Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the background and purpose of the study, statement

of the problem, significance of the study, scope and limitations and definition of

terms.

Background and Purpose of the Study

Nowadays students were still introduced to the usual color wheel, a color

wheel is based on a circle that joins the ends of the spectrum and is helpful as a

guide to mixing colors. There are many possible color wheel configurations or

native color mixing. These color wheels indicates the result of two different colors

mixed together. For example, when red and blue were mixed, it will result into

purple. We usually use color pigments what those mixed colors would turned into.

But most of the people or a student doesn’t get confused on what the mixed

colors will look like if we try to combine lights from bulbs of different colors, will the

combination of red and blue will still result into purple or will it form a different

color after the combination of lights from the light bulb. 1

To avoid too much confusion, the researchers would like to study the

difference between color pigments and spectrum of lights. This study will help

students understand the difference between color and spectra. This research can

also be helpful to teachers on explaining why the result of mixed colors didn’t turn

out with same result as the combined lights.

Based from the Science Act of 1958, also known as RA No. 2067, as

amended by RA No. 3589: An Act to Integrate, Coordinate, and Intensify Scientific

2

and Technological Research and Development and to Foster Invention: To

Provide Funds therefore: and for other Purposes.

This is an act enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the

Philippines in Congress assembled:

(1) Strengthen the educational system of the country so that the same will

provide a steady source of competent scientific and technological

manpower;

(2) Promote and encourage the dissemination of the results of scientific and

techno logical research and the general application thereof; and

(3) To disseminate the results of scientific and technological research and to

encourage their practical application; 2

A spectrum is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but

can vary infinitely within a continuum. The word had its first scientific use within

the field of optics to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light when separated

using a prism; it has since been applied by analogy to many fields other than

optics. Thus, one might talk about the spectrum of political opinion, or the

spectrum of activity of a drug, or the autism spectrum. In these uses, values within

a spectrum may not be associated with precisely quantifiable numbers or

definitions. Such uses imply a broad range of conditions or behaviors grouped

together and studied under a single title for ease of discussion.3

In the 17th century the word spectrum was introduced into optics, referring

to the range of colors observed when white light was dispersed through a prism.

Soon the term referred to a plot of light intensity or power as a function of

frequency or wavelength, also known as a spectral density.4

3

The term spectrum was soon applied to other waves, such as sound

waves, and now applies to any signal that can be decomposed into frequency

components. A spectrum is a usually 2-dimensional plot, of a compound signal,

depicting the components by another measure. Sometimes, the word spectrum

refers to the compound signal itself, such as the "spectrum of visible light", a

reference to those electromagnetic waves which are visible to the human eye.

Looking at light through a prism separates visible light into its colors according to

wavelength. It separates them according to its dispersion relation and a grating

separates according to the grating equation and if massive particles are measured

often their speed is measured. To get a spectrum, the measured function has to

be transformed in their independent variable to frequencies and the dependent

variable has to be reduced in regions, where the independent variable is

stretched. For this imagine that the spectrum of pulse with a finite number of

particles is measured on a film or a CCD. Assuming no particles are lost, any

nonlinearity (compared to frequency) on the spectral separation concentrates

particles at some points of the film. The same is true for taking a spectrum by

scanning a monochromator with a fixed slit width. Violet at one end has the

shortest wavelength and red at the other end has the longest wavelength of

visible light. The colors in order are violet, blue, green, and yellow, orange, red. As

the wavelengths get bigger below the red visible light they become infrared,

microwave, and radio. As the wavelengths get smaller above violet light, they

become ultra-violet, x-ray, and gamma ray.5

The light emitted by most light sources contains photons of many different

colors. By using a tool that creates a spectrum, scientists can get much more

detailed information about the light source than they would get simply by looking

4

at it or taking a picture of the light source. When astronomers refer to a spectrum

(the plural is spectra), they are usually referring to an image that was made by

dispersing the light from a light source onto a camera. It is not very easy to make

careful measurements of the spectra from an object when working with an image,

so astronomers often simplify their spectra by making a two-dimensional graph of

the spectrum. On the x-axis, they plot the wavelength of the light (which is

equivalent to the energy of the light or the color of the light), and on the y-axis

they plot the intensity of the light. Astronomers use the word spectrum to refer

either to an image of the light, or the two dimensional plot of the image of a

spectrum. 6

A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted

light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption. This physical process differs

from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence, in which

a material emits light.7

Many materials selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light. Materials

that humans have chosen and developed for use as pigments usually have

special properties that make them ideal for coloring other materials. A pigment

must have a high tinting strength relative to the materials it colors. It must be

stable in solid form at ambient temperatures.8

For industrial applications, as well as in the arts, permanence and stability

are desirable properties. Pigments that are not permanent are called fugitive.

Fugitive pigments fade over time, or with exposure to light, while some eventually

blacken.9

Pigments are used for coloring paint, ink, plastic, fabric, cosmetics, food

and other materials. Most pigments used in manufacturing and the visual arts are

5

dry colorants, usually ground into a fine powder. This powder is added to a vehicle

(or binder), a relatively neutral or colorless material that suspends the pigment

and gives the paint its adhesion.10

A distinction is usually made between a pigment, which is insoluble in the

vehicle (resulting in a suspension), and a dye, which either is itself a liquid or is

soluble in its vehicle (resulting in a solution). The term biological pigment is used

for all colored substances independent of their solubility. A colorant can be both a

pigment and a dye depending on the vehicle it is used in. In some cases, a

pigment can be manufactured from a dye by precipitating a soluble dye with a

metallic salt. The resulting pigment is called a lake pigment.11

Pure pigments reflect light in a very specific way that cannot be precisely

duplicated by the discrete light emitters in a computer display. However, by

making careful measurements of pigments, close approximations can be made.

The Munsell Color System provides a good conceptual explanation of what is

missing. Munsell devised a system that provides an objective measure of color in

three dimensions: hue, value (or lightness), and chroma. Computer displays in

general are unable to show the true chroma of many pigments, but the hue and

lightness can be reproduced with relative accuracy. However, when the gamma of

a computer display deviates from the reference value, the hue is also

systematically biased.12

Spectrum is a rainbow like series of colors, in the order violet, blue, green,

yellow, orange, and red, produced by splitting a composite light, such as white

light, into its component colors Indigo was formerly recognized as a distinct

spectral color. The rainbow is a natural spectrum, produced by meteorological

phenomena. A similar effect can be produced by passing sunlight through a glass

6

prism. The first correct explanation of the phenomenon was advanced in 1666 by

the English mathematician and physicist Sir Isaac Newton.13

Furthermore it was said that, when a ray of light passes from one

transparent medium, such as air, into another, such as glass or water, it is bent;

upon reemerging into the air, it is bent again. This bending is called refraction; the

amount of refraction depends on the wavelength of the light. Violet light, for

example, is bent more than red light in passing from air to glass or from glass to

air. A mixture of red and violet light is thus dispersed into the two colors when it

passes through a wedge-shaped glass prism.14

On the other hand, a device for producing and observing a spectrum

visually is called a spectroscope; a device for observing and recording a spectrum

photographically is called a spectrograph; a device for measuring the brightness

of the various portions of spectra is called a spectrophotometer; and the science

of using spectroscopes, spectrographs, and spectrophotometers to study spectra

is called spectroscopy. For extremely accurate spectroscopic measurements, an

interferometer is used. During the 19th century, scientists discovered that beyond

the violet end of the spectrum, radiations could be detected that were invisible to

the human eye but that had marked photochemical action; these radiations were

termed ultraviolet. Similarly, beyond the red end of the spectrum, infrared

radiations were detected that, although invisible, transmitted energy, as shown by

their ability to raise the temperature of a thermometer .The definition of spectrum

was then revised to include these invisible radiations, and has since been

extended to include radio 3waves beyond the infrared, and X rays and gamma

rays beyond the ultraviolet. 15

7

The term spectrum is often loosely applied today to any orderly array

produced by analysis of a complex phenomenon. A complex sound such as noise,

for example, may be analyzed into an audio spectrum of pure tones of various

pitches. Similarly, a complex mixture of elements or isotopes of different atomic

weights can be separated into an orderly sequence called a mass spectrum in

order of their atomic weights.16

Different colors of light are similar consisting of electromagnetic radiations

that travel at a speed of approximately 300,000 km per sec (about 186,000 mi per

sec). They differ in having varying frequencies and wavelengths, the frequency

being equal to the speed of light divided by wavelength. Two rays of light having

the same wavelength also have the same frequency and the same color. The

wavelength of light is so small that it is conveniently expressed in nanometer

(nm), which is equal to one-billionth of a meter. The wavelength of violet light

varies from about 400 to 450 nm, and of red light from about 620 to 760 nm, or

from about 0.000016 to 0.000018 in for violet, and from 0.000025 to 0.000030 in

for red.17

Wikipedia another informant said that, spectrum (plural spectra or

spectrums) is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary

infinitely within a continuum. The word saw its first scientific use within the field of

optics to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light when separated using a

prism; it has since been applied by analogy to many fields other than optics. Thus,

one might talk about the spectrum of political opinion, or the spectrum of activity of

a drug, or the autism spectrum. In these uses, values within a spectrum may not

be associated with precisely quantifiable numbers or definitions. Such uses imply

8

a broad range of conditions or behaviors grouped together and studied under a

single title for ease of discussion.18

Wikipedia also stated that a pigment is a material that changes the color of

reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption. This

physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of

luminescence, in which a material emits light.19Many materials selectively absorb

certain wavelengths of light. Materials that humans have chosen and developed

for use as pigments usually have special properties that make them ideal for

coloring other materials. A pigment must have a high tinting strength relative to

the materials it colors. It must be stable in solid form at ambient temperatures.19

For industrial applications, as well as in the arts, permanence and stability

are desirable properties. Pigments that are not permanent are called fugitive.

Fugitive pigments fade over time, or with exposure to light, while some eventually

blacken.20

Pigments are used for coloring paint, ink, plastic, fabric, cosmetics, food

and other materials. Most pigments used in manufacturing and the visual arts are

dry colorants, usually ground into a fine powder. This powder is added to a vehicle

(or binder), a relatively neutral or colorless material that suspends the pigment

and gives the paint its adhesion.21

A distinction is usually made between a pigment, which is insoluble in the

vehicle (resulting in a suspension), and a dye, which either is itself a liquid or is

soluble in its vehicle (resulting in a solution). The term biological pigment is used

for all colored substances independent of their solubility. A colorant can be both a

9

pigment and a dye depending on the vehicle it is used in. In some cases, a

pigment can be manufactured from a dye by precipitating a soluble dye with a

metallic salt. The resulting pigment is called a lake pigment.22

Pigments appear the colors they are because they selectively reflect and

absorb certain wavelengths of light. White light is a roughly equal mixture of the

entire visible Ultramarine reflects blue light, and absorbs other colors. Pigments,

unlike fluorescent or phosphorescent substances, can only subtract wavelengths

from the source light, never add new ones.23

The appearance of pigments is intimately connected to the color of the

source light. Sunlight has a high color temperature, and a fairly uniform spectrum,

and is considered a standard for white light. Artificial light sources tend to have

great peaks in some parts of their spectrum, and deep valleys in others. Viewed

under these conditions, pigments will appear different colors.24

Other properties of a color, such as its saturation or lightness, may be

determined by the other substances that accompany pigments. Binders and fillers

added to pure pigment chemicals also have their own reflection and absorption

patterns, which can affect the final spectrum. Likewise, in pigment/binder

mixtures, individual rays of light may not encounter pigment molecules, and may

be reflected as is. These stray rays of source light contribute to the saturation of

the color. Pure pigment allows very little white light to escape, producing a highly

saturated color. A small quantity of pigment mixed with a lot of white binder,

however, will appear saturated and pale, due to the high quantity of escaping

white light.25

Pure pigments reflect light in a very specific way that cannot be precisely

duplicated by the discrete light emitters in a computer display. However, by

10

making careful measurements of pigments, close approximations can be made.

The Munsell Color System provides a good conceptual explanation of what is

missing. Munsell devised a system that provides an objective measure of color in

three dimensions: hue, value (or lightness), and chroma. Computer displays in

general are unable to show the true chroma of many pigments, but the hue and

lightness can be reproduced with relative accuracy. However, when the gamma of

a computer display deviates from the reference value, the hue is also

systematically biased.26

The researchers were prompted to conduct this study in the belief that the

final result of the project will give more benefits to the users especially to students,

for them to be informed of what might happen to the results of the combined

pigments and combined lights. And due to its results, the students can be

informed well on the differences between light spectra and color pigment.

Statement of the Problem

The Statement of the problem is a concise description of the issues that

need to be addressed by the researchers and should be presented to them before

they try to solve the problem.

The study compares color pigment and spectra in order to present valid

information on its difference and similarities.

The study sought answers to the following questions:

1. How is the spectrum model constructed and developed?

2. How was the colors and spectrum formed?

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3. What is the difference between color pigments and spectrum of lights?

Hypothesis

This study will test the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference

between color pigment and light spectra.

Theoretical Framework

This study was anchored from the theory of Newton, an English physicist,

mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian, and is

considered by many scholars and members of the general public to be one of the

most influential people in human history.

Newton’s Theory of Color explained that objects appear to be a certain

color because of how they reflect light, rather than color being an inherent prop-

erty of an object — A red apple reflects red light which is seen by the eye.In the

late 1660s, Newton starts experimenting with his ’celebrated phenomenon of

colors.’ At the time, people thought that color was a mixture of light and darkness,

and that prisms colored light. Hooke was a proponent of this theory of color, and

had a scale that went from brilliant red, which was pure white light with the least

amount of darkness added, to dull blue, the last step before black, which was the

complete extinction of light by darkness. Newton realizes this theory was false.

Light enters the prism from the top right, and is refracted by the glass. The violet

is bent more than the yellow and red, so the colors separate. Newton set up a

prism near his window, and projected a beautiful spectrum 22 feet onto the far

wall. Further, to prove that the prism was not coloring the light, he refracted the

12

light back together.

The researchers patterned this study to the theory because that theory

aimed to prove that light’s many colors could be mixed together to form white

light, and the color pigments could be combined to form a dark pigment. Both

study of the researchers and Sir Isaac Newton, aims to prove that the colors of

the lights, when combined (white or lighter) won’t actually turn into what the

pigments turned out to be, which is darker or dirtied. With the help of this theory,

the researchers were able to differentiate spectrum of lights from color pigments.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework is used in research to outline possible courses

of action or to present a preferred approach to an idea or thought. They can act

like maps that give coherence to empirical inquiry. They also take different forms

depending upon the research question or problem. The conceptual framework is

shown in the form of paradigm. It consists of input, process and output.

The input consists of the information resources, which refers to the reviews

of related literature and studies. Human resources, that pertains to the

researchers, adviser, critic reader, and all those who gave strength to the

researchers. The material resources where the researchers got their needed

materials to construct the model and lastly, the Financial Resources that pertains

to the researchers, for them to be able to avail such materials needed to construct

and improve the model. The construction of the model, mostly pertains to the

construction of the tripod and insertion of cellophane on the flashlight’s lens and

13

lastly, the testing of the model, this part of the process served as the trial and

error process,

The process refers to the planning and designing, wherein the researchers

together with the rest of the panel members tackled and discussed how the

spectrum model will be constructed and improved, the researchers then came up

with the design of the model. The preparation of materials, wherein the

researchers, gathered and finalized the materials to be used in constructing the

model. The construction of the model, mostly refers to the construction of the

tripod and insertion of cellophane on the flashlight’s lens and lastly,the testing of

the model, this part of the process served as the trial and error process. In testing

the model, the researchers identified the usefulness and functionality of the

model.

Output refers to the Comparative Study on Color Pigments and Spectrum

of Lights, which determines the significance between color pigments and

spectrum of lights.

Feedback describes the situation when output from an event or

phenomenon in the past will influence an occurrence or occurrences of the same

event or phenomenon in the present or future. This also pertains to the overall

evaluation made to ensure the acceptability and function of the model.

14

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

FEEDBACK

Figure 1

A Conceptual Model Showing the Evaluated of the Comparative Study on Color Pigments of Spectrum of Lights

Information Resources

Human Resources

Material Resources

Financial Resources

Planning and

Designing

Preparation of the

Materials, Tools

Construction of the

Model.

Testing

A Comparative Study on Color Pigments and Spectrum of Lights.

15

Significance of the Study

The researchers conducted the study not only to prove the differences

between color pigment and spectrum of light, but also to provide a model for

schools that clearly differentiate color pigment and spectrum of light for better

understanding of the learners.

For the students, the usefulness of the study can be maximized. Students

can understand more about color pigments and spectrum of lights.

For the teachers, the study can help them explain easily to the students the

difference between color pigment and spectrum of light.

For the schools, especially the ones with auditoriums can experiment on

how to use only main colors in creating secondary colors by combining the lights

of different colors.

Scope and Limitations

The research developed spectrum model using a single LED flashlight, a

box and a tripod, which will help students avoid confusion over the pigment’s

difference with the spectrum of light.

The study which was conducted at URS Morong High School during the

S.Y. 2010-2011, analyzed the functionality of the model in determining the

significance between color pigments and spectrum of lights.

It also evaluated the usefulness of the model with respect to its function, its

ability to provide the users, namely the teachers and students on how the

combined colors from the lights differ from the combined color pigments. Since

the researchers are all students of the University of Rizal System-Morong

Campus, where the study was conducted, they were the ones who evaluated and

served as the respondents as well.

16

The study utilized the development study and improvement during the

planning and designing, preparation of materials and tools, construction of the

model and testing. Comparative and descriptive method was used to evaluate the

usefulness of the model.

To determine the function of the model, the model was tested inside

laboratory school’s Audio Visual Room to provide the researchers a dark

surrounding that made the colors more visible. A recording sheet was developed

and used to evaluate the usefulness and effectiveness of the model, it also helped

the researchers to identify the significance between color pigments and spectrum

of lights.

Definition of Terms

To completely comprehend the idea of the present study, the unfamiliar

terms and expressions are conceptually and operationally defined:

Color Pigments. This is any insoluble coloring substance used in making,

paints, enamels, oil colors etc.30

Spectrum of Lights. This refers to an image formed by radiant energy

directed through a spectroscope and brought to a focus, and in which each

wavelength corresponds to a specific bond or line in a progressive series

characteristic of the emitting source.31

Spectrum Model. This is a device used to determine the results of the

combined colors of many lights.

17

Chapter 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design used in the study, the setting

and subject of the study.

Research Design

The research is a development study with a combination of descriptive

method of study.

Development research has been used to refer to various kinds of research

approaches which are related to design and development work. Development

research aims at making both practical and scientific contributions.1

Magcawas stated that the Development Research is a scientific work

drawing on existing knowledge gain from research and practical experience that is

directed toward producing new materials, products or devices and also installing

new processes, assistance and services in improving sustainability of those

produced or installed.2

This study made use of this method to determine the level of acceptability

in Terms of Designing, Conducting, Planning, Testing and Evaluating of the

spectrum model. The study discussed the present condition of students under

confusion on the difference between pigments and spectrum of light.

Descriptive Research includes all studies that purports to present facts

concerning the nature and status of anything.3It involves the collection of data to

test hypothesis or to answer questions concerning the current status of the

subject of study.4

18

Descriptive research is mainly done when a researcher wants to gain a

better understanding of a topic. The researchers have to carry out research in

order to gain a better understanding. It is quantitative and uses surveys and

panels and also the use of probability sampling. This method will be used to be

able to give information about pigments and spectra.

Setting of the Study

Figure 2

Campus Map of URS-Morong

19

The study was conducted at the University of Rizal System - Morong

Campus. On page 18, you will find the campus map that indicates where the

Laboratory School (Amang Hall Building) is located. It has four levels of education

namely elementary level, secondary level, tertiary level and graduate level. The

tertiary level is divided into six colleges, the laboratory school elementary and

secondary level is under the College of Education. Thus the study was conducted

in the laboratory school, high school department called Morong High School. The

place is chosen because the campus is more accessible.

The University of Rizal System is a premiere technology driven higher

education institution by the year 2015.

The University of Rizal System is committed to produce competent and

value laden graduate in Agriculture, Engineering, Science and Technology,

Culture and Arts, Teacher, and Business Education through responsive

instruction, research, extension and production services in region IV.

The Morong High School with limited students has special designed

science curriculum where students are being provided with advanced science

instruction and Technology subjects.

To develop their scientific and technological skills, students are required to

conduct researches geared to Science and Technology. The knowledge that they

have learned in their Science and Technology subjects are being used in

conceptualizing and completing mostly applied researches.

20

Subject of the Study

The subject of the study is the spectrum model. The project undergoes

different processes in terms of designing, conducting, planning, testing and

evaluating of the spectrum model. The main object has a height of 9 inches and a

length of 8 inches. The model will serve as the main subject of the study for it will

show the results of the lights when they are all combined together.

The model consists of three lights of different colors, specifically red, blue

and green so as to produce different spectrum for the experiment.

Sources of data

The researchers observed the result of the combined color pigments and

light spectra as the source of data taken from the initial and final conduct. The

researchers used the materials that are needed to conduct the study. The

researchers made the record sheet that was used as a main instrument to

determine the difference between light spectra and color pigments.The

researchers also used a record sheet to record data like the amount of paint used

to create a secondary color.

Procedure of the Study

This section discussed the procedures in the development of the study.

A. Construction of the Model

The researchers used three identical flashlights, the first flashlight was

covered by green cellophane, the other is red and the last is blue. A box was

21

made for the lights to be more compressed to make the results more visible. The

metal on the other hand was constructed to serve as the stand that holds the

flashlights placed inside the box.

The model was constructed through Planning and Designing, Preparation

of the Materials, Tools and Construction of the Model.

B. Testing

There were three colors used in this study, colors red, green and blue

acrylic paint. The amounts of pigments to be mixed were individually measured.

Each pair of color was mixed in three different clear plastic cups to see the

reaction of the pigments. The measured paint was then placed in the plastic cup

together with the paint of different amount and color; the researchers stir it until

they got the desired color.

Another testing was done to determine if the result of the mixed color

pigments were the same with the combined light spectra. To test the light

spectra, the researchers made a model by inserting green, red and blue

cellophane that covers the flashlights for it to project the researchers’ desired

colors, like the pigments, the lights were combined. The researchers observed

and analyze the results of the two testing.

22

Chapter 3

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of

data.

The Development of the Spectrum Model

The construction of the model is discussed and presented below:

A. Planning and Designing the Spectrum Model

In this part of the procedure the researchers start the idea through

planning. The researchers were asked to take a look at the old spectrum model,

they listed down every details and observations, The researchers together with

the panel members, tackled some issues on how to improve the spectrum model.

The researchers then came up with an idea of constructing a new spectrum model

using LED flashlights instead of light bulbs. After the planning the researchers

came up with a design.

B. Preparation of the Materials, Tools and Equipment

It is necessary to check and secure all the materials that are used in the

project to minimize the failure during the construction of the spectrum model.

Table 1 presents the materials, tools, and equipment used in the

construction of Spectrum Model.

23

Table 1

Materials, Tools, and Equipment Used in the Construction of Spectrum Model

QTY UNIT DESCRIPTION UNIT COST TOTAL COST3 pcs. Flashlights

(Led Torch)100.00 300.00

3 pcs. red, green and blue cellophane

(candy)

10.00 30.00

3 ml. red, green and blue paint

(acrylic paint)

30.00 90.00

1 Pc. Box 10.00 10.002 pcs. Cartolina 7.00 14.001 Set Metal Flash Light Stand 130.00 130.00

Total 574.00

Table 1 shows the amount of materials used in the construction of the

model. 3 pcs. of flashlights that all in all cost 300.00 php. only. The cellophane,

which was 10.00 php. each, and cost 30 php. for each color. The paint that was

30 php. each and cost 90.00 php. for the red, blue and green paint. For the box

1pc. which is 10.00php, 2pcs. of cartolina which was 7.00 each and cost 14.00.

The researchers had their flashlight stand made with thin titanium metal for only

130.00php.The stand measures 9 inches tall and 8.13 inches wide. The

researchers spent a total of 574.00 php. to avail each material and equipment

used.

C. Construction of the Model

The researchers used three identical flashlights, the first flashlight was

inserted by a green cellophane, and the other is the red color and the last is blue.

Then a box was constructed to see the results of the combined light of the three

24

flashlights. The following figures presented below demonstrate how the Spectrum

model was constructed and developed.

Figure 3

Preparation of the Needed Materials

Figure 4

Construction of the Spectrum Model Box

25

Figure 5

Measuring of Pigments

Figure 6

Blending / Mixing of Pigments

26

Formation of Combining Color Pigments and Spectrum of Light

Presented below is the result of experiment on how different pigments are

formed.

Figure 7

Results of Combining Red and Blue Pigments

Figure 8

Result of Combining Green and Blue Pigments

27

Figure 9

Results of Combining Red and Green Pigments

Presented below is the result of experiment on how different spectrums are

formed.

Figure 10

Result of Combining Red and Blue Lights

28

Figure 11

Result of Combining Blue and Green Lights

Figure 12

Result of Combining Red and Green Lights

29

Significant Difference Between Color Pigments and Spectrum of Lights

Table 1 shows the gathered information regarding the mixture of different

color pigments.

Table 2

Results of the study on the Mixing of Pigments under Study

Color 1 Color 2 Color 3 Result

It could be gleaned from the table that red and blue pigments turned into

purple, while the combination of the colors blue and green was blue green, on the

other hand green and red resulted into brown, and got the color black as the result

of the mixed red, blue, and green pigments.

Table 2 presents the results of the combination of light spectra.

Table 3

Results of the Mixing of Light Spectra.

Color 1 Color 2 Color 3 Result

30

The first pair of colored lights was red and blue that turned into purple, it

has the same result as the mixed red and blue pigment. Second was blue and

green which turned into blue green, green and red was yellow and last were the

combination of red, blue and green lights that resulted into white light.

As to the difference between color and spectra, it was found out that when

the three pigments were combined, the result is near to dark pigments or black,

while in the spectrum of lights, when the spectrum under test were combined

together, the result is light spectrum or near to white.

31

Chapter 4

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter deals with the summary of findings, conclusions and

recommendations based from the given data.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

Based from the analysis and interpretation of data, the following are hereby

summarized:

1. The Developed Spectrum model

The development of spectrum model covered with several stages and

one of which is the planning stage. This involves the designing of the model

and collecting and preparing all the materials needed. The researchers were

guided with the related readings and information gathered through consultation

to knowledgeable person.

Next stage is the construction of the model which covered part by part

and step by step procedures to have an assurance that the output is of quality.

2. Formation of Colors and Spectra

As to the results of the combination of pigments, it was found out that

red and blue pigments turned into purple, while the combination of the colors

blue and green was blue green, on the other hand when green and red are

mixed, it resulted into brown, and got the color black as the result of the

combined pigments under test.

32

As to the spectra, colored lights red and blue that turned into purple,

blue and green turned into blue green, green and red was yellow and last were

the combination of red, blue and green lights resulted into white light.

3. Difference Between Color Pigments and Spectrum of Lights

The mixture of the three color pigments such as blue, red and green

results into black color while in the spectrum of lights based from the

observation, the combination of the color blue, green and red light turned into

white color.

Conclusion

The study concluded that the combination of color pigments produced

colors different from the results of combining the spectrum of light.

Recommendations

Based on the result of the study, the researchers arrived on the following

recommendations:

1. Further study on using other color in testing the difference of color pigment

and spectrum of light.

2. Further study maybe conducted on the use of the spectrum model.

3. Make a spectrum model which can be used as instructional model in

teaching Physics for educational purposes.

33

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Books

Sanchez,Custodian A., Methods and Techniques of Research. 3rd Edition Manila: Rex Book Store,1998.

Sevilla,Consuelo G., Ochave,Jesus A.,Punzalan,Twila G.,Regala,Bella P.,Uriarte,Gabriel G.,Research Methods. Manila: Rex Book Store,1992

Sevilla,Consuelo G., et. al. Research Methods . Manila:Rex Book Store,1992,94

B. Internet

“Design Notes: Color Wheel”, http://daphne.palomar.edu/design/cwheel.html

“pigment”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment

“Spectrum”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum

“Spectra”, http://www.astro.psu.edu/astrofest/spectra.html

“THE SCIENCE ACT OF 1958”http://www.pnri.dost.gov.ph/documents/ra2067.pdf

“Newton and the Color Spectrum”, http://www.webexhibits.org/colorart/bh.html

“Goethe's Color Theory”, http://www.webexhibits.org/colorart/ch.html

“Spectrum” Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.

“Development Research”utwente.nl (PDF)

C. Journals/Unpublished Materials/others

Balba, Anthony M. et, al. “Modified Multi-Featured Electronic Locator”,Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis,URS, Morong, Rizal,2010.

Estrabo, Hazelle Anne M. et. al., “Nutri-Cupcakes from Fruits and Vegetables as Dietary Aids”, Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis, University of Rizal System, Morong, Rizal, 2009

Mangona, Jan Francis M. et. al., “The Development of the Multi-Featured Intercommunication System”, Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis, University of Rizal System, Morong, Rizal, 2009

34

Proceedings of the Agency-In-House Review of R & D Projects, Development Reasearch University of Rizal System,2009

The Standard College Dictionary: A-Z,The Reader’s Digest Great Encyclopedic Dictionary The Reader’s Digest Association, Inc. , New York,1966,1968

35

APPENDIXA. Gantt Chart of Activities

Activities

Aug

.

Sep

.

Oct

.

No

v.

De

c.

Jan

.

Feb

.

Mar

.

Apr

.

May

.

Jun

e.

Jul.

Jan

.

Feb

.

Mar

.

Planning

Title Defense

Gathering Related Literature

and studies

Development of Chapter 1

Consultation

Revision of Chapter 1

Development of Chapter 2

Consultation

Colloquium

Revision Chapter 1&2

Submission of Revised Chapter

1&2

Program Development

Validation

Development Chapter 3&4

Final Defense

Revision

Submission of Revised Thesis

36

B.Amount of Materials

QTY UNIT DESCRIPTION UNIT COST TOTAL COST3 pcs. Flashlights

(Led Torch)100.00 300.00

3 pcs. Red, Green and Blue cellophane

(candy)

10.00 30.00

3 ml. red, green and blue paint

(acrylic paint)

30.00 90.00

1 pcs. Box 10.00 10.002 pcs. Cartolina 7.00 14.001 Set Metal Flash Light Stand 130.00 130.00

Total 574.00

37

CURRICULUM VITAE

NAME: PATRISHA LOUISE F. TIBAY

ADDRESS: Morong, Rizal

DATE OF BIRTH: August 19, 1994

PLACE OF BIRTH: Tanay, Rizal

AGE: 16

SEX: Female

CIVIL STATUS: Single

CITIZENSHIP: Filipino

FATHER’S NAME: Elmer A. Tibay

MOTHER’S NAME: Ma. Yvonne F. Tibay

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

PRIMARY: Rizal Polytechnic College, Morong, Rizal

INTERMEDIATE: University of Rizal System, Laboratory School,Morong, Rizal

SECONDARY: University of Rizal SystemMorong High School (URS-MHS), Morong, Rizal

38

CURRICULUM VITAE

NAME: EDLEEN ROSE F. FELICIANO

ADDRESS: Morong, Rizal

DATE OF BIRTH: May 1, 1995

PLACE OF BIRTH: Tanay, Rizal

AGE: 15

SEX: Female

CIVIL STATUS: Single

CITIZENSHIP: Filipino

FATHER’S NAME: Edwin G. Feliciano

MOTHER’S NAME: Emilyn F. Feliciano

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

PRIMARY: Rizal Polytechnic College, Morong, Rizal

INTERMEDIATE: University of Rizal System, Laboratory School,Morong, Rizal

SECONDARY: University of Rizal System,Morong High School (URS-MHS), Morong, Rizal

39

CURRICULUM VITAE

NAME: YNA JOY L. ESPIRITU SANTO

ADDRESS: Morong, Rizal

DATE OF BIRTH: June 25, 1994

PLACE OF BIRTH: Morong, Rizal

AGE: 16

SEX: Female

CIVIL STATUS: Single

CITIZENSHIP: Filipino

FATHER’S NAME: Jose F. Espiritu Santo

MOTHER’S NAME: Ma. Cecilia L. Espiritu Santo

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

PRIMARY: Rizal Polytechnic College, Morong, Rizal

INTERMEDIATE: University of Rizal System, Laboratory School,Morong, Rizal

SECONDARY: University of Rizal System,Morong High School (URS-MHS), Morong, Rizal

40

CURRICULUM VITAE

NAME: ERNEL J. RAMOS

ADDRESS: Morong, Rizal

DATE OF BIRTH: July 10, 1994

PLACE OF BIRTH: Morong, Rizal

AGE: 16

SEX: Male

CIVIL STATUS: Single

CITIZENSHIP: Filipino

FATHER’S NAME: Ernesto T. Ramos

MOTHER’S NAME: Elena J. Ramos

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

PRIMARY: Maybangcal Elementary School (M.E.S.)

INTERMEDIATE: Maybangcal Elementary School (M.E.S.)

SECONDARY: University of Rizal System,Morong High School (URS-MHS), Morong, Rizal

41

CURRICULUM VITAE

NAME: PATRICK GEM Q. CATUIRA

ADDRESS: Tanay, Rizal

DATE OF BIRTH: April 13, 1995

PLACE OF BIRTH: Tanay, Rizal

AGE: 15

SEX: Male

CIVIL STATUS: Single

CITIZENSHIP: Filipino

FATHER’S NAME: Patrociño C. Catuira

MOTHER’S NAME: Gemma Q. Catuira

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

PRIMARY: Simeon R. Bendaña Sr. Memorial Elementary School, Tanay, Rizal

INTERMEDIATE: Simeon R. Bendaña Sr. Memorial Elementary School, Tanay, Rizal

SECONDARY: University of Rizal System, Morong High School (URS-MHS), Morong, Rizal