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1 Int

1.1 1.2 1.3

2 Te

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10

3 Te

3.1 3.2 3.3

4 Te

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

5 Co

5.1 5.2 5.3

6 Bib

Append

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of Contents

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e of Contentse of Figures e of Equationof Tables nowledgemen

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B.3 B.4 B.5

Append

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D.1 D.2 D.3 D.4

Append

Append

F.1cond

F.2

Append

Append

H.1 H.2

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Append

J.1 J.2 J.3 J.4

Append

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Page vi

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Page vii

r, COP & ............... 12

............... 13

............... 17

............... 18

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............... 23

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............... 31

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............... 36

............... 36

............... 46

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Page viii

changer ............. 114

............. 115

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............. 117

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............. 119

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............. 127

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............. 130

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2011a) . 143

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amic limit ). ........... 147

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Table o

Equatio

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List of

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5 workshe

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Table 9

Table 1

Table 1

Table 1

Table 1

Table 14

Table 1

Table 1

Table 1

Table 1 ............

Table 1

Table 2 ............

Table 2

Table 2

Tech

of Equation

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n 2 - wet bul

Tables

– Indirect ev

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s ..................

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and Kohlenb...................

Wurm et al., 2

and Kohlenba...................

enbach, 2011

bach, 2011a)


Page ix

............. 114

............. 115

2011b) .. 15

............... 28

............... 64

............... 65

a Key ............... 70

............... 74

............... 75

............... 75

............... 76

............... 76

............... 77

............... 78

............... 79

............... 80

............... 81

............... 82

............... 89

bach, 2011a)............. 136

2002) ..... 136

ach, 2011a)............. 137

1a) ........ 138

............ 139

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Tech

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1a) ..............

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Page x

............. 139

............. 140

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Acknowledg

The autho

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Australia

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ort and

s g s

1 In

1.1 C

Tech

troductio

Context

“Australia

2006 and

from 2008

advisors a

becoming

Fuelling th

and the u

many com

efficiency

Telecomm

in the leag

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place so a

owners ar

to pass on

As a gene

a given si

over whic

Broadcas

most case

Air condit

more cont

Despite th

often limit

nology Revie

on

n retail elect

2010, and b

8 levels by 20

and experts s

g common pla

he concern f

ncertainty su

mmercial ente

and alternat

munications c

gue of those

munications c

any reduction

re often subje

n the uncerta

eral rule, tran

te. However

h its custome

t Industry wit

es making ef

ioning repres

trollable cost

his focus and

ted in their ab

ew and Deci

tricity prices

by some estim

015” (AIG, 2

such as this

ace in the Au

further is the

urrounding ca

erprises are

te supplies o

companies a

concerned g

companies a

n increases t

ect to long te

ainty and risi

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this design

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ision Aid for A

increased by

mates will ha

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from the Aus

ustralian med

impact of ca

arbon price l

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and infrastruc

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are subject to

their compet

erm fixed pric

ng costs to t

quipment con

is often unde

y limited con

nt lifecycles s

en upgrades

ficant portion

y, the enginee

ll the most e


y an average

ave risen by a

ments from w

stralian Indus

dia and indus

arbon emissio

egislation. It’

vest in green

reduce busin

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s one of their

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ntrol. This is e

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n of these en

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e of 30 per ce

at least 100

well-respected

stry Group a

stry publicat

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n technologie

ness risk and

s are certainl

r largest cost

mpetition in th

age. Infrastru

with limited

ers.

majority of th

l of equipme

especially tru

excess of 20

many circum

nergy costs a

e of system d

nology. Barri


Page 2

ent between

per cent

d industry

are

ions.

ate change

nder that

es, energy

costs.

y included

ts.

he market

ucture

opportunity

he energy at

nt vendors

ue in the

years in

mstances.

and is a

design are

ers include

s g s

2

1.2 R

Tech

a lack of k

research,

designs b

time press

failures of

payback l

Research O

This repo

1. K

lit

2. T

te

The prima

choose th

various te

input data

level requ

analysis w

time and e

A seconda

their rating

taken a st

when app

the techno

conventio

nology Revie

knowledge o

the resulting

ring with the

sures from ro

ften tends tow

eaning towa

Objectives

rt aims to red

Knowledge an

terature revie

he difficult, m

echnology se

ary aim of the

he most suita

echnologies.

a relevant at

uired by the u

with engineer

effort spent o

ary use of th

g as a snaps

tep further to

plied to typica

ology or tech

nal vapour c

ew and Deci

of industry de

g decision m

em inherent p

ollout deadlin

wards the tri

rds an altern

duce the imp

nd time cons

ew.

multifaceted

election decis

e decision ai

able technolo

The decision

the time of u

user from a v

red design in

on the input d

he decision a

shot at the gi

o give the use

al climatic co

hnologies tha

compression

ision Aid for A

evelopments

aking proces

project risk a

nes or equip

ed and true

native.

pact of the fo

suming resea

decision ma

sion aid.

d is to provid

ogy by guidin

n aid is desig

use. This ass

very high leve

nputs. The m

data.

aid is to give a

iven point in

er a national

onditions. It p

at are likely to

systems.


and time to i

ss and a new

nd complexit

ment downtim

easy solution

llowing barri

arch through

king process

de a tool that

ng them throu

gned for com

sessment can

el first pass t

main controllin

an overview

time. The de

view of how

provides a ran

o present a v


invest in com

w design. Fur

ty. An engine

me from exis

n, despite th

ers to entry:

an industry

s by develop

t will aid eng

ugh an asses

mparison of s

n be underta

to a more de

ng variable in

of the techn

ecision aid ca

w these techn

nking which

valid alternat


Page 3

mplex

rther, new

eer with

sting system

e long term

specific

ing a

ineers to

ssment of

ite specific

aken at any

etailed

n this is the

ologies and

an then be

nologies rate

indicates

tive to

s g s

3

1.3 R

1.3.1

1.3.2

1.3.3

Tech

Report Stru

The repor

Section 2

This is the

each tech

1. T

to

av

2. L

a

re

3. P

re

te

4. C

d

fo

Section 3

This secti

outline in

Section 4

The prima

effectiven

“typical sit

general ov

1. A

si

nology Revie

ucture

rt is divided i

– Technolo

e main body

hnology revie

echnology B

o be discusse

vailable in th

iterature Rev

nd state of c

eviews where

ossible Indu

eview detailin

elecommunic

Conclusions &

isadvantages

or trials and/o

– Technolo

on provides

1.2, use and

– Technolo

ary purpose o

ess by evalu

tes”. The dem

verview by th

A large numbe

ite” resulting

ew and Deci

nto the follow

ogy review

of the paper

ew the follow

Brief – a succ

ed. Further d

he correspon

view – a disc

commercial d

e available.

stry Applicat

ng how the te

cations sites.

& Recommen

s of the tech

or implement

ogy selectio

a detailed de

d how to inter

ogy selectio

of the demon

uating a redu

monstration

he following:

er of assump

in a lack of c

ision Aid for A

wing key sec

r that reviews

ing general s

cinct descript

detail for the

ding append

cussion cove

development

tions – an ap

echnology co

ndations – a

nology follow

tation.

n decision a

escription of

rpret its outp

n decision a

nstration is to

uced number

is restricted

ptions were r

certainty.


ctions:

s each techn

structure is fo

tion of the the

majority of th

dices.

ring the adva

of the techno

ppraisal follow

ould potentia

summary of

wed by the a

aid - Descrip

the decision

puts.

aid – Demon

o illustrate th

r of technolog

in its direct a

required in o


nology individ

ollowed:

eory behind

he technolog

antages, disa

ology with ca

wing the liter

ally be used a

f the advanta

uthor’s recom

ption

n aid, its obje

nstration

he decision a

gies at a sele

application b

rder to defin


Page 4

dually. For

technology

gies is

advantages

ase study

rature

at

ages and

mmendation

ectives as

aid’s use and

ection of

eyond a

e a “typical

s g s

4

1.3.4

Tech

2. T

a

ra

th

Due to the

the given

Appendic

The appe

tools to ai

conditioni

A

m

r

t

E

R

A

p

A

nology Revie

he immature

nalysed restr

atings. Furthe

his point in tim

ese issues, t

results.

ces

ndices are p

d with the un

ng systems.

A review on t

more detail. T

eference and

he main bod

Extended det

References to

A list of poten

publication to

A brief literatu

ew and Deci

e nature of th

ricts the info

er, the samp

me.

the reader sh

primarily aime

nderstanding

The append

the technolog

These appen

d therefore m

dy.

tail on the de

o software.

ntial manufac

o aid the eng

ure review o

ision Aid for A

he innovative

rmation avai

ple size of tha

hould apply s

ed at providin

g, design and

dices contain

gies for those

ndices are de

may contain

ecision aid an

cturers and s

ineer in findi

n the major a


e technologie

lable for use

at information

significant ca

ng the reade

d procuremen

:

e readers wh

esigned to be

portions of re

nd example i

system integ

ng a suitable

auxiliary syst


es discussed

e when apply

n is very rest

aution when r

er with guidan

nt of efficien

ho require a

e read as a s

epeated mat

illustrations.

rators at the

e vendor.

tem compon


Page 5

and

ying criteria

tricted at

reviewing

nce and

t air

refresh or

standalone

terial from

time of

nents review.

s g s

5

2 Te

2.1 In

2.1.1

2.1.2

Tech

echnolog

ndirect Eva

Technolog

Evaporati

principle t

evaporate

evaporativ

2008, 200

the conve

stream co

exchange

moisture t

Further de

Appendix

Direct eva

humidity i

maximum

systems c

technolog

Literature

An evapo

Cooling (I

directly by

evaporate

bulb temp

with low e

nology Revie

gy Revie

aporative C

gy brief

ve cooling is

that water ab

es (RERC, 20

ve pads ther

09). Indirect e

entional direc

onnected to a

er in a separa

to the proces

etail on how

C.

aporative coo

nto the air w

m cooling effe

can be cheap

gy is not cons

e review

rative cooling

EC) or Direc

y drawing it t

ed, thereby c

perature of th

energy consu

ew and Deci

w

Cooling

s a means of

bsorbs latent

011). Direct

reby removin

evaporative c

ct evaporative

a heat excha

ate dry strea

ss air (Daou

direct and in

oling has bee

which is harm

ect can only a

per and dehu

sidered on its

g system ca

ct Evaporativ

through dren

cooling the ai

he incoming a

umption, DEC

ision Aid for A

f temperature

heat from th

evaporative

ng heat and a

cooling uses

e cooling me

anger and the

m to remove

et al., 2006)

ndirect evapo

en omitted fr

mful to telecom

approach the

umidification

s own in this

n be implem

ve Cooling (D

ched evapor

ir to tempera

air. However

C is an adiab


e reduction w

he surroundin

cooling draw

adding moist

s two air strea

ethod to remo

e other passe

e the heat wit

.

orative coolin

om this repo

mmunication

e wet bulb te

techniques c

report.

ented by Ind

DEC). DEC c

rative cores w

atures which

r, while the te

batic process


which operate

ng air when

ws air throug

ture to the ai

ams. One st

ove heat from

es through th

thout adding

ng works can

ort as it introd

ns equipment

mperature. W

can be utilise

direct Evapor

cools the proc

where the wa

may approa

emperature i

s in which the


Page 6

es on the

it

h wet

r (Bruno,

ream uses

m the wet

he heat

extra

n be found in

duces

t and the

Whilst the

ed, the

rative

cess air

ater is

ch the wet

is reduced

e

s g s

6

Tech

temperatu

content in

quality for

evaporativ

Daou et a

IEC utilise

temperatu

use some

and coolin

moisture t

In relative

DEC since

The sensi

wet bulb t

reduced a

evaporativ

humidity l

ambient a

measures

as DEC in

The exten

its "wet bu

effectiven

indirect ev

exchange

nology Revie

ure of proces

n the air, rais

r conditioned

ve cooling ca

al., 2006).

es the low en

ure of air with

e form of hea

ng of air. The

to the air stre

ely more hum

e it enables s

ible cooling o

temperature

air volume in

ve cooling (D

evels will be

air humidity is

s must be tak

n humid cond

nt to which a

ulb effectiven

ess of appro

vaporative co

e medium (Da

ew and Deci

ss air is lowe

ing the humi

d spaces sen

an only opera

nergy advant

hout the add

at exchange m

e conditioned

eam (Bruno,

mid climates,

sensible coo

of air not only

(Bruno, 2008

comparison

Daou et al., 2

equivalent t

s considered

ken to contro

ditions.

particular co

ness". A well

oximately 85%

ooler would b

aou et al., 20

ision Aid for A

red only at th

dity of the ai

nsitive to high

ate efficiently

tages of evap

ition of moist

media betwe

d air is thereb

2008; Daou

the IEC wou

oling without

y reduces th

8, 2009). Fu

with what w

2006). It shou

to the ambien

d too high for

ol it. IEC also

ooler can app

l-made direc

% (Bruno, 20

be inferior to

006).


he expense o

r, reducing c

h humidity. F

y in dry clima

porative cool

ture. These t

een the evapo

by cooled wit

et al., 2006)

uld rather be

adding mois

e dry bulb te

rthermore, IE

would be requ

uld be clarifie

nt conditions

r the conditio

o suffers simi

proach the w

t evaporative

008, 2009). A

this due to l


of higher mo

comfort and r

Further, this c

ates (Bruno,

ling to reduc

technologies

oration of wa

thout the add

).

the better ch

sture into the

emperature, b

EC allows the

uired in direc

ed here that

s. Therefore

oned space, a

ilar efficiency

wet bulb temp

e cooler will h

A simple sing

losses in the


Page 7

oisture

reducing air

cycle of

2008, 2009;

ce the

s invariably

ater process

dition of

hoice over

process air.

but also its

e use of

ct

the inside

if the

additional

y limitations

perature is

have an

gle pass

heat

s g s

7

Figure

Tech

Counter fl

passages

approach

wet bulb t

Figure 1 a

evaporativ

e 1 - Psychro

nology Revie

low heat exc

to overcome

the Dew Po

temperature.

and Figure 2

ve cooling in

ometric cha

ew and Deci

changers use

e this limitati

int of the inc

.

below illustr

n relation to t

art of a direc

ision Aid for A

e a double pa

on. The conf

coming air wh

rate the diffe

he amount o

ct evaporativ


ass in adjace

figuration allo

hich is consid

rence betwe

of humidity in

ve cooling p


ent wet and d

ows the outg

derably lowe

een direct and

ntroduced into

process (Br


Page 8

dry air

going air to

er than the

d indirect

o the air.

uno, 2008)

s g s

8

Figure 2008)

Tech

2 - Psychro

Two case

published

system st

Figure 8 i

system fo

full system

system al

However,

system no

previously

the air tem

precooled

which wou

potentially

fresh air in

(Bruno, 20

nology Revie

metric chart

studies are

by the Unive

udied was in

n section 2.1

r ETSA in M

m efficiency c

ong with the

gains were

ow succeeds

y would have

mperature int

d fresh air an

uld result in o

y up to 150 k

nto the plant

008).

ew and Deci

rt of an indir

available for

ersity of Sou

nstalled in a f

1.3.2. It servi

Marleston, So

could not be

existing refr

obvious and

s in meeting

e seen the sy

to the refrige

nd building re

obvious ene

kWh per day.

t room. There

ision Aid for A

rect evapora

r counter flow

uth Australia

fresh air prec

ces an exist

uth Australia

measured d

rigerant cooli

the cooling

the cooling r

ystem fail. Fu

erant air cond

eturn air (AC

rgy savings o

. This is the e

e is no chang


ative cooling

w heat excha

for Seeley In

cooling config

ing refrigeran

a 35ºS. Unfor

ue to the mix

ng system b

capacity incr

requirement d

urther, Figure

ditioner locat

West in the

on a correctly

end where th

ge at the oth


g process (B

anger IEC sy

nternational.

guration as i

nt based air-

rtunately the

xed air natur

being unders

reased such

during condi

e 3 clearly sh

ted West con

figure) drops

y sized syste

he IEC unit is

er end (AC E


Page 9

Bruno,

ystems as

The first

illustrated in

-conditioning

e increase in

re of the

ized.

that the

tions that

hows that

nsisting of

s over 3°C

em,

s supplying

East)

s g s

9

Figure

Tech

e 3 - Temperd

The efficie

recorded

All the abo

more effic

demonstra

portion of

The secon

residentia

nology Revie

ratures fromday (max am

ency of the IE

as:

Hot dry day

for the day

Hot dry day

7.1 kW, ave

Warm day m

COP = 6.4

ove Coefficie

cient than the

ate that sign

the system.

nd case stud

al homes at R

ew and Deci

m the ETSA imbient tempe

EC precool u

y, max temp

= 10.5 kW, a

y with max 35

erage COP =

max temp 28

(Bruno, 2009

ent of Perfor

e refrigerant

ificant efficie

dy performed

Roxby Downs

ision Aid for A

indirect evaerature 35.4

units were ab

recorded at

average COP

5.4ºC - avera

= 11.5

8.3 - average

9)

mance (COP

air condition

ency gains w

d was on a st

s in far North


porative pre4ºC (Bruno, 2

ble to be mea

43.5ºC - ave

P = 8.0

age cooling c

e cooling cap

P) values can

ing plant cou

ere made on

tandalone IE

h South Aust


ecooled pla2008)

asured and w

erage cooling

capacity for t

pacity = 7.2 k

n easily be id

uld realistica

n the fresh ai

EC systems in

tralia 30.5ºS,


Page 10

nt on a hot

were

g capacity

the day =

kW, average

dentified as

lly

ir delivery

nstalled in

, which has

s g s

0

F

Tech

a very dry

demonstra

conditions

compared

operating

igure 4 - CO

As can be

wet bulb t

means pe

temperatu

An analys

saved ove

and over

conditione

1.7 kW) is

2008).

nology Revie

y hot climate.

ated to be as

s. The maxim

d with refrige

conditions.

OP versus thcorresp

e seen in Fig

temperature

erformance in

ure and dew

sis has show

er 26% energ

17% energy

er. In addition

s significantly

ew and Deci

. The cooling

s high as 10.

mum average

rant air cond

he dew poinponds to the

ure 4 above

with a correl

n other clima

point (Bruno

wn that for Ro

gy in compar

in compariso

n, the maxim

y lower than

ision Aid for A

g power of th

.8 kW (avera

e electrical C

ditioner COP

t temperatue average (B

, COP has a

lation coeffic

ates can ther

o, 2008).

oxby Downs,

rison to a fixe

on to a mode

mum power in

a refrigerant


e two Climat

age over the

COP was mea

's of around

re of ambieBruno, 2009)

strong inver

ient of 0.94 f

efore be relia

the Climate

ed speed ref

ern inverter r

nput for a Cli

t based syste


te Wizards w

day) with ho

asured to be

3.4 at the sa

ent air. Each)

rse linear cor

for both units

ably predicte

e Wizard wou

frigerant air c

refrigerant ai

imate Wizard

em (over 3 k


Page 11

was

ot, dry

e 11.8,

ame

h point

rrelation to

s. This

ed, given the

uld have

conditioner,

r

d (approx.

W) (Bruno,

s g s

Figure

Figure

Tech

Further, F

only gets

refrigeran

(Bruno, 20

e 5 - Typical

6 - Typical "

nology Revie

Figure 5 and

stronger and

t based air c

009).

fixed speedpo

"Climate Wiz& cooli

ew and Deci

Figure 6 bel

d more energ

conditioner a

d refrigeranower vs. am

zard" countng power vs

ision Aid for A

ow illustrate

gy efficient a

ctually reduc

t air conditibient tempe

ter flow heas. ambient t


how in hot a

s the temper

ces its coolin

oner input perature

t exchangeremperature


and dry clima

rature rises,

ng capacity a

power, COP

r IEC input pe


Page 12

ates the IEC

while a

nd COP

P & cooling

power, COP

s g s

2

P

Tech

Another IE

retrofitted

cooling sy

building fo

refrigeran

acceptabl

an averag

thorough

time of pu

system ha

reduced t

system th

normal sta

illustrates

that of the

F

nology Revie

EC unit has b

to an existin

ystem. The s

ollowed by m

t air conditio

e limits. The

ge yearly cyc

analysis to b

ublishing this

as increased

he running ti

rough initial

ate with the I

the advanta

e old system.

Figure 7 - M

ew and Deci

been installe

ng refrigeran

system is con

multiple stage

oners if the sp

e system is d

cle. It has not

be performed

s paper. Neve

d the cooling

ime of the re

setup. Since

IEC coolers

ages of the n

.

t Lofty IEC

ision Aid for A

ed in the Broa

t air conditio

nfigured to fir

es of IEC coo

pace temper

esigned to a

t been runnin

d and no inde

ertheless, pre

performance

frigerant com

e this require

switched off

ew system a

hybrid syste


adcast Austr

ning system

rst utilise am

oling, which i

rature or hum

chieve over

ng for a suffic

ependent stu

eliminary ana

e of the site a

mpressors. F

d the system

for certain p

and its superi

em perform


ralia network

to create a t

mbient air to v

is backed up

midity rise ab

50% energy

cient time to

udy is availab

alysis indica

and has sign

Figure 7 belo

m to be return

periods, it cle

ior performa

mance


Page 13

k which is

three stage

ventilate the

p by staged

ove

y savings on

allow for a

ble at the

tes the

nificantly

w tracks the

ned to its

arly

nce over

s g s

3

Tech

Maintenan

the right m

maintenan

with 24/7

D

la

C

W

u

P

u

C

la

W

(Morton, 2

The above

unit and 6

nology Revie

nce on an ind

microbial con

nce is avoide

operation is

Dust filter che

abour

Check cores –

Water reservo

nskilled labo

ump strainer

nskilled labo

Chlorinator pla

abour

Water level pr

2011)

e procedures

6 hours of sk

ew and Deci

direct evapo

ntrol measure

ed using thes

estimated at

eck/replacem

– 3 hours/un

oir checks/cle

our

rs checks/cle

our

ates checks/

robes checks

s sum to 15

illed labour p

ision Aid for A

orative cooler

es are under

se measures

t:

ment – 30 min

it every 12 m

eaning – 2 h

eaning – 2 ho

/cleaning – 1

s/cleaning –

man hours o

per annum pe


r can be very

rtaken. If mic

s, the mainte

ns/unit every

months – skil

ours/unit eve

ours/system

hour/unit ev

1 hour/unit –

of unskilled la

er unit.


y significantly

crobial related

enance regim

y 6 months –

led labour

ery 12 month

every 4 mon

very 4 month

– unskilled la

abour per an


Page 14

y reduced if

d

me for a plant

unskilled

hs –

nths –

hs – skilled

abour.

num, per

s g s

4

t

2.1

GeLo

NthCoa

NthInla

Nth

Nth

.3 Possible in

A descriptio

indication o

noted that t

date and th

different sys

developmen

eographical cation

S

h QLD astal No

h QLD and Go

h NT Ma

h WA Ma

dustry applicatio

on detailing likely o

f relative costs if i

he cost estimates

e weather data fro

stem sizes which

nt for high capacit

< 10kW

Suitability ~

ot suitable N/A

ood $2kW

arginal $2kW

arginal $2kW

Ene

ons

optimal systems a

installed in large r

s in this table are n

om around Austra

is the intention of

ty applications bu

Table 1 – Indi

10

~ $ Suitab

A Not suitable

.0k/W Good

.3k/W Marginal

.3k/W Marginal

rgy Efficient Air-C

across Australia h

regional centres i.

not intended as a

alia. However, the

f this paper. Furth

t not yet commerc

irect evaporative

- 60 kW

ility ~ $

e N/A

$2.0k/kW

$2.3k/kW

$2.3k/kW

Conditioning - Tech

has been develope

e. excluding mob

quotation nor are

ey form a reasona

er, the 60 kW and

cially available.

e cooling options

60 - 120

Suitability

Not suitable

Good

Marginal

Marginal

hnology Review a

ed by Seeley Inter

ilisation costs. Th

e they the maximu

ble guide for com

d above analysis b

s overview for Au

0 kW

~ $

N/A No

$1.5k/kW Go

$1.8k/kW Ma

$1.8k/kW Ma

and Decision Aid f

rnational for Broa

is analysis is sum

um that might occu

parison of system

based on a 4500l/

ustralia (McBratn

120 - 200 kW

Suitability

ot suitable

ood

arginal

arginal

for Australian Tele

dcast Australia w

mmarised in Table

ur. They are base

m costs in different

/s large capacity u

ney, 2011b)

W 2

~ $ Sui

N/A Not suit

$1.5k/kW Good

$1.8k/kW Margina

$1.8k/kW Margina

Thecommunications

Pag

hich gives an

2 below. It should

ed on experiences

t climates and for

unit that is in

200 - 250 kW

itability ~

table N/A

$1.5kW

al $1.8kW

al $1.8kW

hesis Sites

ge 15

d be

s to

$

A

5k/

8k/

8k/

Soucoa

SouNT

Cen

Sou

SA

Eas

We

VIC

TAS

ACTNOT

uth/central astal QLD Ma

uth/central Go

ntral WA Go

uth WA Go

GoGo

stern NSW Go

stern NSW GoGo

C GoGo

S Go

T VeTE: 1. <10

arginal $2kW

ood $2kW

ood $2kW

ood $2kW

ood to Very ood

$1kW

ood $2kW

ood to Very ood

$1kW

ood to very ood

$1kW

ood $2kW

ry Good $1kW

0kW requires on

Ene

.3k/W Marginal

.0k/W Good

.0k/W Good

.0k/W Good

.7k/W

Good to VeGood

.0k/W Good

.7k/W

Good to VeGood

.7k/W

Good to veGood

.0k/W Good

.7k/W Very Goodne machine, so m

rgy Efficient Air-C

$2.3k/kW

$2.0k/kW

$2.0k/kW

$2.0k/kW

ery $1.7k/kW

$2.0k/kW

ery $1.7k/kW

ry $1.7k/kW

$2.0k/kW

$1.7k/kW

minimum total ap

Conditioning - Tech

Marginal

Good

Good

Good

Good to Very Good

Good

Good to Very Good

Good to very Good

Good

Very Good pplies. 2. Cost p

hnology Review a

$1.8k/kW Ma

$1.5k/kW Go

$1.5k/kW Go

$1.5k/kW Go

$1.3k/kW

GoGo

$1.5k/kW Go

$1.3k/kW

GoGo

$1.3k/kW

GoGo

$1.5k/kW Go

$1.3k/kW Ve

per kW cooling is

and Decision Aid f

arginal

ood

ood

ood

ood to Very ood

ood

ood to Very ood

ood to very ood

ood

ry Good s indicative and n

for Australian Tele

$1.8k/kW Margina

$1.5k/kW Good

$1.5k/kW Good

$1.5k/kW Good

$1.3k/kW

Good toGood

$1.5k/kW Good

$1.3k/kW

Good toGood

$1.3k/kW

Good toGood

$1.5k/kW Good

$1.3k/kW Very Go

not capped.

Thecommunications

Pag

al $1.8kW

$1.5kW

$1.5kW

$1.5kW

o Very $1.3kW

$1.5kW

o Very $1.3kW

o very $1.3kW

$1.5kW

ood $1.3kW

hesis Sites

ge 16

8k/

5k/

5k/

5k/

3k/

5k/

3k/

3k/

5k/

3k/

2.1.3.1

2.1.3.2

Tech

STANDALO

Provided

humidity)

evaporativ

systems c

requireme

Further ad

constraine

a return a

however c

temperatu

unit perfo

halls whe

unaccepta

also capit

requireme

PRECOOLI

Figu

Figure 8 a

a convent

evaporativ

load on th

nology Revie

ONE COOLING

that there is

climatic cond

ve coolers ca

can be applie

ents or efficie

dvantages ca

ed to levels a

ir temperatu

can control a

ures can rise

rmance or lo

re higher tem

able service

al expenditu

ent to meet a

ING OF AN AIR

re 8 - Possib

above repres

tional refrige

ve coolers, re

he existing sy

ew and Deci

SYSTEM IN DR

a water sup

ditions exist

an reliably be

ed in open or

encies.

an be realise

at or below 2

re below 27º

at higher tem

e above this f

ongevity. This

mperatures c

risk. This de

re requireme

average load

R HANDLING UN

ble pre-coo

sents a syste

rant mechan

epresented a

ystem, result

ision Aid for A

RY CLIMATES

ply available

then when te

e used as the

r closed loop

ed where inte

27ºC. Typical

ºC for continu

mperatures or

for periods o

s advantage

can be permi

esign not only

ents by reduc

rather than

NIT

ling configu

em where the

nical cooling

as the Dricoo

ting in reduce


and the corr

emperatures

e sole source

p cycle depen

ernal tempera

lly, refrigeran

ued reliable o

r be designed

f peak loadin

is an ideal s

tted for short

y reduces en

cing the cool

peak.

uration (Brun

e fresh air for

system is pre

ol Units. The

ed consumpt


rect (primari

s rise, indirec

e of cooling.

nding on sys

atures do no

nt based coo

operation. IE

d such that

ng without im

solution in tra

t periods wit

nergy consum

ling capacity

no, 2008)

r an air hand

ecooled by i

e effect is red

tion or if the


Page 17

ly low

ct

Most

stem

ot have to be

olers require

EC units

mpacting on

ansmitter

hout

mption but

y

dling unit for

ndirect

ducing the

system is

s g s

7

2.1.3.3

Tech

already ov

its peak d

HYBRID ST

RefStage 3

The coolin

system to

ambient c

has the ab

acceptabl

upon to re

nology Revie

verloaded, in

emands (Bru

TAGED COOLIN

frigerant A/C3: Conditioned

Retur

Figu

ng system illu

increase eff

conditions are

bility to acco

e equipment

educe humid

ew and Deci

ncreased coo

uno, 2008).

NG

Air

rn air

Exhaust to

re 9 - IEC hy

ustrated in F

ficiency or co

e predomina

ommodate tho

t limits becau

dity. Its opera

ision Aid for A

oling capacity

IndirecStageStag

atmosphere

ybrid staged

Figure 9 abov

ooling capac

antly hot and

ose periods

use the refrig

ation can be d


y allowing th

ct Evaporativee 1: Ventilationge 2: IEC coole

d cooling

ve can either

ity. It is also

dry with peri

where humid

gerant air con

described as


he system to

e Coolern onlyed air

p

r be added to

ideal for clim

iods of cool a

dity rises abo

nditioning ca

s below:


Page 18

better meet

Ambient Air (possibly also c

to return a

o an existing

mates where

and dry but

ove

an be called

s g s

8

(could connect air)

2.1.3.4

2.1.4

2.1.4.1

Tech

Stage 1: V

When the

room by t

stages of

disabled i

Stage 2:

As the am

of the con

cool the a

internal hu

Stage 3:

This final

compress

required.

unaccepta

closed loo

HYBRID SY

See sectio

Conclusio

ADVANTAG

A

V

In

va

nology Revie

Ventilation o

ambient tem

he fans of th

the IEC are

f the internal

IEC cooled

mbient tempe

nditioned spa

ambient air to

umidity rises

IEC cooled

stage of coo

sors one by o

The IEC coo

able levels le

op cycle.

YSTEM WITH A

ons 2.6.2.2,

ons & recom

GES

Adds no humi

Virtually unlim

ncreased effi

apour compr

ew and Deci

only

mperature is

he IEC cooler

not engaged

l humidity ris

air

erature rises

ace, the IEC

o the required

s above acce

air and refri

oling engages

one to add ad

olers can also

eaving the re

A DEHUMIDIFIC

2.6.2.3 and

mmendation

idity to the su

mited return a

ciency in ext

ression units

ision Aid for A

sufficiently c

r and exhaus

d saving ene

ses above ac

above levels

unit coolers

d temperatur

eptable limits

igerant air c

s the existing

dditional coo

o be disabled

efrigerant sys

CATION SYSTE

F.2 for descr

ns

upply air

air temperatu

treme condit


cool, air is dra

sted through

rgy and wate

cceptable lim

s that can pro

are engaged

re. This stag

.

conditioned

g refrigerant

oling capacity

d if the humid

stem to provid

EM.

riptions of the

ures

ions that dec


awn directly

the vents. T

er. This stage

mits.

ovide sufficie

d at various l

e can be dis

air condition

y to the syste

dity rises to

de all cooling

ese systems

crease the ef


Page 19

into the

The cooling

e can be

ent cooling

evels to

abled if the

ning

em as

g in a

s.

fficiency of

s g s

9

2.1.4.2

2.1.4.3

2.2 G

2.3 S

Tech

C

C

ce

C

E

DISADVAN

W

P

M

N

P

R

RECOMME

Indirect ev

on the ma

these clim

of aging s

Gas Fire Dr

Whilst gas

systems a

on gas su

telecomm

research

Solar Cooli

Solar coo

commerci

nology Revie

Can be used f

Can provide 2

ertain areas

Can be utilise

asy to integr

NTAGES

Water supply

erformance

May require d

ot efficient in

otential for le

Relatively high

ENDATIONS

vaporative co

arket today, e

mates are targ

systems or ju

riven Adso

s driven abso

are efficient e

upply and sto

munications s

paper.

ng - Overv

ling as a tec

ially available

ew and Deci

for peak load

24/7 cooling

ed for pre-con

rate/retrofit in

required

is governed

dehumidificat

n all climates

egionella bui

h maintenan

ooling is one

especially in

geted for ins

ust where the

rption And

orption and a

especially wh

orage which i

sites. Therefo

view

hnology grou

e application

ision Aid for A

ding

although deh

nditioning on

nto existing s

by wet bulb

tion

s

ild-up

nce required

e of the most

hot and dry

stallation eith

e payback is

d Absorptio

adsorption ch

hen utilised i

is rarely avai

ore this techn

up covers the

ns:


humidificatio

ly if desired

systems

temperature

attractive ef

climates. It is

er for new in

attractive.

on Chillers

hillers for bac

n a trigenera

lable or prac

nology has b

e following p


n may be req

es

fficient coolin

s recommen

nstallations, r

ckup or prim

ation scenari

ctical at remo

been omitted

predominant,


Page 20

quired in

ng options

nded that

remediation

mary cooling

o they rely

ote

from this

s g s

0

Figurecon

Tech

1. A

2. A

3. D

4. Ej

These ap

e 10 - Overvnditioning. P

All three o

are treate

three app

sector and

collectivel

and heat

interchang

be touche

informatio

nology Revie

Adsorption ch

Absorption ch

Desiccant coo

jector coolin

plications are

view on physProcesses m

of these appl

d separately

lications are

d also have s

ly so are extr

rejection tec

geable comp

ed on in this a

on can be fou

ew and Deci

hiller

hiller

oling

g

e categorise

sical ways tmarked in da

lications requ

y by this pape

commonly g

some signific

racted here f

hnologies ha

ponents of an

and the subs

und on these

ision Aid for A

d in Figure 1

to convert sark grey: ma

uire separate

er in the sub

grouped in th

cant common

for efficiency

ave been ide

ny given sola

sequent sola

e and their re


0 below.

solar radiatioarket availab

e description

sequent sect

his small but

nalities which

y and clarity.

ntified by the

ar cooling sys

r cooling sec

elevant desig


on into coolble (Hennin

and evaluat

ctions. Howev

rapidly grow

h are better d

Further, sola

e author as c

stem, so wh

ctions, more

gn tools in:


Page 21

ling or air-g, 2007)

tion so they

ver, these

wing industry

discussed

ar collector

common and

ilst they will

in depth

s g s

d

2.3.1

Figure

Tech

A

A

A

A

Industry d

e 11 - Renew

As illustra

commerci

2008. The

(see Figu

improvem

commerci

One signi

cooling sy

However,

C

nology Revie

Appendix H: S

Appendix I: Li

Appendix J: H

Appendix K: S

developmen

wable energ

ated in Figure

ialisation with

e industry is s

re 12 below)

ments are req

ialisation to b

ficant movem

ystems in the

greater barr

Currently, sola

ew and Deci

Solar cooling

ist of manufa

Heat rejection

Solar collecto

nt

gy technologEPR

e 11, solar co

h installed un

starting to sh

) however fur

quired for pric

be realised (W

ment in the p

e NSW Energ

riers still exis

ar cooling ha

ision Aid for A

g design tools

acturers and

n technologie

or technologi

gies commeRI, 2010)

ooling appea

nit figures do

how real prom

rther technol

ces to reduce

White, 2011d

policy area is

gy Efficiency

st such as:

as no access


s

consultants

es

es

ercialisation

ars to have a

oubling each

mise and glo

ogy, policy a

e and genuin

d).

the propose

y white certifi

s to a carbon


n curve (Whi

chieved a le

year betwee

obal prices a

and manufac

ne competitiv

ed inclusion o

cates schem

n value


Page 22

ite, 2011d;

vel of

en 2004 and

are falling

cturing

ve

of solar

me.

s g s

2

Tech

S

te

(R

T

va

S

(White, 20

Figur

Figure 13

2006. Abs

systems a

technolog

large scal

in terms o

that they a

larger sys

relatively

However,

nology Revie

olar cooling

echnologies f

RECs)

here is curre

alue

cale has not

011d)

re 12 - Solar

below illustr

sorption chille

and installed

gy’s maturity

e systems. D

of number of

are most effi

stems. The ke

immature an

the systems

ew and Deci

is not on a le

for access to

ently no reco

t yet reached

r cooling co

rates the inst

ers still dom

capacity. It

and resulting

Desiccant sy

systems but

cient at sma

ey character

nd expensive

s installed ar

ision Aid for A

evel playing f

o tradeable R

gnised or ea

d critical mas

ost per kW tr

talled solar c

inate the ma

is likely that

g reliability a

ystems, partic

t the compar

ller scales o

ristic illustrate

e so fewer sy

e of a high c


field with oth

Renewable E

asy method fo

ss

rends (Whit

cooling syste

rket both in t

this is primar

nd cost effec

cularly dry ro

ably low coo

r as precooli

ed for adsorp

ystems have

apacity.


her renewabl

Energy Certifi

or evaluating

te, 2011d)

ms in Europ

terms of num

rily due to th

ctiveness on

otor are the n

oling capacity

ng or conditi

ption is that i

been installe


Page 23

e energy

icates

g carbon

e as at

mber of

e

medium to

next largest

y indicates

ioning for

it is still

ed.

s g s

3

Figure

Tech

e 13 - Distrib

Different h

50 kW an

can be us

with no ap

50 kW ran

continuing

Solar Hea

The study

thermal co

Interest G

developm

workshop

nology Revie

bution of sya

heat driven c

d above, gen

sed with sola

ppropriate te

nge. The first

g as driven b

ating and Coo

y provides a s

ollectors (He

Group (AusSC

ment and gen

s and confer

ew and Deci

ystems in teand installe

cooling techn

nerally driven

r thermal co

chnology on

t commercia

by internation

oling Progra

solid starting

enning, 2007

CIG) provide

eral promotio

rences (AusS

ision Aid for A

rms of numd collector a

nologies are

n by the gas

llectors. Unti

the market f

l systems ar

nal programm

mme of the I

g point for the

). In Australia

es conduits fo

on of the ind

SCIG, 2011)


ber of systearea.

readily availa

fired and trig

l recently, m

for small sca

e now availa

mes such as

International

e review of h

a, the Austra

or research a

ustry through

.


ems, cooling

able for large

generation m

many years ha

ale systems i

able and dev

the framewo

Energy Age

high efficienc

alian Solar C

and commerc

h educationa


Page 24

g capacity

e systems of

market which

ave passed

n the 5 to

elopment is

ork of the

ency (IEA).

cy solar

ooling

cial

al

s g s

4

f

2.3.2

Figure

Tech

Advantag

Solar coo

typical so

over PV a

reliance o

localised c

14 - Solar c

The energ

trends obs

demand b

24/7 oper

situation,

storage te

however s

property r

Kohlenba

viable as

nology Revie

es and desi

ling capabilit

lar PV system

as an energy

on direct sunl

cloud cover

cooling capa

gy producing

served in ele

but also peak

ation, espec

energy stora

echnology is

specifics are

rights which r

ch, 2011a). U

a standalone

ew and Deci

ign conside

ty trends on

m as illustrat

y source is so

light which s

(Osbourne a

ability relativ2

g hours large

ectricity netw

k electricity c

cially in indus

age or alterna

reported to b

not readily a

restrict public

Until this tec

e application

ision Aid for A

erations

a daily time s

ted in Figure

olar thermal’s

mooths out m

and Kohlenba

ve to peak l011b)

ly map those

works and cou

costs. One ch

stries where t

ate means o

be rapidly de

available due

cation of find

hnology dev

.


scale genera

14 below. T

s inherent ma

much of the i

ach, 2011b).

oads (Osbo

e of the peak

uld therefore

hallenge how

this is a vital

f cooling are

eveloping to t

e to pending

dings (Taylor

elops, solar


ally follows th

The primary a

ass and its r

intermittency

ourne and K

k electricity c

e offset not o

wever is the a

requirement

e required. E

the MWh ran

patent and i

r, 2011; Osbo

cooling will r


Page 25

hat of a

advantage

educed

y from

ohlenbach,

consumption

nly grid

ability for

t. In this

nergy

nge,

ntellectual

ourne and

rarely be

s g s

5

Tech

Design ex

Critical ma

they have

that it is m

to increas

2011b). F

reviews a

In

co

e

au

sy

In

du

cu

A

A

po

he

C

w

K

C

re

(H

Stephen W

compariso

nology Revie

xpertise is als

ass must be

e for other tec

more importa

se the efficien

urther, impo

re:

n many cases

ompletely in

nergy consu

uxiliary comp

ystems (Whit

n general a g

ue to the hig

urrently avail

Appendix G (W

A comprehens

ossible opera

eating system

Control system

with varying lo

Kohlenbach, 2

Continuous au

ecommendab

Henning, 200

White in a re

ons between

ew and Deci

so a significa

achieved in

chnologies s

nt to install a

ncy to the po

ortant observa

s the expect

practice. In m

mption of the

ponents such

te, 2011b).

greater effort

gher complex

lable comme

White, 2011b

sive commis

ation conditio

ms (Henning

m parameter

oads and hea

2011b).

utomatic sys

ble in order t

07; Osbourne

cent confere

n the major s

ision Aid for A

ant limitation

order for the

such as solar

a robust syst

ossible maxim

ations from m

ed energy sa

most cases t

e poorly des

h as cooling

for system d

xity compared

ercial and fre

b).

ssioning phas

ons such as

g, 2007; Osb

rs are of para

at sources (H

stem monitor

to detect mal

e and Kohlen

ence on solar

olar cooling


for solar coo

ese skills to b

r hot water. A

em with less

mum (Osbou

monitoring an

avings could

the reason is

igned or inap

towers or ve

design and p

d to convent

eeware solar

se is mandat

part load op

ourne and K

amount impo

Henning, 200

ing such as w

functions or

nbach, 2011b

r cooling drew

technologies


oling as an in

become main

A general exp

s risk of malfu

urne and Koh

nd system pe

not be realiz

s a higher pa

ppropriately s

entilators in d

planning is ne

tional plants.

cooling desi

tory in order

perations or b

Kohlenbach, 2

ortance for pe

07; Osbourne

web-based s

control prob

b).

ew some valu

s. This table


Page 26

ndustry.

n stream as

perience is

unction than

hlenbach,

erformance

zed

arasitic

selected

desiccant

ecessary

For a list of

ign tools see

to test all

backup

2011b).

erformance

e and

systems is

blems

uable

is extracted

s g s

6

e

Figur

Tech

in Figure

common d

re 15 - Solar

A des

devel

indica

geogr

cost r

is larg

the fre

system

summ

nology Revie

15 for the be

drawbacks fo

cooling com

scription deta

oped by Aus

ation of relativ

raphic split is

ratios betwee

gely limited to

ee-air solutio

ms used for

marised in Ta

ew and Deci

enefit of the r

or considera

mparative a

ailing likely o

stralian Sun E

ve costs if in

s not detailed

en system siz

o under 120

on is classifie

comparison

able 2 below:

ision Aid for A

reader. It hig

tion.

advantages a

ptimal system

Energy for B

nstalled in lar

d it does give

zes and indic

kW without b

ed as a solar

are powered

:


hlights the m

and disadva

ms across Au

roadcast Aus

rge regional c

e an understa

cates system

backup or tri

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main applicat

antage (Whi

Australia has

stralia, which

centres. Whi

anding of ins

m suitability to

generation.

hnology beca

V. This analy


Page 27

ions and

te, 2011c)

been

h gives an

ilst the

stallation

oday which

Note that

ause the

ysis is

s g s

7

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Norstat

Soucen

ographical cation

rthern tes

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uthern and ntral states

Frecoo

*All Pro** Solar

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sorption iller, vacuum be collectors, ermal battery.

$k*

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$9k*

oposed solutions ar cooling price con

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Ta

10

~ $ Suita

$3.4k/kW **

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$7.1-9.7 k/kW **

Free Air cooling s#3 - 5

are subject to the nverted from per t

rgy Efficient Air-C

ble 2 - Solar coo

0 - 60 kW

bility ~ $

on vacuum lectors, battery.

$3.4k/kW **

– 3 solution

$3.4k/kW **

availability of spatonne of cooling to

Conditioning - Tech

oling options ove

60 - 120

SuitabilitySingle stage absorption chilleVacuum tube, thermal battery,off grid Single stage absorption chilleVacuum tube, thermal battery,off grid

ace on the site. o per kW.

hnology Review a

erview for Austra

0 kW

~ $

er,

$2.8k/kW **

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er,

$2.8k/kW **

Mestachigenthe

and Decision Aid f

alia (Taylor, 2011

120 - 200 kW

Suitability edium Single age absorption ller, tri-neration,

ermal battery edium Single age absorption ller, tri-neration,

ermal battery

for Australian Tele

)

W 2

~ $ Sui

$2.6k/kW **

Mediumstage achiller, tgeneratthermal

$2.6k/kW **

Mediumstage achiller, tgeneratthermal

Thecommunications

Pag

200 - 250 kW

itability ~ m Single absorption tri-tion, l battery

$2.6kW **

m Single absorption tri-tion, l battery

$2.6kW **

hesis Sites

ge 28

$

6k/

6k/

2.4 S

2.4.1

2.4.2

Tech

Solar Cooli

Technolog

Adsorptio

achieve e

levels tha

pressures

pressure o

The adso

it adheres

liquid pha

driven ads

adsorption

evaporato

regenerat

sorbent in

from the e

continuou

phase bei

is produce

A further d

Appendix

Literature

For reason

whole has

should be

nology Revie

ng - Therm

gy brief

n chillers tak

fficient coolin

n gases and

s liquids have

on water also

rption cooling

s to the surfa

se becomes

sorption chill

n chiller gene

or and the co

ted using hea

n the second

evaporator. T

us adsorption

ing heated fr

ed (Henning,

detailed desc

D.

e review

ns of clarity a

been includ

read prior to

ew and Deci

mally Driven

ke advantage

ng. First, liqu

d therefore us

e different ev

o reduces its

g process ut

ace of the ads

s lower while

lers utilise th

erally consis

ondenser. Wh

at from the e

compartmen

The adsorbe

n. The water

rom the exte

, 2007).

cription of th

and reduced

ed in section

o the adsorpt

ision Aid for A

n Adsorptio

e of two phys

uids are easi

sing less ene

vaporating te

s temperatur

tilises the pro

sorbent. Dur

the adsorbe

is phenomen

sts of the two

hile the sorbe

external heat

nt (adsorber)

r has to be c

in the evapo

rnal water cy

e adsorption

duplication,

n 2.3. It is ad

tion chiller sp


on Chillers

sical characte

er to transfer

ergy to do so

emperatures,

e (Sonneklim

operties of ev

ring this step

ent temperatu

non (Dieng a

sorbent com

ent in the firs

source, e.g.

) adsorbs the

ooled in orde

orator is trans

ycle. This is w

chilling proc

a review on

vised that th

pecific literatu


s

eristics in ord

r between pr

o. Secondly,

, thus lowerin

ma, 2011).

vaporation o

p, the temper

ure rises. Th

and Wang, 20

mpartments,

st compartme

., the solar co

e water vapo

er to enable

sferred into t

where the us

cess can be

solar cooling

he overview s

ure review b


Page 29

der to

ressure

at different

ng the

f a liquid as

ature of the

ermally

001). An

the

ent is

ollector, the

our coming

a

the gas

seful cooling

found in

g as a

section

elow.

s g s

9

Tech

Adsorption

air-conditio

source is a

and Wang

commercia

reduced at

Appendix

An advan

existing co

consumpt

services a

collectors

system ha

a hot wate

temperatu

Another c

Nishydo: A

conventio

Germany.

demand (

Over the l

systems h

of modern

nology Revie

n cooling is g

oning, proces

available, e.g

, 2001). Driv

ally available

t levels below

K) (Sortech,

tage of solar

onventional c

tion. A 100 k

at Remscheid

, while the re

as a nominal

er temperatu

ure as low as

capacity incre

A 320 kW sil

nal 260 kW c

. It supplies p

450 MWh) is

last few year

have been in

n units today

ew and Deci

generally pos

ss cooling an

g. from waste

ving tempera

e units today

w the tipping

2010).

r cooling and

chilling capa

kW Mycom ad

d where 75%

emaining hea

l chilling capa

ure of 70C. T

s 55C.

easing syste

lica gel adso

chiller in a sh

peak chilling

s realized by

rs, further mo

nstalled. Figu

y.

ision Aid for A

ssible where

nd so on and

e heat, distric

atures as low

although eff

g point of the

d its capacity

acity with no s

dsorption ch

% of the main

ating energy

acity at a chi

The chilling p

m has been

orption unit ha

hopping cent

capacity on

the adsorpti

odernisation

ure 16 below


a chilling ca

d where a low

ct heating or

as 50ºC are

ficiency and c

efficiency cu

profile is tha

significant in

iller was inst

n driving heat

is supplied b

lled water te

process begi

installed by a

as been insta

tre named K

ly, yet 78% o

on chiller (D

of the units a

gives a visu


apacity can b

wer tempera

r solar energy

e possible wi

capacity is s

urve (see Fig

at it can incre

ncrease in ele

talled for mu

t is supplied

by district he

emperature o

ins with a ho

a Japanese

alled paralle

Koningsgaleri

of the annua

Dieng and Wa

and many m

al indication


Page 30

e used for

ture heat

y (Dieng

th some

significantly

gure 50 in

ease the

ectricity

nicipal

by solar

eating. The

of 10C and

ot water

company,

l to a

e in Kassel,

l chilling

ang, 2001).

more similar

of the size

s g s

0

Fi

2.4.3

2.4.3.1

Tech

igure 16 - A

Possible i

As illustra

is not feas

economic

then unles

hybrid sys

Waste he

somewha

where con

can be us

smooth ou

exhausts

transmitte

especially

of waste h

utilised, th

HYBRID PE

nology Revie

dsorption c

industry app

ated in 2.3 ab

sible without

cal backup an

ss these pro

stem is the o

at sources th

t limited for a

ncentrated h

sed to assist

ut intermitten

are an exam

er circuits req

y in a data ce

heat per squa

his concentra

EAK ELECTRIC

ew and Deci

chiller examp

plications

bove, standa

a backup he

nd supply wid

blems and th

only realistic

hat can be ut

adsorption c

eat sources

the solar col

ncy. On a bro

mple of a usa

quire more in

entre type ap

are metre. P

ated waste h

CAL DEMAND R

ision Aid for A

ples (Osbou

lone cooling

eat source or

dely seen as

hose technol

implementat

tilised for the

hillers. On hi

from equipm

llectors and e

oadcast site,

able heat sou

nvestigation.

pplications ca

Particularly w

eat is also w

REDUCTION


urne and Ko

with solar dr

r thermal sto

s an inhibiting

ogies for sto

ion model to

ermally driven

gh powered

ment cooling

extend their

the air coole

rce available

Telecommun

an have a mu

here liquid-c

worth investig


ohlenbach, 2

riven therma

orage. As gas

g factor at re

orage are ove

o date.

n adsorption

broadcast o

is available,

operational h

ed FM transm

e. Water coo

nications ins

uch higher co

cooled proces

gating further


Page 31

2011a)

al adsorption

s is the most

emote sites,

ercome, a

n on site are

or other sites

the heat

hours or

mitter

oled digital

stallations,

oncentration

ssors are

r.

s g s

t

2.4.3.2

2.4.4

2.4.4.1

2.4.4.2

2.4.4.3

Tech

In sites w

requireme

demand.

increasing

circumsta

HYBRID ST

Staged co

cooling w

cooler or a

Conclusio

ADVANTAG

R

pa

N

H

C

P

th

Lo

DISADVAN

R

S

N

S

La

RECOMME

Whilst sol

energy sa

nology Revie

ith reduced e

ents can be a

Increased co

g the electric

nces.

TAGED COOLE

ooling would

hen sufficien

air conditione

ons & recom

GES

Relatively low

air is chosen

o alternative

igh potential

Correlation wi

otential for th

he future

ow temperat

NTAGES

Relatively imm

till exhibiting

ot reliable fo

torage techn

arge land are

ENDATIONS

ar thermally

avings in the

ew and Deci

electrical cap

avoided by ta

ooling capac

cal demand w

ER

involve vent

nt heat sourc

er.

mmendation

w maintenanc

n

e resource im

l for further d

ith peak load

he A/C load

ture heat req

mature techn

g high costs w

or 24/7 opera

nology still ve

eas required

driven adso

future, it is t

ision Aid for A

pacity or ava

aking the site

ity is also ac

which may be

tilation in the

ces are availa

ns

ce requireme

mpact consid

development

d demands a

to be taken o

quirements

nology

without attrac

ation

ery immature

d for collector

rption chiller

he opinion o


ilability, elect

e’s cooling of

hievable with

e advantageo

cooler perio

able, all back

ents if the righ

erations

t sites with la

off the electr

ctive paybac

e

rs

s have signif

f the author t


ctrical upgrad

ff the electric

hout significa

ous in differe

ods and sola

ked up by a c

ht adsorber/r

arge solar ga

ricity supply a

cks in most s

ficant potent

that it should


Page 32

de costs or

cal energy

antly

ent

r driven

conventional

refrigerant

ain

altogether in

ituations

ial for

d be let

s g s

2

2.5 S

2.5.1

2.5.2

Tech

mature fu

implemen

performan

electricity

Solar Cooli

Technolog

Like adso

character

transfer b

so. Secon

temperatu

(Sonnekli

Firstly the

This deso

temperatu

water eva

refrigeran

evaporate

gets its he

absorbed

Sonneklim

Literature

For reason

whole has

should be

nology Revie

rther and rea

ntation. Tech

nce so if othe

supply are a

ng - Therm

gy brief

rption chiller

istics in orde

etween pres

ndly, at differ

ures, thus low

ma, 2011).

e refrigerant (

orption is faci

ure than the s

aporates into

t by a heat re

ed again at a

eat for evapo

again into th

ma, 2011).

e review

ns of clarity a

been includ

read prior to

ew and Deci

ach more co

hnically, the t

er factors suc

a factor at a g

mally Driven

rs, the absor

er to achieve

ssure levels t

rent pressure

wering the pr

(e.g. water) a

ilitated by the

solvent, so w

the condens

ejection unit

a lower press

oration from t

he solvent an

and reduced

ed in section

o the absorpt

ision Aid for A

mpetitive lev

technology e

ch as restrict

given site the

n Absorptio

ption proces

efficient coo

than gases a

es, liquids ha

ressure on w

and solvent (

e refrigerant

when the hea

ser. The hea

and passed

sure and ther

the room air,

nd the proces

duplication,

n 2.3. It is ad

tion chiller sp


vels commerc

exhibits robus

ted or expen

en it should c

on Chillers

s takes adva

oling. First, liq

and therefore

ave different e

water also red

(e.g. lithium b

having a low

at from the co

t is then rem

into the eva

refore lower t

, thereby coo

ss restarts (H

a review on

vised that th

pecific literatu


cially before

st, low maint

nsive water a

certainly be c

s

antage of two

quids are ea

e using less e

evaporating

duces its tem

bromide) are

wer evaporat

ollectors is a

moved from th

aporator whe

temperature

oling it. Final

Henning, 200

solar cooling

he overview s

ure review b


Page 33

large scale

tenance

and/or

considered.

o physical

sier to

energy to do

mperature

e separated.

ion

applied the

he

re it is

. This time it

ly it is

07;

g as a

section

elow.

s g s

3

Tech

Absorptio

designed

choice is a

developin

and Kohle

Absorptio

heat, distr

pair water

is the refr

applied is

of refriger

to be deso

normal op

driving he

2007).

Double ef

different te

refrigeran

Henning c

1.1–1.2 is

are typica

range of la

statement

machine e

Osbourne

nology Revie

n chillers are

for different

available in t

g in this area

enbach, 2011

n chillers can

rict heat or h

r–Lithium Bro

igerant and L

a single effe

rant which ev

orbed from th

peration cond

eat of 80-100

ffect cycle ma

emperatures

t desorbed f

claims that: “

s achievable.

ally required f

arge capacit

t is still large

efficiency or

e 2011a).

ew and Deci

e available o

applications

the smaller r

a with a few

1a).

n be used w

eat from co-

omide is app

Lithium Brom

ect machine.

vaporates in

he refrigeran

ditions such

0ºC and achie

achines are

s are operate

from the first

“With this con

However, d

for these chi

ties of some

ly true today

developmen

ision Aid for A

n the market

. As with ads

ange below

even below

ith a wide ra

generation p

plied for air co

mide the sorb

Henning de

the evapora

nt-sorbent so

machines ne

eve a therma

also availab

ed in series, w

generator is

nfiguration, a

driving tempe

illers. This typ

100 kW and

y as little prog

nt into small s


t in a wide ra

sorption chilli

100 kW, but

30 kW (Henn

nge of heat s

plants. The m

onditioning p

bent. The bas

scribes this a

tor one unit m

olution in the

eed typically

al COP of ab

le. Two gene

whereby the

used to hea

a higher therm

eratures in th

pe of system

above” (Hen

gress has be

scale chillers


ange of capa

ing technolo

products are

ning, 2007; O

sources such

most common

purposes. He

sic construct

as: “For eac

mass of refri

generator. U

temperature

bout 0.7” (He

erators worki

condenser h

at the second

rmal COP in

he range of 1

ms is only ava

nning, 2007)

een made do

s (Kohlenbac


Page 34

cities and

gies, less

e constantly

Osbourne

h as waste

n sorption

ereby water

tion design

ch unit mass

igerant has

Under

es of the

nning,

ing at

heat of the

d generator.

the range of

40-160ºC

ailable in the

. This

ouble effect

c and

s g s

4

f

e

Figure

Tech

A wide ra

depending

savings o

Melbourne

addition to

achievabl

climates o

cooling fo

e 17 - 3000mflat p

One of the

Hospital n

suppleme

nology Revie

nge of instal

g on location

f systems ins

e likely due t

o cool in the

e when cool

of Darwin and

r a high perc

m2 office bloplate collect

e most signif

near Brisbane

ents a 4.5 MW

ew and Deci

ls have been

n. Figure 17 b

stalled acros

to the city’s r

summer. Ho

ing is require

d Brisbane w

centage of th

ock, 100% gtors, mecha

ficant solar c

e in Queens

W cooling sy

ision Aid for A

n reviewed in

below shows

ss the capital

requirement

owever savin

ed year roun

who may only

he time.

glazed, 90kWnical Ale ba

cooling instal

land. A summ

stem can be


n Australia w

s the relative

cities of Aus

to utilise hea

gs approach

d when you

y require min

W single stagackup (White

ls in Australi

mary of the 2

found in Fig


with results va

advantages

stralia. The h

at in the winte

hing 40% sho

compare the

nimal heat bu

ge absorptie, 2011b)

a to date is a

255 kW syste

gure 18 below


Page 35

arying

s and energy

highest is in

er in

ould be

e warmer

ut require

on chiller,

at Ipswich

em that

w.

s g s

5

Fi

Tech

Figur

Figure 19

gure 19 - Ab

nology Revie

re 18 - Ipswi

below gives

bsorption C

ew and Deci

ich Hospital

s a visual ind

Chiller Exam

ision Aid for A

l project sum

ication of the

ples (Osbou


mmary (DEE

e size of mod

urne and Ko


EDI, 2010)

dern units tod

ohlenbach, 2


Page 36

day.

2011a)

s g s

6

2.5.3

2.5.3.1

2.5.3.2

Tech

Possible i

As explain

adsorption

is the mos

remote sit

overcome

The poten

absorption

preheating

or other s

available,

operationa

FM transm

available

convenien

circuits re

HYBRID PE

In sites w

requireme

Increased

electrical

HYBRID ST

Staged co

when suff

or air cond

nology Revie

industry app

ned in sectio

n is not feasi

st economica

tes then unle

e a hybrid sys

ntial for using

n chillers ove

g as the tem

ites where co

the heat can

al hours or s

mitter exhaus

beyond anal

nt location so

quire more i

EAK ELECTRIC

ith reduced e

ents can be a

d cooling cap

demand whi

TAGED COOLE

ooling would

ficient heat s

ditioner.

ew and Deci

plications

on 2.3 above

ible without a

al backup an

ess these pro

stem is the o

g waste heat

er adsorption

mperatures ar

oncentrated

n be used to

smooth out in

sts are one s

logue switch

o as to reduc

nvestigation

CAL DEMAND R

electrical cap

avoided by ta

pacity is also

ch may be a

ER

involve vent

ources are a

ision Aid for A

, standalone

a backup hea

nd supply wid

oblems and t

only realistic

t on site is so

n. However t

re not high e

heat source

assist the so

ntermittency.

suitable heat

off date, but

ce ducting co

.

REDUCTION

pacity or ava

aking the site

achievable w

advantageous

tilation in the

available all b


cooling with

at source or

dely seen as

those techno

implementat

omewhat incr

hey are still g

nough. On h

s from equip

olar collector

On a broadc

source whic

t ducting wou

osts. Water c

ilability, elect

e’s cooling of

without signif

s in different

cooler perio

backed up by


h solar driven

thermal stor

an inhibiting

ologies for sto

tion model to

reased with t

generally lim

high powered

pment cooling

rs and exten

cast site, the

ch is likely to

uld likely hav

cooled digital

ctrical upgrad

ff electrical e

ficantly incre

t circumstanc

ods, solar dri

y a conventio


Page 37

n thermal

age. As gas

g factor at

orage are

o date.

the use of

mited to

d broadcast

g is

d their

e air cooled

be

ve to be in a

transmitter

de costs or

energy.

easing the

ces.

ven cooling

onal cooler

s g s

7

2.5.4

2.5.4.1

2.5.4.2

2.5.4.3

Tech

Conclusio

ADVANTAG

A

ge

N

C

P

th

DISADVAN

S

N

S

La

C

re

RECOMME

Solar ther

when use

majority o

let mature

scale imp

potential o

of backup

potential f

prices fall

of Austral

nology Revie

ons & recom

GES

Absorption ch

eneral exper

o alternative

Correlation wi

otential for th

he future in s

NTAGES

till exhibiting

ot reliable fo

torage techn

arge land are

Cooling tower

equirements

ENDATIONS

rmally driven

d in conjunc

of telecommu

e further and

lementation.

only as its no

p with today’s

for energy sa

in the near f

ia.

ew and Deci

mmendation

hilling units a

rience in the

e resource im

ith peak load

he A/C load

smaller syste

g high costs w

or 24/7 opera

nology still ve

eas required

rs required fo

significantly

n absorption c

ction with gas

unications sit

reach more

. Implementa

ot suitable fo

s technology

avings and re

future it has

ision Aid for A

ns

re a mature

industry

mpact consid

d demands a

to be taken o

ms

without attrac

ation unless g

ery immature

d for collector

or large syste

or increases

chillers proba

s fired system

tes. It is the o

competitive

ation should

or a large inde

. Technically

eliability if de

strong poten


technology w

erations

t sites with la

off the electr

ctive paybac

gas backup i

e

rs

ems which in

s parasitic en

ably have the

ms. Unfortun

opinion of the

levels comm

be restricted

ependent sys

y, the techno

esigned in a r

ntial, especia


with large am

arge solar ga

ricity supply a

cks in most s

is available

ncreases ma

nergy losses

e greatest po

ately this rul

e author that

mercially befo

d to energy s

ystem withou

ology exhibits

robust mann

ally in the nor


Page 38

mounts of

ain

altogether in

ituations

intenance

.

otential

es out the

t it should be

ore large

savings

t some form

s large

ner so if

rthern states

s g s

8

e

2.6 S

2.6.1

2.6.2

Tech

Solar Cooli

Technolog

Desiccant

from the i

of desicca

synthetic

difference

surface. T

“One of th

revolution

the incom

arrangem

exposed t

to be mov

returned t

streams o

air. Like th

regenerat

heating” (

Desiccant

their cooli

are used

the literatu

detailed d

Literature

nology Revie

ng - Desicc

gy brief

t cooling refe

ncoming pro

ant systems s

substances c

e of water vap

They are enc

he typical arr

ns/h) impregn

ming air stream

ment uses the

to the incomi

ved periodica

to the proces

or wetted ont

he solid desi

tor where wa

Daou et al.,

ts are rarely

ng propertie

in diverse tec

ure review w

description of

e review

ew and Deci

cant Coolin

ers to the coo

ocess air. Da

so it has bee

capable of a

pour pressur

countered in

rangements c

nated or coat

m while the r

e packing of s

ing air stream

ally in the dire

ss air stream

to contact su

iccants, they

ater vapour p

2006).

used standa

s which are

chnological a

with respect to

f the technica

ision Aid for A

ng Systems

oling effect re

ou clearly an

en extracted

absorbing or a

re between t

both liquid a

consists of u

ted with the d

rest of it is be

solid desicca

m, thus takin

rection of the

m. Liquid desi

urfaces to abs

y need to be a

previously ab

alone as it is

the stronges

arrangement

o their advan

al process ca


s

ealised by th

nd succinctly

here “The de

adsorbing wa

he surroundi

nd solid state

using a slowly

desiccant, w

eing regener

ants to form a

g up its mois

regeneration

ccants are o

sorb water va

afterwards re

sorbed is ev

their dehumi

st. Therefore

ts, many of w

ntages and d

an be found


he removal o

y describes th

esiccants are

water vapour

ding air and th

tes” (Daou et

y rotating wh

with part of it i

rated. Anothe

a sort of ads

sture. These

n air stream

often sprayed

vapour from t

egenerated i

vaporated ou

idification rat

the desiccan

which are dis

disadvantage

in Appendix


Page 39

f moisture

he operation

e natural or

due the

he desiccant

t al., 2006).

heel (8–10

intercepting

er

orbent bed

beds need

and then

d into air

the incoming

in a

ut from it by

ther than

nt materials

scussed in

es. Further

F.

s g s

9

t

2.6.2.1

Tech

Air condit

conventio

by reducin

out. The d

conditions

requireme

evaporativ

dehumidif

free energ

the opera

Each liqui

Liquid des

in utilisatio

other han

desiccant

The vario

systems i

systems w

PRE-COOL

CONDITION

The desic

eliminate

increasing

the desicc

point is pr

will entail

configurat

ability to u

nology Revie

ioning loads

nal vapour c

ng the proce

dehumidified

s. Thus, if the

ent for super

ve systems d

fication proce

gy sources s

ting costs (D

id and solid d

siccants requ

on and creat

d, solid desic

material car

us types of d

n many diffe

will now be d

LING AND DEH

NING

ccants can be

the overcool

g its electrica

cant dehumid

revented. Th

the increase

tion can be u

utilise a signi

ew and Deci

can be divid

compression

ss air down

air is then re

e latent heat

cooling and

do not provid

ess with muc

such as solar

Daou et al., 2

desiccant sy

uire lower reg

te a lower pre

ccants are co

rryover (Dao

desiccants ca

rent configur

discussed se

HUMIDIFICATIO

e coupled wi

ling and the

al COP. Beca

difier, the ne

e increase in

e of the syste

useful in hum

ificantly redu

ision Aid for A

ded into the s

air condition

below its dew

eheated to m

load is remo

reheating is

de this functio

ch less energ

r energy and

006).

stem has its

generation te

essure drop

ompact and

u et al., 2006

an be used in

rations which

parately in e

ON FOR CONVE

th the traditio

reheat, thus

ause the late

ed of cooling

n evaporator

em’s electrica

mid climates.

uced vapour c


sensible and

ner, the laten

w point so th

meet the requ

oved by othe

negated. Fu

on at all. Des

gy consumpt

waste heat,

own advanta

emperatures

on the proce

are less subj

6).

n conjunction

h utilise their

ach of the fo

ENTIONAL VAP

onal air cond

downsizing t

ent load is ha

g the ventilat

temperature

al COP (Whit

The result is

compression


the latent lo

nt heat load is

he moisture c

uired indoor t

er means the

urther, direct

siccants can

tion or when

significantly

ages and sh

s, have great

ess air stream

bject to corros

n with other c

r advantages

ollowing subs

POUR COMPRE

ditioning syst

the equipme

andled indep

tion air below

e or reduced

te, 2011a). T

s (Daou et al

n air conditio


Page 40

ads. In a

s removed

condenses

temperature

n the

or indirect

perform the

powered by

y reducing

ortcomings.

er flexibility

m. On the

sion and

cooling

s. The main

sections.

ESSION AIR

tem to

ent and

endently by

w its dew

latent load

This

., 2006) the

ner which is

s g s

0

Tech

sized to m

savings (D

It has also

regenerat

single sta

second st

backup he

In Jiangyi

combines

compress

designed

system. T

and a hot

cooling ca

which is g

(Dai et al.

The syste

summer o

Tong Univ

found that

average c

1.0 and e

conditioni

powered d

consumpt

alone ove

nology Revie

meet the sens

Daou et al., 2

o been found

tion temperat

ge units (Da

tage may be

eat sources.

n, China a so

the technolo

sion air-cond

to deliver 10

The regenera

water storag

apacity of 20

generally alre

, 2009; Whit

em was put in

of 2008 by th

versity. Unde

t the solar-dr

cooling capac

lectric COP u

ng system is

desiccant un

tion of 25.5%

er a summer

ew and Deci

sible cooling

2006).

d if that a two

tures from th

i et al., 2009

offset by the

olar hybrid d

ogies of two-

itioning toge

0 kW of cooli

ation is perfo

ge tank. The

kW and has

eady dehumi

te, 2011c).

nto operation

he Institute of

er typical sum

riven desicca

city 10.9 kW

up to 11.48.

s about 30.5

nit. In the test

% in comparis

period (Dai e

ision Aid for A

load only th

o stage desic

he solar sour

9). This indica

e reduced co

desiccant air

-stage desicc

ther has bee

ng and is ins

rmed by a 90

vapour com

s the primary

dified. Furthe

n and its perf

f Refrigeratio

mmer weathe

ant cooling u

with corresp

The cooling

kW, of which

t the system

son with trad

et al., 2009).


us enabling

ccant cooling

rce are requir

ates that the

ost of solar th

conditioning

cant cooling

en installed. T

stalled on the

0 m2 flat plate

mpression air

y function of c

er detail can

formance mo

on and Cryog

er conditions

nit is energy

ponding aver

capacity of t

h 35.7% is co

yielded a red

itional vapou


costs and en

g system req

red when co

extra invest

hermal collec

system, wh

and air-sour

The desiccan

e fresh air int

e solar collec

conditioner

cooling the r

be found in

onitored duri

genics, Shan

s for the regio

y efficient, ac

rage thermal

the hybrid ai

ontributed by

duction in po

ur compress


Page 41

nergy

uires lower

mpared with

ment in the

ctors or

ich

rce vapour

nt system is

take of the

ctor array

has a

eturn air

section F.1

ng the

nghai Jiao

on, it was

chieving an

COP over

r

y solar-

ower

ion system

s g s

h

2.6.2.2

Tech

Dieng and

sorption d

backup sy

costs” (Di

difficult to

tend to ind

DEHUMIDIF

Desiccant

Evaporati

in the con

solutions

desiccant

2006). Th

most com

lithium-ch

common i

Daou et a

In system

exchange

heat and

ambient a

the buildin

higher reg

regenerat

A solution

two coolin

nology Revie

d Wang claim

dehumidificat

ystem allow f

eng and Wa

quantify and

dicate that a

FICATION FOR

t systems are

ve coolers b

nditioned spa

is this issue

so that the e

is application

mmonly with r

loride as the

in buildings a

al., 2006) and

s which have

er, a rotor wh

humidity) ca

air componen

ng. After this

generation te

tion of the de

n for very hig

ng coils supp

ew and Deci

m that “Other

tion (desicca

for primary e

ng, 2001). W

d often not st

rapid payba

R EVAPORATIV

e most frequ

ecome ineffi

ace is detrime

is to dehumi

evaporative c

n is common

rotating desic

e sorption ma

and commer

d are therefo

e to operate

hich enables

n be added t

nt is precoole

, the conven

emperatures

esiccant whe

h humidity a

plied with cold

ision Aid for A

r studies hav

ant) with a co

energy saving

Whilst the sta

tated in curre

ack is possibl

VE COOLING

uently used is

cient in hum

ental to the o

idify the inco

cooler can o

nly employed

ccant wheels

aterial. Most

cial applicati

ore well prove

in higher hu

total heat ex

to the desicc

ed and pre-d

ntional desicc

are necessa

eel.

pplications is

d water from


ve shown tha

onventional, e

gs to 50% at

ted “low incr

ent literature

e.

s with evapor

id climates p

occupants or

ming air thro

perate more

d in an open

s equipped e

of the requir

ons for many

en.

midity climat

xchange, (i.e

cant wheel sy

ehumidified

cant cycle ca

ary in order to

s a desiccan

m a conventio


at combinatio

electrically d

t low increas

reased overa

e, the savings

rative cooling

plus unusable

r equipment.

ough the use

e efficiently (D

cycle configu

either with sil

red compone

y years (Hen

tes, an entha

. exchange o

ystem. Using

using the ret

an be employ

o enable suf

nt cycle comb

onal chiller or


Page 42

ons of

driven

ed overall

all cost” is

s of 50%

g.

e if humidity

One of the

e of a

Daou et al.,

uration,

ica gel or

ents are

nning, 2007;

alpy

of sensible

g this,

turn air from

yed although

fficient

bined with

r indirect

s g s

2

2.6.2.3

Tech

evaporativ

sensible c

enters the

humidity l

dew-point

supply air

the chilled

coolers co

COUNTER

Henning l

“L

of

T

re

co

H

th

pr

T

sy

th

.

The count

by taking

section C

is particul

ambient a

process re

plants (He

nology Revie

ve coolers in

cooling requi

e desiccant w

evel, high co

t. Sorption de

r according to

d water cooli

ould also be

FLOW PLATE

ists the follow

Leakage betw

f rotor techno

The sorption p

educed dehu

ooled sorptio

Heat carry-ov

he process a

rimary goal o

The indirect e

ystem does n

he building re

ter flow heat

the principle

.2, and addin

arly intended

air humidity. F

educing main

enning, 2007

ew and Deci

n the supply a

red. Ambien

wheel. Since

old water tem

ehumidificati

o the desired

ng coils prov

utilised in th

HEAT EXCHAN

wing issues w

ween supply

ology when a

process is no

umidification

on process.

ver and the h

ir leaving the

of reducing th

evaporative c

not make ful

eturn air” (He

t exchanger d

e of the count

ng a desicca

d as a desicc

Further, the

ntenance an

7). The desic

ision Aid for A

air stream. E

nt air is pre-c

the pre-deh

mperatures a

on with a de

d supply air h

vide sensible

is configurat

NGER DESICCA

with convent

y air and retu

applied at sm

ot cooled (ad

potential of t

eat of adsorp

e desiccant w

he temperatu

cooling used

ll use of the h

enning, 2007

desiccant co

ter flow heat

nt dehumidif

cant cooling

absence of m

d giving it th

ccant can be


Either of thes

cooled and p

umidification

re sufficient t

siccant takes

humidity (Hen

e cooling only

ion.

ANT COOLER

tional desicc

rn air leads t

mall capacity

diabatic proce

the desiccan

ption leads to

wheel which

ure of proces

in the standa

high potentia

7).

oler counters

exchanger I

fication step

system for c

moving comp

e possibility

in liquid or s


e units will p

pre-dehumidif

n takes place

to cool the a

s place to ad

nning, 2007)

y, indirect ev

cant cooling s

to reduced p

y systems.

ess). This le

nt material co

o a high tem

is in contrad

ss air.

ard desiccan

al of enthalpy

s these disad

IEC unit desc

in the overa

climates with

ponents simp

to be used o

solid form.


Page 43

provide the

fied before it

e on a high

air below the

djust the

). Given that

vaporative

systems:

performance

ads to a

ompared to a

mperature of

diction to the

nt cooling

y uptake of

dvantages

cribed in

ll process. It

high

plifies the

on smaller

s g s

3

t

a

Tech

The main

rather tha

wet chann

to improve

was found

reach 75%

indirect ev

values rep

significant

seen for s

recent adv

that, depe

efficiency

Liquid des

desiccant

systems m

is compac

reach eve

such as th

this uncom

available

remote te

distance f

repair to k

for routine

nology Revie

difference b

n the primar

nel, the retur

e the second

d that the effe

% (Saman an

vaporative co

ported by Bru

tly different c

such a system

vances in co

ending on the

of humidity r

siccant syste

s can be reg

making solar

ct and anothe

en lower indo

hose discuss

mplicated tec

but technica

lecommunica

from the insta

keep the syst

e maintenanc

ew and Deci

between thes

ry air being d

rn air from th

dary side per

fectiveness o

nd Alizadeh,

ooling applic

uno (2009). A

climates the

m to further i

ounter flow IE

e primary air

removal.

ems possess

generated at

r energy and

er stage of e

oor temperat

sed in section

chnology cou

l expertise is

ations applic

allation, loca

tem operatio

ce.

ision Aid for A

se systems a

divided betwe

e conditione

rformance. D

of liquid desic

2002). This

cation howev

Although the

ratios still ho

improve on t

EC technolog

r flow rate, th

s a certain nu

lower tempe

waste heat v

evaporative c

ure (Daou et

n C.2 could b

uld be applie

s not (Daou e

cations where

al skills could

onal until skil


nd that desc

een supply a

d space was

During tests in

ccant evapor

is a good eff

er it still falls

e tests were p

old significanc

hat 120% eff

gies are appl

e system co

umber of adv

eratures than

viable option

cooler can be

t al., 2006), o

be utilised fo

d where abu

et al., 2006)is

e technical e

be utilised a

led labour ca


cribed in sect

ir and the se

s used as sec

n Brisbane, A

rative cooling

fectiveness v

s short of the

performed in

ce and poten

ffectiveness w

lied. It has al

ould reach a g

vantages. Fir

n solid desicc

ns to drive it.

e added to it

or counter flo

or the same e

undant solar

s available .

expertise is a

at least as a

an be source


Page 44

tion C.2, is

econdary

condary air

Australia it

g could

value for an

120%

n

ntial can be

when more

lso shown

good

rstly, liquid

cant

Secondly, it

in order to

ow IEC units

end. Thirdly,

energy is

Thus

a great

first stage

ed or returns

s g s

4

2.6.3

2.6.3.1

2.6.3.2

Tech

Possible i

PRE-COOL

CONDITION

Desiccant

fresh air is

existing sy

significant

limited.

Another p

deemed u

transferre

capacity a

night whe

reported t

(White, 20

DEHUMIDIF

As describ

performed

Figure 20

Evaporati

author, th

nology Revie

industry app

LING AND DEH

NING

ts precooling

s a requirem

ystem. If the

t latent load

possible appl

unviable for p

d into the roo

and could be

n ambient te

to provide the

011b).

FICATION FOR

bed in sectio

d in a numbe

below and c

ve Cooling a

erein lays th

ew and Deci

plications

HUMIDIFICATIO

g can be read

ment for huma

system is co

to the existin

ication is for

primary cooli

om. Desicca

e utilised to a

emperatures

e most econ

R EVAPORATIV

on F.2, dehum

er of different

can be adapt

across the m

e largest pot

ision Aid for A

ON FOR CONVE

dily applied t

an inhabitant

ompletely clo

ng system th

where venti

ng or energy

ants can be s

ssist a vapo

reduce. Des

omically effic

VE COOLING

midification f

t configuratio

ted to expan

ajority of the

tential for this


ENTIONAL VAP

o telecommu

ts or is a pre-

osed loop an

en savings w

lation system

y saving due

seen to provid

ur compress

siccants insta

cient way of s

or evaporativ

ons. The sim

d the applica

country. In t

s technology


POUR COMPRE

unications sit

-set function

nd humidity is

would be sign

ms were prev

to the humid

de significan

sion air condi

alled in this w

solar cooling

ve coolers ca

plest is illust

ation range fo

the opinion o

y.


Page 45

ESSION AIR

tes where

of the

s not adding

nificantly

viously

dity

nt cooling

itioner at

way are

g to date

an be

trated in

or Indirect

of the

s g s

5

2.6.3.3

2.6.4

2.6.4.1

Tech

Figure

COUNTER

Very little

date and t

the opinio

Conclusio

ADVANTAG

H

pa

A

E

Lo

nology Revie

e 20 - Stand

FLOW PLATE

reference to

therefore the

on of the auth

ons & recom

GES

ighest poten

ayback perio

Ability to pre-t

xpands the u

ow grade wa

ew and Deci

dard desicca

HEAT EXCHAN

o practical im

e potential fo

hor, with mor

mmendation

ntial of the so

ods

treat supply a

usability of e

aste heat or c

ision Aid for A

ant cooling c

NGER DESICCA

mplementation

or application

re developme

ns

olar cooling te

air for many

vaporative c

cheap collec


cycle (Henn

ANT COOLER

n of this tech

cannot be p

ent it could b

echnologies

system type

ooling techn

tors usable f


ning, 2007)

hnology can

properly eval

be applied in

today for att

es

nologies

for regenerat


Page 46

be found to

uated. In

the future.

tractive

tion

s g s

6

2.6.4.2

2.6.4.3

2.7 S

Tech

In

S

DISADVAN

S

R

si

T

RECOMME

Once a co

recomme

This is es

trials for th

explored i

Solar Cooli

The ejecto

refrigerati

with an el

electricity

Ejector co

date very

practical a

existence

applicatio

nology Revie

ncreases the

olid desiccan

NTAGES

ignificant col

Requires com

ituations

echnology st

ENDATIONS

ommercially

nded by the

pecially true

he expansion

in more dept

ng - Ejecto

or is a therm

on cycle as i

ectrical heat

to produce t

ooling is bein

little verifiab

application a

and notes th

ns as it can s

ew and Deci

potential for

nts have low

llector area r

mbination with

till yet to be d

available pro

author that t

when comb

n of ventilatio

th to assess

or Cooling

mally driven c

illustrated in

t pump syste

the compres

ng investigate

ble informatio

nd performa

hat it appear

simply bolt o

ision Aid for A

r ventilation c

w maintenanc

required

h another co

developed b

oduct is foun

trials be set u

ined with an

on only cooli

viability.

ompressor th

Figure 21 be

m, but an eje

sion effect (D

ed by resear

on is publical

ance. For this

rs to have gre

on” to an exis


cooling in hu

ce

oling techno

y many man

d or develop

up to underst

indirect evap

ng into humi

hat operates

elow. The sa

ector system

Dennis, 2010

ch facilities s

ly available w

s reason, this

eat promise,

sting intercoo


umid climates

logy in the m

nufacturers

ped, it is stro

tand its full p

porative coo

id areas sho

s in a heat pu

ame principa

m uses heat r

0).

such as the A

with regards

s paper only

especially in

oler.


Page 47

s

majority of

ngly

potential.

oler. Further,

uld be

ump

l applies as

rather than

ANU but to

to its

mentions its

n retrofit

s g s

7

s

Figur

2.8 N

2.8.1

2.8.2

Tech

re 21 - Solar

Natural (Fre

Technolog

Free conv

such that

convectio

insulation

and conve

specific ap

by the inte

thermosip

a pump ca

thermosip

A more de

Literature

It has bee

as betwee

inside tem

nology Revie

r thermal dr

ee) Convec

gy brief

vection as de

it “does not r

n and energy

, sunshade,

eyance of the

pplication. Th

ernal heat ex

phon if the te

an be utilised

phon to the o

etailed descr

e review

en shown tha

en 8.3ºC and

mperature of

ew and Deci

riven ejector2

ction

escribed by D

require a po

y storage ca

external and

e medium (m

The heat diss

xchanger and

emperature d

d to assist th

outside atmos

ription of this

at the interna

d 11.1ºC belo

a passively c

ision Aid for A

r cooling cy2011a)

Darwiche and

wer source b

apacity. This

d internal hea

mainly water)

ipated by the

d transferred

differentials a

he flow. At nig

sphere (Darw

s system can

al temperatur

ow ambient.

cooled shelte


cle (Osbour

d Shaik (200

because it fun

system cons

at exchanger

), which mus

e electronic e

d to the water

re sufficient.

ght, heat is d

wiche and Sh

be found in

re of the shel

Figure 22 sh

er located in


rne and Koh

08) can be de

unctions on n

sists of housi

rs, heat stora

st be designe

equipment is

r inside the t

” In non-idea

dissipated by

haik, 2008).

Appendix G

lter can be m

hows the exp

a typical hig


Page 48

hlenbach,

esigned

natural

ings with

age tank

ed for the

s absorbed

tank by

al conditions

y

.

maintained

pected

gh ambient

s g s

8

Figur

Tech

desert env

temperatu

re 22 - Temp

This syste

temperatu

N

T

The syste

T

d

(Darwiche

Energy ga

however t

nology Revie

vironment co

ures are also

perature lev

em exhibits t

ure differentia

o energy is r

here are no

em drawback

he system’s

ifferentials be

e and Shaik,

ains for such

these system

ew and Deci

ompared to t

o shown on th

vels for a typSha

he following

als are suffic

required to ru

moving parts

ks include:

performance

etween day

2008).

h a system ca

ms are typica

ision Aid for A

he outdoor a

he same figu

pical passiveik, 2008)

main benefit

cient:

un it in optim

s in optimal c

e is highly de

and night

an be as high

ally only for s


air. The tank

ure (Darwiche

e cooling sy

ts in optimal

mal conditions

conditions

ependent on

h as 100% of

mall installat


and heat ex

e and Shaik,

ystem (Darw

conditions w

s

large tempe

f the cooling

tions in dese


Page 49

changers’

, 2008)

wiche and

where

erature

load

ert climates.

s g s

9

2.8.3

2.8.3.1

2.8.3.2

2.8.4

2.8.4.1

2.8.4.2

2.8.4.3

Tech

Possible i

STANDALO

Implemen

a highly p

heat load

prove sys

backup co

PRIMARY C

The free c

source to

in desert o

service ris

night or u

Conclusio

ADVANTAG

P

S

P

DISADVAN

La

W

A

P

RECOMME

The large

is limited a

conditioni

required a

nology Revie

industry app

ONE CONVECT

nting this as t

ossible optio

is from the s

tem reliabilit

ooling metho

COOLING MET

convection co

supplement

or temperate

sk at sites wh

ntil system re

ons & recom

GES

otential of 10

imple system

otential to be

NTAGES

arge space r

Water flow req

Appears to on

otential for s

ENDATIONS

st potential f

and headroo

ng on site. In

at sites where

ew and Deci

plications

TION COOLING

the sole cool

on for small r

sun. Further

ty and a mini

od.

THOD WITH CO

ooling system

the convent

e climates. F

here tempera

eliability is su

mmendation

00% energy

ms with few m

e retrofitted w

requirements

quired above

nly be useful

small loads o

for this techn

om can be ac

n order to be

e the existing

ision Aid for A

G

ling source a

remote or de

trials would

mum of a ve

ONVENTIONAL

m could be im

tional air con

urther, this s

atures are no

ufficiently pro

ns

savings, at l

moving parts

where space

s inside the t

e sensitive eq

in limited cli

only and there

nology is at s

chieved by re

e able to real

g air conditio


as described

sert type she

have to be p

entilation fan

AIR CONDITIO

mplemented

ditioning req

ystem could

ot guarantee

oven.

east for the p

s

e permits

ransmission

quipment

matic conditi

efore small s

mall sites wh

emoving or re

ise this poten

oning can stil


in Appendix

elters where

performed in

would be re

ONING AS A BA

as a primary

quirement at

be seen to r

ed to drop sig

periods of us

site

ions

scale energy

here electrica

educing the

ntial some tr

ll be relied u


Page 50

x G below is

the main

order to

quired as a

ACKUP

y cooling

small sites

reduce

gnificantly at

se

y savings

al capacity

air

ials are

pon until the

s g s

0

2.9 P

2.9.1

2.9.2

Tech

technolog

about its p

opportunit

present a

Phase Chan

Technolog

Phase Ch

materials

exotherm

store and

(Tyagi and

significant

a change

This secti

the stored

insulation

(Tyagi and

Section 2

materials.

Literature

PCM heat

for the PC

from the b

from the a

temperatu

1981).

nology Revie

gy is sufficien

potential to b

ties are exha

significant c

nge Materia

gy brief

hange Materi

that have a

ic relations u

release the

d Buddhi, 20

tly more pote

of state or p

on reviews P

d heat or cold

. Therefore,

d Buddhi, 20

.10 then disc

.

e review

t and cold sto

CM material t

building is pa

air and stores

ures at night

ew and Deci

ntly proven. T

be used as a

austed. Findi

challenge.

als – Bulk

ials (PCM’s)

high heat of

using the late

heat as the

007; Harland

ential to store

phase.

PCM being a

d is in contai

the heat or c

007).

cusses passi

orage system

that acts as a

assed over th

s it. This hea

or by a heat

ision Aid for A

These trials w

n energy sav

ing reliable e

Storage Un

are common

fusion. Explo

ent heat of fu

material cha

et al., 2010)

e energy in t

applied to an

nment therm

cold is used o

ive use of dis

ms typically c

a heat excha

he PCM whic

at is later rem

t rejection un


will also prov

vings measu

expertise in th

nits

nly referred to

oiting their en

sion, chemic

nges betwee

), much the s

he process.

active heat a

mally separate

only on dem

stributed PCM

consist of a b

anger. In coo

ch removes s

moved either

nit (Riffat et a


vide valuable

ure when othe

he sector ma

to as latent h

ndothermic a

cal bonds are

en solid and

same as ice

This transitio

and cold sys

ed from the

and, not auto

M storage in

bulk storage

oling mode, t

some of the

by cool amb

al., 2001; Ma


Page 51

e information

er

ay however

heat storage

and

e used to

liquid form

but with

on is called

stem, where

building by

omatically

n building

container

he hot air

heat energy

bient

ccracken,

s g s

Figure

Tech

The syste

describe n

only. The

scenario.

directly su

adapted fo

at night, th

Refrigerat

savings w

performed

et al., 200

e 23 - Compa

Another s

company,

electrical

nology Revie

ems presente

novel cooling

results illust

These syste

uitable for 24

or assisted c

hereby reduc

tion systems

with respect to

d on a system

01).

arison betwwith and wi

tudy has bee

, Broadcast A

maximum de

ew and Deci

ed by Turnpe

g systems fo

trate a poten

ems are desig

4/7 heat load

cooling in the

cing the over

s assisted by

o COP as illu

m using PCM

een performithout PCM

en performed

Australia. Th

emand but a

ision Aid for A

enny (200,20

r larger build

tial for ten ye

gned for limi

s. However,

e day time if a

rall energy co

PCM have a

ustrated in F

M materials in

mance of thematerial (Ri

d for telecom

e primary aim

lso had the a


001) and Mac

dings that req

ear payback

ted period he

the principal

air conditioni

onsumption.

also demons

igure 23 from

n conjunction

ermoelectriciffat et al., 20

mmunications

m of the syst

added benefi


ccracken (19

quire occupa

in a low use

eat loads an

ls could pote

ing or ventila

strated signif

m an experim

n with heat p

c refrigeratio001)

s infrastructu

tem was to r

fit of reduced


Page 52

982)

ant comfort

office

d are not

entially be

ation is used

icant

mental study

pipes (Riffat

on system,

ure

educe the

d

s g s

2

Figure

Tech

consumpt

Australia.

(Williams,

The syste

reduced s

Figure 24

and Kand

e 24 - PCM a

The propo

ensure sy

“HETAC p

using 90%

nology Revie

tion overall. T

At this site t

Transmitter

Peak heat l

Total system

Electrical p

Target inter

Internal tem

, 2009).

em proposed

sized chiller t

below. The

adai, 2009).

assisted air

osed system

ystem longev

provides stor

% less energy

ew and Deci

The studied

the design pa

r equipment

load in the b

m capacity r

ower maxim

rnal tempera

mperature lim

by PCP Aus

to supply chi

PCM mater

handing un2

utilised inor

vity over man

red energy fo

y during this

ision Aid for A

site was Mt C

arameters we

operation -

uilding (inclu

equired - 24k

um demand

ature - 27ºC

mit - 32ºC

stralia used a

lled water to

rial was rege

nit design sc2009)

ganic hydrat

ny thousands

or cooling du

period, and


Clay near Po

ere set at:

24 hours a d

uding solar ra

kW.

limitation - 3

a PCM tank w

the air hand

nerated by th

chematic (R

ted salts whic

s of cycles. T

uring the hott

providing gr


ortland in Vic

day, 7 days a

adiation) - 20

3.6kW.

which assist

dling unit as i

he night air (

Rizkalla and

ch they repo

The design c

test part of th

reater than 5


Page 53

ctoria,

a week

0kW

ed a

illustrated in

(Rizkalla

Kandadai,

rted to

laimed

he day,

0% energy

s g s

3

Tech

savings o

chosen fo

range of 1

kJ/kg. By

25ºC whic

enclosure

chiller alo

which wer

cooled liq

a water in

The prima

upgrade w

study bein

this driver

had a pay

sound eco

implemen

nology Revie

verall, when

or the applica

14 to 20ºC, a

using PC-17

ch satisfied th

e. The total m

ne in order to

re estimated

uid inverter s

nlet/exit temp

ary driver beh

which was di

ng performed

r was therefo

yback period

onomic inves

nted.

ew and Deci

compared to

ation was PC

a heat capac

7, the lowest

he internal te

maximum pow

o accommod

to be 0.75 –

style chiller h

perature of 16

hind this sys

fficult to proc

d permission

ore substanti

in excess of

stment for en

ision Aid for A

o convention

C-17 which ha

ity of 180 kJ/

achievable s

emperature r

wer of 3.6 kW

date for wate

– 1 kW. The d

having a nom

6/11ºC (Rizk

stem design w

cure at the ti

n for the elect

ally reduced

f 10-15 years

nergy saving


nal air conditi

as a useful w

/kg/K and lat

supply air tem

requirements

W was reduc

er pump and

designed sys

minal cooling

kalla and Kan

was to avoid

me of the stu

trical upgrad

. At 50% ene

s and therefo

s alone, so t


ioning”. The

working temp

tent heat of f

mperature w

s of the trans

ced to 2.6 kW

fan power re

stem contain

capacity of

ndadai, 2009

an electrica

udy. Subseq

de was negot

ergy savings

ore did not re

the system w


Page 54

e PCM

perature

fusion of 145

was approx.

smitter

W for the

equirements

ned an air-

10 kW and

9).

l supply

uent to the

tiated and

s, the system

epresent

was never

s g s

4

5

2.9.3

2.9.3.1

Figure

Tech

Possible i

PCM ASSI

e 25 - Mt Cla

Mode 1: V

Outside a

passes th

design ind

year. If the

enabled V

regenerat

solid state

Mode 2: O

Outside te

and passe

exhausted

for almost

this mode

nology Revie

industry app

ISTED CHILLER

ay PCM assi

Ventilation o

ir temperatu

rough Fan 1

dicated that t

e ambient te

VSD’s to redu

ted by cool o

e ready for la

Open circula

emperature 2

es through th

d through MD

t 50 days in a

e and returns

ew and Deci

plications

R

isted coolin2

only

re TOA<25ºC

& BD1 in to

this mode wo

emperature is

uce the spee

outside air re

ater utilisation

ation coolin

25< TOA< 32º

he PCM hous

D2. The desi

a year. The P

s to mode 1 m

ision Aid for A

g system sc2009)

C - Air is draw

o the room an

ould be oper

s too low, the

ed of the Fan

moving the h

n.

ng

ºC - Air is dra

sing, Fan 2 a

ign indicated

PCM is used

most nights f


chematic (R

wn through M

nd exhausted

ational for al

e room tempe

n 1. The PCM

heat and cha

awn through

and BD2 into

that this mo

d to store hea

or regenerat


Rizkalla and

MD1 (MD3 is

d through MD

lmost 300 da

erature sens

M tank in this

anging the PC

MD1 (MD3

o the room an

ode would be

at from the e

tion.


Page 55

Kandadai,

closed) and

D2. The

ays in a

sor (Tr)

s mode is

CM to a

is closed)

nd

e operational

xternal air in

s g s

5

n

2.9.3.2

2.9.4

2.9.4.1

Tech

Mode 3: C

Outside a

is on. The

PCM hous

mode wou

heat from

regenerat

(Rizkalla a

STANDALO

If only sm

foreseeab

reach a lo

radiation.

peak sola

the air to c

releasing

reliable cl

considera

without ris

At the tim

that it wou

prices wa

Conclusio

ADVANTAG

P

A

nology Revie

Closed circu

ir temperatu

e room air is

sing to the F

uld operation

the external

tion.

and Kandada

ONE PCM COO

all levels of c

ble that the P

ow enough te

In this syste

r periods du

cool the equ

its heat ener

imatic condit

able amounts

sk to service

e of publicat

uld only be c

s to occur or

ons & recom

GES

otential for s

Able to be use

ew and Deci

ulation cool

re TOA >32ºC

recirculated

Fan 2 and flow

nal for approx

l air in this m

ai, 2009).

OLING

cooling are r

PCM blocks c

emperature a

em, air could

ring the day,

ipment build

rgy to the atm

tions that en

s of PCM to e

.

tion, discussi

commercially

r a significan

mmendation

significant en

ed in conjunc

ision Aid for A

ling

C - MD1 and

as return air

ws into the ro

ximately 10-

mode and retu

required or a

could provide

and the heat

be passed o

, melting the

ing. At night

mosphere. T

sure very co

ensure the w

ion with loca

viable at ide

t electrical u

ns

nergy savings

ction with ex


MD2 is clos

r is drawn the

oom. The de

15 days. The

urns to mode

site with des

e sufficient co

load is predo

over the PCM

PCM and re

, the PCM w

his system w

ol nights on

warm nights c

l suppliers on

eal sites unle

pgrade was

s

isting system


sed. MD3 is o

e through MD

esign indicate

e PCM is use

e 1 most nigh

sert like clim

ooling on if t

ominantly fro

M material du

emoving the

would be rege

would require

the hottest d

could be with

n this system

ess a fall in P

otherwise re

ms


Page 56

open. Fan 2

D3 and the

ed that this

ed to store

hts for

ate, it is

he nights

om solar

uring the

heat from

enerated by

e very

days or

hstood

m revealed

PCM system

equired.

s g s

6

2.9.4.2

2.9.4.3

2.10 P

2.10.1

Tech

C

o

re

N

R

DISADVAN

R

re

R

de

RECOMME

The case

suppleme

electrical

literature

the indust

may rende

electricity

fall back o

viability.

Phase Chan

Technolog

Phase Ch

fundamen

they store

used to st

liquid form

nology Revie

Can reduce th

n site thereb

estricted.

o reliance on

Relatively low

NTAGES

Reliant on loc

equired in ma

Relatively imm

emonstrating

ENDATIONS

study demo

entary cooling

energy supp

review was i

try have occu

er the system

prices. A sit

onto an exist

nge Materia

gy brief

hange Materi

ntal principles

e latent heat

tore and rele

m (Tyagi and

ew and Deci

he amount of

by reducing m

n consumab

w maintenanc

calised climat

any cases

mature techn

g reliability

nstrated that

g system for

ply was limite

nstalled in a

urred since.

m worth reco

te specific tria

ting system s

als – Impre

ials impregna

s discussed

and utilising

ease the heat

Buddhi, 200

ision Aid for A

f vapour com

maximum de

le alternative

ce requireme

tic conditions

nology that ha

t PCM bulk s

telecommun

ed or expens

non-ideal cl

In the future

onsidering es

al with ideal

should be inv

egnated Bu

ated in buildi

for those use

the latent he

t as the mate

07; Harland e


mpression air

mands where

e resources

ents

s so extra ca

as few comm

storage could

nications site

ive. The mai

imate and fu

, PCM supply

specially whe

climatic cond

vestigated fu

uilding Mat

ng materials

ed in bulk sto

eat of fusion,

erial changes

et al., 2010),


r conditioning

re electricity s

apacity or bac

mercial proje

d work as a p

es, in particul

in case study

urther develo

y and install

en coupled w

ditions and th

rther for com

terials

s use the sam

orage. In the

, chemical bo

s between so

much the sa


Page 57

g required

supply is

ckup

cts

primary or

lar where

y in the

pments in

efficiencies

with rising

he ability to

mmercial

me

e same way,

onds are

olid and

ame as ice

s g s

7

2.10.2

Tech

but with s

is called a

This secti

materials

on the ene

weather c

interior air

Active use

2 Literature

A building

be utilised

systems (

go further

they can o

their disch

without sig

In an app

radiation d

atmosphe

reducing t

more expe

and Farid

While limi

available,

wallboard

nology Revie

ignificantly m

a change of s

on reviews u

such as the

ergy storage

conditions to

r temperature

e of bulk cen

e review

g with PCM im

d to reduce th

Stetiu and F

r to claim tha

offer an orde

harge is almo

gnificantly ch

lication requ

during the da

ere but also i

the peak load

ensive peak

, 2004).

ted experime

a few gener

have been o

ew and Deci

more potentia

state or phas

utilising PCM

walls, ceiling

e role in a dis

facilitate this

e.

ntralised PCM

mpregnated

he peak pow

Feustel, 1996

at “PCMs hav

er of magnitu

ost isotherma

hanging the t

iring cooling

ay and releas

nto the build

ding of the s

tariff periods

ental studies

ral rules pert

observed an

ision Aid for A

al to store en

se.

M by impregn

g and/or roof

stributed and

s energy stor

M storage is

fabric has hi

wer demand a

6; Khudhair a

ve two impor

ude increase

al. This allow

temperature

, this is achie

sing it at nigh

ing space. T

systems and

s to the inexp

s of PCM wa

aining to the

d documente


nergy in the p

ating them in

f. In this way

passive way

rage and tran

discussed in

gher levels o

and down siz

and Farid, 20

rtant advanta

in thermal st

ws storing lar

of the sheat

eved by stori

ht predomina

The main resu

shifting the e

pensive off p

llboard have

thermal dyn

ed by Kudha


process. This

nto the buildi

y the building

y by using th

nsfer to regu

n section 2.9.

of thermal m

ze the coolin

004). Kudhair

ages as stora

torage capac

rge amounts

thing (room e

ing the heat

antly into the

ultant advan

energy use f

peak tariffs (K

been condu

namics of PC

air and Farid


Page 58

s transition

ing

fabrics take

he ambient

ulate the

.

ass that can

ng or heating

r and Farid

age media:

city, and

of energy

envelope)”

from solar

e cooler

tages are

rom the

Khudhair

ucted or are

CM

as below.

s g s

8

e

Figu

Tech

(Khudhair

ure 26 - Typi

nology Revie

“PCM wall i

radiation in

the tempera

Because of

minimizing

the inside te

PCM impre

and cooling

Gypsum wa

ordinary wa

building.

PCM will pr

building, en

construction

Optimal day

above aver

Little or no

wallboard in

r and Farid, 2

ical operatioscen

ew and Deci

is capable of

cident on the

ature drops.

f the high the

the effect of

temperature

egnated mate

g load to off p

allboard impr

allboard durin

rovide therm

nabling passi

n.

ytime heat s

rage room te

additional co

n place of or

2004)

on of PCM cnario (Khudh

ision Aid for A

f capturing a

e walls or roo

ermal mass o

f large fluctua

of the buildin

erials can be

peak electric

regnated wit

ng new cons

mal storage th

ive solar des

torage occur

mperature.

ost would be

rdinary wallbo

containing whair and Far


large propor

of of a buildin

of PCM walls

ations in the

ng.

very effectiv

city periods.

h PCM could

struction or re

hat is distribu

sign and off p

rs with a mel

incurred for

oard.”

wallboard inrid, 2004).


ortion of the s

ng to be rele

s, they are ca

ambient tem

ve in shifting

d be installed

ehabilitation

uted througho

peak cooling

lt temperatur

r installation o

n a heat requ


Page 59

solar

ased when

apable of

mperature on

the heating

d in place of

of a

out a

with frame

re 1-3ºC

of PCM

uirement

s g s

9

2.10.3

Tech

A practica

USA (43ºN

heating an

PCM wall

cost (Khu

A range o

combinati

applicatio

in the 5 to

enthalpy l

A study in

board was

costs. Wit

anticipate

appears to

the board

for supply

about ten

this, the 1

the no add

3 Possible i

The requi

the prese

and has a

materials,

of the mat

conditioni

nology Revie

al study for a

N) has show

nd cooling (o

boards could

dhair and Fa

of PCM’s are

on of the ent

n. According

o 25ºC range

evels are ve

n 1991found

s ten to twen

th the rising e

d that the pa

o have been

which has s

y of Smartboa

times the co

991 study pa

ditional cost

industry app

rement to re

nce of asbes

a PCM produ

, the air cond

terial thereby

ng where the

ew and Deci

residential a

wn that a 120

or 15% of the

d save up to

arid, 2004).

used, each

thalpy and m

g to Tyagi an

e. A particula

ery low.

that the eco

nty years dep

energy costs

ayback time w

n based on th

since been sh

ard in New Z

ost of regular

ayback figure

bullet point r

plications

place interna

stos fibres so

uct put in its p

ditioning syst

y achieving a

e PCM board

ision Aid for A

application co

m2 house co

e annual ene

20% of resid

with varying

melting point

d Buddhi (20

r gap is evid

nomic payba

pending on th

s of recent an

would be red

he immersion

hown to fail d

Zealand from

r gypsum boa

es are unlike

recorded abo

al walls is co

o this require

place. To tak

tem would ne

a “backup” sy

d cannot ach


onducted in

ould save up

ergy cost). Cl

dential house

melting poin

must be cho

007) there is

ent in the 15

ack time for a

he location, d

nd future yea

duced. Howe

n bath techni

due to evapo

m Knauf in Ge

ard (Harland

ely to be real

ove from (Kh

mmon in agi

ement could b

ke full advant

eed to be set

ystem which

hieve the req


Madison, W

p to 4 GJ a ye

laims are ma

e space cond

nts and entha

osen for the d

currently a l

5 to 20ºC ran

a PCM impre

due to reduc

ars it could b

ever, this res

ique for impr

oration. Estim

ermany indic

d et al., 2010

ised and als

hudhair and F

ing infrastruc

be taken adv

tage of the P

t above the m

only uses th

uired cooling


Page 60

isconsin,

ear in

ade that

ditioning

alpies. A

desired

ack of PCM

nge where

egnated wall

ced energy

e

earch

regnating

mated costs

cate it to be

). Given

o counters

Farid, 2004).

cture due to

vantage of

PCM

melting point

he air-

g. Savings

s g s

0

.

t

2.10.4

2.10.4.1

2.10.4.2

2.10.4.3

Tech

could how

plasterboa

4 Conclusio

1 ADVANTAG

P

2 DISADVAN

D

U

M

po

Lo

3 RECOMME

A building

the load c

This shifti

of the buil

on extrem

potential t

24/7 heat

into the bu

savings. G

standard

potential f

as asbest

nology Revie

wever be dist

ard walls bec

ons & recom

GES

assive and m

NTAGE

Difficult to qua

nknown and

Much of the e

otentially res

ow quantum

ENDATIONS

g integrated w

coming of res

ng of energy

lding thereby

me days. Whi

to make sign

load becaus

uilding during

Given the PC

product, the

for use where

tos contamin

ew and Deci

torted when c

cause of the

mmendation

maintenance

antify saving

d seemingly e

energy use is

sulting in cos

of energy sa

with distribut

sidential air c

y demand als

y reducing th

ilst the theore

nificant energ

se it means l

g the night a

CM product is

cost benefit

e walls or ins

nation or age

ision Aid for A

comparing it

thermal prop

ns

e free

s

expensive su

s simply shifte

st savings bu

avings comp

ed thermal s

conditioners

so has the po

he cooling sy

etical advant

gy savings ar

arge amount

chieving cos

s a level of m

is unlikely to

sulation is be

should be in


to the altern

perties of asb

upply chain a

ed to anothe

t reduced en

pared to othe

storage mate

from peak to

otential to red

stem size req

tages are cle

re limited for

ts of the ene

st savings rat

magnitude mo

o be worthwh

eing replaced

nvestigated f


native standa

bestos.

available

er part of the

nergy saving

er technologie

erials could s

o off peak tim

duce the pea

quired or pe

early evident

internal fixtu

ergy is dissipa

ther than ene

ore expensiv

hile. Howeve

d for other re

further.


Page 61

ard

day

s

es.

hift most of

me periods.

ak heat load

ak loading

, the actual

ures of a

ated back

ergy

ve than the

r the

easons such

s g s

3 Te

3.1 D

3.2 D

3.2.1

Tech

echnolog

Decision Ai

Air condit

undertake

technolog

pressures

restricted

ever evolv

proper re-

constraint

compress

efficient o

Whilst the

a snapsho

tool that c

technolog

Decision Ai

Criteria ra

As illustra

of selectio

scale. The

cycle face

through to

general de

outlined in

Main Crite

informatio

nology Revie

gy Select

id Objectiv

ioning upgra

en without du

gies. Attentio

s making the

for the avera

ving quest fo

-assessment

ts will often b

sion system i

ption.

e technology

ot of availabl

can guide the

gies for a site

id Use

ating and sp

ated in Table

on criteria an

e criteria hav

ets of air con

o environmen

efinitions of t

n the

eria Key wor

on available a

ew and Deci

tion Dec

ves

ades, remedia

ue considera

n to timely d

time to prop

age project e

or energy effi

t is a constan

be forced to m

nstallation w

review secti

le technologi

e engineer th

e specific app

pecification

3 below, the

nd asks them

ve been sele

ditioning des

ntal impacts

the criteria a

ksheet as ex

at the time o

ision Aid for A

cision Aid

ation and gre

ation of new,

elivery is ofte

perly researc

engineer mak

ciency, tech

nt burden. Th

make the cho

which is well k

on aims to s

ies today, the

hrough a high

plication.

e decision aid

m to give an a

cted to aid th

sign from ins

and ongoing

nd correspo

xtracted in Ta

f decision aid


d - Descr

een fields ins

more efficien

en the prima

h all availabl

king the deci

nology is adv

herefore, the

oice for the e

known and tr

ummarise cu

e decision ai

h level asses

d guides the

appraisal on

he user in co

tallation cost

g maintenanc

nding rating

able 4 below

d use will dic


ription

stallations ar

nt air conditio

ary focus with

le technolog

isions. Furth

vancing at a

e engineer w

easier, stand

rusted but of

urrent literatu

id aims at pro

ssment of va

user throug

a simple 1-5

onsidering the

ts and comp

ce requireme

specification

w. The level o

ctate the acc


Page 62

re often

oning

h project

ies largely

er, with the

rate where

ith time

dard vapour

ften far less

ure and give

oviding a

rious

h a number

5 rating

e main life

lexities

ents. The

ns are

of

uracy of the

s g s

2

Tech

output. Ho

passes ca

the projec

Each tech

decision a

Technolog

technolog

assessed

table for e

sub criteri

such crite

then auto

workshee

For desig

table are

undertake

nology Revie

owever, the d

an be made a

ct.

hnology asse

aid. A worksh

gy Review se

gies that may

, the user is

each technolo

ia ratings. Ma

ria. The ratin

matically cal

t can be foun

n validation a

provided to t

en by the use

ew and Deci

decision aid

as better info

essment is un

heet is provid

ection of this

y be consider

required to e

ogy with the

aintenance I

ngs for these

culated into

nd in Append

and tracking

track and log

er.

ision Aid for A

is designed

ormation bec

ndertaken on

ded for each

s paper. Extra

red or arise i

enter the rati

exception of

ntensity and

e must be en

the main tab

dix A.

the Evaluati

g the decision


to be quite fl

comes availa

n a separate

technology d

a sheets are

n the future.

ng in the ligh

f criteria whic

Alternate Re

tered in the e

ble. An exam

ion Justificat

n making pro


lexible so tha

able through

worksheet i

discussed in

e provided fo

As each crit

ht pink cells o

ch are a com

esource Imp

evaluation ta

mple of one te

tion columns

ocess and lev


Page 63

at multiple

the life of

n the

n the

r further

terion is

of the main

mposite of

pact are two

able which is

echnology’s

of the input

vel of rigour

s g s

3

Ene

RegionNorth North Sth QLSth CeNorth South/North CentraSouth Nth SASth SAEasterWesteACTVictorTas

rgy Efficient Air-C

Table 3 – Tech

nE

QLD CoastalQLD InlandLD Coastalentral QLDNT/Central NTWAal WAWAAArn NSWern NSW

ia

* Ra** Ra

*** Ra

Conditioning - Tech

nology selection

Evaporative *

T

1

4

2

4

2

4

3

5

4

5

5

3

5

4

5

5

ating based on re

ating based on Av

ating based on m

hnology Review a

n criteria ratingsSolar hermal **

PCMConve

**3 3

5 5

3 3

4 4

5 4

5 4

5 4

5 5

3 5

4 4

3 3

3 2

3 4

3 4

3 3

2 3

gional modelled a

verage Annual Sol

ean max and min

and Decision Aid f

/Free ection **3

5

3

4

4

4

4

5

5

4

3

2

4

4

3

3

average

lar Expo

temper

for Australian TeleTh

ecommunications

Pag

hesis Sites

ge 64

CrPay

Netsav

RetCap

iteria Gyback E

c"iocm

t Energy vings

Ett

trofit pability

Tts

General DefiExpected simple pchosen system ins"typical" site. Connclude capital expoperation and macosts assuming zemobilisation.

Expected net enerthe chosen systemthe "typical" site.

The ability for theto be retrofitted insystem at the "typ

Ene

Tab

nition payback for the stalled at the siderations penditure, aintenance ero

rgy savings for m installed at

e chosen system nto the existing pical" site.

rgy Efficient Air-C

ble 4 – Technolo

Rating Spec

1

> 20 years

10‐20%

1

Not Possiblethe system isalmost exclusively only viable innew installations

Conditioning - Tech

ogy Selection Rat

cifications

2

10‐20 ye

221‐40%

e ‐ s

n 2

Large Modifica‐ mod co80% of gfield cap

hnology Review a

tings Specificati

ears

3

5‐10

341‐60

ations osts ≥ green pex

3

SignifModimod 79% field

and Decision Aid f

ons

years

4

0% 4

ficant ifications ‐ costs 50‐of green capex

4

for Australian Tele

2‐5 years

61‐80%

Medium Modifications ‐ mod costs 20‐49% of green field capex

Thecommunications

Pag

5

< 2 years

580‐100%

5

Minor or noModificatiomod costs <20% of greefield capex

hesis Sites

ge 65

o ons ‐ < en

CurComon

Comon

rrent Level of mmercialisati

Taid

mmercialisatiPotential

Ttsl

The level of commadvancement of tn general in Austrdefined by EPRI (2

The foreseen timetechnology to achstage of deploymeevel of commerci

Ene

mercial he technology ralia. Criteria 2010).

eframe for the hieve a late ent or better ialisation.

rgy Efficient Air-C

1

Research ‐ High technicand commercial risk. No Scaleup demonstrate

1

> 20 years ‐ Most researcand reviews show that thtechnical andcommercial potential is nvery high

Conditioning - Tech

cal

e

ed 2

Develop‐ high technicasome commerand scalpotentiademonsin Pilot(s

ch

he d

not 2

10‐20 yethere is significacommeror technrisk

hnology Review a

pment

al risk,

rcial e up al trated s)

3

DemoPilot progra numscaledemonot ncommStill stechnremaCommcosts

ears ‐

nt rcial nical

3

5‐10 Techhas bsignifreducsomemanuadvaremashouovercvolum

and Decision Aid f

onstration ‐ has been ressed into mber of full real world onstrations, necessarily mercial. significant nical risk ains. mercial s high.

4

years ‐ nical risk been ficantly ced but e ufacturing nces ain which ld be come with me

4

for Australian Tele

Deployment ‐ An early stage of commercialisation where it is viable but may need some assistance to be competitive on a pure cost basis. Some technical risk still remains

2‐5 years ‐ approaching critical mass and manufacturing advances are visible

Thecommunications

Pag

5

Mature TechnologyFull commerciaon and technical rivery low

5

< 2 years ‐ Prices are dropping sharply or aapproachinbottom of tcost curve. Likely competitivenow but onmore expenend of the market.

hesis Sites

ge 66

y ‐

lisati

sk

are ng the the

e n the nsive

DesSuit24/

MaInte

sign tability for /7 Heat Load

Tbhdadrsrhttf

aintenance ensity

MdscrTa

The ability for thebe designed to deheat load 24 hourdays a week at theassuming climaticdesirable and alteresources are avastandalone 24/7 orequirement thenhere should precluthe user should ditechnology as an ofirst instance.

Maintenance requdefined by minimsomeone has to acomplexity and rerequired and totaThe rating is calcuan average of thes

Ene

e chosen system eliver the total rs a day seven e "typical" site conditions are ernate ilable. If operation is a n a poor score ude its use and isregard this option in the

uirements as um frequency ttend site, esources l duration p.a.. ulated based on se three sub

rgy Efficient Air-C

1

Almost NeveRarely to methe 24/7 demand andvery little technology developmeninitiated to counter issue

1

Not Practicasee subcategorie

Min Frequen≤ 2/1/.6 months

Conditioning - Tech

er ‐ eet

d

nt

es 2

>20% / SPotentiaAble to mthe 24/7demand>20% thyear andsome technolodevelopinitiatedcounter issues

l ‐

es

2

High ‐ sesubcateg

ncy 2/1/.6 <Frequen4/2/1.3 months

hnology Review a

Some al ‐ meet 7 e d

ogy ment d to

3

>50%DemoPotento me24/7 >50%year technsolvedemophasecommon

ee gories

3

Medisubca

ncy ≤ 4/2/1Frequ6/3/2

and Decision Aid f

% / onstrated ntial ‐ Able eet the demand

% of the and nology to e issues in onstration e of mercialisati

4

ium ‐ see ategories

41.3 < uency ≤ 2 months

for Australian Tele

>80% / Very High Potential ‐ Able to meet the 24/7 demand >80% the year and technology currently available to solve the remaining issues but may be at reduced reliability or high cost

Low ‐ see subcategories

6/3/2 < Frequency ≤ 12/6/4 months

Thecommunications

Pag

5

100% TodayCan stand aas a coolingsolution for100% of theyear

5

Very low ‐ ssubcategor

Frequency 12/6/4 mon

hesis Sites

ge 67

y ‐ alone g r e

see ies

> nths

AlteRes

ccrss1srsmt

ernate source Impact

TatsTcTtr

criteria. The frequcriteria are weightratio for small/mesites respectively.sub criteria are we1/2/3 ratio for small/medium/larrespectively. e.g. ashould require 1/3maintenance of a times less often.

The chosen systemalternative finite rtheir availability wsignificant storageThe variables are consumption and The final rating elitechnology as an orating of 1. The ra

Ene

uency sub ted in a 3/2/1 edium/large The duration eighted in a

rge sites a small site 3 of the large site and 3

m's reliance on resources and without e requirements. quantity of availability. iminates this option with a ting is

rgy Efficient Air-C

Complexity ‐all specialisepersonnel orequipment

Duration > 6.5/10/20 mdays p.a.

1

Not practicasee subcategorie

Consumptio> 50 averageAustralian households

Conditioning - Tech

‐ ed r

Complex75‐95% specialispersonnequipme

man 3/5/10 <Duration6.5/10/2man day

l ‐

es

2

High ‐ sesubcateg

n ‐ e

Consum‐ 30‐49 avAustraliahouseho

hnology Review a

xity ‐

sed el or ent

Comp50‐74specipersoequip

< n ≤ 20 ys p.a.

1.5/2Dura3/5/1days

ee gories

3

Medisubca

mption

verage an olds

Cons10‐29Austrhous

and Decision Aid f

plexity ‐ 4% ialised onnel or pment

2.5/5< tion ≤ 10 man p.a.

ium ‐ see ategories

4umption ‐ 9 average ralian eholds

for Australian Tele

Complexity ‐ 25‐49% specialised personnel or equipment

0.3/.5/1 < Duration ≤ 1.6/2.5/5 man days p.a.

Low ‐ see subcategories

Consumption ‐ 1‐9 average Australian households

Thecommunications

Pag

Complexity25% speciapersonnel oequipment

Duration ≤ 0.3/0.5/1 mdays p.a.

5

Very low ‐ ssubcategor

Consumpti< 1 averageAustralian household renewable

hesis Sites

ge 68

y ‐ < lised or

man

see ies

on ‐ e

or is

ClimPer

cocwsrsm

matic rformance

DrcaRa

calculated based oof these two sub cconsumption sub weighted in a 3/2/small/medium/larrespectively. e.g. ashould require 1/3maintenance at a

Design performanrequired site's climconditions. If site are not available tRatings worksheeassistance.

Ene

on an average criteria. The criterion is /1 ratio for rge sites a small site 3 of the large site.

nce in the matic specific ratings the Climate t may provide

rgy Efficient Air-C

Availability ‐Not Availableor creates anenvironmentor OHS compliance breach.

1

Not Suitable<40% of optimal efficiency

Conditioning - Tech

‐ e n tal

AvailabiCapex anNPV of operatiorequiremrepresen200% ofcapital investm

‐

2

Margina59% of optimal efficienc

hnology Review a

ility ‐ nd

onal ment nts > f the

ent

AvailCapeof oprequirepre200%capitinves

al ‐ 40‐

cy 3

Goodof opeffici

and Decision Aid f

lability ‐ ex and NPV perational irement esents 101‐% of the al stment

d ‐ 60‐79% ptimal ency

4

for Australian Tele

Availability ‐ Capex and NPV of operational requirement represents 20‐100% of the capital investment

Desirable ‐ 80‐95% of optimal efficiency

Thecommunications

Pag

AvailabilityCapex and of operatiorequiremenrepresents <20% of thecapital investment

5

Optimal ‐ ato achieve optimal efficiency adesign withtolerance o

hesis Sites

ge 69

y ‐ NPV nal nt

e

t

ble

as per hin a of 5%

3.2.2

Table

"TypicSmall S

"TypicMediu

"TypicLarge S

3.2.3

Tech

Multiple s

The user

through th

sizes for s

“typical sy

then copie

the proces

5 - Example

cal" Site

‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐

cal" um Site

‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐

cal" Site

‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐

Criteria W

nology Revie

system evalu

is given the f

he use of the

simplicity and

ystem” descr

ed into each

ss for consis

e use of the

‐ 2‐4 small sp‐ Sealed syst‐ < 30 kW co‐ No existing ‐ Set temper‐ Max rel hum‐ Existing sys

‐ 2‐4 large sp‐ Sealed syst‐ 30‐100 kW ‐ Centralised‐ Set temper‐ Max rel hum‐ Existing sys

‐ 2‐4 large pa‐ Supply and ‐ Sealed syst‐ > 100 kW co‐ Relay logic ‐ Set temper‐ Max rel hum‐ Existing sys

Weighting

ew and Deci

uation optio

flexibility to a

e Small, Med

d guidance t

ription shells

technology w

stency. An ex

Small Mediwo

plit system uem (no existoling load g centralised rature = 25° Cmidity internstem COP = 2

plit system uem (no existcooling load

d relay logic crature = 28° Cmidity internstem COP = 3

ackage units return air dem (no existooling loadcontrol systerature = 28° Cmidity internstem COP = 3

ision Aid for A

on

analyse up to

ium and Larg

hese criteria

at the bottom

worksheet to

xample of thi

um and Larrksheet

units ting fresh air

logic or assuC nal = 75% @ 2.5

nits ting fresh aird control systeC nal = 75% @ 3.0

ivisible with ting fresh air

em with reprC nal = 75% @ 3.0


o 3 system d

ge entries. W

can be adju

m of the main

o give continu

s is given in

ge fields on

supply)

ume needs to

23° C

supply)

em with repro

23° C

ducting supply)

rogrammabl

23° C


designs or siz

Whilst they ar

usted by the u

n worksheet

ued guidanc

Table 5 belo

n the Main C

o be replaced

ogrammable

e PLC


Page 70

zes at once

re listed as

user in the

which is

e through

ow:

Criteria Key

d.

e PLC

s g s

0

3.2.4

3.3 D

3.3.1

Tech

The Criter

customisa

values an

required t

Climate R

The Clima

each the m

Australia.

region of A

as compa

a guide fo

use when

E

ra

(M

S

te

ex

P

co

th

is

(B

Decision Ai

Results –

The outpu

workshee

priorities a

nology Revie

ria Weighting

able percenta

d justification

o be adhered

Ratings

ate Ratings w

main techno

As seen in T

Australia are

ared to its opt

or the initial s

those detail

vaporative –

anking is bas

McBratney, 2

olar Therma

echnologies.

xposure as m

hase Chang

onvection tec

he minimum

s based on a

BOM, 1990).

id Output

Site Specif

ut of this pag

ts are compl

and a weight

ew and Deci

g worksheet

age allocatio

n fields are p

d to.

worksheet pr

logy categor

Table 4 abov

e rated as a p

timal design

stages of eva

ls are known

– to be used

sed on a perc

2011a).

al – to be us

The ranking

measured in

ge Materials

chnologies re

and maximu

percentage

fic

ge is the prim

leted, the tec

ted average

ision Aid for A

in the decisi

on for each o

provided to g

rovides exam

ries in each o

ve, climatic ra

percentage o

climate. The

aluation and

n. The basis f

d for all evapo

centage of o

ed for all the

g is based on

MJ/m2 (BOM

s/Free Conve

ely heavily o

um temperatu

of optimal m

mary use for t

chnology sco

is returned fo


on aid provid

f the criteria.

uide the use

mple climatic

of the main re

atings of a te

of site specifi

e example ra

should be ad

for these rati

orative coolin

ptimal electr

ermally driven

a percentag

M, 2008).

ection – bot

n temperatu

ures of a 24 h

mean max to

this decision

ores are weig

or each of th


des the user

. Default wei

er however th

performance

egional area

echnology in

ic design per

atings are me

djusted for si

ings is thus:

ng technolog

rical COP in A

n solar coolin

ge of optimal

th PCM and f

re differentia

hour period.

mean min te

aid. When th

ghted agains

he Small, Me


Page 71

with a

ghting

hese are not

e ratings for

s of

a given

rformance

eant only as

ite specific

gies the

Australia

ng

l daily solar

free

als between

The ranking

emperatures

he required

st their

dium and

s g s

g

3.3.2

Tech

Large opt

technolog

ranked ag

option.

Results –

A seconda

technolog

aid is then

technolog

or techno

Note: The

fashion. A

all the tec

apply whe

aid are int

that a site

a specific

nology Revie

ions of the s

gies applicab

gainst each o

National

ary use of th

gies and their

n taken a ste

gies rate whe

logies are lik

e user must a

Assumptions

chnologies. F

en evaluating

tended for hi

e specific eva

project or si

ew and Deci

ystems as re

ility to the ch

other, providi

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r rating again

ep further to g

en applied to

kely to prese

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Further, the a

g or applying

igh level plan

aluation be p

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ision Aid for A

equired. The

hosen site or

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aid is to give a

nst the criteri

give the user

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nt a valid opt

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first be clear

assumptions

g the results.

nning purpos

performed be


score return

scenario. Th

ndication of th

a snapshot o

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atic condition

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hen using th

rly defined an

must be che

The results

ses ONLY. It

fore any of th


ned indicates

hese scores

he best tech

overview of t

bed above. T

view of how t

ns and which

e decision a

nd applied ev

ecked and to

of the nation

is highly rec

he results ar


Page 72

s the

are then

nology

he

The decision

these

h technology

id in this

venly across

ensure they

nal decision

commended

re applied to

s g s

2

s

y

4 Te

4.1 D

Tech

echnolog

Demonstrat

The prima

aid’s use

give a cle

technolog

this demo

thoroughly

due to:

1. A

si

ac

de

2. A

d

cr

th

th

m

ou

ev

in

Due to the

the results

input infor

experienc

own expe

nology Revie

gy Select

tion Purpo

ary purpose o

and effective

ar overview

gy across all

onstration it b

y complete t

A large numbe

ite”. The resu

cademic and

ecision aid w

As a consequ

iscussed and

riteria ratings

his point in tim

herefore unre

mature and fu

utputs will be

ven an accep

nformation av

ese issues, t

s given below

rmation, sign

ce of the auth

riences for th

ew and Deci

tion Dec

se, Scope

of the followi

eness. The o

of each tech

the climatic

became appa

he decision a

er of assump

ultant genera

d professiona

with an accep

uence of the i

d analysed, t

s and the sam

me. This res

eliable outpu

urther verified

ecome more

ptable level,

vailable have

the reader sh

w. Whilst mu

nificant amou

hor or those

he sake of p

ision Aid for A

cision Aid

and Limita

ing demonst

original objec

hnology and i

regions of Au

arent that mu

aid with verif

ptions were r

alisation of th

al detail requ

ptable amoun

immature na

the informati

mple size of

ults in broad

t results to s

d information

reliable. In o

the results o

e been exclu

hould apply s

uch diligence

unts of them

industry exp

romoting the


d – Demo

ations

ration is to ill

ctive of the de

ts current ra

ustralia. Duri

uch of the inf

fiable informa

required in o

hese lost a si

ired to apply

nt of certainty

ature of the in

on available

that informat

decision aid

ome degree

n becomes av

order to incre

of the techno

ded from this

significant ca

was applied

are based on

erts that wer

e industry. Th


onstratio

lustrate the d

emonstration

anking as a u

ing the prepa

formation req

ation was no

rder to defin

ignificant am

y the outputs

ty.

nnovative tec

for use whe

tion is very r

d input assum

. As the tech

vailable the

ease the cert

ologies witho

s demonstra

aution when r

d when obtai

n engineerin

re willing to p

hese unverifi


Page 73

on

decision

n was to

usable

aration of

quired to

ot possible

e a “typical

mount of

of the

chnologies

n applying

restricted at

mptions and

hnologies

decision aid

tainty to

ut sufficient

tion.

reviewing

ning the

ng

provide their

able results

s g s

3

4.2 D

"TypicSite

Tech

are marke

and other

Justificatio

Appendix

Demonstrat

The techn

1. In

2. S

3. S

4. S

5. P

Three diff

represent

excluded

aid’s limita

was beyo

6 below.

Tablcal" Small

nology Revie

ed with an as

assumption

on column of

B.

tion Inputs

nologies chos

ndirect Evapo

olar Cooling

olar Cooling

olar Cooling

hase change

ferent “typica

varying tele

from the cho

ations rather

nd the skill s

le 6 - Decisi ‐ 2‐4 smal ‐ Sealed sy ‐ < 30 kW ‐ No exist ‐ Set temp ‐ Max rel ‐ Existing

ew and Deci

sterisks ‘*’ un

s or justificat

f the details

s

sen for the d

orative Cooli

– Thermally

– Thermally

– Desiccant

e Materials –

al sites” were

communicat

osen demons

r they were s

set of the aut

on Aid Demll split systemystem (no ex cooling loading centralisperature = 2humidity intsystem COP

ision Aid for A

nder the relev

tions are sum

table for eac

demonstratio

ng

y driven adso

y driven abso

t precooling a

– Bulk storag

e chosen. The

tions site size

stration but t

seen as requ

thor. The site

monstration m units xisting fresh d ed logic or a5° C ternal = 75% = 2.5


vant rating in

mmarised in

ch technology

n were:

orption chiller

orption chiller

and dehumid

e unit (small

e site charac

es. Very Larg

hat is not as

iring a differe

e characterist

Site Charac

air supply)

ssume need

@ 23° C


n the main ta

the Evaluatio

y as entered

r (small only)

r

dification

l system only

cteristics wer

ge exchange

a result of th

ent level of a

stics are defin

cteristics

s to be repla


Page 74

able. These

on

in

)

y)

re chosen to

es were

he decision

analysis that

ned in Table

aced.

s g s

4

"TypicMediu

"TypicSite

Choseat Sma

Choseat Med

Choseat Larg

Tech

cal" um Site

cal" Large

Further as

Care was

applicatio

Table 11

Tn System all Site

n System dium Site

n System ge Site

Table

nology Revie

‐ 2‐4 large ‐ Sealed sy ‐ 30‐100 k ‐ Centralis ‐ Set temp ‐ Max rel ‐ Existing

‐ 2‐4 large ‐ Supply a ‐ Sealed sy ‐ > 100 kW ‐ Relay log ‐ Set temp ‐ Max rel ‐ Existing

ssumptions w

taken to cho

n. The detail

below.

Table 7 - De ‐ 2 x 10 kWevaporative ‐ Suppleme ‐ Assumed

‐ 6 x 15 kWevaporative ‐ Suppleme ‐ Direct exa

‐ 3 x 45 kWevaporative ‐ Suppleme ‐ Conservatcost of Mt L

8 - Decision

ew and Deci

e split systemystem (no exkW cooling losed relay logperature = 2humidity intsystem COP

e package unand return aiystem (no exW cooling loagic control syperature = 2humidity intsystem COP

were made fo

oose system

ls of these ch

ecision Aid DW Seeley Clime coolers enting 75% o1/3 installat

W Seeley Clime coolers enting 75% oample of Mt

W Seeley Clime coolers enting 75% otively assumLofty.

n Aid Demo

ision Aid for A

m units xisting fresh oad gic control sy8° C ternal = 75% = 3.0

nits r divisible wxisting fresh ad ystem with r8° C ternal = 75% = 3.0

or each syste

s that were b

hosen system

Demonstratimate Wizard c

of total coolintion complex

mate Wizard c

of total coolinLofty, Adela

mate Wizard c

of total coolined 1.5 times

nstration So


air supply)

ystem with re

@ 23° C

ith ducting air supply)

reprogramma

@ 23° C

em analysed

broadly comp

ms are descr

ion IEC Systcounter flow

ng load (covexity and cost

counter flow

ng load (coveide

counter flow

ng load (coves installation

olar Adsorb


eprogramma

able PLC

d for the dem

parable in siz

ribed in Tabl

tems w indirect

ers base loadof Mt Lofty

w indirect

ers base load

w indirect

ers base load complexity

ber System


Page 75

able PLC

monstration.

ze and

e 8 through

d)

d)

d) and

s g s

5

ChoseSmall S

Chosenat Sma

Chosenat Med

Chosenat Larg

Chosenat Sma

Tech

n System at Site

Table n System all Site

n System dium Site

n System ge Site

Table 1n System all Site

nology Revie

‐ 2 x 7.5 k ‐ 50 m2 d ‐ Dry cool ‐ Based oto fit this m(White 20 ‐ Assumed ‐ Supplem

9 - Decision ‐ 20 kW Ab ‐ Vacuum t ‐ Thermal b(Taylor 201 ‐ Assumed ‐ Suppleme

‐ 90 kW Abcompressio ‐ Vacuum t ‐ Thermal b ‐ Off grid(Taylor 201 ‐ Assumed ‐ Suppleme

‐ 150 kW Acompressio ‐ Parabolic ‐ Assumed Brisbane wiinfrastructu(DEEDI, 201 ‐ Suppleme

0 - Decision ‐ Desiccantsystem alre ‐ 10 kW (26cooling (+20 ‐ 72 m2 flat ‐ Average s(Dai et al, 2IEC system: ‐ 2 x 10 kWevaporative ‐ Suppleme ‐ Assumed

ew and Deci

kW Sortech adouble glazedler with spran 7.5 kW sysmodel. 011d) d 12 hr. per menting 75%

n Aid Demobsorption chitube collectobattery. 1) 12 hr. per daenting 75% o

bsorption chion system, tube collectobattery.

1) 24 hr. per daenting 75% o

Absorption chon system, trough conchalf sizing ofith a 50% cosure such as c10) enting 75% o

n Aid Demont cycle exampeady evaluate600 m3/h) tw0kW air coolt plate collecsummer COP009)

W Seeley Clime coolers enting 75% o1/3 installat

ision Aid for A

adsorption chd flat plate cays (used 10 stem installe

day operatio of total coo

nstration Soller supplemors

ay operationof total coolin

ller supplem

ors

ay operationof total coolin

hiller supplem

centrated cof the Ipswichst loading foooling tower

of total coolin

nstration Sople from Jianed. wo stage desed mechanicctors, 4000 I Pth ‐1.24, CO

mate Wizard c

of total coolintion complex


hiller ollectors days in summd in German

on ling load (co

olar Absorbmenting a 27

n ng load (cove

menting a 120

n ng load (cove

menting a 20

llectors h Hospital prr lack of exisrs and water

ng load (cove

olar Desiccangyin, China

siccant rotor cal cooling) hot water bP elec ‐11.48

counter flow

ng load (covexity and cost


mer only) ny and adjust

overs base lo

ber System kW cooling l

ers base load

0 kW vapour

ers base load

00 kW vapou

roject in sting r system

ers base load

ant Systemsadded to the

with inter‐

uffer 8

w indirect

ers base loadof Mt Lofty


Page 76

ted

ad)

oad,

d)

r

d)

ur

d)

s e IEC

d)

s g s

6

Chosenat Med

Chosenat Larg

Chosenat Sma

4.3 D

4.3.1

Tech

n System dium Site

n System ge Site

Table 11n System all Site

Demonstrat

Generic T

Table 12

Because t

assumptio

climate pe

to be insta

nology Revie

‐ Solid desiadded to thonly ‐ InsufficienJiangyin, chIEC system: ‐ 6 x 15 kWevaporative ‐ Suppleme ‐ Direct exa

‐ Solid desiadded to thonly ‐ InsufficienJiangyin, chIEC system: ‐ 10 kW (26cooling (+20 ‐ 72 m2 flat ‐ Average s(white, 201 ‐ Assumed supplied wit

1 - Decision ‐ Transmittweek ‐ Peak heat20kW ‐ Total syst ‐ Electrical ‐ Target int ‐ Internal te

tion Result

Technology

below shows

these are no

ons detailed

erformance t

alled at a “de

ew and Deci

ccant rotor she IEC system

nt example sina example

W Seeley Clime coolers enting 75% oample of Mt

ccant rotor she IEC system

nt example sina example

600 m3/h) tw0kW air coolt plate collecsummer COP1c) to be used tth an econo

Aid Demonter equipmen

t load in the

em capacitypower maxiternal tempeemperature

ts

Results

s the output o

ot site specifi

above, the r

taken into ac

esirable” loca

ision Aid for A

system with m already eva

systems avaie scaled up

mate Wizard c

of total coolinLofty, Adela

system with m already eva

systems avaie scaled up

wo stage desed mechanicctors, 4000 I Pth ‐1.24, CO

to supply fresmiser or free

nstration PCnt operation

building (inc

required ‐ 2mum demanerature ‐ 27ºlimit ‐ 32ºC

of the decisio

c results due

esults given

ccount. At this

ation and giv


negligible coaluated for d

lable so savin

counter flow

ng load (coveide

negligible coaluated for d

lable so savin

siccant rotor cal cooling) hot water bP elec ‐11.48

sh air on a sye air mode

CM Bulk Stor ‐ 24 hours a

cluding solar

4kW. nd limitation C (Williams, 20

on aid on the

e to the gene

are generali

s point each

en the optim


ooling capacidehumidifica

ngs from

w indirect

ers base load

ooling capacidehumidifica

ngs from

with inter‐

uffer 8

ystem alread

rage Systema day, 7 days

radiation) ‐

‐ 3.6kW.

009).

e site specific

eric “typical s

ised and hav

technology

mal rating to c


Page 77

ity tion

d)

ity tion

dy

m s a

c worksheet.

site”

ve not had

is assumed

cancel out

s g s

7

.

Indirec

Solar Cadsorp

Solar Cabsorp

Solar Csystem

Phase Storag

4.3.2

Tech

any variab

in the nex

Table 12

Techn

ct Evaporativ

Cooling ‐ Theption chillers

Cooling ‐ Theption chillers

Cooling ‐ Desms

Change Matge Units

Climate A

The defau

section 3.

an overvie

nology Revie

bles that mig

xt stage of mo

- Decision A

nology

ve Cooling

ermally drives

ermally drives

siccant cooli

terials – Bulk

Adjusted Gen

ult climatic ra

2.4 above w

ew of where

ew and Deci

ght be observ

odelling.

Aid Demons

Sc

3

en 3

en 3

ing 3

k 3

neric Techn

atings in Tab

were applied t

the technolo

ision Aid for A

ved. Climatic

stration Tec

Small core Rank

.95 1

.14 5

.19 4

.72 3

.83 2

nology Resu

le 13 below w

to the generi

ogies are bes


c performanc

hnology Ge

Mediuk Score

4.2

2.37

3.29

3.72

0

ults

were calcula

c results with

st applied ac


ce variables a

eneric Resul

um Rank Sco

1 4.

4 2.3

3 3.3

2 3.4

5 0

ated as descr

h the aim of

cross the cou


Page 78

are applied

lts

Large ore Rank

.2 1

37 4

32 3

42 2

0 5

ribed in

providing

untry.

s g s

8

1 The asdescript

Tech

RegioNorthNorthSth QLSth CeNorthSouthNorthCentraSouthNth SASth SAEasterWesteACTVictorTas

In the res

output for

time of pu

significant

B by the r

applicatio

sterisks in Tation of how th

nology Revie

Tabl

n QLD Coasta QLD InlandLD Coastalentral QLD NT/Central NT WAal WA WAAArn NSWern NSW

ria

ults displaye

a generic na

ublishing only

t assumption

reader to gau

n(s).

able 13 are fohese ratings

ew and Deci

le 13 - Defau

Evapora*

al 1

4

2

4

2

T 4

3

5

4

5

5

3

5

4

5

5

ed in Table 14

ational analy

y. It is import

ns have been

uge whether

for referencewere derive

ision Aid for A

ult Climatic

ative So

The

4 through Ta

ysis. This out

tant to reitera

n made. The

the results a

purposes ind can be fou


Ratings1 olar ermal **

PCCo

3

5

3

4

5

5

5

5

3

4

3

3

3

3

3

2

able 16 below

tput is a snap

ate here as p

se should be

are applicable

the decisionund in section


CM/Free onvection

***3

5

3

4

4

4

4

5

5

4

3

2

4

4

3

3

w show the d

pshot and cu

previously ind

e reviewed in

e to their spe

n aid only. Apn 3.2.4.


Page 79

decision aid

urrent at the

dicated that

n Appendix

ecific

pplicable

s g s

9

Tech

Indi

SolachillSolachill

Sola

Pha

hnology

rect Evaporative

ar Cooling ‐ Thermlersar Cooling ‐ Thermlers

ar Cooling ‐ Desic

se Change Mater

Cooling

mally driven adso

mally driven abso

cant cooling syste

rials – Bulk Storag

Ene

Table 14 -

Score

Rank

2.5 5

orption 3.6 3

orption 3.6 2

ems3.9 1

ge Units3.4 4

North QLD

Co

astal

rgy Efficient Air-C

- Climate Adjuste

Score

Rank

Score

Rk

4.0 2 3.0

3.6 5 3.1

3.6 4 3.1

3.9 3 3.4

4.4 1 3.4

Sth QLD

Coa

stal

North QLD

Inland

Conditioning - Tech

ed Demonstratio

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

5 4.0 1 3.0

4 3.1 5 4.1

3 3.1 4 4.1

2 3.4 3 4.4

1 3.9 2 3.9North

NT

Sth Ce

ntral Q

LD

hnology Review a

n Results – Sma

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

5 4.0 1 3.5

3 3.1 5 4.1

2 3.1 4 4.1

1 3.4 3 4.4

4 3.9 2 3.9

South/Ce

ntral

NT

North NT

and Decision Aid f

all Systems

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

5 5 4.5 1 4

1 3 2.6 5 3

1 2 2.6 4 3

4 1 2.9 3 3

9 4 4.4 2 4

Central W

A

North W

A

Climatic Rating

for Australian Tele

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

4.0 2 4.5 1

3.1 5 3.1 5

3.1 4 3.1 4

3.4 3 3.4 3

4.4 1 3.9 2

South WA

g ‐ Small

Nth SA

Thecommunications

Pag

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

4.5 1 3.5 1

2.6 5 2.6 5

2.6 4 2.6 4

2.9 3 2.9 3

3.4 2 2.9 2

Eastern NSW

Sth SA

hesis Sites

ge 80

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

1 4.5 1 4.0

5 2.6 5 2.6

4 2.6 4 2.6

3 2.9 3 2.9

2 3.9 2 3.9

ACT

Western NSW

Rk

ACT

TechIndiSolachill

Sola

hnologyrect Evaporative ar Cooling ‐ Thermlers


Coolingmally driven abso

cant cooling syste

Ene

Table 15 - C

Score

Rank

2.6 3

orption 3.6 2

ems3.9 1

North QLD

Co

astal

rgy Efficient Air-C

Climate Adjusted

Score

Rank

Score

Rk

3 4.1 1 3.1

2 3.6 3 3.1

1 3.9 2 3.4

North QLD

Inland

Sth QLD

Coa

stal

Conditioning - Tech

d Demonstration

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

3 4.1 1 3.1

2 3.1 3 4.1

1 3.4 2 4.4

Sth Ce

ntral Q

LD

North

NT

hnology Review a

Results – Mediu

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

3 4.1 1 3.

2 3.1 3 4.

1 3.4 2 4.

North NT

South/Ce

ntral

NT

C

and Decision Aid f

um Systems

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

6 3 4.6 1 4

1 2 2.6 3

4 1 2.9 2

North W

A

Central W

A

limatic Rating

for Australian Tele

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

4.1 1 4.6 1

3.1 3 3.1 3

3.4 2 3.4 2

Nth SA

‐ Medium

South WA

Thecommunications

Pag

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

4.6 1 3.6

2.6 3 2.6

2.9 2 2.9

Sth SA

Eastern NSW

hesis Sites

ge 81

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

1 4.6 1 4.1

3 2.6 3 2.6

2 2.9 2 2.9

Western NSW

ACT

Rk

ACT

TechIndiSolachill

Sola

hnologyrect Evaporative ar Cooling ‐ Thermlers


Coolingmally driven abso

cant cooling syste

Ene

Table 16 -

Score

Rank

2.6 3

orption 3.7 2

ems3.7 1

North QLD

Co

astal

rgy Efficient Air-C

- Climate Adjuste

Score

Rank

Score

Rk

3 4.1 1 3.1

2 3.7 3 3.2

1 3.7 2 3.2

North QLD

Inland

Sth QLD

Co

astal

Conditioning - Tech

ed Demonstratio

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

3 4.1 1 3.1

2 3.2 3 4.2

1 3.2 2 4.2

Coastal

Sth Ce

ntral

QLD

North

NT

hnology Review a

n Results – Larg

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

3 4.1 1 3.

2 3.2 3 4.

1 3.2 2 4.

North NT

South/Ce

ntral

NT

and Decision Aid f

ge Systems

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

6 3 4.6 1 4

2 2 2.7 3

2 1 2.7 2

North W

A

Central W

A

Climatic Rating

for Australian Tele

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

4.1 1 4.6 1

3.2 3 3.2 3

3.2 2 3.2 2

Nth SA

South WA

g ‐ Large

Thecommunications

Pag

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

4.6 1 3.6

2.7 3 2.7

2.7 2 2.7

Sth SA

Eastern NSW

hesis Sites

ge 82

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

1 4.6 1 4.1

3 2.7 3 2.7

2 2.7 2 2.7

Western NSW

ACT

Rk

ACT

4.4 D

4.4.1

4.4.2

Tech

Demonstrat

Decision A

Successe

P

A

P

Limitation

H

S

re

Demonstr

The result

In

si

P

a

T

no

S

w

R

th

be

nology Revie

tion Analys

Aid:

es – The dec

rovided a ge

Aided targette

rovided a sta

s – The deci

as limited us

hould be rev

esults.

ration

ts presented

ndirect evapo

ituations than

CM bulk stor

pplications in

he solar coo

orthern and w

olar cooling

western areas

Relatively low

he most attra

e viable.

ew and Deci

sis

ision aid has

eneral overvi

ed technolog

arting point f

ision aid:

se for networ

viewed with m

d clearly show

orative coolin

n any other t

rage system

n southern W

oling technolo

western area

technologies

s of Australia

w scores for s

active options

ision Aid for A

s:

ew for plann

y developme

for further an

rk wide analy

more detailed

w that:

ng exhibits th

technology.

s are propos

WA and seco

ogies are sho

as of Austral

s have scope

a.

solar cooling

s in their opti


ing

ent

alysis

ysis.

d information

he highest po

sed as the op

nd in many o

own to have

ia.

e limited to th

indicate that

on regions, t


n before app

otential in mo

ptimal solutio

other applica

potential on

he far northe

t even thoug

they are still


Page 83

lication of

ore

on for small

ations.

ly in the far

ern and

gh they are

unlikely to

s g s

3

5 Co

5.1 L

Tech

onclusio

Literature R

Indirect ev

on the ma

these clim

end of life

required b

alone.

Whilst sol

energy sa

mature fu

implemen

performan

electricity

The case

suppleme

electrical

literature

the indust

may rende

electricity

fall back o

viability.

The literat

commerci

further de

nology Revie

ons

Review

vaporative co

arket today, e

mates are targ

e systems or

before retrofi

ar thermally

avings in the

rther and rea

ntation. Tech

nce so if othe

supply are a

study demo

entary cooling

energy supp

review was i

try have occu

er the system

prices. A sit

onto an exist

ture review h

ial viability an

velopment. I

ew and Deci

ooling is one

especially in

geted for ins

capacity inc

tting on func

driven adso

future, it is t

ach more co

hnically, the t

er factors suc

a factor at a g

nstrated that

g system for

ply was limite

nstalled in a

urred since.

m worth reco

te specific tria

ting system s

has revealed

nd a number

It can be see

ision Aid for A

e of the most

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reases. Furt

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he opinion o

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technology e

ch as restrict

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telecommun

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non-ideal cl

In the future

onsidering es

al with ideal

should be inv

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r that show la

en that there


attractive ef

climates. It is

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her review of

ems is consid

s have signif

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vels commerc

exhibits robus

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storage could

nications site

ive. The mai

imate and fu

, PCM supply

specially whe

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arge amount

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fficient coolin

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cially before

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urther develo

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are on the c

ts of potentia

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Page 84

ng options

nded that

ediation of

Mt Lofty is

ergy savings

ial for

d be let

large scale

tenance

and/or

considered.

primary or

lar where

y in the

pments in

efficiencies

with rising

he ability to

mmercial

cusp of

al with

cations

s g s

4

s

5.2 D

5.3 D

Tech

companie

scale imp

scope for

already in

remediatio

more com

This litera

state of th

review alw

significant

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In cases w

the requir

that will a

developm

the decisi

Whilst the

developm

wide scale

developed

kinds of s

are requir

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The result

highest po

systems a

nology Revie

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lementation

retrofitting s

nstalled. Focu

on rather tha

mmercially co

ature review a

he market an

ways be cons

t period of tim

id

where the as

ed applicatio

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ment in certain

on aid before

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d with the aim

ites and loca

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ts presented

otential in mo

are proposed

ew and Deci

e familiar with

on a site by

ystems on s

us should be

an straight ou

ompetitive.

as with most

nd technology

sidered in lig

me lapse fro

ssumptions a

on, the decis

g exercises f

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ision making

industry. It is

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ision Aid for A

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for the purpo

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en to provide

g tool, further

s also recogn

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er research m

ites or even

w that indirec

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nologies and

owever there

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these new te

ent until the te

his nature pro

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est developm

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ed accurate o

succeeded in

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a strong sta

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may find that

industry sect

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d review them

e appears to

conventional

echnologies

echnologies

rovides only a

mmended th

ments especi

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hould then be

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nt is required

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ve cooling ex

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plications in s


Page 85

m for large

be limited

systems

for

become

a current

hat this

ally as

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n overview

gy

e applied to

he

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d has been

ss many

ecision aids

xhibits the

ulk storage

southern

s g s

5

Tech

WA and s

shown to

Even thou

viable give

indirect ev

and cost e

significant

technolog

secondary

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reviewed

outputs.

nology Revie

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have potenti

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vaporative co

effective of th

t investment

gies is recom

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onstration ha

on a site spe

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any other app

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the most att

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ooling in mor

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be focused

mmended but

as given a ve

ecific basis b

ision Aid for A

plications. Th

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tractive optio

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, the decisio

and being tha

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mited to sma

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ling technolo

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ey are still un

on aid results

at it is the mo

nds investme

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aller scale tri

n time and sh

of the decisio


Page 86

ogies are

Australia.

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AIG. 20

AusSCI

BOM. A

———.

Bruno, D

Bruno, D

Dai, Y.J

Daou, K

Darwich

DEEDI,

Dennis,

Dieng, A

EPRI. 2

Harland

Henning

Khudha

Tec

ibliograp

11. Energy sAustralia: AG. 2011. AuAvailable fro

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he, A, and S JOURNAL 5(accessed MQld. 2010. Ioverview: D Mike. Solar 17/04/2011.cooling-usin

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onal. ipment and sem Consultinn, Controls atralia: Solemntre, Primary 011 2011]. Av

c refrigerationerimental inve

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ernative to co

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ystem Querie

usSCIG Sola

G Solar Cool

ing Workshop

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Thesr-Conditioninnications Site

Page 8

Moser, ErichComponents kW. ll commerciaed by D.

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ability for the chosen s

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level of commercial ad

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foreseen timeframe fo

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for the chosen system

ons include capital exp

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gs for the chosen syste

system to be retrofit in

e.

dvancement of the tec

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or the technology to ac

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system be designed to

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penditure, operation

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nto the existing

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o deliver the total heat

pical" site assuming

esources are available

en a poor score here

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Conditioning - Tech

Evaluation Just

t

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Pag

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the model demonstrat

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been chosen for each

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Alternate Resource Impact

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Climatic Performance

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3.95

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Small ‐ Rating 5

Medium ‐ Rating 5

Large ‐ Rating 4

These calculations ar

time of install repres

an average design in

the ratings are weigh

Small ‐ 65 x (3.0/2.5)

Medium ‐ 65 x (3.0/3

Large ‐ 65 x (3.0/3.2)

The works required t

controls which was p

existing system and

the same for all typic

Evaluation Just

The calculations wer

excluding internal pr

assumed that these e

to be independant o

configuration.

Small ‐ 4.8 x 1.7 / 1.3

Medium ‐ 4.8 x 1.3/1

Large ‐ 4.8 x 1.3 / 1.3

For small and mediu

production, a limited

case study sites. A si

deemed by the auth

therefore have been

hnology Review a

on potential can be se

units are approaching d

evaporative coolers be

to be realistic.

re based on Mt Lofty w

sented the optimal siz

a desirable climate. T

hted against a ratio of 3

= 78% = rating 4

3.0) = 65% = rating 4

= 61% = rating 4

to retrofit the system i

priced at 8% of the tota

is therefore seen as th

cal site types. 8% = rati

tification

re based on payback pe

roject costs (4.8 years)

energy savings are ind

f the existing cooling s

= 6.3 years = rating 3

.3 = 4.8 years = rating 4

= 4.8 years = rating 4

m systems literature r

d number of vendors a

gnificant number of fu

or that IEC is in the ear

n given a demostration

and Decision Aid f

en as very high given t

dew point temperature

eing quite well develo

which was designed to d

e technically. It is assu

he COP of the Mt Lofty

3.0 to the typical site's

nto the existing consis

al capital expenditure.

he same required for a

ng 5

eriods achieved at Broa

and weighted on the $

icative of an average d

system means that it w

4

eview revealed that w

re in the market espec

ull scale commercial sy

rly stages of deployme

n rating of 3.

for Australian Tele

that many of the techn

es which lends greatly

oped, the potential to b

deliver 75% of the coo

umed that these energ

y vapour compression A

COP.

sted primarily of interf

The ducting was kept

greenfield site. This ra

adcast Australia's Sout

$/kW figures given by

design in a desirable cl

will integrate easily reg

whilst many units are co

cially ones that achieve

stems have been comm

ent = rating 4. Large uni

Thecommunications

Pag

ical issues have beeen

to competitiveness. W

become mature within

oling capacity which at t

gy savings are indicativ

A/C system is 3.0, ther

facing with the existng

completely separate o

atio has been assumed

h Australian Mt Lofty s

McBratney (2011). It is

imate. The system's ab

gardless of existing sys

ommercially available

e the effectiveness of

missioned. Therefore

its are less developed

hesis Sites

ge 93

n

With its

n a

the

ve of

refore

g

of the

d as

site

bility

stem

and in

the

it is

and

MainInten

Desig24/7 H

Main

som

tota

thes

3/2/

sub c

sites

main

tenance nsity


The

load

clim

If sta

shou

as an















Ene














stance .

rgy Efficient Air-C

S

M

L

mum frequency

ources required and

d on an average of



/medium/large

e 1/3 of the

n.






Conditioning - Tech

S 1

M 2

L 3

IEC can meet 100% o

above 75% @ 23° C th

not been tested how

until the results from

system to 4.

t

.

Frequency ‐ Mt Lo

maintenance sche

specifies 2 month

Frequency ‐ Mt Lo

maintenance sche

specifies 2 month

Frequency ‐ Mt Lo

maintenance sche

specifies 2 month

hnology Review a

2

1

2

f a 24/7 heat load year

he units should shut do

w often this could happ

m Mt Lofty are available

ofty

edule

s. Rating = 3

Durat

scale

1.5. A

= 94.5

p.a. R

Durat

(Mort

15kW

= 15.7

Durat

(Mort

10 kW

5.25 d

ofty

edule

s. Rating = 2

ofty

edule

s. Rating = 1

and Decision Aid f

r round. The main limit

own to protect the equ

pen so an assumption o

e to give a benchmark.

tion ‐ 21 hours per unit

d up for larger units by

Assume 3 x 45 kW units

5 hours p.a. = 11.8 days

Rating = 2


ton, 2011). Assume 6 x

W units = 126 hours p.a.

75 days p.a. Rating =1.


ton, 2011). Assume 2 x

W units = 42 hours p.a. =

days p.a. Rating = 2.

for Australian Tele

4

4

4

ting factor is external h

uipment as per the typ

of 5% (18 days p.a.) of t

. Therefore the system

Complexity ‐ 6hrs

skilled / 15 hours

= 28.6%. Rating =

Complexity ‐ 6hrs

skilled / 21 hours

= 28.6%. Rating =

Complexity ‐ 6hrs

skilled / 15 hours

= 28.6%. Rating =

t

y

s

s

t

t

=

Thecommunications

Pag

2 Total

2 Total

3 Total

humidity such that if it

pical site requirements

the time has been mad

ms must be down rated

s

s total

4.

s

s total

4.

s

s total

4.

hesis Sites

ge 94

rises

s. It has

de

the

Clima

AlterImpac

atic Performance

The

thei

varia

ratin

ratin

The

sma

requ

nate Resource ct

Desi

spec

prov











vide assistance.

Ene











rgy Efficient Air-C

S

M

L

te resources and

uirements. The

ability. The final


e two sub criteria.

3/2/1 ratio for

mall site should


ings worksheet may

Conditioning - Tech

S 5

M 5

L 5


technology to assum


Consumption ‐ Wa

Lofty estimated at

size = 300,000 L p.a

419 kL p.a.. Rating

Consumption ‐ Wa

Lofty estimated at

houshold = 419 kL

Consumption ‐ Wa

Lofty estimated at

size = 50,000 L p.a.

kL p.a.. Rating = 5

hnology Review a



rating should alsways

ater consumption at M

t 146,220 L p.a. Assume

a.. Average houshold =

g = 5


t 146,220 L p.a. Average

p.a.. Rating = 5


t 150 kL p.a. Assume 1/

.. Average houshold = 4

and Decision Aid f

3

3

3

Availability ‐ As



be applied.

Mt

e 2x

=

Mt

e

Availability ‐ As

Mt

/3

419

Availability ‐ W

greatly betwee

city sites it is co

sites in dry area

for rainwater h

of 3 to represen

for Australian Tele

ssumed rating of 3



ssumed rating of 3

Water availability varies

en sites. Whilst in capit

ommonly available, rem

as have little chance ev

arvesting. Assumed ra

nt 50% of sites.

Thecommunications

Pag

4 Total

4 Total

4 Total



s

tal

mote

ven

ting

hesis Sites

ge 95

uture

B.2

"TypicSystemSize

Small

Mediu

Larg

Solar Cooling

cal" m

1 > 20 years

* 0.25

1 > 20 years

* 0.25

1 > 20 years

* 0.25

Payback

um

ge

g – Thermally D

1 0‐20%

* 0.1

1 0‐20%

* 0.1

1 0‐20%

* 0.1

Net Energy savings

Ene

Driven Adsorpti

5Minor or no

Modifications

* 0.5

1 Not Possible

* 0.1

1 Not Possible

* 0.1

So


rgy Efficient Air-C

ion Chiller

3

1

1


olar Cooling ‐ The

Demonstration

Research

Research

Potential categ

0.05

0.05

0.15

Conditioning - Tech

3 5‐10 years

0.15

2 10‐20 years

0.1

2 10‐20 years

0.1

rmally driven adsogories ‐ High Score = 5


hnology Review a

2

*

1

*

1

*

orption chillers

Design Suitability fo24/7 Heat Load

>20% / Some

Potential

Almost Never

Almost Never

5, Low Score = 1

0.02

0.02

0.04

n

and Decision Aid f

3

*

1

*

1

*


Medium

Not Practical

Not Practical

0.1

0.1

0.3

for Australian Tele

5 Very low

0.4

5 Very low

0.4

5 Very low

0.4


Thecommunications

Pag

5 Optimal

1.25

5 Optimal

1.25

5 Optimal

1.25


hesis Sites

ge 96

Total

3.14

2.37

2.37

Payba

Retro

Net E

CurreComm

CommPoten

Desig24/7 H

Furt

ack

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Expe

"typ

and

The

depl

Energy savings



The

load

clim

If sta

shou

as an


ther Details Gen

Expe

"typ

The

syste

The

Aust












neral Definition


ical" site.





Ene











stance .



e.


by EPRI (2010).

rgy Efficient Air-C

installed at the


on.


n.






em installed at the

nto the existing


Conditioning - Tech

A small number of sm

industry ramp up sho

Storage capability is

Evaluation Just

Small ‐ No payback p

2011) More informat

Medium & Large ‐ No

Small ‐ Very early de


(White, 2011d; EPRI,

t

.

Small ‐ COP 4 in Germ

operational = 10‐15%


Estimated as very sim

required.

hnology Review a

mall scale units are bei

ould assist.

still very infantile so t

tification

possible at this time wi

tion required.

ot viable with existing

emonstration


2010)

many (White 2011c) sca

% total.


mple given the system

and Decision Aid f

ing developed White (

he risk is perceived as

thout offset of capital

technology

technology

aled by 1.5 for Australi

technology

would run as a supple

for Australian Tele

2011d) ‐ still requires s

very high to not possib

costs for an existing sy

a to 6. Operating 6 hrs

ement to the existing w

Thecommunications

Pag

significant developme

ble.

ystem replacement. (W

per day. Saves 41.6% w

with little interconnect

hesis Sites

ge 97

ent but

White,

when

tion

MainInten

Main

som

tota

thes

3/2/

sub c

sites

main

tenance nsity









Ene









rgy Efficient Air-C

S

M

L

mum frequency

ources required and

d on an average of



/medium/large

e 1/3 of the

n.

Conditioning - Tech

S 5

M 0

L 0

N/A

N/A

Frequency ‐ State

monthly by indust

hnology Review a

2

0

0

Comp

inform

large

maint

simpl

tasks

Comp

inform

large

maint

main

absor

skille

Comp

inform

large

maint

main

absor

skille

d as 12

try experts

and Decision Aid f

plexity ‐ No specific

mation available but

amounts of the

tenance is assumed as

le routine mechanical

. ~ 30% skilled



amounts of the

tenance is assumed

ly centred around the

rption chiller which is

ed labour ~ 80% skilled



amounts of the

tenance is assumed


rption chiller which is

ed labour ~ 90% skilled

for Australian Tele

2

0

0

Duration ‐ Based

the Ipswich Hosp

maintenance of $

p.a. at $65 per ho

this equates to

approx. 3 days p.

s

Duration ‐ 0.5 day

p.a. maintenance

the adsorption ch

as anecdotally

advised by indus

experts.

Duration ‐ 2 days

maintenance on

absorption chille

anecdotally advis

by industry expe

Thecommunications

Pag

3 Total

1 Total

1 Total

on

pital

$1400

our

a.

ys

e on

hiller

try

p.a.

the

r as

sed

rts.

hesis Sites

ge 98

Clima

AlterImpac

atic Performance

nate Resource ct

Desi

spec

prov

The

thei

varia

ratin

ratin

The

sma

requ



vide assistance.









Ene











rgy Efficient Air-C

S

M

L


ings worksheet may

te resources and

uirements. The

ability. The final


e two sub criteria.

3/2/1 ratio for

mall site should

Conditioning - Tech

S 5

M 5

L 5

Consumption ‐ ap

of water and the r

material, the syste

radiation.

Consumption ‐ ap

the absorption ma

primarily use Sola

Consumption ‐ ap

of water and the r

material, the syste

radiation.


technology to assum


hnology Review a

art from a small amou

renewal of the absorpt

ems primarily use Sola

art from the renewal o

aterial, the systems

ar radiation.







and Decision Aid f

5

4

4

nt

tion

ar

Availability ‐ Re

of Availability ‐ Re

Availability ‐ Rent

tion

ar



be applied.

for Australian Tele

enewable

enewable

enewable



Thecommunications

Pag

5 Total

5 Total

5 Total



hesis Sites

ge 99

uture

B.3

"TypicSystemSize

Small

Mediu

Larg

Solar Cooling

cal" m

1 > 20 years

* 0.25

1 > 20 years

* 0.25

2 10‐20 years

* 0.5

Payback

um

ge

g – Thermally D

1 0‐20%

* 0.1

2 21‐40%

* 0.2

1 0‐20%

* 0.1

Net Energy savings

Ene

Driven Absorpti

5Minor or no

Modifications

0.5

5Minor or no

Modifications

0.5

4Medium

Modifications

0.4

So


rgy Efficient Air-C

ion Chiller

3

3

3


olar Cooling ‐ The

Demonstration

Demonstration

Demonstration

Potential categ

0.15

0.15

0.15

Conditioning - Tech

4 2‐5 years

0.2

4 2‐5 years

0.2

4 2‐5 years

0.2

rmally driven absogories ‐ High Score = 5


hnology Review a

2

2

1

orption chillers


>20% / Some

Potential

>20% / Some

Potential

Almost Never

5, Low Score = 1

0.04

0.02

0.04

n

and Decision Aid f

3

*

3

*

3

*


Medium

Medium

Medium

0.3

0.3

0.3

for Australian Tele

5 Very low

0.4

5 Very low

0.4

5 Very low

0.4


Thecommunications

Page

5 Optimal

1.25

5 Optimal

1.25

5 Optimal

1.25


hesis Sites

e 100

Total

3.19

3.29

3.32

Payba

Retro

Net E

CurreComm

CommPoten

Desig24/7 H

Furt

ack

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Expe

"typ

and

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Energy savings



The

load

clim

If sta

shou

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ther Details Gen

Expe

"typ

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syste

The

Aust












neral Definition


ical" site.





Ene











stance .



e.


by EPRI (2010).

rgy Efficient Air-C

installed at the


on.


n.






em installed at the

nto the existing


Conditioning - Tech

Given the industry ra

reductions stronger l

predict systems will

Storage capability is

Evaluation Just

Small & Medium ‐ No

replacement. (White

Large ‐ adjusted figu

Demonstration (Whi

t

.

Small ‐ COP 4 in Germ

operational = 10‐15%

Medium ‐ Little infor

due to 24 hr. operati

Large ‐ Direct figures

system, net energy s

on the existing syste

Estimated as very sim

required.

hnology Review a

amp up illustrated by W

levels of commercialis

be price competition u

still very infantile so t

tification

o payback possible at t

e, 2011) More informat

res according to typica

te, 2011d; EPRI, 2010)

many (White 2011c) sca

% total.

rmation available on th

on.

s are not available for t

savings are in the orde

em and assuming 75% o

mple given the system

and Decision Aid f

White (2011d) with yea

sation potential can be

under 5 years to realise

he risk is perceived as

this time without offse

tion required.

al system description ta

aled by 1.5 for Australi

his so assuming an ave

the Ipswich Hospital ho

r of 13% of a gas fired a

of load the savings are

would run as a supple

for Australian Tele

ar on year doubling of i

seen. Indications from

e commercially attract

very high to not possib

et of capital costs for an

akes a 8 year payback a

a to 6. Operating 6 hrs

rage of the large and s

owever based on claim

absorption chiller (COP

estimated at ~17%.

ement to the existing w

Thecommunications

Page

installed systems and

m some industry exper

ive paybacks.

ble.

n existing system

at the Ipswich Hospital

per day. Saves 41.6% w

small savings but incre

med savings of the over

P=5). Adjusted for a CO

with little interconnect

hesis Sites

e 101

price

rts

to a

when

ased

rall

OP of 3

tion

Clima

AlterImpac

MainInten

atic Performance

nate Resource ct

Desi

spec

prov

Main

som

tota

thes

3/2/

sub c

sites

main

tenance nsity

The

thei

varia

ratin

ratin

The

sma

requ



vide assistance.

















Ene



















rgy Efficient Air-C

S

M

L

S

M

L


ings worksheet may

mum frequency

ources required and

d on an average of



/medium/large

e 1/3 of the

n.

te resources and

uirements. The

ability. The final


e two sub criteria.

3/2/1 ratio for

mall site should

Conditioning - Tech

S 4

M 4

L 1

S 5

M 5

L 5

Consumption ‐ ap

of water and the r

material, the syste

radiation.

Consumption ‐ ap

of water and the r

material, the syste

radiation.

Frequency ‐ Comp

moving parts ‐ Mo

maintenance pote

required.

Frequency ‐ State

monthly by indust

Frequency ‐ State

monthly by indust

Consumption ‐ ap

of water and the r

material, the syste

radiation.


technology to assum


hnology Review a

2

2

4







plex with

onthly

entially

Comp

inform

large

maint

Comp

inform

large

maint

Comp

inform

large

maint

main

d as 4‐6

try experts

d as 4‐6

try experts







and Decision Aid f

4

4

4

nt

tion

ar

Availability ‐ Re

nt

tion

ar

Availability ‐ Re



amounts of the

tenance is assumed as



amounts of the

tenance is assumed



amounts of the

tenance is assumed


Availability ‐ Rent

tion

ar



be applied.

for Australian Tele

3

3

4

enewable

enewable

Duration ‐ Based

the Ipswich Hosp

maintenance of $

p.a. at $65 per hos

enewable

Duration ‐ 1 day p

maintenance on

absorption chille

anecdotally advis

by industry expe

Duration ‐ 2 days

maintenance on

absorption chille

anecdotally advis



Thecommunications

Page

3 Total

3 Total

3 Total

5 Total

5 Total

5 Total

on

pital

$1400

our

p.a.

the

r as

sed

rts.

p.a.

the

r as

sed



hesis Sites

e 102

uture

B.4

"TypicSystemSize

Small

Mediu

Larg

Solar Cooling

cal" m

3 5‐10 years

* 0.75

3 5‐10 years

* 0.75

3 5‐10 years

* 0.75

Payback

um

ge

g – Desiccant P

4 61‐80%

* 0.4

4 61‐80%

* 0.4

4 61‐80%

* 0.4

Net Energy savings

Ene

Precooling and

4Medium

Modifications

* 0.4

4Medium

Modifications

* 0.4

4Medium

Modifications

* *


rgy Efficient Air-C

Dehumidificati

2

*

2

*

2

*


Solar Cooling

Development

Development

Development

Potential categ

0.1

0.1

0.1

Conditioning - Tech

ion

4 2‐5 years

0.2

4 2‐5 years

0.2

4 2‐5 years

0.2

‐ Desiccant coolingories ‐ High Score = 5


hnology Review a

5

5

5

g systems


100% Today

100% Today

100% Today

5, Low Score = 1

0.1

0.1

0.1

n

and Decision Aid f

2

*

2

*

3

*


High

High

Medium

0.2

0.3

0.2

for Australian Tele

4 Low

0.32

4 Low

0.32

4 Low

0.32


Thecommunications

Page

5 Optimal

1.25

5 Optimal

1.25

5 Optimal

1.25


hesis Sites

e 103

Total

3.72

3.72

3.42

Payba

Retro

Net E

Furt

ack

ofit Capability

Expe

"typ

and

Energy savings

ther Details Gen

Expe

"typ

The

syste




neral Definition


ical" site.



Ene






e.

rgy Efficient Air-C

installed at the


on.

em installed at the

nto the existing

Conditioning - Tech

Evaluation Just

Insufficient data is av

literature review ind

increase on the IEC s

The calculations wer

excluding internal pr

assumed that these e

to be independent o

configuration.

Small ‐ 4.8 x 1.7 / 1.3

Medium ‐ 4.8 x 1.3/1

Large ‐ 4.8 x 1.3 / 1.3

the IEC system chose

system chosen is rep

realised with the add

are directly transfera

These calculations ar

time of install repres

an average design in

the ratings are weigh

Small ‐ 65 x (3.0/2.5)

Medium ‐ 65 x (3.0/3

Large ‐ 65 x (3.0/3.2)

It is assumed that the

below:

The works required t

controls which was p

existing system and

the same for all typic

hnology Review a

tification

vailable on capital cost

dicate a "small" or "min

systems is assumed for

re based on payback pe

roject costs (4.8 years)

energy savings are ind

of the existing cooling s

* 1.2 = 7.6 years = ratin

.3 * 1.2 = 5.8 years = rat

* 1.2 = 5.8 years = ratin

en is designed to perfo

ported to perform at "u

dition of a desiccant cy

able as below:

re based on Mt Lofty w

sented the optimal siz

a desirable climate. T

hted against a ratio of 3

= 78% = rating 4

3.0) = 65% = rating 4

= 61% = rating 4

e desiccant system is i

to retrofit the system i

priced at 8% of the tota

is therefore seen as th

cal site types. 8% = rati

and Decision Aid f

ts on installed desiccan

nor" increase in capital

r the model's demonst

eriods achieved at Broa

and weighted on the $

icative of an average d

system means that it w

ng 3

ting 3

ng 3

orm at an average COP

up to" 11.4. it is therefo

ycle in desirable climat

which was designed to d

e technically. It is assu

he COP of the Mt Lofty

3.0 to the typical site's

ntegral to the IEC syste

nto the existing consis

al capital expenditure.

he same required for a

ng 5

for Australian Tele

nt systems although m

l outlay. Therefore a 20

ration.

adcast Australia's Sout

$/kW figures given by

design in a desirable cl

will integrate easily reg

of 8‐9 in desirable clim

ore assumed that no in

tes. Therefore the IEC e

deliver 75% of the coo

umed that these energ

y vapour compression A

COP.

em so retrofit is identi

sted primarily of interf

The ducting was kept

greenfield site. This ra

Thecommunications

Page

most references in the

0% cost and maintenan

h Australian Mt Lofty s

McBratney (2011). It is

imate. The system's ab

gardless of existing sys

matic regions. The desi

ncrease in energy savin

energy savings calculat

oling capacity which at t

gy savings are indicativ

A/C system is 3.0, ther

cal to the IEC system a

facing with the existing

completely separate o

atio has been assumed

hesis Sites

e 104

nce

site

bility

stem

ccant

ng is

tions

the

ve of

refore

s

g

of the

d as

CurreComm

CommPoten

Desig24/7 H

The

depl



The

load

clim

If sta

shou

as an


The

Aust











Ene








stance .


by EPRI (2010).

rgy Efficient Air-C


n.







Conditioning - Tech

With the relative ma

system manufacture

further application p

force to push the tec

Small ‐ Rating 4

Medium ‐ Rating 4

Large ‐ Rating 4

Desiccant pre‐condit

provide cooling 24/7

IEC can meet 100% o

above 75% @ 23° C th

not been tested how

until the results from

system to 4.

The addition of desic

24/7.

Whilst desiccant deh

other cooling system

technology cannot b

has been granted for

t

.

hnology Review a

aturity of the desiccant

rs, the author believes

potential in fresh air pr

chnology commercialis

tioning of an IEC system

7, especially on mounta

f a 24/7 heat load year

he units should shut do

w often this could happ

m Mt Lofty are available

ccant dehumidification

humidifiers are readily

ms have not appeared i

e seen as in demonstr

r the purposes of the m

and Decision Aid f

t systems as a standalo

s that this is the next lo

re‐conditioning for vap

sation, it can be seen th

m not only expands its

ain top sites or regions

r round. The main limit

own to protect the equ

pen so an assumption o

e to give a benchmark.

n can be seen to provid

y available from a few s

n the market or in rese

ation in the opinion of

model demonstration.

for Australian Tele

one application and the

ogical step to the expa

pour compression syste

hat deployment within

climatic application ra

s prone to mist and fog

ting factor is external h

uipment as per the typ

of 5% (18 days p.a.) of t

. Therefore the system

de a more reliable syst

suppliers, their comme

earch in any significant

f the author. Therefore

Thecommunications

Page

e apparent interest of I

ansion of IEC systems. W

ems as an additional dr

n 5 years is achievable.

ange but also its ability

g.

humidity such that if it

pical site requirements

the time has been mad

ms must be down rated

tem that can potentiall

ercial application to IEC

t numbers. Therefore t

e a rating of developm

hesis Sites

e 105

IEC

With

riving

.

y to

rises

s. It has

de

the

y run

C and

the

ent

MainInten

Main

som

tota

thes

3/2/

sub c

sites

main

tenance nsity









Ene









rgy Efficient Air-C

S

M

L

mum frequency

ources required and

d on an average of



/medium/large

e 1/3 of the

n.

Conditioning - Tech

S 1

M 2

L 3

Frequency ‐ Desic

systems will not in

frequency of main

previous IEC assum

Lofty maintenance

specifies 2 month

Frequency ‐ Desic

systems will not in

frequency of main

previous IEC assum

Lofty maintenance

specifies 2 month

Frequency ‐ Desic

systems will not in

frequency of main

previous IEC assum

Lofty maintenance

specifies 2 month

hnology Review a

2

1

2

ccant

ncrease

ntenance on

mptions. Mt

e schedule

s. Rating = 3

Durat

unit s

units

kW u

14.2 =

Durat

unit (

Assum

151.2

p.a. R

Durat

IEC m

assum

durat

unit (

incre

x 10 k

p.a. =

2.

ccant

ncrease

ntenance on

mptions. Mt

e schedule

s. Rating = 2

ccant

ncrease

ntenance on

mptions. Mt

e schedule

s. Rating = 1

and Decision Aid f

tion ‐ 25.2 hours per

scaled up for larger

by 1.5. Assume 3 x 45

nits = 113.4 hours p.a.

= days p.a. Rating = 2

tion ‐ 25.2 hours per

(Morton, 2011).

me 6 x 15kW units =

2 hours p.a. = 18.9 days

Rating =1.

tion ‐ 20% increase on

maintenance is

med. Therefore a

tion of 21 hours per

(Morton, 2011) is

ased to 25.2. Assume 2

kW units = 50.4 hours

= 6.3 days p.a. Rating =

for Australian Tele

4

4

4

Complexity ‐ The

increase on IEC

maintenance is

assumed to be 80

skilled. Therefore

6+4.2hrs skilled /

hours total = 40.5

Rating = 4.

2

Complexity ‐ The

increase on IEC

maintenance is

assumed to be 80

skilled. Therefore

6+4.2hrs skilled /

hours total = 40.5

Rating = 4.

Complexity ‐ The

increase on IEC

maintenance is

assumed to be 80

skilled. Therefore

6+4.2hrs skilled /

hours total = 40.5

Rating = 4.

Thecommunications

Page

2 Total

2 Total

3 Total

e 20%

0%

e

/ 25.2

5%.

e 20%

0%

e

/ 25.2

5%.

e 20%

0%

e

/ 25.2

5%.

hesis Sites

e 106

Clima

AlterImpac

atic Performance

nate Resource ct

Desi

spec

prov

The

thei

varia

ratin

ratin

The

sma

requ



vide assistance.









Ene











rgy Efficient Air-C

S

M

L


ings worksheet may

te resources and

uirements. The

ability. The final


e two sub criteria.

3/2/1 ratio for

mall site should

Conditioning - Tech

S 5

M 5

L 5

Consumption ‐ Ne

consumption over

consumption at M

146,220 L p.a. Ave

p.a.. Rating = 5

Consumption ‐ Ne

consumption over

consumption at M

kL p.a. Assume 1/3

Average househo

Consumption ‐ Ne

consumption over

consumption at M

146,220 L p.a. Assu

p.a.. Average hou

Rating = 5


technology to assum


hnology Review a

egligible change on

r IEC, therefore: Water

Mt Lofty estimated at

rage household = 419 k

egligible change on


Mt Lofty estimated at 15

3 size = 50,000 L p.a..

ld = 419 kL p.a.. Rating

egligible change on


Mt Lofty estimated at

ume 2x size = 300,000 L

sehold = 419 kL p.a..




and Decision Aid f

3

3

3

r

kL

Availability ‐ As

r

50

= 5

Availability ‐ W

greatly betwee

city sites it is co

sites in dry area

for rainwater h

of 3 to represen

Availability ‐ As

r

L



be applied.

for Australian Tele

ssumed rating of 3

Water availability varies

en sites. Whilst in capit

ommonly available, rem

as have little chance ev

arvesting. Assumed ra

nt 50% of sites.

ssumed rating of 3



Thecommunications

Page

4 Total

4 Total

4 Total

s

tal

mote

ven

ting



hesis Sites

e 107

uture

B.5

"TypicSystemSize

Small

Mediu

Larg

Phase Chang

cal" m

3 5‐10 years

0.75

‐N/A or Not

Definable Toda

0

‐N/A or Not

Definable Toda

0

Payback

um

ge

ge Materials – B

3 41‐60%

0.3

ay‐

N/A or Not

Definable Toda

0

ay‐

N/A or Not

Definable Toda

0

Net Energy saving

Ene

Bulk Storage Un

5Minor or no

Modifications

0.5

ay‐

N/A or Not

Definable Today

0

ay‐

N/A or Not

Definable Today

0

gs Retrofit Capability

rgy Efficient Air-C

nit

3

y‐

y‐


Phase Change M

Demonstration

N/A or Not

Definable Today

N/A or Not

Definable Today

Potential categ

0

0

0.15

y

Conditioning - Tech

2 10‐20 years

0.1

‐N/A or Not

Definable Today

0

‐N/A or Not

Definable Today

0

Materials – Bulk Stgories ‐ High Score = 5

Commercialisation Potential

hnology Review a

4

‐

‐

torage Units

Design Suitability for24/7 Heat Load

>80% / Very High

Potential

N/A or Not

Definable Today

N/A or Not

Definable Today

5, Low Score = 1

0

0

0.08

and Decision Aid f

3

‐

‐

r Maintenance Intensity

Medium

N/A or Not

Definable Today

N/A or Not

Definable Today

0

0

0.3

for Australian Tele

5 Very low

0.4

‐N/A or Not

Definable Today

0

‐N/A or Not

Definable Today

0


Thecommunications

Page

5 Optimal

1.25

‐Enter Valid Rating


0

‐Enter Valid Rating


0


hesis Sites

e 108

Total

3.83

0

0

Payba

Retro

Net E

CurreComm

CommPoten

Desig24/7 H

Furt

ack

ofit Capability

Expe

"typ

ope

The

of d

Energy savings



The

heat

assu

are

poo

disr


ther Details Ge

Expe

"typ

The

syst

The

in A

ected simple payback

pical" site. Considerati

ration and maintenan

foreseen timeframe f

eployment or better l

ability for the chosen

t load 24 hours a day s

uming climatic conditio

available. If standalon

r score here should pr


neral Definition


pical" site.

ability for the chosen

tem at the "typical" sit

level of commercial a

Australia. Criteria defin

Ene


ons include capital ex

ce costs assuming zero

for the technology to a

evel of commercialisa

system be designed t

even days a week at t

ons are desirable and

ne 24/7 operation is a r

reclude its use and the

as an option in the fir

ngs for the chosen syst

system to be retrofit

te.

advancement of the te

ned by EPRI (2010).

rgy Efficient Air-C

S

a

s

S

w

a

m installed at the

penditure,

o mobilisation.

achieve a late stage

ation.

E

S

a

i

p

S

a

to deliver the total

he "typical" site

alternate resources

requirement then a

e user should

rst instance .

tem installed at the

into the existing

chnology in general

S

a

S

c

Conditioning - Tech

Small ‐ Whilst there ar

and it is the opinion of

significantly. Rating = 2

Small ‐ the system des

witnessed by the auth

a 4.

Evaluation Justif

Small ‐ Based on the q

around $10,000 p.a. Th

s improved by 20% to

payback = 9.6 years, ra

Small ‐ The technology

assumed. Rating = 3

Small ‐ 50% (Rizkalla an

a desirable climatic reg

Small ‐ the system con

compression system w

hnology Review a

re a number of demon

f the author that this m

2

sign claimed to suppor

or nor is there publish

fication

uoted 50% savings and

e quoted installation c

allow for the fact that

ating = 3.

y has a number of full s

nd Kandadai, 2009) im

gion. Final savings = 60

ntrols are quite simple

when it cannot provide

and Decision Aid f

strations around, the t

may stay the case for so

rt the site for 365 days

hed reference to a sim

d an A/C load of 15 kW

capex was $120,000 th

t the system was not in

scale demonstrations

proved by 20% to allow

0%, rating = 3

as the technology wo

e the required cooling

for Australian Tele

technology has been a

ome years to come un

of the year however a

ilar system so the rati

W at night and 20 kW in

erefore a 12 year payb

nstalled in a desirable

so this level of comme

w for the fact that the

orks in isolation and on

load. Rating = 5

Thecommunications

Page

at this level for some t

nless the price reduces

a full trial has not been

ng has been downgrad

the day, savings woul

back is assumed. This f

climatic region. Final

ercialisation can be

system was not instal

nly calls upon the vapo

hesis Sites

e 109

time

s

n

ded to

d be

figure

led in

our

Clima

AlterImpa

MainInten

atic Performance

nate Resource ct

Des

site

wor

Mai

som

and

aver

weig

resp

ratio

shou

time

ntenance nsity

The

thei

vari

ratin

The

crite

ratio

shou

ign performance in th

specific ratings are no

rksheet may provide as

ntenance requiremen

meone has to attend sit

total duration p.a.. Th

rage of these three su

ghted in a 3/2/1 ratio f

pectively. The duration

o for small/medium/la

uld require 1/3 of the

es less often.

chosen system's relia

ir availability without s

ables are quantity of c


rating is calculated ba

eria. The consumption

o for small/medium/la

uld require 1/3 of the

Ene

e required site's clima

ot available the Climat

ssistance.

nts as defined by minim

te, complexity and res

he rating is calculated b

b criteria. The frequen

for small/medium/larg

n sub criteria is weight

arge sites respectively

maintenance of a larg

nce on alternative fin

significant storage req

consumption and avail

hnology as an option w

ased on an average of t

n sub criterion is weigh

arge sites respectively

maintenance at a large

rgy Efficient Air-C

S

M ‐

L ‐

S

M ‐

L ‐

atic conditions. If

te Ratings

mum frequency

sources required

based on an

ncy sub criteria is

ge sites

ted in a 1/2/3

y. e.g. a small site

e site and 3

F

t

s

ite resources and

quirements. The

lability. The final

with a rating of 1.

these two sub

hted in a 3/2/1

y. e.g. a small site

e site.

Conditioning - Tech

4

‐

‐

5

‐

‐

Consumption ‐

Consumption ‐ PCM

defined consumabl

Frequency

Frequency

Frequency ‐ Claime

annual

Consumption ‐

For the purposes of th

technology to assume

site specific use the ra

hnology Review a

1

‐

‐

M life span long so not

e

Comple

Comple

Comple

of loca

some c

annual

special

for the

d to be

e model demonstratio

optimal climatic cond

ting should always be

and Decision Aid f

5

‐

‐

Availability ‐

Availability ‐ PCM

defined consum

exity

exity

exity ‐ Assumed lack

l knowledge for

components of the

inspection so

lised labour required

e whole visit.

Availability ‐

on for this thesis, a com

itions as this weightin

applied.

for Australian Tele

4

‐

‐

M life span long so not

able

Duration

Duration ‐ 1/2 day

claimed.

Duration

mmon rating of 5 has b

ng will be distributed i

Thecommunications

Page

3 Total

‐ Total

‐ Total

5 Total

‐ Total

‐ Total

t

y


n the overview. For fu

hesis Sites

e 110

uture

Appe

F

IEC.1

Tech

endix C: I

An evapo

Cooling (I

directly by

evaporate

bulb temp

with low e

temperatu

content in

quality for

Figure 27

efficiently

Figure 27 - P

EC – Single

IEC utilise

temperatu

use some

nology Revie

Indirect e

rative cooling

EC) or Direc

y drawing it t

ed thereby co

perature of th

energy consu

ure of proces

n the air, rais

r conditioned

below. Furth

in dry climat

Psychromet

e pass hea

es the low en

ure of air with

e form of hea

ew and Deci

evaporat

g system ca

ct Evaporativ

through dren

ooling the air

he incoming a

umption, DEC

ss air is lowe

ing the humi

d spaces sen

her, this cycl

tes (Bruno, 2

tric chart, D

at exchange

nergy advant

hout the add

at exchange m

ision Aid for A

tive cool

n be implem

ve Cooling (D

ched evapor

r to temperat

air. However

C is an adiab

red only at th

dity of the ai

nsitive to high

e of evapora

2008, 2009; D

irect evapor

er

tages of evap

ition of moist

media betwe


ling proc

ented by Ind

DEC). DEC c

rative cores w

tures which m

r, while the te

batic process

he expense o

r, reducing c

h humidity. T

ative cooling

Daou et al., 2

rative coolin

porative cool

ture. These t

een the evapo


cess des

direct Evapor

cools the proc

where the wa

may approac

emperature i

s in which the

of higher mo

comfort and r

This effect is

can only ope

2006).

ng (Bruno, 2

ling to reduc

technologies

oration of wa


Page 111

scription

rative

cess air

ater is

ch the wet

is reduced

e

oisture

reducing air

illustrated in

erate

2008)

ce the

s invariably

ater process

s g s

Tech

and coolin

provide a

exchange

cooled wit

cooled wit

generally

Figure 28

evaporativ

conductor

which is c

heat exch

secondary

separating

primary a

dumped in

waste but

purposes.

nology Revie

ng of air. The

temperature

e barrier, whic

thout any dir

thout the add

known as in

below show

ve cooling. It

r plate. In on

cooled by dire

hanger, gene

y chambers t

g plate, thus

ir is used to c

nto the envir

t could be rec

.

ew and Deci

e low temper

e differential

ch enables t

rect contact w

dition of mois

direct evapo

ws schematic

t comprises o

e chamber, w

ect evaporat

erally in the fo

transferring

realising the

cool the spa

ronment (Dao

cycled throug

ision Aid for A

ratures creat

to enable the

he transfer o

with wet surf

sture to the a

orative coolin

cally a simple

of a number

water is spra

tive cooling. T

orm of coolin

its heat to th

e indirect eva

ce and the w

ou et al., 200

gh a heat rej


ed by the ev

e cooling of a

of heat from t

aces. The co

air stream. T

g (Bruno, 20

e single pass

of chambers

ayed in the se

The primary

ng fins closely

e secondary

aporative coo

warmer, hum

06). The warm

jection unit o


vaporation of

air across a

the air stream

onditioned ai

This technolo

008; Daou et

s example of

s separated b

econdary air

air is passed

y coupled to

y air through

oling. The co

id wet secon

rm water is g

or used for ot


Page 112

f water

heat

m to be

ir is thereby

gy is

al., 2006).

indirect

by a heat

r stream

d through a

the

the

ool, dry

ndary air is

enerally

ther

s g s

2

Fi

IEC.2

Tech

igure 28 –In

In relative

since it en

The sensi

wet bulb t

volume in

(Daou et a

equivalen

acceptabl

control thi

conditions

EC – Count

The exten

its "wet bu

effectiven

nology Revie

direct evapoex

ely more hum

nables a sen

ible cooling o

temperature

comparison

al., 2006). It

t to the amb

e limits of th

is. IEC also s

s.

ter flow he

nt to which a

ulb effectiven

ess of appro

ew and Deci

orative coolxchanger (

mid climates,

sible cooling

of air not only

(Bruno, 2008

n with what w

should be cl

ient conditio

e conditione

suffers simila

eat exchang

particular co

ness". A well

oximately 85%

ision Aid for A

ler schematDaou et al.,

the IEC wou

g without add

y reduces th

8, 2009). It a

would be requ

arified here t

ns, therefore

d space or a

ar efficiency

ger

ooler can app

l-made direc

% (Bruno, 20


ic diagram -2006)

uld be the be

ding moisture

e dry bulb te

also allows th

uired in direc

that the insid

e these must

additional me

limitations as

proach the w

t evaporative

008, 2009). A


- single pas

etter choice o

e into the pro

emperature, b

he use of red

ct desiccant c

de humidity le

be within the

easures mus

s DEC in hum

wet bulb temp

e cooler will h

A simple sing


Page 113

ss heat

over DEC

ocess air.

but also its

duced air

cooling

evels will be

e

t be taken to

mid

perature is

have an

gle pass

s g s

3

o

Equ

Fig

Tech

indirect ev

exchange

Equation

is limited

uation 1 - we

This limita

evaporativ

wet and d

the dew p

temperatu

gure 29 - Ind

In a count

exchange

nology Revie

vaporative co

e medium (Da

1 below illus

in its cooling

et bulb effec

ation can be

ve cooler. Co

dry air passag

point of the in

ure.

direct evapoex

ter flow heat

ed to a lower

ew and Deci

ooler would b

aou et al., 20

strates how a

g ability by th

ctiveness - s

overcome w

ounter flow h

ges. The con

ncoming air w

orative coolexchanger (B

exchanger,

temperature

ision Aid for A

be inferior to

006).

a direct or ind

e wet bulb te

single pass

with a differen

heat exchang

nfiguration al

which is cons

er schematiBruno, 2008,

a proportion

e is returned


this due to l

direct singe p

emperature.

IEC or DEC

nt configurati

gers use a do

lows the out

siderably low

c diagram - 2009)

of the air wh

along the we


losses in the

pass evapora

C (Daou et a

on of the ind

ouble pass in

tgoing air to a

wer than the w

- counter flo

hich has bee

et channel as


Page 114

heat

ative cooler

l., 2006)

direct

n adjacent

approach

wet bulb

ow heat

en heat

s illustrated

s g s

4

Fi

Tech

schematic

temperatu

temperatu

lower tem

further red

channel. T

below

gure 30 - Ps

This proce

intensifyin

temperatu

2009). Th

above 100

out.

Equation 2

nology Revie

cally in Figur

ure, evaporat

ures approac

mperature the

ducing the w

The cooling p

sychrometri

ess continue

ng the heat e

ures start to a

is process th

0% as per Eq

2 - wet bulb

ew and Deci

re 29 above.

tion on the w

ching the now

en further inte

wet bulb temp

process is re

ic chart – In

es throughou

exchange and

approach the

herefore pote

quation 2 ab

effectivene

ision Aid for A

Since the ai

wet surfaces

w lower wet b

ensifies the h

perature of th

epresented o

direct evapo

t the heat ex

d evaporatio

e dew point o

entially increa

bove where th

ss – counte


r returned ha

of the wet ch

bulb tempera

heat exchang

he proportion

on a psychrom

orative cool

xchanger ma

n processes

of the incomi

ases the wet

he Twb,in is re

er flow heat


as a depress

hannel will p

ature. This s

ge to the dry

n returned to

metric chart

ling (Bruno,

atrix continua

s until the exi

ing air. (Brun

t bulb Effecti

eplaced by th

exchanger


Page 115

sed wet bulb

roduce

ignificantly

y channel,

the wet

in Figure 30

, 2008)

ally

t

no, 2008,

veness

he lower Twb,

IEC

s g s

5

Appe

PD.1

Tech

endix D: S

Continuou

containing

condense

compartm

four stage

automatic

of the eva

depending

Sortech, 2

Phase 1

Ref Figur

Hot water

chamber

coolant w

as vapour

heat rejec

now coole

causes it

adsorber.

coolant (e

circuit (He

Sortech, 2

nology Revie

Solar dridescrip

us adsorption

g the adsorba

er. In these cy

ments are ope

es. The four p

cally function

aporated coo

g on the pha

2010). This p

re 31

r from the so

1 such that d

hich has acc

r and it rises

ction unit whi

ed liquid falls

to evaporate

Here the co

enthalpy of ev

enning, 2007

2010).

ew and Deci

iven adsption

n processes

ate material

ycles, a quas

erated in par

process cha

ing steam va

olant into ads

ase of the pro

process will b

lar collector

desorption ta

cumulated on

up into the c

ich cools it a

s to the evap

e at low press

oolant adhere

vaporation).

7; Dieng and

ision Aid for A

orption c

are generall

which are co

si-continuous

rallel and the

mbers are co

alves. These

sorber chamb

ocess (Henn

be described

or alternate

akes place to

n the inner su

condenser. T

llowing the c

orator where

sure into cha

es to the ads

The heat is

Wang, 2001


chiller pr

y realised in

onnected by

s operation,

eir functions a

onnected to e

valves influe

ber 1 or 2 an

ing, 2007; Di

below.

heat source

o regenerate

urface of the

The condens

coolant to ret

e the heat fro

amber 2 whic

orbent extra

removed thro

; Osbourne


rocess

two main ch

an evaporat

these two

are exchang

each other b

ence the dire

nd the conde

ieng and Wa

is connected

the adsorbe

e adsorbent is

ser is connec

turns to liquid

om the return

ch is currentl

cting the hea

ough the re-

and Kohlenb


Page 116

hambers

tor and

ed through

by internal,

ectional flow

nser,

ang, 2001;

d to

nt. The

s expelled

cted to a

d form. The

n or fresh air

ly the

at from the

cooling

bach, 2011a;

s g s

6

;

Figur

PD.2

F

Tech

re 31 - Phase

Phase 2

Ref Figur

Phase 2 r

completel

driving he

desorber.

(Henning,

Sortech, 2

Figure 32 - P

nology Revie

e 1: Chambe

re 32

represents th

y regenerate

eat source is

The re-cool

, 2007; Dieng

2010).

hase 2: Swi

ew and Deci

er 1 = DesoKohlenb

he stage whe

ed and the so

then switche

ing is now co

g and Wang,

itching phas

ision Aid for A

orber, Chambach, 2011a

ere the sorbe

orbent in cha

ed onto cham

onnected to c

, 2001; Osbo

se 1 (Osbou


ber 2 = Ads)

ent in chambe

amber 2 has

mber 2 and th

chamber 1 a

ourne and Ko

urne and Ko


sorber (Osbo

er 1 has bee

become sat

his then beco

and it is the a

ohlenbach, 2

ohlenbach, 2


Page 117

ourne and

en

urated. The

omes the

adsorber

2011a;

2011a)

s g s

7

PD.3

Figur

PD.4

Tech

Phase 3

Ref Figur

In phase 3

chambers

chamber 2

Kohlenba

re 33 - Phas

Phase 4

Ref Figur

Phase 4 r

original co

sorbent in

then switc

is now co

in phase 1

2011a; So

nology Revie

re 33

3 the proces

s are intercha

2 the adsorb

ch, 2011a; S

e 3: Chambe

re 34

represents th

onfiguration.

n chamber 2

ched onto ch

nnected to c

1 (Henning, 2

ortech, 2010

ew and Deci

ss from phase

anged such t

ber (Henning

Sortech, 2010

er 1 = AdsoKohlenb

he second sta

The sorbent

has been co

hamber 1 and

chamber 2 an

2007; Dieng

).

ision Aid for A

e 1 is repeat

that chambe

, 2007; Dien

0).

orber, Chambach, 2011a

age where th

t in chamber

ompletely reg

d this then be

nd it is the ad

and Wang, 2


ed except th

r 1 is now th

g and Wang

ber 2 = Deso)

he system re

1 has becom

generated. Th

ecomes the d

dsorber. The

2001; Osbou


he functions o

e desorber a

, 2001; Osbo

orber (Osbo

eturns back to

me saturated

he driving he

desorber. Th

process now

urne and Koh


Page 118

of the

and

ourne and

ourne and

o the

d and the

eat source is

he re-cooling

w continues

hlenbach,

s g s

8

s

F

Tech

Figure 34 - P

nology Revie

hase 4: Swi

ew and Deci

itching phas

ision Aid for A

se 2 (Osbou


urne and Ko


ohlenbach, 2


Page 119

2011a)

s g s

9

Appe

Tech

endix E: S

Absorptio

achieve e

units. Firs

than gase

temperatu

temperatu

range of h

from co-g

is applied

Bromide t

The basic

describes

evaporato

sorbent so

machines

a thermal

can be us

refrigeran

below. Th

introduced

2, the con

heat from

nology Revie

Solar dridescrip

n chillers tak

fficient coolin

st of all it take

es Secondly,

ures, thus low

ure (Sonnekl

heat sources

eneration pla

for air condi

the sorbent (

c construction

this as: “Fo

or one unit m

olution in the

s typically nee

COP of abo

sed (Henning

t and solven

his desorption

d by the hea

ndenser, a he

the water va

ew and Deci

iven absption

ke advantage

ng with redu

es less energ

at different p

wering the pr

ima, 2011). A

s such as wa

ants. The mo

itioning purp

(Henning, 20

n design app

or each unit m

mass of refrig

e generator.

ed temperatu

out 0.7”. At th

g, 2007). In th

nt are separa

n process is

t source (e.g

eat rejection

apour conde

ision Aid for A

orption c

e of two phys

ced energy c

gy to transfe

pressures, liq

ressure on w

Absorption c

ste heat, sol

ost common

oses where

07).

plied is a sing

mass of refrig

erant has to

Under norma

ures of the d

hese tempera

he high pres

ated as illustr

driven in ves

g. from solar

unit (e.g. we

nsing the ref


chiller pr

sical characte

compared to

r liquids betw

quids have d

water also red

chillers can b

ar thermal he

sorption pair

water is the

gle effect ma

gerant which

be desorbed

al operating c

driving heat o

atures cheap

sure chambe

ated by vess

ssel 1 by the

collectors or

et or dry cool

frigerant (Son


rocess

eristics in ord

vapour com

ween pressu

different evap

duces its eva

be used with

eat, district h

r water–Lithi

refrigerant a

achine. Henn

h evaporates

d from the re

conditions su

of 80-100ºC a

p solar therm

ers of the ch

sels 1 and 2

e high tempe

r waste heat)

ling tower) re

nneklima, 20


Page 120

der to

mpression

re levels

porating

aporating

a wide

heat or heat

um Bromide

nd Lithium

ning

s in the

efrigerant-

uch

and achieve

mal collectors

iller, the

in Figure 35

rature

). In vessel

emoves the

011).

s g s

0

F

Tech

Figure 35 - O

After cond

pressure c

temperatu

room retu

(Sonnekli

In vessel

the solven

the high p

Double ef

different te

refrigeran

nology Revie

Operation pr

densation, th

chamber of t

ures between

rn air therefo

ma, 2011).

4, the absorb

nt and energ

pressure cha

ffect cycle ma

emperatures

t desorbed f

ew and Deci

rincipal of a

he liquid refrig

the chiller (th

n 5 and 15°C

ore supplying

ber, the refrig

y (heat) is re

mber and th

achines are

s are operate

from the first

ision Aid for A

an absorptio

gerant is led

he evaporato

C. The energ

g cool air bac

gerant vapou

eleased. The

e process is

also availab

ed in series, w

generator is


on chiller (So

into vessel 3

or). Here it ev

y for this pro

ck to the roo

ur from vesse

solution is th

restarted (S

le. Two gene

whereby the

used to hea


onneklima,

3, which is th

vaporates at

ocess is take

om as a resul

el 3 will be a

hen pumped

Sonneklima, 2

erators worki

condenser h

at the second


Page 121

2011)

he low

n from the

lt

absorbed by

d back into

2011).

ing at

heat of the

d generator.

s g s

Tech

Henning c

Kohlenba

of 1.1–1.2

are typica

nology Revie

claims th the

ch (2011a):

2 is achievab

ally required f

ew and Deci

following wh

“With this co

ble. However

for these chi

ision Aid for A

hich was furt

onfiguration, a

r, driving tem

illers.” (Henn


ther supporte

a higher ther

mperatures in

ing, 2007).


ed by Osbou

rmal COP in

n the range o


Page 122

rne and

the range

f 140-160ºC

s g s

2

Appe

PF.1a

Tech

endix F: S

Pre-coolingair conditio

Air condit

conventio

by reducin

out. The d

conditions

requireme

to be fitted

temperatu

such that

if the insta

up to 15ºC

compress

not have t

al., 2006)

In humid c

if the retu

best appli

separated

compress

thermal e

thermal su

subsystem

desiccant

nology Revie

Solar theprocess

g and dehuning

ioning loads

nal vapour c

ng the proce

dehumidified

s. Thus, if the

ent for super

d to a vapou

ure, significa

the refrigera

alled system

C from its ge

sion system,

to drive to th

.

climates, a d

rn air from th

ed where an

d or controlle

sion system s

nergy. As se

ubsystem, de

m. Being driv

subsystem d

ew and Deci

ermally rs descrip

midificatio

can be divid

compression

ss air down

air is then re

e latent heat

cooling and

r compressio

nt savings w

ant returns to

is such that

enerally pract

additional sa

is lower tem

desiccant sys

he building h

n air handling

ed. Figure 36

schematically

een, it can be

esiccant sub

ven by the ho

dehumidifies

ision Aid for A

regeneraption

on for conv

ded into the s

air condition

below its dew

eheated to m

load is remo

reheating is

on unit witho

will be observ

o the unit at m

the tempera

ticed level of

avings can a

perature in t

stem would b

ad a minima

g unit is used

depicts a tw

y with the de

e divided into

bsystem and

ot water from

s and cools t


ted desic

entional va

sensible and

ner, the laten

w point so th

meet the requ

oved by othe

negated. If t

ut an adjusta

ed due to the

much the sam

ature of evap

f 5ºC for the t

lso be realise

he first place

be applied to

l latent load.

d so this mix

wo stage des

esiccant bein

o three subsy

vapour comp

m the heat co

he ambient f


ccant co

apour com

the latent lo

nt heat load is

he moisture c

uired indoor t

er means the

the desiccan

able evapora

e reduced la

me temperat

poration can

traditional va

ed as the sy

e (White, 201

the fresh air

. These syste

can be read

siccant assist

ng regenerate

ystems, nam

pression air

ollecting subs

fresh air sup


Page 123

ooling

pression

ads. In a

s removed

condenses

temperature

n the

nt system is

ator

atent load

ure. Further,

be adjusted

apour

stem does

11a; Daou et

r supply only

ems are

ily

ted vapour

ed by solar

ely the solar

conditioning

system, the

ply. Then

s g s

3

,

t

y

r

Figure

Tech

the air is t

compress

e 36 - Schem

Further sa

evaporativ

evaporativ

Figure 37

nology Revie

then further c

sion subsyste

matic of a twcond

avings could

ve cooler. A

ve cooler pre

below.

ew and Deci

cooled by mi

em (Dai et al

wo stage desditioning sys

potentially b

schematic il

e-treating a v

ision Aid for A

ixing with the

., 2009).

siccant whestem (Dai et

be realised w

lustration of

vapour comp


e processed

eel aided vapal., 2009)

with the additi

a desiccant d

pression syst


air from vap

pour compr

ion of an ind

dehumidifier

tem can be s


Page 124

our

ression air

irect

r with an

seen in

s g s

4

Figure

DF.2

F.2.1

Tech

e 37 - Schem

Dehumidific

The aim o

is to incre

climates t

protect eq

and open

equipped

the requir

many yea

Standard

In temper

employed

psychrom

cooling th

nology Revie

matic of liqu

cation for e

of desiccant p

ase the evap

hat it can be

quipment (Da

cycle config

either with s

ed compone

ars (Henning,

Cycle

ate climates

d as illustrate

metric chart of

e application

ew and Deci

id desiccan(Henn

evaporative

pre-dehumid

porative coo

e used in. It a

aou et al., 20

guration, mos

silica gel or li

ents are com

, 2007; Daou

the standard

ed in Figure 3

f the air prop

n areas are g

ision Aid for A

t aided vaponing, 2007)

e cooling

difying the air

ler’s efficienc

also provides

006). This ap

st commonly

thium-chlorid

mon in build

u et al., 2006

d cycle using

38 below by s

perties. With

greater still. T


our compres

r for an evap

cy or increas

s a dehumidif

plication is c

with rotating

de as the sor

ings and com

6) and are the

g a desiccant

showing a sc

the use of in

The points be


ession air co

porative cooli

se the numbe

fication proce

commonly em

g desiccant w

rption materi

mmercial app

erefore well

t wheel can

chematic dia

ndirect evapo

elow describ


Page 125

onditioning

ng system

er of

ess to

mployed in

wheels

al. Most of

plications for

proven.

be

agram and

orative

be each part

s g s

5

r

Tech

of the pro

adaptation

1 2 sor

This is an

and desic

2 3 pre

A heat rec

building.

3 4 eva

The diagr

supply air

The humid

an indirec

4 5 Pre

The heati

5 6 fan

A small te

conditione

6 7 Co

Supply air

Again the

the condit

increase m

dissipatio

7 8 coo

The return

saturation

or may be

nology Revie

cess as extra

ns from Brun

rptive dehum

almost adia

ccant wheel h

e-cooling of

covery whee

aporative co

am illustrate

r. This proces

dity of the su

ct evaporative

e-heating of

ng coil is use

n forcing the

emperature in

ed space

oling of con

r temperature

diagram is b

tioned space

more for a te

n.

oling of retu

n air from the

n line. IEC ma

e able to be r

ew and Deci

acted from H

no (2009) an

midification

abatic proces

heated by the

f the supply

el is employe

ooling of the

s the use of

ss would be

upply air at p

e cooler.

f supply air

ed only in the

e air

ncrease is ca

nditioned sp

e and humid

based on a c

e would not li

elecommunic

urn air

e building is

ay be a bette

removed alto

ision Aid for A

Henning (200

d Daou et al

n of supply a

ss and the air

e regeneratio

air

d in counter-

e supply air

a direct evap

used for che

oint 4 could

e heating sea

aused by the

pace

dity are increa

comfort cond

kely increase

cations facility

cooled using

er alternative

ogether.


07) with clarif

(2006).

air

r is heated by

on side.

-flow to the re

porative cool

eap comfort c

be kept to th

ason for pre-

e fan blowing

ased by mea

itioning scen

e, but the tem

y due to the

g evaporative

e in telecomm


fications and

y the adsorp

eturn air from

ling system t

conditioning

he same as p

-heating of a

g the air into

ans of interna

nario so the h

mperature w

equipment h

e cooling clos

munications a


Page 126

d

ption heat

m the

to cool the

of a space.

point 3 with

ir.

the

al loads.

humidity in

would likely

heat

se to the

applications

s g s

6

Tech

8 9 Pre

Heat is ex

desiccant

heat exch

9 10 H

Regenera

system.

10 11 R

The wate

is desorbe

11 12 E

Exhaust a

Figure

nology Revie

eheat of retu

xtracted from

regeneratio

hanger, e.g.,

eat source a

ation heat is p

Regeneratio

er bound in th

ed by the hot

Exhaust

air is blown to

e 38 - Stand

ew and Deci

urn air

m the supply a

n. This is pe

a heat recov

added

provided for

on

he pores of t

t air.

o the environ

dard desicca

ision Aid for A

air to prehea

rformed by m

very wheel.

instance by

he desiccant

nment by me

ant cooling c


at the return a

means of a h

means of a s

t material of

eans of the re

cycle (Henn


air in prepara

high efficienc

solar therma

the dehumid

eturn air fan.

ning, 2007)


Page 127

ation for

y air-to-air

al collector

difier wheel

s g s

7

F.2.2

Figure

Tech

Enthalpy

In system

exchange

heat and

ambient a

the buildin

the added

wheel (He

39 – Standa

nology Revie

pre-cooled

s which have

er, a rotor wh

humidity) ca

air componen

ng. After this

d humidity re

enning, 2007

ard desicca

ew and Deci

desiccant c

e to operate

hich enables

n be added t

nt is precoole

, the conven

quires highe

7).

nt cooling c2

ision Aid for A

cycle

in higher hu

total heat ex

to the desicc

ed and pre-d

ntional desicc

er temperatur

cycle with en2007)


midity climat

xchange, (i.e

cant wheel sy

ehumidified

cant cycle ca

res to regene

nthalpy hea


tes, an entha

. exchange o

ystem. Using

using the ret

an be employ

erate the des

at exchange


Page 128

alpy

of sensible

g this,

turn air from

yed although

siccant

r (Henning,

s g s

8

F.2.3

Tech

Standard

A solution

two coolin

evaporativ

sensible c

enters the

humidity l

dew-point

supply air

behind the

another co

required f

cooling re

2007; Bru

nology Revie

desiccant c

n for very hig

ng coils supp

ve coolers in

cooling requi

e desiccant w

evel, high co

t. Sorption de

r according to

e heat recov

ooling coil is

for indirect ev

equirement. F

uno, 2008).

ew and Deci

cycle with se

h humidity a

plied with cold

n the supply a

red. Ambien

wheel. Since

old water tem

ehumidificati

o the desired

very unit will s

employed w

vaporative co

Figure 40 be

ision Aid for A

ensible coo

pplications is

d water from

air stream. E

t air is pre-co

the pre-deh

mperatures a

on with a de

d supply air h

still be too hi

which has to

ooling as a s

low illustrate


ling

s a desiccan

m a conventio

Either of thes

ooled and pr

umidification

re sufficient t

siccant takes

humidity. Sin

gh to enter t

cool down th

single cooler

es this type o


nt cycle comb

onal chiller or

e units will p

re-dehumidif

n takes place

to cool the a

s place to ad

nce the air te

the room dire

he air. This m

could handle

of system (He


Page 129

bined with

r indirect

provide the

ied before it

e on a high

air below the

djust the

mperature

ectly,

may not be

e the entire

enning,

s g s

9

F.2.4

Tech

Figure 40

Counter f

The count

counter flo

desiccant

desiccant

nology Revie

0 – Standard

low plate he

ter flow heat

ow heat exch

dehumidifica

can be in liq

ew and Deci

d desiccant

eat exchang

t exchanger d

hanger IEC u

ation step in

quid or solid

ision Aid for A

cooling cyc

ger desiccan

desiccant co

unit describe

the overall p

form.


cle with sens

nt cooler

oler takes th

ed in section

process (Hen


sible coolin

he principle o

C.2 and add

nning, 2007)


Page 130

ng.

of the

ding a

. The

s g s

0

Figur

Tech

When util

channel is

desiccant

regenerat

waste hea

2006).

re 41 - Coun

For solid d

dry air (bla

are physic

the heat e

supply air

with a 60-

nology Revie

ising liquid d

s concurrentl

solution spr

ted at lower t

at viable opti

nter flow pla(Saman a

desiccant ap

ack line in Fi

cally separat

exchanger pr

r. One excha

-90ºC hot air

ew and Deci

desiccant deh

ly dehumidifi

rayed using n

temperatures

ons to drive

ate heat excand Alizadeh

pplications, th

igure 42, top

ted but in the

rimary dry ch

anger is used

r stream (Hen

ision Aid for A

humidificatio

ied through a

nozzles. Sinc

s than solid d

it (Saman an

hanger desih, 2002; Dao

he heat exch

p) and second

ermal contac

hannels perfo

d in cooling m

nning, 2007)


n, the air lea

a cross flow c

ce the liquid

desiccant sys

nd Alizadeh,

iccant cooleou et al., 200

anger is divi

dary wet coo

t. The sorpti

orming dehum

mode while th

.


aving the prim

contact with

desiccants c

stems, solar

2002; Daou

er – Liquid D06)

ided in prima

oling channe

ion material

midification o

he other is re


Page 131

mary dry air

the

can be

energy and

et al.,

Desiccant

ary sorptive

ls, which

is fixed on

on the

egenerated

s g s

Figudu

Tech

ure 42 - Counuring air de

The main

that rathe

secondary

secondary

nology Revie

nter flow plahumidificati

difference b

r than the pr

y wet channe

y air to impro

ew and Deci

ate heat excion (top) an

between thes

rimary air bei

el, the return

ove the seco

ision Aid for A

changer desd regenerat

se systems a

ing divided b

n air from the

ondary side p


siccant cooletion (bottom

nd that desc

between supp

conditioned

performance


er – Solid Dm) (Henning,

cribed in sect

ply air and th

d space was


Page 132

Desiccant

2007)

tion C.2 is

he

used as

s g s

2

Appe

Tech

endix G:

Free conv

such that

convectio

insulation

and conve

specific ap

by the inte

thermosip

a pump ca

thermosip

In places

manufactu

where the

temperatu

circulate t

nology Revie

Natural (

vection as de

it “does not r

n and energy

, sunshade,

eyance of the

pplication. Th

ernal heat ex

phon if the te

an be utilised

phon to the o

without guar

urers have a

e difference i

ure is not suf

the fluid betw

ew and Deci

(Free) Co

escribed by D

require a po

y storage ca

external and

e medium (m

The heat diss

xchanger and

emperature d

d to assist th

outside atmos

ranteed large

added small p

n temperatu

fficient to inv

ween the hea

ision Aid for A

onvectio

Darwiche and

wer source b

apacity. This

d internal hea

mainly water)

ipated by the

d transferred

differentials a

he flow. At nig

sphere (Darw

e day/night te

pumps, to he

re between t

oke natural c

at exchanger


on proces

d Shaik (200

because it fun

system cons

at exchanger

), which mus

e electronic e

d to the water

re sufficient.

ght, heat is d

wiche and Sh

emperature d

elp the free c

the shelter an

convection, t

rs (Darwiche


ss descr

08) can be de

unctions on n

sists of housi

rs, heat stora

st be designe

equipment is

r inside the t

” In non-idea

dissipated by

haik, 2008).

differentials,

convection. In

nd the outsid

these pumps

and Shaik, 2


Page 133

ription

esigned

natural

ings with

age tank

ed for the

s absorbed

tank by

al conditions

y

some

n instances

de

s work to

2008)

s g s

3

Figure

Tech

e 43 - Free c

nology Revie

convection p

ew and Deci

passive cooSha

ision Aid for A

oling during ik, 2008)


the day and


d night (Dar


Page 134

rwiche and

s g s

4

Appe

SH.1

CH.2

Tech

endix H: S

The follow

incorporat

implied as

publishing

Simplified D

SHC Softw

http://www

SACE

http://www

Complete S

Colsim5

http://www

Energy Pl

http://apps

nology Revie

Solar co

wing are links

te calculation

s it is only me

g for the read

Design Too

ware tool (NG

w.swt-techno

w.solair-proje

System Mod

w.colsim.de

lus

s1.eere.ener

ew and Deci

ooling de

s to simplified

n for solar co

eant as a ref

der’s referen

ols

GEST Projec

ologie.de/htm

ect.eu/218.0.

delling Too

rgy.gov/build

ision Aid for A

sign too

d and more c

ooling. No co

ference for a

ce.

ct)

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Page 135

ools which

tion is

of

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Appe Table

Table

Tech

endix I: L

18 - Flat pla

19- Desicca

nology Revie

List of ma

ate and evac

ant wheel/ca

ew and Deci

anufactu

cuated tube 2

assette man

ision Aid for A

urers and

solar collec2011a)

nufacturers a


d consult

ctors (Osbou

and license


tants

urne and Ko

ees (Wurm e


Page 136

ohlenbach,

t al., 2002)

s g s

6

Table 2

Tech

20 - Concen

nology Revie

ntrating sola

ew and Deci

ar collectors2

ision Aid for A

s manufactu2011a)


urers (Osbou


urne and Ko


Page 137

ohlenbach,

s g s

7

Table

Tech

e 21 - Chiller

nology Revie

r suppliers a

ew and Deci

and manufa

ision Aid for A

acturers (Os


sbourne and


d Kohlenbac


Page 138

ch, 2011a)

s g s

8

Tab

Tech

ble 22 - Smal

Table 23 -

nology Revie

ll scale chill

Heat rejecti

ew and Deci

ler manufac

ion supplier

ision Aid for A

cturers (Osb

rs (Osbourn


bourne and K

e and Kohle


Kohlenbach

enbach, 201


Page 139

h, 2011a)

1a)

s g s

9

Tech

Table 24

nology Revie

4 - System in

ew and Deci

ntegrators (

ision Aid for A

(Osbourne a


and Kohlenb


bach, 2011a


Page 140

a)

s g s

0

Appe

DJ.1

Figure

Tech

endix J: H

All therma

driving en

performed

and disad

cooling ar

2010; Kol

reviewed

to differen

Dry cooling

e 44 - Dry Co

A dry coo

liquid tran

to be cool

at the mid

special re

temperatu

cooling ca

required r

nology Revie

Heat reje

ally driven ch

nergy supplie

d by a numbe

dvantages. T

re a wet cool

ler et al., 200

here but its s

nt soil tempe

g tower

ooling Towe

ling tower co

nsfers the hea

led. Here, the

ddle tempera

quirements o

ure. Howeve

apacity when

re-cooling tem

ew and Deci

ection tec

hillers require

ed and the co

er of differen

he three ma

ling tower, dr

09). The less

scope for us

ratures.

er (Koller et

onsists of a c

at from the h

e heat that is

ature level. D

of adsorption

r, they can a

n the externa

mperature dr

ision Aid for A

chnologi

e powerful an

ooling energy

nt methods w

in and most

ry air re-cool

ser utilised g

e is less than

al., 2009; O

cooling fan a

heat rejection

s generated

ry re-coolers

n chillers but

also be fitted

al temperatur

rops. Genera


ies

nd efficient re

y “generated

which each ha

well establis

ers and hybr

eothermal ex

n the other m

sbourne an

nd air to liqu

n circuit and t

is released t

s can be des

cannot cool

with fresh w

res are too hi

ally, these co


e-cooling of

d.” This can b

ave their adv

shed methods

rid re-coolers

xchanger is a

methods in A

nd Kohlenba

id heat exch

through the

to the surrou

signed to mee

below ambi

water sprinkle

igh to obtain

oolers are mo


Page 141

both the

be

vantages

s for re-

s (Sortech,

also

Australia due

ach, 2011a)

anger. The

exchanger

nding area

et the

ent dry bulb

ers to add

the

ore

s g s

OJ.2

Figure

HJ.3

Tech

expensive

hybrid. Th

2009; Osb

Open wet c

This serie

speed-con

near satu

economic

place. Ho

at remote

Sortech, 2

e 45 - Open

Hybrid cool

Hybrid co

operating

extreme h

below, wh

nology Revie

e per Watt of

hey are also

bourne and K

ooling tow

es of re-coole

ntrolled EC f

ration evapo

cally efficient

wever, opera

unmanned s

2010).

Wet Coolin

ling towers

oling towers

conditions th

heat the wet

hich is more e

ew and Deci

f cooling pow

the highest e

Kohlenbach,

wer

ers features a

fans. Cooling

orative coolin

with a signif

ational costs

sites (Koller

g Tower (Ko2

s

are a combi

he tower act

cooling cycle

expensive b

ision Aid for A

wer than a we

energy consu

2011a; Sort

a fresh wate

g is possible

g is performe

ficantly lower

s can be exte

et al., 2009;

oller et al., 22011a)

ination of dry

s essentially

e can be invo

ut much mor


et cooling tow

umers of the

tech, 2010).

r sprinkler sy

below the dr

ed. These co

r capital expe

ensive to con

Osbourne a

2009; Osbou

y and wet coo

as a dry air

oked as illust

re effective th


wer and chea

e three (Kolle

ystem and ro

ry bulb tempe

oolers are th

enditure in th

ntrol legionell

and Kohlenba

urne and Ko

oling towers

cooler. How

trated in Figu

han a small s


Page 142

aper than a

er et al.,

otation

erature as

e most

he first

a especially

ach, 2011a;

ohlenbach,

. In most

wever, during

ure 46

sprinkler

s g s

2

Figu

Tech

system ov

the effecti

(Osbourne

ure 46 - Hyb

Since fres

develop o

prevented

microbial

nology Revie

ver a normal

iveness of a

e and Kohlen

brid cooling

sh water is sp

on the lamella

d with period

growth is thu

ew and Deci

dry cooling

wet cooling

nbach, 2011

tower (Koll2

prinkled only

ae. Further,

ic draining a

us effectively

ision Aid for A

tower. Whils

tower, legion

a).

er et al., 2002011a)

y periodically

build-up in th

nd temperat

y prevented (


t it can achie

nella can also

09; Osbourn

, a permane

he pipework

ure surveillan

(Sortech, 201


eve cooling a

o be easily c

ne and Kohl

nt liquid film

and tank sys

nce. The dan

10).


Page 143

approaching

controlled

enbach,

cannot

stem can be

nger of

s g s

3

GJ.4

F

Tech

Geothermal

Figure 47 - G

Geotherm

temperatu

can be ins

vertically

Horizonta

the groun

solid soil,

Typical ru

in dry soil

Vertical bo

deeper do

nology Revie

l heat exch

Geothermal h

mal heat exch

ures and abil

stalled in a h

(Osbourne a

l ground hea

d. They can

20 to 30 W/m

un lengths are

(Osbourne a

oreholes tak

own. Below 1

ew and Deci

hanger

heat exchanKohlenb

hangers take

lity to consist

horizontal con

and Kohlenba

at exchanger

achieve coo

m2 in moist s

e a horizonta

and Kohlenb

ke advantage

15 m depth t

ision Aid for A

nger – (Kollebach, 2011a

e advantage o

tently transfe

nfiguration as

ach, 2011a).

rs are buried

oling capacitie

solid soil or 4

al distance o

bach, 2011a)

e of the even

he soil tempe


er et al., 200)

of the ground

er energy. Th

s pictured in

at a depth b

es of 10 W/m

40 W/m2 for a

f 50 m in mo

.

more consta

erature is co


09; Osbourn

d’s constant

he heat exch

Figure 47 a

between 0.5

m2 of soil sur

a water satur

oist soil and a

ant temperat

onstant within


Page 144

ne and

hange pipes

bove or

to 2 m into

rface for dry

rated soil.

about 80 m

tures found

n 10°C over

s g s

4

Tech

the seaso

capacities

solid rock

expected.

more bore

nology Revie

on and tempe

s of 30 W/m

and 100 W/

. Further, a m

eholes (Osbo

ew and Deci

erature incre

in dry soil, 55

/m in a soil w

minimum dist

ourne and Ko

ision Aid for A

ases only 1º

5 W/m in sch

with significan

tance of 5 m

ohlenbach, 2


C with every

hist and simil

nt ground wa

is recomme

2011a).


y 30 m increa

lar stone, 80

ater flow can

ended betwee


Page 145

ase. Cooling

0 W/m in

be

en two or

s g s

5

Appe

Fig

Tech

endix K: S

gure 48 - Th

The succe

and high p

largely de

types are

the relativ

beyond th

collector i

illustrated

2011a).

The solar

fla

ev

st

d

lin

(Henning,

nology Revie

Solar co

e three mos(Osb

ess of solar c

performance

ependent on

listed below

ve advantage

he scope of t

s usually stro

in Figure 49

technologies

at plate colle

vacuated tub

tationary non

ish type conc

near focusing

, 2007).

ew and Deci

ollector te

st common bourne and

cooling is str

e of solar coll

application b

w roughly in c

es and disad

his paper. It

ongly depen

9 below (Hen

s considered

ectors

bes

n-imaging co

centrating co

g concentrat

ision Aid for A

echnolog

solar thermKohlenbach

rongly depen

lectors. Choo

but also on p

cost and perfo

vantages of

must be con

dant on the c

nning, 2007;

d relevant are

oncentrating c

ollectors

tors


gies

al collectorsh, 2011a)

ndent on the

osing the righ

rice. The mo

ormance ord

each of thes

nsidered that

cooler techno

Osbourne an

e:

collectors su


rs for solar c

availability o

ht solar colle

ost common

der, but discu

se technolog

t the choice o

ology chose

nd Kohlenba

uch as CPC


Page 146

cooling

of low cost

ector is

collector

ussion on

ies is

of solar

n as

ach, 2011b,

s g s

6

Figure

Figurelimit (i

Tech

49 - Solar c

Figure 50

applicatio

system’s

no point in

cheaper 7

Kohlenba

e 50 - COP-cideal) (Henn

nology Revie

collector tem

further emp

n. A higher p

performance

n paying extr

75ºC flat plat

ch, 2011a).

curves of soning, 2007; O

ew and Deci

mperatures a2

hasizes the

performance

e significantly

ra money for

te collector w

orption chilleOsbourne an

ision Aid for A

and applica2011a)

point that the

and also pri

y once over i

r a 100ºC eva

will result in s

ers and the nd Kohlenb


tions (Osbo

e collector m

ced collector

ts design tem

acuated tube

imilar perform

theoretical uach, 2011b,


ourne and K

must be matc

r will not incr

mperature e.

e collector w

mance (Osb

upper therm 2011a; Whi


Page 147

Kohlenbach,

hed to the

rease your

g. there’s

hen a

ourne and

modynamic ite, 2011c).

s g s

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