, 2 8 Januar y 1938 , p . 1 , Missionar y Files: Methodist Church , 1912-1949 , Nanking Theological Seminary , Rol l No. 85 , Scholarly Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE .

196. Huber t L . Sone, letter t o A. W. Wasson, 1 1 January 1938 , p. 2, Missionar y Files: Methodis t Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence , 1897-1940, Rol l No . 11 , Scholarly Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE .

197. Ibid . 198. Huber t L . Sone , lette r t o Rev . Marshal l T . Steele , 1 4 March 1938 , p. 4 ,


199. Huber t L . Sone , lette r t o P . F. Price, 1 6 January 1938 , Missionary Files : Methodist Church , 1912-1949 , Nanking Theologica l Seminary , Rol l No . 85, Scholarl y Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE .

200. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , "Wha t Happene d i n Nanking o r the Situatio n i n th e Occupied Territory in China," August 1938 , p. 5, Correspondence of Lewis S. C. and Margaret Garret t Smythe , Disciples o f Chris t Historica l Societ y Library, Nashville , TN .

201. Huber t L . Sone, lette r t o Rev . Marshall T . Steele , 1 4 March 1938 , p. 4-5, Missionary Files : Methodis t Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence, 1897-1940 , Rol l No . 11 , Scholarl y Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE .

202. Huber t L . Sone , lette r t o Joh n M . Allison , 2 0 January 1938 , Diplomati c Posts, China , Volum e 216 6 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume VII) , Record Grou p 84, th e Nationa l Archive s II .

203. Huber t L . Sone , lette r t o P . F. Price, 2 8 Januar y 1938 , p . 2 , Missionar y Files: Methodist Church , 1912-1949 , Nanking Theological Seminary , Rol l No. 85 , Scholarly Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE .

204. Huber t L . Sone , lette r t o Rev . Marshal l T . Steele , 1 4 March 1938 , p . 5 , Missionary Files : Methodis t Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y


Correspondence, 1897-1940 , Rol l No . 11 , Scholarl y Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE .

205. Huber t L . Sone, letter t o friends, 2 6 February 1938 , p. 4, Missionary Files : Methodist Church , 1912-1949 , Nanking Theologica l Seminary , Rol l No . 85, Scholarl y Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE .

206. Huber t L . Sone , lette r t o Re v Marshal l T . Steele , 1 4 March 1938 , p . 2 , Missionary Files : Methodis t Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence, 1897-1940 , Rol l No . 11 , Scholarl y Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE .

207. Huber t L . Sone, letter to John M. Allison, 1 5 June 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China, Volum e 216 6 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume VII) , Record Grou p 84 , th e National Archive s II .

208. Ibid . 209. J . Morris Trimmer , e-mai l t o Supin g Lu , 10:5 8 a.m. , 2 7 June 2003 . 210. Ibid . 211. Ibid . 212. C . S . Trimmer, lette r t o his wife , Ruth , an d his children , 1 0 March 1938 ,

p. 2 , Trimmer family' s collection . 213. Ibid. , p . 1 . 214. C . S . Trimmer, "Methodis t Missio n propert y report, " 1 1 and 2 1 Marc h

1938, p . 1-3 , Trimme r famil y collection . 215. Minni e Vautrin , "Th e Secon d Report : A Revie w o f th e Perio d Januar y

14-March 31 , 1938, " p. 7, Folder 2876, Box 145 , Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yal e University Divinit y Schoo l Library .

216. Minni e Vautrin , " A Revie w o f th e Firs t Month , Decembe r 13 , 1937 -January 13 , 1938, " p. 7 , Folder 2875 , Box 145 , Record Grou p 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

217. Ibid . 218. Ibid . 219. Minni e Vautrin, diary, 2 January 1938 , Folder 2875, Box 145, Record Grou p

11, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 220. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 8 February 1938 , Folde r 2875 , Bo x 145 , Recor d

Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 221. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 1 6 December 1937 , Folder 2875 , Box 145 , Recor d

Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 222. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 3 1 Januar y 1938 , Folde r 2875 , Bo x 145 , Recor d

Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 223. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 21 December 1937 , Folder 2875 , Box 145 , Record

Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 224. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 2 6 Januar y 1938 , Folde r 2875 , Bo x 145 , Recor d

Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 225. Minni e Vautrin, diary, 25 March 1938 , Folder 2875, Box 145, Record Group

11, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 226. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 1 6 February 1938 , Folder 2875 , Box 145 , Recor d

Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .


227. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 1 5 February 1938 , Folde r 2875 , Box 145 , Recor d Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

228. Minni e Vautrin, diary , 1 1 April 1938 , Folder 2875, Box 145 , Record Grou p 11, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

229. Ibid . 230. Minni e Vautrin, diary , 22 April 1938 , Folder 2875, Box 145 , Record Grou p

11, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 231. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 2 5 Februar y 1938 , Folde r 2875 , Box 145 , Recor d

Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 232. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 6 April 1938 , Folder 2875 , Box 145 , Record Grou p

11, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 233. Minni e Vautrin, diary , 1 5 April 1938 , Folder 2875, Box 145 , Record Grou p

11, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 234. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 1 7 December 1937 , Folder 2875 , Box 145 , Recor d

Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 235. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 1 9 December 1937 , Folder 2875 , Box 145 , Recor d

Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 236. Minni e Vautrin, diary , 1 January 1938 , Folder 2875, Box 145, Record Grou p

11, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 237. Minni e Vautrin , lette r t o Allison, 2 1 January 1938 , Enclosure No . 2-C t o

"Conditions o f American Property and Interests in Nanking," 28 Februar y 1938, (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, Record Grou p 59, th e Nationa l Archive s II .

238. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 9 Februar y 1938 , Folde r 2875 , Bo x 145 , Recor d Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

239. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 2 3 Februar y 1938 , Folder 2875 , Box 145 , Recor d Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

240. Minni e Vautrin , "Th e Churc h i n th e Occupie d Area, " Novembe r 1938 , p. 8 , writing , Minni e Vautrin , Disciple s o f Chris t Historica l Societ y Library, Nashville , TN .

241. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 2 8 December 1937 , Folder 2875 , Box 145 , Recor d Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

242. Minni e Vautrin , lette r t o th e America n Embassy , 7 Januar y 1938 , Enclosure No . 2-B to "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Box 1821 , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

243. Minni e Vautrin , lette r t o friends , 2 1 March 1938 , Folder 2876 , Box 145 , Record Grou p 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

244. Minni e Vautrin , "Th e Secon d Report : A Revie w o f th e Perio d Januar y 14- Marc h 31 , 1938, " p . 6-7 , Folde r 2876 , Bo x 145 , Recor d Grou p 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

245. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 1 6 December 1937 , Folder 2875 , Box 145 , Record Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

246. Minni e Vautrin , "Las t Message, " 1 4 May 1941 , correspondence, Minni e Vautrin, Disciple s o f Chris t Historica l Societ y Library , Nashville , TN .


247. Rober t O . Wilson, resum e a t th e Universit y o f Nanking Hospital , Folde r 3874, Box 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library.

248. Rober t O . Wilson, statement , 1 8 June 1938 , Confidential Supplement to NCC Summer Series, Jun e 20 , 1938 , p. 1 .

249. Rober t O . Wilson, lette r t o his wife , Marjorie , 1 5 December 1937 , Folde r 3875, Box 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library.

250. Rober t O . Wilson, lette r t o hi s wife , Marjorie , 1 4 December 1937 , Folde r 3875, Box 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library.

251. Rober t O . Wilson, lette r t o his wife , Marjorie , 1 5 December 1937 , Folde r 3875, Box 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library.

252. Rober t O . Wilson, lette r t o his wife , Marjorie , 1 8 December 1937 , Folde r 3875, Box 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library.

253. Ibid . 254. Rober t O . Wilson , lette r t o hi s wife , Marjorie , 2 3 Decembe r 1937 , i n

Documents on the Rape of Nanking, ed . by Timothy Brook , Ann Arbor : University o f Michiga n Press , 1999 , p. 224 .

255. Rober t O . Wilson, lette r t o his wife , Marjorie , 2 8 December 1937 , Folde r 3875, Box 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library.

256. B . A. Sindberg , "Lis t o f Cases, " 3 Februar y 1938 , Folde r 862 , Bo x 102 , Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . Fo r readers' comprehension, I have corrected obviou s spelling and syntactica l errors i n th e passage s o f thi s list .

257. Ibid . 258. Rober t O . Wilson, lette r t o hi s wife , Marjorie , 1 8 December 1937 , Folder

3875, Box 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library.

259. Ibid . 260. Rober t O . Wilson, lette r t o his wife , Marjorie , 1 9 December 1937 , Folde r

3875, Box 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library.

261. Rober t O . Wilson , lette r t o Joh n M . Allison , America n Embassy , 1 8 January 1938 , Diplomati c Posts , China , Volum e 216 7 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume VIII) , Record Grou p 84 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

262. Rober t O . Wilson, lette r t o his wife, Marjorie , 1 9 December 1937 , Folder 3875, Box 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library.

263. Rober t O . Wilson , lette r t o hi s wife , Marjorie , 2 3 Decembe r 1937 , i n Documents on the Rape of Nanking, ed . by Timothy Brook , Ann Arbor : University o f Michiga n Press , 1999 , p. 223.


264. Joh n G. Magee and Ernest H. Forster, "Nanking, " Apri l 1938 , p. 10 , Folder 6, Bo x 263 , Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinit y Schoo l Library.

265. Rober t O . Wilson, statement , 1 8 June 1938 , Confidential Supplement to NCC Summer Series, 2 0 June 1938 , p. 1 .

266. Th e Internationa l Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Fa r East Transcript , p . 2,529, Microfilm Se t T918, Roll 5, Court Papers, Journal, Exhibits, and Judgment s of the International Militar y Tribunal for th e Far East, Record Group 238, the Nationa l Archive s II , College Park , MD .

CHAPTER 5

1. Enclosur e No . 15- B to "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking," 2 8 Februar y 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Box 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archives II .

2. Lewi s S . C. Smythe, letter t o his wife, Margare t (Mardie) , Chicks and Folks, 21 Decembe r 1937 , Bo x 103 , Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

3. Lewi s S. C. Smythe, lette r t o his wife, Margare t (Mardie) , Chicks an d Folks, 22 Decembe r 1937 , Bo x 103 , Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

4. W . P . Mills, lette r t o Japanes e Embass y Officials , 2 2 December 1937 , Box 103, Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

5. Lewi s S. C. Smythe, letter to his wife, Margaret (Mardie) , Chicks an d Folks, 22 Decembe r 1937 , Bo x 103 , Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

6. Joh n M . Allison , unnumbere d telegram , 6 p.m. , 3 1 Decembe r 1937 , (Department o f Stat e File No. 793.94/11921) , Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 48, 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s n.

7. Joh n M . Allison, Ambassador From the Prairie, Boston : Houghton Miffli n Company, 1973 , p. 34.

8. Joh n M . Allison , No . 4 Telegram, 4 p.m., 5 January 1938 , (Department o f State Fil e No . 793.94/11974) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Rol l 48 , 1930-193 9 Central Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .


10. Joh n Moor e Allison (1905-1978 ) worke d i n Nanjing unti l 1 0 August 1938 , when h e was replace d by Rober t Lac y Smyth , previousl y Secon d Secretar y of th e America n Embass y in Beiping (Beijing ; se e note 13) , China. Afte r h e left Nanjing , Alliso n too k a long-delayed, bu t well-deserve d leav e back i n the U.S . He returne d t o th e Fa r Eas t a t th e en d o f 1938 , workin g a t th e American Consulat e Genera l a t Osaka , Japan . Whe n Pear l Harbo r wa s bombed, togethe r wit h Ambassado r Josep h C . Grew , h e wa s detaine d b y

NOTES FOR PAGE 177 369

the Japanes e fo r si x months . Fro m 194 2 to 1945 , Allison serve d a s Secon d Secretary, an d the n wa s promote d t o Firs t Secretar y i n th e U.S . Embass y at London . Afte r th e war , h e was responsible fo r Fa r Eastern Affair s i n th e State Departmen t (1946-1950 ) befor e becomin g Consul-Genera l a t Singapore. H e wa s a specia l aid e t o Secretar y o f Stat e Joh n Foste r Dulle s while h e wa s negotiatin g a peace treat y wit h th e Japanese . He als o serve d as Assistan t Secretar y o f Stat e fo r Fa r Easter n Affairs . Alliso n wa s Ambassador t o Japa n (1953-57) , Ambassado r t o Indonesi a (1957-58) , an d Ambassador t o Czechoslovaki a (1958-60) . H e retire d fro m th e Foreig n Service in 196 0 and became a faculty membe r a t the University o f Hawaii . He passe d awa y o n 2 8 Octobe r 197 8 i n Honolulu .

11. Jame s Esp y (1908-1976) , bor n o n 2 3 Marc h 190 8 i n Cincinnati , Ohio , graduated wit h B.A . from Yal e University i n 1930 . He entere d th e Foreig n Service i n Octobe r 193 5 an d wa s appointe d Vic e Consu l wit h th e U.S . Embassy a t Mexic o City . I n Apri l 1937 , h e wa s transferre d t o th e U.S . Consulate Genera l a t Shanghai , wher e h e wa s assigne d t o th e Nanjin g mission wit h Alliso n an d McFadyen . Esp y staye d i n Nanjin g unti l 6 Jun e 1938 when h e was replace d by Third Secretar y Charle s Alber t Cooper . H e was assigne d t o th e U.S . Consulate Genera l a t Guangzhou , China . B y th e end o f 1938 , Espy was promoted t o Third Secretar y with th e U.S . Embassy at Tokyo , th e position h e held unti l th e attac k o f Pear l Harbor too k place . Like man y othe r America n diplomat s i n Japan , h e wa s detaine d b y th e Japanese fo r si x months . Esp y spen t th e following year s a t severa l posts i n the Middl e East , includin g Istanbul , Alexandria , an d Cairo . H e wa s promoted t o Second Secretary in Cairo in 1944 . After th e war, Espy worked at th e Department o f State as Assistant Chie f o f the Division o f North an d West Coas t Affair s i n 1947. He was First Secretar y with th e U.S. Embassies at L a Paz , Bolivi a (1948) , and a t Vienn a (1951) . He late r serve d a t severa l posts aroun d world , includin g Salzburg , Austri a (1952) , Colombo , Ceylo n (1953), an d Montevideo , Urugua y (1956 ) befor e becomin g Caree r Development Office r wit h the Department o f State in 1959 . He retired fro m the Foreig n Servic e i n 1963 , and die d o n 2 7 January 197 6 i n Washington , D.C.

12. Archibal d Alexander McFadyen, Jr . (1911-2001) was born into an America n family i n Guling , Jiangx i province , China , o n 2 0 Augus t 1911 . After h e graduated with a B.S. in Economics from Davidso n College , Davidson, NC , in 1935 , he returned t o China to work for the China National Famine Relief Commission i n 1936 . He starte d hi s Foreig n Servic e career a s a clerk wit h the U.S. Consulate Genera l a t Shangha i in Apri l 1937 , and was assigned t o the Nanjin g missio n a t th e en d o f the sam e year . Hi s sta y i n Nanjin g wa s cut shor t whe n h e wa s transferre d bac k t o Shangha i o n 1 3 March 1938 . Following th e Pear l Harbo r attack , alon g with othe r America n diplomat s in Shanghai , he was detaine d by the Japanese . After h e was repatriated , h e worked a s a clerk with U.S . embassies a t Montevideo, Uruguay (1942) , and


at Chongqing , Chin a (1943) . He was promoted to Vice Consul with th e U.S. Consulate Genera l a t Kunming , Chin a (1944) . After th e war , h e serve d a t different post s around th e world, including Shangha i (1945) , Tianjin (Januar y 1946), Dubli n (Septembe r 1946 ) an d Toront o (1949) . I n 1950 , h e wa s transferred bac k t o Washingto n D.C . to work i n th e Stat e Department . H e left th e Foreig n Servic e i n 195 5 du e t o healt h reasons , an d spen t hi s nex t thirty year s i n St . Petersburg , Florida , doin g variou s manua l o r od d jobs . McFadyen die d on 1 March 2001 at the Katherine Luthe r Home in Clinton , New York .

13. Whe n Nanjin g wa s th e nationa l capita l o f Chin a betwee n 192 7 and 1949 , Beijing wa s rename d "Beiping" , o r "Peiping, " accordin g t o th e ol d romanization spelling .

14. Joh n M . Allison , No . 7 Telegram, 5 p.m., 6 January 1938 , (Department o f State Fil e No. 393.1115/2447), Bo x 1795 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

15. Joh n M . Allison, No . 1 1 Telegram, 4 p.m., 8 January 1938 , (Department o f State Fil e No . 124.932/553) , Bo x 0815 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

16. Jame s Espy , "Th e Condition s a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 25 January 1938 , p. 2 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 793.94/12674) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Roll 51 , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

17. Cas e 185 , Enclosure No . 1- j t o "Th e Condition s a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 25 January 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 793.94/12674) , Microfilm Se t M976, Rol l 51 , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archives II.


19. M . S . Bates, letter t o th e Japanes e Embassy , 1 6 December 1937 , Enclosur e No. 1- A t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821, 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II.

20. Joh n M. Allison, No . 32 Telegram, noon , 2 2 January 1938 , (Department o f State Fil e No . 793.94/12176) , Microfil m Set M976 , Rol l 49 , Record Grou p 59, th e Nationa l Archive s II .

21. Joh n M. Allison , No . 34 Telegram, noon , 2 3 January 1938 , (Department o f State Fil e No . 124.932/565) , Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1938, The Far East, Vol. IV, Washington , D . C: Unite d States Governmen t Printin g Office , 1955 , p. 247.

22. Jame s Espy, "Th e Condition s a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 25 January 1938 , p. 12-13 , (Departmen t o f State File No. 793.94/12674) , Microfilm Set M976, Roll 51 , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

23. "Finding s Regardin g Burnin g o f Nankin g City, " Enclosur e No . 2 to "Th e Conditions a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 25 Januar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f


State Fil e No . 793.94/12674) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Rol l 51 , Record Grou p 59, th e Nationa l Archive s II .


25. Ibid. , p . 10-11 . 26. M . S . Bates , lette r t o a Japanese Embass y official , Fukuda , 2 1 Decembe r

1937, Enclosure No. 1- F to "Condition s o f American Propert y and Interest s in Nanking, " 2 8 Februar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115 / 233), Bo x 1821 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e National Archive s II .

27. W . P. Mills, lette r t o Japanese Embassy officials , 1 January 1938 , Enclosur e No. 3- C t o "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821, 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II.

28. W . P. Mills, letter t o Japanese Embassy officials , 5 January 1938 , Enclosur e No. 3- E t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821, 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II.

29. Joh n M . Allison , No . 2 7 Telegram, 4 p.m., 1 8 January 1938 , (Departmen t of Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/125 ; Bo x 1820 , Recor d Grou p 59, th e Nationa l Archives II .

30. Jame s Espy , "Th e Condition s a t Nanking, Januar y 1938, " 25 January 1938 , p. 16-17 , (Department o f State File No. 793.94/12674) , Microfilm Se t M976 Roll 51 , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

31. Jame s Espy , "Memorandum : Entr y b y Japanes e Soldier s int o Propert y o f the University o f Nanking," Enclosure No. 1- Z t o "Condition s o f America n Property and Interests in Nanking," 28 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e File No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Group 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

32. Jame s Espy, "Th e Condition s a t Nanking, Januar y 1938, " 25 January 1938 , p. 3 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 793.94/12674) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Roll 51 , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

33. M . S . Bates, letter t o th e Japanes e Embassy , 1 8 December 1937 , Enclosur e No. 1- D t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821, 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II.

34. M . S . Bates, lette r t o th e Japanese Embassy , 2 7 December 1937 , Enclosur e No. 1- K t o "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II.


35. Joh n H . D . Rabe , lette r t o Tokuyas u Fukuda , 7 January 1938 , Enclosur e No. 1- c t o "Condition s a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 2 5 Januar y 1938 , (Department o f Stat e File No. 793.94/12674) , Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 51, 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II.

36. Joh n H . D . Rabe , lette r t o th e Japanes e Embassy , 2 0 Decembe r 1937 , Enclosure No. 8-10(1) to "Condition s a t Nanking, January 1938, " 25 January 1938, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 793.94/12674) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Roll 51 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 5 9 o f th e Department o f State , th e Nationa l Archive s II .

37. Joh n M . Allison , No . 2 7 Telegram , 4 p.m. , 1 8 January 1938 , (Departmen t of Stat e File No. 393.115/125), Box 1820 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decimal File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

38. W . P . Mills , lette r t o Allison , 1 7 Januar y 1938 , Enclosur e No . 3- H t o "Conditions o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking, " 2 8 Februar y 1938, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821 , 1930-193 9 Central Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

39. W . P. Mills, letter s t o th e Japanese Embassy , 2 5 December 1937 , 1 , 5, an d 8 January 1938 , Enclosures Nos . 3-B, 3-C, 3-D, 3-E, and 3-F to "Condition s of America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 2 8 Februar y 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233), Bo x 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

40. I t shoul d b e Lieutenan t Colone l Hirota . 41. Joh n M . Allison , No . 4 5 Telegram, 2 p.m., 2 February 1938 , (Departmen t

of Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/148) , Bo x 1820 , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e Nationa l Archives II .

42. Joh n M . Allison , No . 4 9 Telegram , 5 p.m., 6 February 1938 , (Departmen t of State File No. 793.94/12336), Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 50, Record Grou p 59, th e Nationa l Archive s II .

43. Joh n M. Allison, No . 5 3 Telegram, 3 p.m., 1 0 February 1938 , (Departmen t of State File No. 793.94/12384) , Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 50, Record Grou p 59, th e Nationa l Archive s II .

44. M . S . Bates, letter t o John M. Allison, 2 8 January 1938 , Enclosure No . 4 t o the repor t "Assaul t b y Japanese Soldie r o n American Embass y Officia l an d American Citizen, " 2 8 Januar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 12 3 Allison, Joh n M./193) , Bo x 355, Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II.

45. Joh n M. Allison, Ambassador From the Prairie, Boston: Houghton Miffli n Company, 1973 , p. 38.

46. Joh n M. Allison, No . 95 Telegram, 2 1 April 1938 , (Department o f State Fil e No. 12 3 Espy, James/52), Box 467, Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II.

47. Joh n M. Allison, Ambassador From the Prairie, Boston: Houghton Miffli n Company, 1973 , p. 38.


48. Ibid. , p . 43-44 . 49. Joh n M . Allison , No . 3 3 Telegram, 4 p.m. , 2 2 January 1938 , (Departmen t

of Stat e Fil e No . 893.48/1406) , Bo x 7229 , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e Nationa l Archives II , an d Joh n H . D . Rabe , lette r t o Allison , Prideaux-Brune , an d Rosen, 1 9 January 1938 , Enclosur e No . 8-1 1 t o "Condition s a t Nanking , January 1938, " 2 5 Januar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 793.94 / 12674), Microfil m Se t M976 , Rol l 51 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

50. Joh n M . Allison , "Februar y Summar y Repor t sen t t o th e America n Embassy, Peiping, " 2 March 1938 , p. 3, Diplomatic Posts , China , Volum e 2169 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume X) , Record Grou p 84 , the Nationa l Archive s II.

51. Ibid. , p . 1 , an d Joh n M . Allison , No . 1 0 Telegram, noon , 8 January 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 893.10 1 Nanking/14) , Microfil m Se t LM63, Roll 63 , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

52. Joh n M . Allison, No . 8 3 Telegram, 4 p.m., 2 4 March 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 893.01 Provisional/84), Box 7171; No. 85 Telegram, 4 p.m., 28 March 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 893.01 Provisional/94), Box 7171, Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II ; "March Summar y Repor t sen t to the American Embassy , Peiping, " 2 April 1938 , p. 1 , and "Ma y Summar y Report sent to the American Embassy, Peiping," 4 June 1938 , p. 1, Diplomatic Posts, China , Volum e 216 9 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume X) , Record Grou p 84 , the Nationa l Archive s II.

53. Jame s Espy , "Condition s a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 2 5 Januar y 1938 , p. 26 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 793.94/12674) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Roll 51 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archives II .

54. Joh n M . Allison , No . 8 9 Telegram , 9 p.m., 1 April 1938 , (Departmen t o f State File No. 893.5151/435) , Microfilm Se t LM63, Roll 135 , Record Grou p 59, th e Nationa l Archive s II .

55. Joh n M . Allison , No . 11 4 Telegram, 6 p.m., 1 3 June 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 893.5151/477) , Microfilm Set LM63, Roll 136 , Record Grou p 59, th e Nationa l Archive s II .

56. Joh n M . Allison , No . 9 2 Telegram , noon , 1 3 Apri l 1938 , (Departmen t o f State Fil e No . 793.94/12827) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Rol l 52 , an d No . 9 3 Telegram, noon , 1 5 April 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.1115 / 3090), Box 1797 , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

57. Joh n M . Allison , "Sal e o f Narcotic s i n Nanking, " 1 8 Marc h 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No . 893.11 4 Narcotics / 2221) , Microfil m Se t LM63, Rol l 88 , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

58. Joh n M . Allison , "Jul y Summar y Repor t Sen t t o th e America n Embassy , Peiping/' 2 Augus t 1938 , p . 1 , Diplomati c Posts , China , Volum e 216 9 (Nanking 1938 , Volume X) , Record Grou p 84 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

59. Joh n M . Allison , Unnumbere d Telegram , 1 0 a.m. , 6 Augus t 1938 ,


(Department o f Stat e File No. 793.94/13631) , Microfilm Se t M976, Rol l 55, Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

60. J . M. Sheehan , "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summar y fo r Week Endin g 19 December, 1937, " File A8-2/FS#2, Bo x 194 , Recor d Grou p 38 , Record s of the Offic e o f th e Chie f o f Naval Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence , 1929-1942 , th e Nationa l Archives .

61. A . T. Steele , "Japanes e Troops Kil l Thousands," The Chicago Daily News, 15 December 1937 , p. 1 , and F. Tillman Durdin , "Butcher y Marked Captur e of Nanking, " The New York Times, 1 8 December 1937 , p. 1 .

62. Chie f o f Staff , HM S Bee, messag e t o th e Britis h Rea r Admira l Yangtze , 11:30 a.m. , 1 6 Decembe r 1937 , Yangtz e Records , Decembe r 1937 , ADM116/3880, Yangtz e Records , Decembe r 1937 , Publi c Recor d Office , London.

63. J . M. Sheehan , "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summar y fo r Week Endin g 2 January , 1938, " Fil e A8-2/FS#2 , Bo x 194 , Recor d Grou p 38 , Record s o f the Offic e o f th e Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence , 1929-1942 , th e Nationa l Archives .

64. J . M. Sheehan, "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summar y fo r Week Endin g 9 January , 1938, " Fil e A8-2/FS#2 , Bo x 194 , Recor d Grou p 38 , Record s o f the Offic e o f th e Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence , 1929-1942 , th e Nationa l Archives .

65. Ibid . 66. J . M. Sheehan , "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summar y fo r Week Endin g

16 January, 1938, " File A8-2/FS#3, Box 195 , Record Grou p 38 , Records o f the Offic e o f th e Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence , 1929-1942 , th e Nationa l Archives .

67. Ibid . 68. J . M. Sheehan , "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summar y fo r Wee k Endin g

23 January , 1938, " File A8-2/FS#3 , Box 195 , Record Grou p 38 , Records o f the Offic e o f th e Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence , 1929-1942 , th e Nationa l Archives .


20 February , 1938, " File A8-2/FS#3, Box 195 , Record Grou p 38 , Records of the Offic e o f th e Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence , 1929-1942 , th e Nationa l Archives .


27 February, 1938, " File A8-2/FS#3, Box 195 , Record Grou p 38 , Records of the Offic e o f th e Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence , 1929-1942 , th e Nationa l Archives .

73. Ibid . 74. C . R. Jeffs, "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summar y fo r Wee k Endin g 1 0

April, 1938, " Fil e A8-2/FS#3 , Box 195 , Record Grou p 38 , Record s o f th e


Office o f the Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Nava l Intelligence, 1929-1942 , th e Nationa l Archives .

CHAPTER 6

1. M . S . Bates, lette r t o hi s friends , 3 March 1938 , Folder 63 , Box 4 , Recor d Group 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

2. Joh n G . Magee, letter t o his wife, Faith , 5 January 1938 , Folder 2 , Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

3. Lewi s S . C . Smythe , "Memorandu m o n th e Inciden t a t th e Ministr y o f Justice," 1 8 December 1937 , Folder 863 , Box 102 , Record Grou p 10 ; Lewis S. C . Smythe , lette r t o hi s wife , Margare t (Mardie) , Chick s an d Folks , 1 6 December 1937 , Bo x 103 , Record Grou p 8 ; an d W . P . Mills , lette r t o hi s wife, Nina , 9 February 1938 , Box 141 , Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library .

4. M . S . Bates , lette r t o Japanes e Embass y officials , 1 7 Decembe r 1937 , Enclosure No . 1- C t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Box 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archives II .

5. Minni e Vautrin , repor t t o America n Embass y officials , 7 January 1938 , Enclosure No . 2- B to "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking," 2 8 Februar y 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Box 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archives II .

6. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 1 7 December 1937 , Box 206, Record Grou p 8 , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library .

7. Lewi s S. C. Smythe, lette r to his wife, Margare t (Mardie) , Chicks and Folks, 17 Decembe r 1937 , Bo x 103 , Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

8. M . S . Bates , lette r t o Japanes e Embass y officials , 1 8 Decembe r 1937 , Enclosure No . 1- D t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Box 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archives II .

9. Iv a Hynds (1872-1959) was born in Indiana on 1 February 1872 . She worked as a nurse in Los Angeles and went t o China i n the early 1920 s to work fo r the University o f Nanjing Hospital . Hynds offere d t o stay in Nanjing whe n the hostilitie s reache d tha t cit y i n 1937 . In the falle n city , he r majo r dut y was takin g car e of newborn babie s i n th e hospital . Sh e died o n 6 Februar y 1959 in Lo s Angeles .

10. Rober t O . Wilson, lette r t o Japanese Embass y officials , 1 9 December 1937 , Enclosure No . 1- E t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) ,


Box 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archives II .

11. Cas e 73 , Enclosure No . 1- c t o "Condition s a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 25 January 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 793.94/12674) , Microfilm Se t M976, Rol l 51 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e National Archive s II .

12. Cas e 100 , Enclosure No . 1- d t o "Condition s a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 25 January 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No . 793.94/12674) , Microfilm Se t M976, Rol l 51 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e National Archive s II ; and Rober t O . Wilson, lette r t o his wife , Marjorie , 2 1 December 1937 , Folder 3875, Box 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library .

13. Huber t L . Sone , lette r t o th e Japanes e Embassy , 2 4 Decembe r 1937 , Enclosure No . 5- A t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking," 2 8 Februar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Box 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archives II .

14. Lewi s S. C. Smythe, letter to Japanese Embassy officials, 2 5 December 1937 , Enclosure No . 1- J t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Box 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archives II .

15. Grac e Baue r (1896-1976 ) wa s bor n t o Conra d an d Grac e (Spies ) Baue r o n 20 January 189 6 in Baltimore , Maryland , wher e sh e grew up an d attende d schools. She received her technical training in the Howard A. Kelly Hospita l of Baltimore , an d serve d i n tha t hospita l fo r thre e years a s a technician i n the pathologica l laborator y befor e sh e wen t t o Chin a i n th e fal l o f 1919 . Her wor k a t th e Universit y o f Nanjin g Hospita l consiste d o f teachin g bacteriology an d chemistr y t o th e nurse s i n additio n t o tha t o f trainin g technicians fo r pathologica l laboratory . When th e Japanese were marchin g toward Nanjing i n 1937 , Bauer decided to stay, though her main duties wer e shifted fro m th e la b t o b e th e hospita l treasurer , helpin g wit h th e management o f the hospital. After Nanjin g wa s captured, Baue r also helped the refugees , drivin g an ambulanc e t o transpor t vegetable s fo r th e hospita l and refugee camps . Bauer returned t o the U.S. in October 1941 , and worke d as a lab technicia n i n th e Universit y Hospital , Baltimore , Maryland . Sh e died o n 2 9 Jul y 197 6 i n Baltimore .

16. Cas e 155 , Enclosure No . 1- g to "Condition s a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 25 January 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 793.94/12674) , Microfil m Se t M976, Rol l 51 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e National Archive s II .

17. M . S . Bates, letter t o Japanese Embassy officials , 8 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 1- P t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821,


1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II; M. S . Bates, lette r t o hi s wife , Lilliath , 9 January 1938 , Folder 8 , Box 1 , Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library; and John G. Magee , letter t o Billy, 1 1 January 1938 , Folder 4 , Box 263, Record Grou p 8, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

18. M . S. Bates, letter to American Embassy officials, 1 0 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 1- k t o "Condition s a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 2 5 Januar y 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 793.94/12674) , Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 51, 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II.

19. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r t o John M. Allison, 2 7 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 1- Y t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821, 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II.

20. Joh n M . Allison , No . 4 0 Telegram, 2 p.m., 2 7 January 1938 , (Departmen t of Stat e Fil e No . 12 3 Allison , Joh n M./161) , Bo x 355, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decimal File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

21. M . S . Bates, letter t o John M. Allison, 2 5 January 1938 , Enclosure No . 2 t o the repor t "Assaul t b y Japanese Soldie r o n American Embass y Officia l an d American Citizen, " 2 8 Januar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 12 3 Allison, Joh n M./193) , Bo x 355, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Group 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

22. M . S . Bates, letter t o John M. Allison, 2 5 January 1938 , Enclosure No . 3 t o the repor t "Assaul t b y Japanese Soldie r o n American Embass y Officia l an d American Citizen, " 2 8 Januar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 12 3 Allison, Joh n M./193) , Bo x 355, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Group 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

23. Joh n M . Allison , No . 4 0 Telegram, 2 p.m., 2 7 January 1938 , (Departmen t of Stat e Fil e No . 12 3 Allison, Joh n M./161) , Bo x 355, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decimal File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

24. I t i s incorrect t o translate "hu a ku-niang " a s prostitute. The phrase simpl y means "prett y youn g girls. "

25. Charle s H. Riggs , "Statemen t o f the Incident" , 2 6 January 1938 , Enclosur e No. 1 to th e repor t "Assaul t b y Japanes e Soldie r o n America n Embass y Official an d American Citizen, " 2 8 January 1938 , (Department o f State Fil e No. 12 3 Allison, Joh n M./193) , Bo x 355, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

26. Ibid. ; an d Joh n M . Allison , No . 4 0 Telegram , 2 p.m. , 2 7 Januar y 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No . 12 3 Allison, Joh n M./161) , Bo x 355, 1930 -1939 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

27. Joh n M . Allison , No . 4 0 Telegram, 2 p.m., 2 7 January 1938 , (Departmen t of Stat e Fil e No . 12 3 Allison, Joh n M./161) , Bo x 355, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decimal File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .


28. Joh n M . Allison , No . 4 2 Telegram , 7 p.m., 2 8 January 1938 , (Departmen t of Stat e Fil e No . 12 3 Allison , Joh n M./164) , Bo x 355, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decimal File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

29. M . S . Bates, lette r t o Joh n M . Allison , 2 7 January 1938 , Folder 67, Bo x 4, Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Universit y Divinit y Schoo l Library.

30. M . S . Bates, letter t o John M. Allison, 2 8 January 1938 , Enclosure No . 4 t o the repor t "Assaul t b y Japanese Soldie r on American Embass y Officia l an d American Citizen, " 2 8 Januar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 12 3 Allison, Joh n M./193) , Bo x 355, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Group 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

31. Ibid . 32. "Slappin g o f America n Diplomati c Office r b y Japanes e Soldier, " Press

Release 1 8 (5 February 1938) : 196 . 33. Ibid. , p . 197 . 34. Joh n M . Allison , No . 4 4 Telegram, 4 p.m., 3 0 Januar y 1938 , (Departmen t

of Stat e Fil e No . 12 3 Allison , Joh n M./168) , Bo x 355 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decimal File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .


36. Joh n M . Allison, No . 11 7 Telegram, 5 p.m., 1 5 June 1938 , (Department o f State Fil e No . 394.112 3 Thomson , J . C./l) , Bo x 1847 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decimal File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

37. J . C . Thomson , affidavi t statemen t t o Joh n M . Allison , 2 2 Jun e 1938 , Enclosure No. 8 to th e report "Slappin g of Dr. J . C. Thomson, a n America n Citizen, by a Japanese Sentry, " 25 June 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 394.1123 Thomson , J . C./33), Bo x 1847 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , th e Nationa l Archive s II .

38. Joh n M. Allison, "Slappin g of Dr . J . C. Thomson, a n American Citizen , b y a Japanese Sentry, " 2 5 June 1938 , p. 2 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 394. 1123 Thomson, J . C./33), Box 1847, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

39. Joh n M . Allison , No . 11 7 Telegram, 5 p.m., 1 5 June 1938 , (Department o f State Fil e No . 394.112 3 Thomson , J . C./l) , Bo x 1847 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decimal File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

40. Joh n M. Allison, "Slappin g o f Dr. J . C. Thomson, a n American Citizen , b y a Japanese Sentry, " 2 5 June 1938 , p. 3, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 394 . 1123 Thomson, J . C./33), Box 1847, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

41. Y . Hanawa, not e t o John M. Allison, 1 8 June 1938 , Enclosure No . 3 to th e report "Slappin g o f Dr. J . C. Thomson, a n American Citizen , b y a Japanese Sentry," 2 5 June 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 394.1123 Thomson , J. C./33), Box 1847 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decimal File , Record Grou p 59 , th e National Archive s II .


42. Ch i Yung Ling, eyewitness account , Enclosure No. 1 to the report "Slappin g of Dr . J . C. Thomson, a n American Citizen , b y a Japanese Sentry, " 1 2 July 1938, (Department o f State File No. 394.1123 Thomson, J . C./40), Box 1847, 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s n.

43. Che n Shi-pao , eyewitnes s account , 1 9 June 1938 , Enclosure No . 5 t o th e report "Slappin g o f Dr. J . C. Thomson, a n American Citizen , b y a Japanese Sentry," 2 5 June 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 394.1123 Thomson , J. C./33), Box 1847 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decimal File , Record Grou p 59 , th e National Archive s II .

44. Che n Shi-pao, statement, 4 July 1938, Enclosure No. 2 to the report "Slappin g of Dr . J . C. Thomson, a n America n Citizen , b y a Japanese Sentry, " 1 2 July 1938, (Department o f Stat e File No. 394.1123 Thomson, J . C./40), Box 1847, 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s H.

45. Joh n M. Allison, "Slappin g o f Dr. J . C. Thomson, a n American Citizen , b y a Japanes e Sentry, " 2 5 June 1938 , p. 4, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 394 . 1123 Thomson, J . C./33), Box 1847, 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File, Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

CHAPTER 7

1. Joh n M . Allison , No . 7 Telegram, 5 p.m., 6 January 1938 , (Departmen t o f State Fil e No. 393.1115/2447), Box 1795 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

2. Jame s Espy , "Memorandu m Regardin g the Entering of American an d Othe r Foreign Property by Japanese Military," 1 2 January 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China, Volume 2164 (Nanking 1938 , Volume V), Record Group 84 , Records of th e Foreig n Servic e Post s o f th e Departmen t o f State , th e Nationa l Archives II .

3. Joh n M. Allison, No . 21 Telegram, noon , 1 3 January 1938 , (Department o f State Fil e No . 393.115/113) , Bo x 1820 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

4. Joh n M . Allison , No . 2 2 Telegram, 9 a.m. , 1 4 January 1938 , (Departmen t of State File No. 393.1163/782), Box 1833 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

5. Jame s Espy , "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , p . 1 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e Nationa l Archives II .

6. Ibid. , p . 2-3. 7. M . S . Bates , Lewi s S . C . Smyth e an d Charle s H . Riggs , "Note s o n th e

Immediate Situatio n a s Affecting th e Universit y o f Nanking, " 8 Januar y 1938, p . 2 , Enclosur e No . l- O t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d


Interests i n Nanking, " 2 8 Februar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233), Bo x 1821 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59, th e Nationa l Archive s II .

8. Joh n M . Allison , lette r t o th e America n Resident s an d Organization s i n Nanking, 1 5 January 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China, Volume 2164 (Nankin g 1938, Volume V) , Record Grou p 84 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

9. Jame s Espy , "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , p . 2 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e Nationa l Archives II .

10. M . S . Bates , lette r t o Japanes e Embass y officials , 3 0 Decembe r 1937 , Enclosure No . 1- L t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Box 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archives II .

11. M . S . Bates , Charle s H . Riggs , an d Lewi s S . C . Smythe , "Note s o n th e Immediate Situatio n a s Affectin g th e Universit y o f Nanking, " 8 Januar y 1938, p . 1 , Enclosure No . l- O t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking, " 2 8 Februar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233), Bo x 1821 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59, th e Nationa l Archive s II .

12. Jame s Espy , "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , p. 6-7, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e Nationa l Archives II .

13. W . P. Mills, lette r t o Japanese Embassy officials , 1 January 1937 , Enclosur e No. 3- C t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821, 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II.

14. Lewi s S . C . Smythe , lette r t o Japanes e Embass y officials , 8 January 1938 , Enclosure No . 3- F t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Box 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archives II .

15. "Repor t o n Conditio n o f Propert y o f th e Nankin g Theologica l Seminary, " 23 December 1937 , Enclosure No. 1- H to "Conditions o f American Propert y and Interests in Nanking, " 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59, th e Nationa l Archive s II .

16. Jame s Espy , "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , p. 12 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e Nationa l Archives II .


17. Huber t L . Sone, letter t o John M. Allison, 1 1 January 1938 , Enclosure No . 5-B t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

18. Huber t L . Sone, letter t o John M . Allison, 2 2 January 1938 , Enclosure No . 5-C t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

19. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o hi s wife , Clarissa , 2 8 Januar y 1938 , Folde r 5 , Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

20. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o Joh n M . Allison , 4 Februar y 1938 , Enclosur e No. 6- A t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II.

21. Jame s Espy , "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , p. 13 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e Nationa l Archives II .

22. Ibid. , p . 20-21 . 23. Ibid. , p. 21-24, and Stanley Bishoprick, letter to John M. Allison, 2 February

1938, Enclosure No. 10- B to "Conditons o f American Propert y and Interest s in Nanking, " Bo x 1821 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59, th e Nationa l Archive s II .

24. Jame s Espy , "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , p. 38, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e Nationa l Archives II .

25. Ibid . 26. Jame s H . McCallum , let te r t o Joh n M . Allison , 1 5 Januar y 1938 ,

Enclosure No . 13- A t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s in Nanking, " 2 8 Februar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115 / 233), Bo x 1821 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e National Archive s II .

27. Eduar d Sperling , lette r t o John M. Allison, 1 8 January 1938 , Enclosure No . 13-B to "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

28. Georg e A. Fitch, lette r t o the Japanes e Embassy, 4 January 1938 , Enclosur e No. 14- A to "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s n.

29. Georg e A. Fitch, lette r t o the Japanes e Embassy , 5 January 1938 , Enclosur e


No. 14- B to "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s n.

30. Jame s Espy , "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , p. 40 - 41 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Box 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archives II .

31. Georg e A. Fitch, lette r t o his family, 2 7 January 1938 , Box 52, Fitch Famil y Archives, Harvard-Yenchin g Library .

32. Jame s Espy , "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , p. 43, (Department o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e Nationa l Archives II .

33. Ibid . 34. Joh n M . Allison , "Claim s Settlemen t fo r Damage s an d Losse s Suffere d o n

American Embass y Premises, " 2 1 March 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 124.932/595) , Box 0815, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Grou p 59, th e Nationa l Archive s II .

35. W . P . Mills , lette r t o Japanes e Embass y officials , 2 4 Decembe r 1937 , Enclosure No . 15- F to "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking," 2 8 Februar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233) , Box 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archives II .

36. Ibid . 37. Joh n M . Allison , "Claim s Settlemen t fo r Damage s an d Losse s Suffere d o n

American Embass y Premises, " 2 1 March 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 124.932/595) , Box 0815, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Grou p 59, th e Nationa l Archive s II .

38. "Lis t o f Claim s Settlemen t fo r Damage s an d Losses Suffere d o n America n Embassy Premises, " Enclosur e No . 3 to th e repor t "Claim s Settlemen t fo r Damages an d Losse s Suffere d o n American Embass y Premises, " 2 1 Marc h 1938, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 124.932/595) , Bo x 0815 , 1930-193 9 Central Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

39. Jame s Espy , "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , p. 27 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e Nationa l Archives II .

40. Georg e A . Fitch , lette r t o America n Embass y officials , 6 Januar y 1938 , Enclosure No . 8- A t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Box 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archives II .

41. Georg e A . Fitch, letter s t o American Embass y officials , 1 3 and 1 4 Januar y


1938, Enclosur e Nos . 8- B an d 8- C t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y and Interests i n Nanking," 28 February 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59, th e Nationa l Archive s II .

42. Georg e A . Fitch , lette r t o America n Embass y officials , 1 7 January 1938 , Enclosure No . 8- D t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233) , Box 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archives II .

43. Georg e A . Fitch , lette r t o America n Embass y officials , 1 9 January 1938 , Enclosure No . 8- E t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233) , Box 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archives II .

44. Ibid . 45. Jame s Espy , "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, "

28 Februar y 1938 , p . 30-31 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Box 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archives II .

46. Ibid. , p . 31-32. 47. "T o Yo Hei Wa no Tame" i s the transliteratio n o f the Japanes e phrase " j€

jS^p-ffl^lir" whic h mean s "Fo r th e sak e o f th e peac e o f th e Fa r East. " 48. Joh n M . Allison , affidavi t statement , 1 July 1938 , Enclosure No . 3 t o th e

report "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities , 1937-1938 , America n Losse s Resultin g from, Rober t S . Norman, Clai m of, " 7 July 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China , Volume 216 6 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume VII) , Record Grou p 84 , the Nationa l Archives II .

49. Rober t S . Norman, lette r t o the American Embassy a t Hankou, 1 8 February 1938, Enclosure No . 1 to the repor t "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities , 1937-1938 , American Losses Resulting from, Rober t S . Norman, Clai m of," 7 July 1938, Diplomatic Posts , China, Volume 2166 (Nanking 1938 , Volume VII), Record Group 84 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

50. Ibid . 51. Charle s H . Riggs , affidavi t statement , 2 0 Apri l 1938 , Enclosure No . 1 to

the report "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities, 1937-1938 , American Losses Resultin g From, Charle s H . Riggs , Claim of, " 7 July 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China , Volume 2166 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume VII) , Record Grou p 84 , the Nationa l Archives II .

52. Ibid . 53. Ibid . 54. Ibid . 55. M . S. Bates, affidavit statement , 2 April 1938 , Enclosure No. 1 to the repor t

"Sino-Japanese Hostilities , 1937-1938 , America n Losse s Resultin g from , M. S . Bates, Claim of, " 7 July 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No . 494.1 1


Bates, M . S./l) , Bo x 2351, 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59, th e Nationa l Archive s II .

56. Ibid . 57. Ibid . 58. Richar d F . Brady, affidavi t statement , 3 May 1938 , Enclosure No . 1 to th e

report "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities , 1937-1938 , America n Losse s Resultin g From, Dr . R . F . Brady, Clai m of, " 7 July 1938 , Diplomati c Posts , China , Volume 216 4 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume V) , Record Grou p 84 , th e Nationa l Archives II .

59. M . S . Bates, affidavit statement , 2 May 1938 , Enclosure No . 2 to the repor t "Sino-Japanese Hostilities , 1937-1938 , America n Losse s Resultin g From , Dr. R . F . Brady, Clai m of, " 7 July 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China , Volum e 2164 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume V), Record Grou p 84 , the Nationa l Archive s II.

60. Ibid . 61. Jame s H . McCallum, affidavi t statement , 2 May 1938 , Enclosure No . 3 t o

the report "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities, 1937-1938 , American Losses Resulting From, Dr . R . F . Brady, Clai m of, " 7 July 1938 , Diplomati c Post s China , Volume 216 4 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume V) , Record Grou p 84 , th e Nationa l Archives II .

62. Ibid . 63. Richar d F . Brady, affidavi t statement , 3 May 1938 , Enclosure No . 1 to th e

report "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities , 1937-1938 , America n Losse s Resultin g From, Dr . R . F . Brady, Clai m of, " 7 July 1938 , Diplomati c Posts , China , Volume 216 4 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume V) , Record Grou p 84 , th e Nationa l Archives II .

64. F . Catherine Bryan , affidavi t statement , 2 0 April 1938 , Enclosure No . 4 t o the report "Sino-Japanese Hostilities, 1937-1938 , American Losses Resultin g From, Mis s F . Catherine Bryan , Clai m of, " 8 July 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China, Volum e 216 4 (Nankin g 1938 , Volum e V) , Recor d Grou p 84 , th e National Archive s II .

65. Jame s Espy , "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , p . 17-18 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Box 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archives II .

66. Jame s Esp y an d Joh n M . Allison , "Memorandu m r e Entr y an d Lootin g o f Residence o f Miss Catherin e Bryan, " 24 February 1938 , Enclosure No . 9 to "Conditions o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking, " 2 8 Februar y 1938, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821 , 1930-193 9 Central Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

67. Joh n M. Allison's 1 0 April 193 8 letter quote d by F . Catherine Brya n in he r affidavit statement , 2 0 Apri l 1938 , Enclosur e No . 4 t o th e repor t "Sino -Japanese Hostilities , 1937-1938 , American Losse s Resulting From , Mis s F. Catherine Bryan , Clai m of, " 8 July 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China, Volum e


2164 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume V) , Record Grou p 84 , the Nationa l Archive s II.

68. F . Catherine Bryan , affidavi t statement , 2 0 Apri l 1938 , Enclosure No . 4 t o the report "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities, 1937-1938 , American Losses Resulting From, Mis s F . Catherine Bryan , Clai m of, " 8 July 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China, Volum e 216 4 (Nankin g 1938 , Volum e V) , Recor d Grou p 84 , th e National Archive s II .

69. Jame s H . McCallum, affidavi t statement , 6 August 1938 , Enclosure No . 1 to th e repor t "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities , 1937-1938 , America n Losse s Resulting From, Reverend James H. McCallum, Clai m of, " 2 3 August 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China, Volume 2166 (Nanking 1938 , Volume VII), Record Group 84 , th e Nationa l Archive s II .

70. Ibid . 71. Ibid .

CHAPTER 8

1. I . E . L . Mackay , "Nankin g Evacuation , December , 1937, " 1 9 Decembe r 1937, p . 1 , ADMl 16/3882, Yangtze Records, January 1938 , and W. A. Lovat-Fraser, "Th e Captur e o f Nanking, " 2 January 1938 , p . 10-11 , Fil e 1751 , F03 71/22043, Publi c Recor d Office , London .

2. W . A. Lovat-Fraser , "Th e Captur e o f Nanking, " 2 January 1938 , p. 10-11 , File 1751 , F03 71/22043, Publi c Recor d Office , London .

3. Ibid. , p . 12 . 4. Ibid . 5. Rijinal d V Holt , "Repor t o f Proceedings (TIM S Bee, 10-1 5 December 1937) ,

p. 1-2 , ADM l 16/3675, Publi c Recor d Office , London . 6. W . A. Lovat-Fraser , "Th e Captur e o f Nanking, " 2 January 1938 , p. 12 , File

1751, FO371/22043 , Publi c Recor d Office , London . 7. Ibid. , p . 13 . 8. Chie f o f Staff o n Bee, cypher message to Vice Admiral Yangtze, 18 December

1937, ADM l 16/3881, Yangtz e Records , Decembe r 1937 , Publi c Recor d Office, London .

9. Ibid . 10. J . F. Armstrong, "Repor t o f Proceedings (HM S Bee. 24-3 0 Decembe r 1937) ,

No. 23/c/6 , p . 3- 4 , ADM1/9558, Publi c Recor d Office , London . 11. Ibid. , p . 3. 12. Joh n M . Allison , Unnumbere d Telegram , 6 p.m. , 3 1 Decembe r 1937 ,

(Department o f Stat e File No. 793.94/11921) , Microfilm Se t M976, Rol l 48, 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II.

13. SN O Nanking, Message to Rear Admiral Yangtze, 6 January 1938 , ADMl 16/ 3882, Yangtz e Records , Januar y 1938 , Public Recor d Office , London .


14. J . F. Armstrong, "Repor t o f Proceedings (HM S Bee, 1-3 1 Januar y 1938 ) No . 23/c/7, p . 3, ADM1/9558, Publi c Recor d Office , London .

15. Ibid. , p . 4. 16. R . G. Howe (Charge d'Affaires, Britis h Embassy, Shanghai) , No. 47 Telegram,

January 11 , 1938, File 478 , F0371/22144, Publi c Recor d Office , London . 17. Consu l Nanking , No . 7 Telegram, 5:3 8 p.m. , 1 3 January 1938 , ADMl 16/

3882, Yangtz e Records , Januar y 1938 , Public Recor d Office , London . 18. Ibid . 19. Consu l Nanking , No . 1 0 Telegram, 5:3 3 p.m. , 1 4 January 1938 , ADMl 16/

3882, Yangtz e Records , Januar y 1938 , Public Recor d Office , London . 20. Ibid . 21. Consu l Nanking , cyphe r message , 5:4 1 p.m. , 2 1 January 1938 , ADMl 16/

3882, Yangtz e Records , Januar y 1938 , Public Recor d Office , London . 22. R . G . Howe , No . 12 8 Telegram, 2 2 January 1938 , File 921 , FO371/22085,

Public Recor d Office , London . 23. R . G . Howe, No . 220 Telegram, 1 February 1938 , File 1371 , F0371/22146,

Public Recor d Office , London . 24. H . I. Prideaux-Brune, "Chines e Refugees a t Present Under British Protection, "

31 January 1938 , File 2818, F0371/22152, Public Record Office, London . 25. Ibid . 26. Consu l a t Nanking , No . 2 2 Telegram , 11:1 0 a.m. , 1 8 Januar y 1938 ,

ADMl 16/3882, Yangtz e Records , Januar y 1938 , Publi c Recor d Office , London.

27. Joh n M . Allison , No . 33 Telegram, 4 p.m., 2 2 January 1938 , (Departmen t of Stat e Fil e No . 893.48/1406) , Bo x 7229 , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e Nationa l Archives II .

28. R . G . Howe , No . 220 Telegram, 1 February 1938 , File 1371 , F0371/22146, Public Recor d Office , London .


30. Jame s H . McCallum , lette r t o hi s wife , Eva , 1 5 January 1938 , Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Library o f Congress .

31. J . F. Armstrong, "Repor t o f Proceedings (HM S Bee, 1-3 1 Januar y 1938 ) No. 23/c/7, p . 4, ADM1/9558 , Publi c Recor d Office , London .

32. W . A. Lovat-Fraser, "Th e Capture o f Nanking," 2 January 1938 , p. 8-9, Fil e 1751, FO371/22043 , Public Recor d Office , London .

33. Nava l an d Militar y Intelligenc e Summar y No . 32 , Par t 2 , Sino-Japanes e Hostilities, Militar y Situation , 15-2 8 December 1937 , p. 76, WO106/5362, Public Recor d Office , London .

34. Rober t E. Brown, letters of 1 7 and 30 December 1937 , in R. G. Howe's No. 16 Confidential Bag , 1 8 January 1938 , File 2331, F0371/22146, Publi c Recor d Office, London .

35. Joh n M. Allison, No . 49 Telegram, 5 p.m., 6 Februaryl938, (Departmen t o f


State Fil e No. 793.94/12336) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Rol l 50 , Record Grou p 59, th e Nationa l Archive s II .

36. R . E . Howe, No . 348 Telegram , 2 0 Februar y 1938 , ADMl 16/3941, Publi c Record Office , London .

37. E . W. Jeffery, "Repor t o n Conditions a t Nanking Dated May 3rd, 1938, " p. 1, File 7116, F0371/22155, Publi c Record Office , London .

38. Ibid. , p . 4. 39. J . Kinloch, "Note s on Visit to Nanking by J. Kinloch," 3-16 Septembe r 1938 ,

p. 1 , File 11032 , F0371/22155, Publi c Recor d Office , London . 40. T . S . H . Hoey , "Note s o n a Tri p t o Nanking , 25.8.3 8 / 14.9.38, " p . 2-3 ,

Filel2571, F0371/22155 , Publi c Recor d Office , London . 41. Ibid. , p . 4. 42. E . W. Jeffery , "Repor t o n Condition s a t Nankin g Date d Novembe r 4th ,

1938," p . 5 , Fil e 13815 , F0371/22156 , Publi c Recor d Office , London . 43. E . W. Jeffery, "Repor t o n Conditions a t Nanking Dated May 3rd, 1938, " p. 5,

File 7116, F0371/22155, Public Record Office , London . 44. E . W. Jeffery, "Repor t o n Condition s a t Nankin g Date d Novembe r 4th ,

1938," p . 1 , File 13815 , F0371/22156 , Publi c Recor d Office , London . 45. E . W . Jeffery , "Repor t o n Condition s a t Nankin g Date d Augus t 18th ,

1938," p . 4 , Fil e 10385 , F0371/22155 , Publi c Recor d Office , London . 46. E . W. Jeffery, "Repor t o n Condition s a t Nankin g Date d Novembe r 4th ,

1938," p . 5 , Fil e 13815 , F0371/22156 , Publi c Recor d Office , London . 47. E . W. Jeffery, "Repor t o n Condition s a t Nankin g Date d Ma y 3rd , 1938, "

p. 1 , File 7116 , F0371/22155 , Publi c Recor d Office , London . 48. Ibid. , p . 5 . 49. J . Kinloch, "Note s on Visit to Nanking by J. Kinloch," 3-16 Septembe r 1938 ,

p. 2 , File 11032 , F0371/22155 , Publi c Recor d Office , London . 50. Ibid. , p . 1 . 51. E . W. Jeffery, "Repor t o n Condition s a t Nankin g Date d Ma y 3rd , 1938, "

p. 2 , Fil e 7116 , F0371/22155 , Publi c Recor d Office , London . 52. E . W . Jeffery , "Repor t o n Condition s a t Nankin g Date d Augus t 18th ,

1938," p . 3-4 , Fil e 10385 , F0371/22155, Publi c Recor d Office , London . 53. Ibid. , p . 1 . 54. "Extrac t Fro m Nankin g Hsi n Pa o o f Augus t 11th , 1938, " Enclosur e t o

E. W. Jeffery's No . 35 Despatch, 1 1 August 1938 , File 9955, F0371/22155, Public Recor d Office , London .

55. Herber t Philips , No. 449 Report , 31 October 1938 , p. 3, File 13180 , F0371 / 22156, Publi c Recor d Office , London .

56. Consu l Nanking , No . 2 0 Telegram , 1 7 Januar y 1938 , ADM l 16/3882 , Yangtze Records , Januar y 1938 , Public Recor d Office , London .

57. E . W. Jeffery, No . 58 Telegram, 24 February 1938 , FO233/270, Public Recor d Office, London .

58. H . I . Prideaux-Brune , "Japanes e Invasio n o f Nanking : Prospect s o f Sett lement fo r Violatio n o f Embass y an d Destructio n an d Thef t o f


Property," 5 February 1938 , FO233/270 , Publi c Recor d Office , London . Original emphasis .

59. A . D. Blackburn, lette r to E. W. Jeffery, 2 8 February 1938 , FO233/270, Publi c Record Office , London .

60. W . W . Ritchie , compensatio n claim , 1 8 March 1938 , Enclosur e t o E . W . Jeffery's report , "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities : Damag e Suffere d b y W . W . Ritchie and H. H. Molland," 30 May 1938 , F0233/271, Public Record Office , London.

61. H . H . Molland , compensatio n claim , 2 9 Apri l 1938 , Enclosur e t o E . W . Jeffery's report , "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities : Damag e Suffere d b y W . W . Ritchie and H. H. Molland," 30 May 1938 , F0233/271, Public Record Office , London.

62. Ibid . 63. S . Sadh u Sinh , compensatio n claim , 1 7 Jun e 1938 , Enclosur e t o E . W .

Jeffery's report , "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities : Damage Suffere d b y Ra m Sing h and S . Sadh u Singh, " 4 Augus t 1938 , F0233/271 , Publi c Recor d Office , London.

64. Ibid . 65. N . H . Price , compensatio n claim , 1 2 September 1938 , Enclosure t o E . W.

Jeffery's report , "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities : Damag e Suffere d b y Mr . N . H . Price," 1 9 October 1938 , F0233/272, Publi c Recor d Office , London .

66. Ibid . 67. E . W. Jeffery, No . 5 8 Telegram , 2 4 Februar y 1938 , FO233/270 , an d E . W.

Jeffery, repor t to H. M. Ambassador, Si r Archibald Clar k Kerr , 1 6 May 1938 , F0233/271, Publi c Recor d Office , London .

68. E . W. Jeffery , lette r t o Y . Hawana, Japanes e Consul-Genera l a t Nanjing , 25 Apri l 1938 , F0233/271 , Public Recor d Office , London .

69. Ibid . 70. Ibid . 71. W . H . Donald , compensatio n clai m t o Britis h Consul-General , Hankou ,

2 Marc h 1938 , Enclosure t o E . W. Jeffery's report , "W . H. Donald: Claim, " 27 April , 1938 , F0233/271 , Public Recor d Office , London .

72. E . W . Jeffery , repor t t o H . M . Ambassador , Si r Archibal d Clar k Kerr , 27 Apri l 1938 , F0233/271 , Publi c Recor d Office , London .

73. Herber t Philips , No . 42 1 Report , "Claim s Arisin g ou t o f Sino-Japanes e Hostilities: Cases in Nanking Consula r District, " 1 2 October 1938 , F0233/ 272, Publi c Recor d Office , London .

EPILOGUE

1. R . John Pritchard and Sonia Magbanua Zaide , The Tokyo War Crimes Trial, Vol. XX Judgment and Annexes, Ne w York : Garland Publishin g Inc. , 1981, p. 49 , 608.

2. Davi d W. Chen , "A t th e Rap e o f Nanking : A Nazi Who Save d Lives," The New York Times, 1 2 December 1996 , p. A3.


3. M . S . Bates , testimon y a t th e Internationa l Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Fa r East, 2 9 Jul y 1946 , Microfil m Se t T918 , Rol l 5 , p . 2,630 , Cour t Papers , Journal, Exhibits , an d Judgment s o f the Internationa l Militar y Tribuna l fo r the Fa r East , Recor d Grou p 238 , th e Nationa l Archive s II , Colleg e Park , MD.

4. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r to his wife, Eva, 20 March 1938 , Correspondenc e of James Henry & . Eva Anderson McCallum , Disciple s o f Chris t Historica l Society Library , Nashville , TN .

5. Jame s H . McCallum , lette r t o Alec , 1 6 May 1938 , p. 1 , Correspondence o f James Henr y & . Eva Anderso n McCallum , Disciple s o f Chris t Historica l Society Library , Nashville , TN .

6. Jame s H. McCallum , lette r t o Alex , 2 0 August 1938 , p. 2, Correspondenc e of James Henry & . Eva Anderson McCallum , Disciple s o f Chris t Historica l Society Library , Nashville , TN .

7. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , "Wha t Happene d i n Nanking , o r the Situatio n i n th e Occupied Territor y i n China, " Augus t 1938 , p. 4, Correspondence o f Lewi s S. C. an d Margare t Garret t Smythe , Disciple s o f Chris t Historica l Societ y Library, Nashville , TN .

8. A . A . McFadyen , "Hsuchowf u Incidents, " Enclosur e No . 1 to Fran k P . Lockhart's repor t "Looting , Rapin g an d Murde r b y th e Japanes e Arm y o n Entering Hsuchow , Kiangs u Province, " 2 9 July 1938 , (Department o f Stat e File No . 793.94/13752) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Rol l 56 , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

9. Fran k P . Lockhart, "Looting , Rapin g and Murde r b y th e Japanese Arm y o n Entering Hsuchow , Kiangs u Province, " 29 July 1938 , (Department o f Stat e File No . 793.94/13752) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Rol l 56 , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .


11. Ibid. , p . 8 . 12. Huber t L . Sone, letter to A. W. Wasson, 1 1 January 1938 , p. 1 - 2, Missionary

Files: Methodis t Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence , 1897-1940, Rol l No . 11 , Scholarly Resource s Inc. , Wilmington , DE .

13. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina , 9 February 1938 , Box 141, Record Grou p 8, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

14. W . P. Mills, lette r t o Japanes e Embassy , 5 January 1938 , Enclosure No . 3- E to "Conditions o f American Property and Interests in Nanking," 28 February 1938, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821 , 1930-193 9 Central Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II .

15. W . P. Mills, lette r t o John M. Allison, American Embassy , 1 7 January 1938 , Enclosure No . 3-H t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking," 2 8 Februar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Box 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archives II .


16. M . S . Bates, lette r t o th e Japanese Embassy , 1 6 December 1937 , Enclosur e No. 1- A t o "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821, 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archive s II.

17. M . S . Bates , lette r t o hi s friends , 1 0 January 1938 , p . 3 , Bo x 103 , Recor d Group 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

18. M . S . Bates , writte n statement , 6 Februar y 1947 , Folde r 1132 , Bo x 126 , Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Universit y Divinit y Schoo l Library.

19. Consu l Nanking , cyphe r message , 5:4 1 p.m. , 2 1 January 1938 , ADMl 16/ 3882, Yangtz e Records , Januar y 1938 , Public Recor d Office , London .

20. R . G . Howe, No . 220 Telegram, 1 February 1938 , File 1371 , F0371/22146, Public Recor d Office , London .

21. Kok i Hirota , not e t o America n Ambassado r Josep h C . Grew , 1 2 Februar y 1938, Press Releases Vol . XVIII (19 February 1938) : 264.

22. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , lette r t o Paul , 2 6 May 1938 , p. 2, Correspondence o f Lewis S . C . an d Margare t Garret t Smythe , Disciple s o f Chris t Historica l Society Library , Nashville , TN . Origina l emphasis .

23. "Nankin g — What Reall y Happene d — and th e Japanes e Paradise, " The China Weekly Review (Shanghai) , Supplemen t (1 9 March 1938) : 11.

24. Rober t O . Wilson, lette r t o his wife, Marjorie , 7 March 1938 , in Documents on the Rape of Nanking, ed . by Timothy Brook , An n Arbor : University o f Michigan Press , 1999 , p . 253-254 .

25. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 1 1 April 1938 , Folder 2875 , Box 145 , Record Grou p 11, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .


27. Jame s H . McCal lum , le t te r t o hi s wife , Eva , 1 6 Februar y 1938 , Correspondence o f Jame s Henr y & . Eva Anderson McCallum , Disciple s o f Christ Historica l Societ y Library , Nashville , TN .

28. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , "Wha t Happene d i n Nanking , o r the Situatio n i n th e Occupied Territory i n China, " August , 1938 , p. 3, Correspondence o f Lewi s S. C. an d Margare t Garret t Smythe , Disciple s o f Chris t Historica l Societ y Library, Nashville , TN .

29. I t seem s tha t "Benevolen t Association " refer s t o " # # ^ " (Chon g Sha n Tang). However, Minnie Vautrin mentioned i n her 2 April 193 8 diary entry , "The repor t wa s made toda y tha t th e Swastik a Societ y alon e from Januar y 23-March 1 9 buried 32,104." Apparently, both Magee and Vautrin used dat a from th e sam e source . "Benevolen t Associat ion " her e i s Magee' s interpretational translatio n o f "Re d Swastik a Society. "

30. Joh n G . Magee , lette r t o Rev . J . C. McKim, 2 April 1938 , Folder 62 , Box 4, Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

31. M . S . Bates , writte n statement , 6 Februar y 1947 , Folde r 1132 , Bo x 126 , Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .



33. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 2 Apri l 1938 , Folder 2875 , Box 145 , Record Grou p 11, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

34. M . S . Bates , testimon y a t th e Internationa l Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Fa r East, 2 9 Jul y 1946 , Microfil m Se t T918 , Rol l 5 , p . 2 , 630 , Cour t Papers , Journal, Exhibits , an d Judgments o f the Internationa l Militar y Tribuna l fo r the Fa r East , Recor d Grou p 238 , th e Nationa l Archive s II , Colleg e Park , MD.

35. Table : Estimate d Numbe r o f Victim s o f Japanes e Massacr e i n Nanking , Document No . 1702 , Exhibit No . 324, Microfilm Se t T918, Rol l 12 , Cour t Papers, Journal , Exhibits , an d Judgment s o f th e Internationa l Militar y Tribunal fo r th e Fa r East , Recor d Grou p 238 , th e Nationa l Archive s II , College Park , MD , Qin Hua Ri Jun Nanjing Da Tu Sha Dang An (fM^B¥ ^M^MM^SM, Archival Documents Relating to the Horrible Massacre Committed by the Japanese Troops in Nanjing in December 1937), Nanjing: Jiangsu G u J i Chu Ba n She , 1987 , p. 446-484, an d Qin Hua Ri Jun Nanjing Da Tu Sha Shi Gao (M^ B¥f%MJcMM£fif, Draft Manuscript of the History Relating to the Horrible Massacre Committed by the Japanese Troops in Nanjing in December 1937), Nanjing: Jiangsu Gu Ji Chu Ban She, 1987, p . 111-134 .

36. M . S . Bates , writte n statement , 6 Februar y 1947 , Folde r 1132 , Bo x 126 , Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library .

37. M . S . Bates, testimon y a t th e Internationa l Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Fa r East, 2 9 Jul y 1946 , Microfil m Se t T918 , Rol l 5 , p . 2,631 , Cour t Papers , Journal, Exhibits , an d Judgments o f th e International Militar y Tribuna l fo r the Fa r East , Recor d Grou p 238 , th e Nationa l Archive s II , Colleg e Park , MD.

APPENDIX 4

1. Diplomati c Posts , China, Volume 2171 (Nanking 1938 , Volume XH), Record Group 84 , the Nationa l Archive s II , College Park , MD .

APPENDIX 9

1. Base d o n th e informatio n fro m "Lis t o f Movements, " Enclosur e No . 1 to Yangtse No . 67/19 4 o f 2 1 Apri l 1938 , ADM1/9558, Publi c Recor d Office , London.

APPENDIX 1 0

1. M . S . Bates , writte n statement , Folde r 1132 , Bo x 126 , Recor d Grou p 10 , Special Collection , Yal e University Divinit y Schoo l Library .


2. Th e Internationa l Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Fa r Eas t Transcript , p . 2,624 -2,661, Microfil m Se t T918 , Rol l 5 , Cour t Papers , Journal , Exhibits , an d Judgments o f th e Internationa l Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Fa r East , Recor d Group 238 , the Nationa l Archive s II , College Park , MD .

APPENDIX 1 1

1. Georg e A . Fitch , writte n testimony , 1 8 June 1946 , Documen t No . 1947 , Exhibit No . 307 , Microfil m Se t T918 , Rol l 12 , Cour t Papers , Journal , Exhibits, an d Judgment s o f th e Internationa l Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Fa r East, Recor d Grou p 238 , the Nationa l Archive s II , College Park , MD .

APPENDIX 1 2

1. Th e Internationa l Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Fa r Eas t Transcript , p . 3,893-3,943, Microfil m Se t T918 , Rol l 5 , Cour t Papers , Journal , Exhibits , an d Judgments o f th e Internationa l Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Fa r East , Recor d Group 238 , th e Nationa l Archive s II , Colleg e Park , MD .

APPENDIX 1 3

1. Jame s H . McCallum , affidavi t note , 2 7 Jun e 1946 , Documen t No . 2466 , Exhibit No . 309 , Microfil m Se t T918 , Rol l 12 , Cour t Papers , Journal , Exhibits, an d Judgment s o f th e Internationa l Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Fa r East, Recor d Grou p 238 , the Nationa l Archive s II , College Park , MD .

APPENDIX 1 4

1. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , writte n testimony , 7 June 1946 , Document No . 1921, Exhibit No . 306 , Microfil m Se t T918 , Rol l 12 , Cour t Papers , Journal , Exhibits, an d Judgment s o f th e Internationa l Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Fa r East, Recor d Grou p 238 , the Nationa l Archive s II , College Park , MD .

APPENDIX 1 5

1. Rober t O . Wilson, writte n testimony , 2 2 June 1946 , Document No . 2246 , Exhibit No . 204 , Microfil m Se t T918 , Rol l 12 , Cour t Papers , Journal , Exhibits, an d Judgment s o f th e Internationa l Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Fa r East, Recor d Grou p 238 , the Nationa l Archive s II , College Park , MD .

2. Th e Internationa l Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Fa r Eas t Transcript , p . 2,527 -2,555, Microfil m Se t T918 , Rol l 5 , Cour t Papers , Journal , Exhibits , an d Judgments o f th e Internationa l Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Fa r East , Recor d Group 238 , the Nationa l Archive s II , College Park , MD .

Index

Abend, Halet t 27 , 286 biography o f 347-34 8

Aldridge, Cla y son W. 23 7 Allison, John Moore 7 , 8, 16, 17, 63, 75 ,

93, 94 , 102 , 103 , 110 , 125 , 132 , 172, 173, 177, 178, 182, 186-189, 191-193, 196, 208-218, 220-224, 229, 230, 236, 240, 247 , 279 , 240 , 251 , 259 , 284 , 289, 290 , 297-299, 301 biography o f 177,368-36 9

Allison Incident , th e 7 , 209-216 , 235 , 255

Amaya, Majo r Genera l 189 , 259, 305 American Churc h Mission , propert y

damage 230-23 1 American Embass y (Nanjing) , propert y

damage 236-23 7 American Presbyteria n Mission ,

property damag e 228-22 9 Aphis, HM S 9 , 250, 251, 256, 259, 303 Armstrong, J . F. 4 , 9 , 18 , 250, 251, 285 Ataka, HIJM S 19 6 Atcheson, Georg e 16 , 285

Bates, Liliat h Robbin s 59 , 89, 91, 94 Bates, Miner Le e 8 9 Bates, Miner Searl e 3 , 6, 10 , 12, 13, 15,

27, 34, 39, 41, 45, 57, 59-62, 65, 69, 72, 75-79, 81, 85, 86, 88-97, 136, 142,

175, 181, 187, 203, 205, 208-211, 221, 225, 226, 238, 240, 243, 244, 258, 275, 278, 281, 283, 288, 292-295, 297, 298, 300, 301, 304, 305, 325, 326 biography and personal record of 89 -97

claim o f property damag e 24 3 tribunal court testimony of 305-31 3 written statemen t o f 304-30 5

Bauer, Grac e 3 , 4, 13 , 15 , 71, 175, 207, 284 biography o f 37 6

Bee, HM S 4 , 9 , 17 , 18 , 104 , 195 , 198 , 250, 251, 252, 303

Bishoprick, Stanley 16 , 17, 232, 285, 301 Boynton, C . L. 59 , 60, 257, 289, 297 Bos, Hendrick 16 , 17 , 190 , 285 Brady, Richard Freema n 16 , 17 , 56, 82,

173, 238 , 244, 245, 285 claim o f property damag e 244-24 5

Brook, Timothy 2 Brooks, Alfred W , Jr . 324 , 328-33 1 Brown, Rober t E . 257 , 258 Bryan, F . Catherine 238 , 246, 247, 301

claim o f property damag e 246-24 7

Chang, Iri s 1 Chang, Kaiyu n 28 1 Chang, Wen Ming 11 5

394 INDEX

Chao, 45 , 4 6 Chen, A h Min g 13 0 Chen, Fran k 20 4 Chen, Kwang-tsa i 26 4 Chen, Shih-pa o 21 9 Chia, Chiao-min g 7 4 Chiang Kai-she k 49 , 51 , 52 , 19 0 Chiao, Shui-tsen g 26 5 Chinwo 249 , 25 5 Chow, 5 3 Christian, Harve y V . 12 0 Christian, Joh n LeRo y 12 1 Chu, Min g 16 2 Chu, Shen-y i 6 8 Copley, C . C . 27 0 Cricket, HM S 9 , 17 , 249 , 250 , 252 , 30 3

Donald, Willia m Henr y 49 , 51 , 268, 26 9 claim o f propert y damag e 268-26 9

Doudart De Largee, Frenc h gunboa t 1 7 Durdin, Fran k Tillma n 1 , 3, 13 , 15 , 19 ,

20, 23 , 27 , 195 , 283 , 28 6 biography o f 34 5 n e w s coverag e o f t h e Nanj in g Massacre 23-2 5

Ermanno Garlotta, Italia n gunboa t 1 7 Espy, Jame s 16 , 103 , 110 , 177 , 179-183 ,

186, 187 , 211 , 221 , 223 , 231 , 232 , 234-236, 240 , 246, 247, 257, 277, 28 4 biography o f 36 9

Felton, R . A . 20 6 Ferrolo 17 , 28 5 Fitch, Georg e Ashrnor e 2 , 6 , 10 , 14-18 ,

32, 34 , 36 , 38 , 39, 41 , 57, 60 , 62 , 68 -70, 89, 95, 97-106 , 115 , 131 , 141, 154, 175, 183 , 198 , 204 , 205 , 221 , 222 , 233-235, 238-240 , 258 , 269 , 284 , 287-289, 293 , 295 , 297 , 301 , 30 2 biography an d personal recor d o f 97-106

claim o f propert y damag e 238-24 0 My Eighty Years in China 9 8 written statemen t o f 314-31 5

Forster, Clariss a T . 106 , 108 , 11 1 Forster, Ernes t Herma n 3 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 57,

58, 74 , 75 , 88, 89, 106-112 , 115 , 127 , 175, 209, 230, 247, 284, 288, 291, 296 , 299, 301 , 319, 322 , 32 7 biography an d persona l recor d o f 106-111

Frederick, H . H . 13 7 Fukuda, Tokuyas u 53 , 139 , 185 , 232 ,

288, 289 , 291-297 , 300 , 310 , 32 5 Fukui, Kiyosh i 71 , 75 , 190 , 209 , 214 ,

232, 263, 268, 289-293, 295-297, 310, 313

Gale, F . C. 58 , 15 8 Gauss, Clarenc e Edwar d 7 Gozio, Prinel a 28 5 Grew, Josep h Clar k 215 , 313 , 27 8 Ghpsholm, S S 127 , 133 , 15 8 Giinther, Kar l 18 , 11 6 Gwoh, Yuen-sen g 68 , 69

Halifax, Lor d (Edwar d Frederic k Lindle y Wood) 9 8

Hanawa, Yoshiyuk i 218 , 26 8 Hanson, J . M. 12 , 13 , 107 , 23 7 Hata, Shunrok a 3 5 Hatz, Ruper t R . 13 , 15, 16 , 138 , 181 , 184,

283 Hempel, Richar d 13 , 15 , 140 , 28 3 Hidaka, Shinrokyr o 290 , 29 7 Hilliard, H . D . 24 9 Hirota, Kok i 278 , 31 3 Hirota, Lieutenant-Colone l 3 , 18 9 Hiker, Adol f 4 7 Hoey, T S . H . 26 0 Holmes, R . J . 27 0 Holt, Rijinai d V . 250 , 25 1

INDEX 395

Hongo, Major 214 , 216 Honma, Masahar u 18 9 Hongqiao Airfield Incident , th e 1 1 Howe, R . G . 8 , 257 Hsiao, Chun-t'in g 26 5 Hsiung, Ming-ch u 30 1 Hsu, C . Y. 58 , 292, 298 Hsu, Shuhsi 2 , 5, 62, 64-66, 98, 304, 306,

333 Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone 5, 62, 65, 77, 304 War Conduct of the Japanese 5 , 65, 98

Hsu, Yao-p u 23 7 Huerter, Alfre d 16 , 17 , 284 Hull, Cordel l 8 , 215 Hummal, Joh n F . 332 , 336 Hwang, Tai-chien 23 7 Hynds, Iva 4 , 13 , 15, 172, 175, 205, 284

brief biograph y o f 37 5

International Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Far Eas t 1 , 2 , 9 , 96, 105-106 , 119 , 142, 174 , 273, 304

Ito, Kiyosh i 34 1

Jacquinot, d e Besange 5 , 48, 306 James, Edward 20 6 Jeffery, E . W. 8 , 16 , 17 , 259-261 , 264 ,

266, 268 , 269, 271, 285 Jeffs, C . R . 20 0 Jenkins, Douglass , Jr . 100 , 237, 238 Johnson, Nelso n Trusle r 7 , 22, 17 7

Kasasagi, HIJMS 19 4 Kasuya, Y . 187 , 218, 247 Kearney, James F. 16 , 17, 57, 58, 95, 285 Kinloch, J . 260 , 261 Knatchbull-Hugessen, Hugh e 8 Knox, John 3 6 Ko, Chang-fah 23 7

Kondo, Nobutake 196 , 250, 251 Kong, Chin-hsien 6 8 Kriebel, Hermann 4 7 Kroger, Christian 12-13 , 14 , 16, 70, 138,

139, 181 , 184, 197 , 222, 238, 301 Kuo, Yuan Shi h 8 0

Ladybird, HM S 9 , 19, 20, 194, 195, 250, 257

Lafoon, Sidne y K. 23 7 Lahrmann, 4 7 Lean, D . J. 12 , 13 , 57, 249 Li, Chi-yuan 26 4 Li, Hsiu Ting 7 4 Li, Hwei-yuan 264 , 265 Liang, Captain 336 , 340 Liang, Fang-chung 23 7 Lin, Se n 20 0 Liu, Kwang-we i 11 7 Liu, Pan-kwen 29 8 Liu, Wang Shih 13 2 Liu, Wen-pin 22 1 Lockhart, Fran k Prui t 276 , 277 Logan, William, Jr . 31 3 Lovat-Fraser, W A . 249 , 250, 252, 257,

284 Lowe, W 1 2 Lung, Colone l 45 , 46, 53

Ma, Chaojun 43 , 45 Ma, Chung-sung 8 0 Ma, Wen-hwan 16 2 Mackay, Ivo r 12 , 13 , 249 Magee, Faith E . Backhouse 88 , 11 2 Magee, John Gillespie 3 , 10 , 12 , 14 , 15,

58, 75, 88, 89, 105, 106, 109, 112-116, 118, 119, 175, 209, 231, 280, 284, 336, 340 biography an d persona l recor d o f 111-119 tribunal court testimony of 316-33 1

396 INDEX

Maloney, Joh n 3 6 Manchurian Inciden t (1 8 September 193 1

incident), th e 19 0 Marco Pol o Bridg e Incident , th e 11 , 89,

159 Matsui, Iwan e 10 , 35, 96, 278 , 279, 308,

313, 34 1 Mattice, Floy d J . 33 8 McCallum, Elizabet h V . 11 9 McCallum, Ev a Anderso n 11 9 McCallum, Jame s Henr y 3 , 10 , 12 , 13 ,

15, 18 , 57 , 58 , 74 , 75 , 89 , 102 , 103 , 111, 119-127 , 139 , 175 , 186 , 203, 205, 208, 233, 238, 242, 244, 245, 247, 248, 275, 280 , 284 , 298 , 300 , 301 , 32 2 biography an d persona l recor d o f 119-127 claim o f propert y damag e 247-24 8 written statemen t o f 33 2

McCallum, Jame s S . 11 9 McDaniel, Charle s Yate s 13 , 15 , 20, 26,

237, 283 , 28 6 biography o f 34 6 n e w s coverag e o f t h e Nanj in g Massacre 26-2 7

McFadyen, Archibal d Alexander , Jr . 16 ,

17, 177 , 211 , 232, 246 , 276 , 28 4 biography o f 369-37 0

McFadyen, Archibal d Alexander , Sr . 27 6 McManus, Lawrenc e P . 307 , 311 , 33 7 Menken, Arthu r vo n Briese n 12 , 15 , 20,

23, 195 , 237 , 28 3 biography o f 34 6

Mi, Chao-tsa n 7 3 Mills, Harrie t Corneli a (Nina ) Seyle 127 ,

128, 27 8 Mills, Wilso n Plume r 2 , 3, 6 , 12 , 14 , 15 ,

45, 52 , 57 , 60 , 72 , 73 , 85 , 88 , 89 , 92 , 103, 127-133 , 136 , 175 , 176 , 185 , 188, 189, 204, 205, 219, 228, 278, 284, 292, 293, 301 , 30 2

biography an d persona l recor d o f 127-133

Molland, Harol d Harr y 249 , 265 , 26 6 claim o f propert y damag e 265-26 6

Moody, Rober t E . 33 4 Morrow, Thoma s H . 31 5 Munro-Faure, P . H. 12 , 13 , 24 9

Nanjing Theologica l Seminary , propert y damage 229-23 0

Norman, Rober t S . 238 , 240 , 24 1 claim o f propert y damag e 240-24 1

Oahu, US S 4 , 9 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 23 , 98, 104 , 176, 177 , 194 , 195 , 196 , 199 , 25 1

Okamoto, Shoich i 34 0 Okazaki, Katsu o 55 , 21 6 Opium Wa r 8

P'an, Shu-ch'in g 225 , 22 6 Panay, US S 7 , 9, 11 , 19, 52, 64, 176 , 194 ,

196 Parson, Sergean t 24 9 Paul, Alexande r 111 , 127 , 27 8 Paxton, Joh n Hal l 236 , 24 6 Pearl Harbo r bombin g 8 , 96, 111 , 15 8 Pedler, Fre d J . 63 , 9 8 Philips, Herber t 59 , 262 , 26 9 Pickering, J . V. 12 , 12 , 5 8 Podshivoloff, Nicola i 12 , 13 , 15, 75, 107 ,

109, 283 , 32 7 Price, Fran k 95 , 149 , 15 2 Price, Norma n Harr y 26 7

claim o f propert y damag e 26 7 Price, P . F. 62 , 28 8 Prideaux-Brune, H . I . 8 , 16 , 17 , 249, 250 ,

252, 254, 255, 256, 259, 263, 268, 278, 284, 289 , 297 , 29 9

Rabe, Joh n D . 1 , 12-14 , 16 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 51-53, 57 , 65 , 66, 128 , 129 , 138 , 139 ,

INDEX 397

141, 188, 221, 247, 273, 283, 288-292, 295, 296-299, 306, 307, 309, 310, 312, 320, 324, 329, 333

Red Swastika Society 3 , 68, 69, 76, 100, 125, 138 , 162 , 279, 289, 281, 305

Reinhardt, Ursul a 1 , 273 Richie, William Walte r 249 , 264

claim o f property damag e 264-26 5 Riggs, Grac e Edn a Frederic k 133 , 134 ,

137 Riggs, Charle s Henr y 3 , 6 , 12 , 13 , 15,

57, 67, 68, 70, 73, 75, 76, 89, 92, 99, 100, 129 , 133-139 , 152 , 175 , 203 , 206-211, 226 , 238 , 241-243 , 283 , 292-294, 30 0 biography an d persona l recor d o f 133-137 claim o f property damag e 241-24 3

Riggs, Charles Wilso n 13 3 Robert Dolla r Lumbe r Company ,

property damag e 231-23 2 Roosevelt, Frankli n D . 11 9 Rosen, Geor g 16 , 17 , 49, 221, 222, 249,

253, 256, 259, 281, 284, 290, 297, 299

Salisbury, Lawrenc e 12 1 Sargent, Dougla s N . 9 8 Scarab, HMS 9 , 249-251, 30 3 Scharffenberg, Pau l 16 , 17 , 284 Seta, HIJMS 1 9 Shao, Chu-ch'on g 8 0 Sheehan, John M. 4 , 9, 18 , 98, 196-200,

284 Shen, Yu-shu 1 2 Sheng, Shizheng 28 1 Shields, P . R. 12 , 13 , 57, 249 Sindberg, Berhard Alp 18 , 116, 168 Sinh, S . Sadhu 26 6

claim o f property damag e 26 6 Smalley, Marth a L . 2

Smith, C . S . 20 6 Smith, Leslie C. 13 , 15, 20, 25, 27, 195,

256, 257 , 283 news coverag e o f th e Nanjin g Massacre 25-2 6

Smythe, Lewis Strong Casey 3 , 6, 10, 12, 13, 15 , 18, 45, 52, 53, 57, 60, 65, 66, 68-71, 73 , 75 , 86 , 89 , 96, 103 , 137 -142, 144-146, 148, 153, 175, 183, 186, 204-206, 226, 228, 247, 276, 278, 283, 288-293, 295-301, 304, 306, 307, 310, 324, 328 biography an d persona l recor d o f 137-148 War Damage in the Nanking Area December 1937 to March 1938: Urban and Rural Surveys 3 , 96, 142-148

written statemen t o f 333-33 4 Smythe, Margare t Garret t 13 7 Sone, Hubert Lafayett e 3 , 14, 15, 57, 58,

62, 85, 87, 89, 148-155, 175, 206, 229, 230, 239 , 277, 284, 288, 293, 301 biography an d persona l recor d o f 148-155

Sone, Katie Helen Jackso n 14 9 Sperling, Eduar d 12 , 13 , 14 , 45, 53, 57,

70, 100 , 115, 136, 138, 183, 233 , 283, 301, 31 9

State Theatre, property damage 232-23 3 Steele, Archibal d Troja n 3 , 13 , 15 , 19 ,

20, 27 , 195 , 283, 286, 287 biography o f 345-34 6 news coverag e o f th e Nanjin g Masaacre 20-2 3

Steward, Alber t N . 2 , 57 , 58 Strabolgi, Lor d (Josep h Montagu e

Kenworthy) 9 8 Sutton, Davi d Nelso n 127 , 305 , 311,

313, 316 , 322, 324, 330, 337, 339

398 INDEX

Taikoo, S S 24 9 Takatama, Kiyochik a 75 , 76 , 102 , 103,

211, 21 4 Tang, Shengzh i 46 , 51 , 52 Tanaka, Sueo 71 , 113, 291-294, 296, 300,

301, 310 , 318, 325, 327, 328 Tang, Ping Hwai 23 4 Tatung, S S 19 9 Teng, T. C. 23 7 Texas Corporation , propert y damag e

233-235 Thomson, J . Claude 7 , 216-219 Thomson Incident , th e 7 , 216-220 Thurston, Matild a C . 15 9 Tienkuang, M V 24 9 Timperley, Harol d Joh n 5 , 12 , 58 , 59 -

64, 95, 98, 288, 304 What War Means: Japanese Terror in China 5 , 12 , 58-63, 65 , 95, 98, 288, 289, 304

Trimmer, Cliffor d Shar p 3 , 12 , 13 , 15, 58, 75 , 89 , 155-159 , 166 , 175 , 205, 284, 337 biography an d persona l recor d o f 155-159

Trimmer, Elizabet h Duffor d 15 5 Trimmer, Morri s Shar p 15 5 Trimmer, Rut h Barkma n 155 , 156 , 158 Trautmann, Oska r Pau l 4 7 Ts'ai, Djih-lan 8 4 Tseangtah, S S 249 , 250 Tsuga, HIJMS 2 7 Tuckwo, S S 19 9 Turner, A . R. 27 0 Twinem, Mrs . Pau l deWit t (Mar y D .

Fine) 12 , 18, 106, 160 , 163 , 204, 205 Tze Chih Wei Yuen Hwei (Autonomou s

Committee, o r Self-Governmen t Committee) 55 , 66, 76-79, 96 , 136, 192, 193 , 201, 254, 260, 290, 297

University o f Nanjing , propert y damag e 225-227

Vautrin, Wilhelmina (Minnie ) 3 , 12, 13, 15, 18 , 89 , 159-166 , 175 , 204 , 205 , 273, 280 , 281, 284, 301 biography an d persona l recor d o f 159-166

Wan Tung, SS 199 , 249 Wang, Ching Yung 233-23 5 Wang, Chung-sung 8 0 Wang, Fu Yu 23 3 Wang, Hsing-lung 292 , 294, 296 Wang, Ming-teh 6 8 WangYi-chow 23 7 Warren, Frankli n E . N. 33 9 Wasler, J . S. 252 , 284 Whangpu, S S 24 9 Wilbur, Holli s 101 , 104 Williams, Walter Henry 16 , 17, 249, 259,

267, 268, 270, 285 claim o f property damag e 267-26 8

Wilson, Majori e 2 , 167 , 172 Wilson, Rober t Or y 2 , 6, 12 , 13, 15, 39,

67, 70, 72 , 73, 81, 82, 85, 88, 89 , 99, 123, 136, 166-168, 170-175, 205, 279, 284, 289, 293, 296, 300 biography an d persona l recor d o f 166-174 tribunal court testimony of 337-34 1 written statemen t o f 335-33 6

Wu, Chang-teh 336 , 340 Wu, Koh-king 67 Wu, Teh-chen 10 5 Wu, Yi-fang 15 9

Yang, Kwei-ping 67, 69 Yasumura, S . 5 8 Yu, Sze Shih 8 1

Zautig, August e 14 , 16 , 283 Zhang, Kaiyuan 2 , 3 Zial, A. 13-15, 107 , 283