thermostructuralanalysisofplate-typeheatexchanger...

Hindawi Publishing CorporationScience and Technology of Nuclear InstallationsVolume 2012, Article ID 726489, 12 pagesdoi:10.1155/2012/726489

Research Article

Thermostructural Analysis of Plate-Type Heat ExchangerPrototypes Considering Weld Properties

Kee-nam Song and Sung-deok Hong

VHTR Technology Development Group, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1045 Daedeok-daero, Yusong-gu,Daejeon 305353, Republic of Korea

Correspondence should be addressed to Kee-nam Song, [email protected]

Received 9 August 2012; Revised 16 November 2012; Accepted 16 November 2012

Academic Editor: Leon Cizelj

Copyright © 2012 K.-n. Song and S.-d. Hong. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properlycited.

The mechanical properties in a weld zone are different from those in the parent material owing to their different microstructuresand residual weld stresses. Welded plate-type heat exchanger prototypes made of Hastelloy-X alloy were manufactured, andperformance tests on the prototypes were performed in a small-scale nitrogen gas loop at the Korea Atomic Energy ResearchInstitute. Owing to a lack of mechanical properties in the weld zone, previous research on the strength analyses of the prototypeswas performed using the parent material properties. In this study, based on the mechanical properties of Hastelloy-X alloy obtainedusing an instrumented indentation technique, strength analyses considering the mechanical properties in the weld zone wereperformed, and the analysis results were compared with previous research. As a result of the comparison, a thermostructuralanalysis considering the weld material properties is needed to understand the structural behavior and evaluate the structuralintegrity of the prototype more reliably.

1. Introduction

Researches demonstrating the massive production of hydro-gen using a very high temperature reactor (VHTR) designedfor operation at up to 950◦C have been actively carried outworldwide. In the intermediate loop of a nuclear hydrogenprogram as shown in Figure 1, a process heat exchanger(PHE) is a key component for transferring the high heatgenerated in a very high temperature reactor to a chemicalreaction yielding a large quantity of hydrogen. The KoreaAtomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) has recentlyestablished a small-scale nitrogen gas loop [1] for the per-formance test of VHTR components and has manufacturedtwo kinds of welded plate-type PHE prototypes, a 3 kW classand a 10 kW class, made of Hastelloy-X alloy.

Figure 2 shows the overall dimensions of the two typesof plate-type PHE prototypes, and their inner components.Grooves 1.0 mm in diameter are machined into the flowplate for the primary coolant (nitrogen gas) as shown inFigure 3(a). Waved channels are bent into the flow plate forthe secondary coolant (SO3 gas) as shown in Figure 3(b).

Twenty flow plates for the primary and secondary coolantsare stacked in turn for the 3 kW class plate-type PHE pro-totype, and forty flow plates for the primary and secondarycoolants are stacked in turn for the 10 kW class plate-typePHE prototype. The flow plates are also bonded along theedge of the flow plate using a solid-state diffusion bondingmethod. After stacking and bonding the flow plates, theoutside of the PHE prototypes is covered with a Hastelloy-Xalloy plate 3.0 mm thick and is welded along its edges usinggas tungsten arc welding with argon as a shielding gas.

The microstructures in the weld zone, including the weld(or fusion zone) and heat-affected zone (HAZ), are differentfrom those in the parent material, as shown in Figure 4 [2].Consequently, the mechanical properties in the weld zone aredifferent from those in the parent material to a certain degreeowing to different microstructures and residual weldingstresses. When a welded structure is loaded, the mechanicalbehavior of the welded structure might differ from the caseof a structure with homogeneous mechanical properties.Nonetheless, structural analyses [3–7] of the plate-type PHEprototypes were carried out using only the parent material

2 Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations

(He)

decomposerProcess heat exchanger

PHE

VHTR

1st: primary loop

Hot gas duct

2nd: intermediate loop

IHX

IS cycle

3rd: H production

Hydrogenstorage tank

SO3

2

(He, SO3)(H2, O2)

Figure 1: Nuclear hydrogen system.

Bottom plate

Manifold inner cover

Manifold

Top plate

Primary flow channel

Secondary flow channel Manifold

outer cover

87

270 200

(Unit: mm)

(a)

Manifoldinner cover

Manifold

Top plate

Bottom plate

Primary flow path

Manifoldouter cover Secondary flow path

162

200 270

(Unit: mm)

(b)

Figure 2: Overall dimension and parts of the plate-type PHE prototypes: (a) 3 kW class PHE prototype and (b) 10 kW class PHE prototype.

properties owing to a lack of mechanical properties in theweld zone. Usually, the best way to obtain the mechanicalproperties in the weld zone is by taking tensile test specimensfrom the fusion zone and HAZ, and by performing astandard tensile test. However, when the weld zone is verynarrow and the interfaces are not clear, it is difficult to taketensile test specimens from the weld zone. The reason forthis is that the mechanical properties in the base material areusually used for structural analyses of the welded structure.As an aside, it has recently been determined that the ballindentation technique has the potential to be an excellentsubstitute for a standard tensile test, especially in the case ofsmall specimens or property-gradient materials such as welds[8]. The weld mechanical properties of the Hastelloy-X platewere then obtained [9] using an instrumented indentationtechnique.

In this study, to investigate the effect of the weldmaterial properties on the mechanical behavior of the plate-type PHE prototypes, strength analyses considering theweld mechanical properties obtained using an instrumented

Table 1: Nominal chemical composition (wt%) of Hastelloy-Xalloy.

Ni Cr Fe Mo Co W C Mn Si B

47 22 18 9 1.5 0.6 0.10 1 1 0.008

indentation technique are performed, and the analysis resultsare compared with previous research using only the parentmaterial properties.

2. Weld Material Properties

Hastelloy-X is a nickel-chromium-iron-molybdenum alloythat possesses an exceptional combination of oxidationresistance, fabricability, and high-temperature strength. Thechemical composition, physical properties, and mechanicalproperties of Hastelloy-X alloy extracted from a website [11]are summarized in Tables 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Figure 5shows one of the specimens taken from the welded Hastelloy-X alloy plate and its indented positions for determining

Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 3

(a) (b)

Figure 3: Flow plates of plate-type PHE prototypes: (a) primary flow plate and (b) secondary flow plate.

Weld HAZ Parent material

Figure 4: Microstructure near the weld [2].

WeldHAZ HAZ Parent materialParent material

15 mm 15 mm

2 mm

2 mm

1 mm 0.5 mm

No. 1 No. 3 No. 9 No. 19 No. 29 No. 35 No. 37

Figure 5: Indented position in a welded Hastelloy-X alloy strip [10].


Table 2: Physical properties of Hastelloy-X alloy.

Temperature(◦C)

Modulus ofelasticity (GPa)

Poisson’sratio

Thermal conductivity(W/m·◦C)

Specific heat(J/kg·K)

Coefficient of thermalexpansion (10−6/◦C)

20 205 0.3 11.6 486 —

100 202 0.3 12.9 — 13.3

200 195 0.3 14.6 490 14.0

300 190 0.3 16.3 — 14.3

400 183 0.3 17.9 494 14.5

500 177 0.3 19.5 — 14.7

600 168 0.3 21.1 498 15.1

700 161 0.3 22.9 — 15.7

800 153 0.3 24.6 515 16.0

900 145 0.3 26.3 — 16.3

1000 135 0.3 27.9 544 16.7

HAZ

Weld beadParent material

HAZ

(Hastelloy-X) (3 × 3 mm)

3 mm3 mm

(Thickness: 3 mm)

Weld bead

(a)

Weld bead

HAZ

HAZ (Thickness: 3 mm)

Weld bead

(Hastelloy-X) (3 × 3 mm)

3 mm3 mm

Parent material

(b)

Figure 6: FE models in the weld: (a) 3 kW class PHE prototype and (b) 10 kW class PHE prototype.

Table 3: Mechanical properties of Hastelloy-X alloy.

Temperature(◦C)

Yield stress(MPa)

Ultimate tensile strength(MPa)

20 379 767

538 245 614

649 244 581

760 237 463

871 194 310

982 91 177

1093 43 97

the mechanical properties of the parent material, weld (orfusion zone), and HAZ of the Hastelloy-X alloy strip with a3 mm thickness. Since the measured mechanical propertieshave certain variations in each zone, it is necessary to set areference value in each zone. In this study, an average value isset as the reference value in each zone. The average valuesof the mechanical properties in the parent material, weld,and HAZ of the welded Hastelloy-X alloy strip are obtainedusing the measured data. Based on the average mechanical

Table 4: Normalized mechanical properties of Hastelloy-X alloy.

Yield stress Ultimate tensile strength

Parent material 1.000 1.000

HAZ 0.962 0.998

Weld 1.094 1.120

properties in the parent material of the Hastelloy-X alloystrip, normalizing factors are obtained in the weld (or fusionzone) and HAZ to be later utilized in a strength analysis.Table 4 shows the normalizing factors, in other words, thenormalized mechanical properties, of the parent material,weld, and HAZ on the weld cross-section of the weld mockup[10]. According to Table 4, the mechanical properties in theweld, HAZ, and parent material differ to a certain degree andtherefore might affect the structural behavior of the plate-type PHE prototypes when considering the weld mechanicalproperties. The weld mechanical properties used in this studytherefore include the effect of different microstructures aswell as the residual welding stress, as they were obtained fromthe weld specimen.


Primary coolant inlet pipe

Secondary coolant

inlet pipe

Secondary coolant outlet pipe

In

terp

olat

ion

Inte

rpol

atio

n

Primary coolant

outlet pipe

(Coolant pressure: 0.1 MPa)

(Coolant pressure: 3 MPa)

815.56◦C,

334.72 W/m2

850.01◦C,

352.14 W/m2

849.96◦C,151.67 W/m2

500◦C,93 W/m2

(a)

Inte

rpol

atio

n

Inte

rpol

atio

n

Primary coolant inlet pipe

(Coolant pressure: 3 MPa)

850.01◦C,

836 W/m2Secondary coolant

outlet pipe

849.96◦C,151.67 W/m2

500◦C,93 W/m2

Secondary coolant

inlet pipe

(Coolant pressure: 0.1 MPa)

Primary coolant

outlet pipe

815.56◦C,

829.11 W/m2

(b)

Figure 7: Boundary conditions of primary/secondary coolant for a thermal analysis: (a) 3 kW class PHE prototype and (b) 10 kW class PHEprototype.

3. Finite Element Modeling

Finite element (FE) modeling is carried out using thecommercial code, I-DEAS. For the sake of simplicity andan understanding of the overall behavior of the plate-typePHE prototypes, the FE models are formulated with linearsolid elements including brick elements, wedge elements,and tetrahedron elements. The structural FE model of the3 kW class PHE prototype is formulated using 830,304 brickelements, whereas the structural FE model of the 10 kW classPHE prototype is formulated using 870,696 brick elements.The weld zone including the weld bead (or fusion zone

or weld) and HAZ of the plate-type PHE prototypes aremodeled as shown in Figure 6, where the weld bead along theedges of the prototypes and the HAZ of the inner weld beadare represented. However, the chamfering (or rounding)along the edge of the prototypes is not considered in the FEmodel for the sake of simplicity.

Figure 7 shows the input data of the primary/secondaryflow plates for a thermal analysis under a gas loop test con-dition of 850◦C [6, 12], and Figure 8 shows the displacementconstraint conditions considering the pipeline stiffness of thesmall-scale nitrogen gas loop [13].


Secondary

Secondary

Primarycoolant outflow

coolant outflow

Primary

coolant inflow

coolant inflow

All DOFs are fixed

KS

KP

KP

KS- out

- out

- in

- in

Figure 8: Boundary conditions for a structural analysis.

4. Thermal/Strength Analysis and Discussion

4.1. Thermal Analysis. Based on the input data shown inFigure 6 and the material properties of Hastelloy-X alloy inTable 2, thermal analyses are carried out using I-DEAS/TMGVer. 6.1 [14]. Figure 9 shows the steady-state thermal analysisresults [6, 12] of the plate-type PHE prototypes under thetest condition of a small-scale nitrogen gas loop. Accordingto Figure 9, the temperature distributions are nearly sym-metrical along the vertical axis owing to external thermalconvection and the effects of gravity.

4.2. Structural Analysis. Based on the steady-state thermalanalysis results and imposing the displacement constraintconditions shown in Figure 8, steady-state thermostructuralanalyses on the PHE prototypes are carried out usingABAQUS Ver. 6.8 [15]. The mesh patterns in the FE modelsincluding the node and element numbering are identical forI-DEAS and ABAQUS. The material properties in Table 2 areused as the parent material properties, while the mechanicalproperties in the weld and HAZ are generated by multiplyingthe parent material properties with the normalizing factorsin Table 3. According to the test conditions of the small-scalenitrogen gas loop, the in/outflow pressures for the primaryand secondary coolant are 3.0 MPa and 0.1 MPa, respectively,as shown in Figure 7. The bilinear stress-strain curve ofHastelloy-X for an elastic-plastic structural analysis extractedfrom a website [11] is shown in Figure 10.

4.2.1. Analysis Results of the 3 kW Class PHE Prototype.Figure 11 shows the stress distributions from an elasticanalysis using the parent material properties. A maximum

local stress of 272.33 MPa occurs around the edge betweenthe top plate and side plate, that is, the welded zone, whichexceeds the yield stress of the parent material (237.88 MPa at746◦C) [11] by 14.48%. Since the elastic stress distributionsusing the material properties in the weld zone are the same asthose shown in Figure 11 owing to the use of the same elasticmodulus in the elastic analysis, the maximum local stressof 272.33 MPa exceeds the yield stress of the weld material(260.24 MPa) by only 4.64%. Thus, a smaller degree of excessyield stress is attributed to a larger yield stress of the weldmaterial than the parent material.

Figure 12 shows the stress distributions using the parentmaterial properties from an elastic-plastic analysis. A max-imum local stress of 242.60 MPa around the edge betweenthe top and side plates, that is, the welded zone, exceeds theyield stress of the parent material (237.63 MPa at 750◦C)by 2.09%. Figure 13 shows the stress distributions usingthe weld material properties from an elastic-plastic analysis.A maximum local stress of 266.19 MPa exceeds the yieldstress of the weld material (260.61 MPa at 740.70◦C) by2.14%. The degree of excess yield stress on the weld (fusionzone) is changed for the analysis results using the weldmaterial properties as compared to using the parent materialproperties. This is attributed to a larger yield stress in theweld than in the parent material.

Figure 14 shows the stress distributions on the weld beadand in the HAZ from an elastic-plastic analysis using theweld material properties. In the HAZ, a maximum local stressof 235.47 MPa exceeds the yield stress of the weld material(228.65 MPa at 749.22◦C) by 2.98%, while a maximumstress of 239.17 MPa using the parent material propertiesexceeds the yield stress of the parent material (237.68 MPa)by only 0.63%. The degree of excess yield stress in the HAZ


Secondary

Primary

Primary coolant outflow

Secondary

Gravity

coolant outflow

coolant inflow

coolant inflow

849.93830.17810.42790.66

770.9751.15731.39711.64691.88672.12652.37632.61612.85

593.1573.34553.59533.83514.07494.32474.56

454.8

◦C)(

(a)

Secondary coolant inflow

Gravity

Primary coolant inflow

Primary coolant outflow

Secondary coolant outflow

Max. temperature on

external surface

836.26◦C

849.95830.14810.33790.52770.71

750.9731.09711.28691.47671.66651.85632.04612.23592.42572.61

552.8532.99513.18493.37473.56453.75

◦C)(

(b)

Figure 9: Temperature contours of outer PHEs: (a) 3 kW class PHE prototype [6] and (b) 10 kW class PHE prototype [12].

is increased for the analysis results using the weld materialproperties compared to using the parent material properties.This is attributed to a smaller yield stress in the HAZthan that in the parent material. The thermostructuralanalysis results of the 3 kW class PHE prototype are brieflysummarized in Table 5.

4.2.2. Analysis Results of 10 kW Class PHE Prototype.Figure 15 shows the stress distributions of the 10 kW classPHE prototype from an elastic analysis using the parentmaterial properties. A maximum local stress of 331.23 MPaoccurs around the edge between the top and side plates, thatis, the welded zone, which exceeds the yield stress of theparent material (237.98 MPa at 744.46◦C) by 39.18%. Sincethe stress distributions using the material properties in theweld zone are the same as those shown in Figure 15 owing to

the use of the same elastic modulus in the elastic analysis, themaximum local stress of 331.23 MPa exceeds the yield stressof the weld material (260.35 MPa) by 27.22%. Thus, a smallerdegree of excess yield stress is attributed to the larger yieldstress of the weld material than the parent material.

Figure 16 shows the stress distributions using the parentmaterial properties from an elastic-plastic analysis. A max-imum local stress of 263.65 MPa exceeds the yield stress ofthe parent material (236.86 MPa at 760.37◦C) by 11.31%.Figure 17 shows the stress distributions using the weld mate-rial properties from an elastic-plastic analysis. A maximumlocal stress of 267.60 MPa occurs around the edge betweenthe top and side plates, that is, the welded zone, whichexceeds the yield stress of the weld material (260.50 MPa at742.23◦C) by 2.72%. The degree of excess yield stress on theweld (fusion zone) is decreased for the analysis results using


Table 5: Analysis results of 3 kW class PHE prototype.

Maximum local stress Yield stress (MPa) Percentage exceeding theyield stress (%)

Stress (MPa) Location Temperature (◦C) Parent Weld HAZ Parent Weld HAZ

Elastic analysis 272.33 Weld 746.00 237.88 260.24 14.48 4.64

Elastic-plastic analysis

Weld

Using parent material properties 242.60 Weld 750.00 237.63 2.09

Using weld material properties 266.19 Weld 740.70 260.61 2.14

HAZ

Using parent material properties 239.17 HAZ 237.68 0.63

Using weld material properties 235.47 HAZ 749.22 228.65 2.98

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Strain

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Stre

ss (

MPa

)

20◦C

538◦C

649◦C

760◦C

871◦C

982◦C

1093◦C

Figure 10: Bilinear stress-strain curve for an elastic-plastic analysis [10].

inflow


Primary coolant

outflow

272.33258.76245.19231.61218.04204.47190.9177.32163.75150.18136.61123.03109.4695.8982.3168.7455.1741.628.0214.450.88

Secondary coolant

Max. stress: 272.33 MPa

at 746◦C

S, Mises MPa(Avg.: 75%)

Figure 11: Overall stress contours of a 3 kW class PHE prototype from an elastic analysis using the parent material properties [6].


Secondary coolant inflow

Secondary coolant outflow Max. stress: 242.6 MPa

Primary coolant

outflow

S, Mises MPa

at 750◦C

242.6230.51218.42206.34194.25182.17170.08157.99145.91133.82121.74109.6597.5785.4873.3961.3149.2237.1425.0512.970.88

(Avg.: 75%)

Figure 12: Overall stress contours of a 3 kW class PHE prototype from an elastic-plastic analysis using the parent material properties [6].


Primary coolant in

Max. stress: 266.19 MPa at 740.7◦C

Secondary coolantinflow

flow

S, Mises MPa

266.19252.93239.66226.4213.14199.88186.61173.35160.09146.83133.56120.3107.0493.7880.5267.2553.9940.7327.4714.20.94

(Avg.: 75%)

Figure 13: Overall stress contours of a 3 kW class PHE prototype from an elastic-plastic analysis using the weld material properties.

the weld material properties compared to using the parentmaterial properties. This is attributed to a larger yield stressin the weld than in the parent material.

Figure 18 shows the stress distributions on the weld beadand in the HAZ from an elastic-plastic analysis using theweld material properties. In the HAZ, a maximum local stressof 264.56 MPa exceeds the yield stress of the weld material(216.04 MPa at 792.09◦C) by 22.46%, while a maximumstress of 191.88 MPa using the parent material propertiesis smaller than the yield stress of the parent material(224.57 MPa) by 14.56%. The degree of excess yield stress inthe HAZ is increased for the analysis results using the weldmaterial properties compared to using the parent materialproperties. This is attributed to a smaller yield stress inHAZ than that in the parent material. The thermostructuralanalysis results of the 10 kW class PHE prototype are brieflysummarized in Table 6.

4.3. Discussions. From the results of the thermostructuralanalyses on the plate-type PHE prototypes, the followinginteresting observation was found. Even though the max-imum stress exceeds the yield stress in the weld zone,the degree of excess yield stress decreases or increasesowing to the different yield stresses in the weld zone,when compared with the analysis results of using theparent material properties. Consequently, a thermostructuralanalysis considering the weld material properties seems to beneeded to understand the structural behavior and evaluatethe structural integrity of the plate-type PHE prototypesmore reliably.

A higher amount of stress and wider high-stress regionoccur for the 10 kW PHE prototype compared to the3 kW PHE prototype. This is attributed to the size effectof the prototypes under the same displacement constraintconditions.


Table 6: Analysis results of 10 kW class PHE prototype.

Maximum local stress Yield stress (MPa) Percentage exceeding theyield stress (%)

Stress (MPa) Location Temperature (◦C) Parent Weld HAZ Parent Weld HAZ

Elastic analysis 331.23 Weld 744.46 237.98 260.35 39.18 27.22

Elastic-plastic analysis

Weld

Using parent material properties 263.65 Weld 760.37 236.86 11.31

Using weld material properties 267.60 Weld 742.23 260.50 2.72

HAZ

Using parent material properties 264.56 HAZ 216.04 22.46

Using weld material properties 191.88 HAZ 792.09 216.04 −14.56

HAZWeld bead

S, Mises MPa

266.19252.93239.66226.4213.14199.88186.61173.35160.09146.83133.56120.3107.0493.7880.5267.2553.9940.7327.4714.20.94

S, Mises MPa

235.47223.81212.15200.49188.83177.17165.51153.85142.18130.52118.86107.295.5483.8872.2260.5648.937.2425.5813.922.26

Max. stress at bead:

266.19 MPa, 740.7◦C

Max. stress at HAZ:

235.47 MPa, 749.22◦C

(Avg.: 75%) (Avg.: 75%)

Figure 14: Stress contours of a 3 kW class PHE prototype in the weld zone from an elastic-plastic analysis using the weld material properties.


S, Mises MPa

331.23314.72298.22281.71265.21248.7232.19215.69199.18182.68166.17149.67133.16116.66100.1583.6467.1450.6334.1317.620.94



outflowPrimary coolant

(Avg.: 75%)

Figure 15: Overall stress contours of a 10 kW class PHE prototype from an elastic analysis using the parent material properties [12].




263.65250.52237.4224.27211.15198.02184.89171.77158.64145.51132.39119.26106.1393.0179.8866.7553.6340.527.3714.251.12


outflow

Primary coolant


Figure 16: Overall stress contours of a 10 kW class PHE prototype from an elastic-plastic analysis using the parent material properties [12].

Secondary coolant

inflow


econdary coolant outflowecondary coolant outflow Max. stress: 267.6 MPa at 742.23◦C

outflowPrimary coolant


267.6254.28240.96227.64214.32201187.68174.36161.04147.72134.4121.08107.7694.4481.1267.854.4841.1627.8414.520.94

Figure 17: Overall stress contours of a 10 kW class PHE prototype from an elastic-plastic analysis using the weld material properties.

The maximum local stress occurs around the edgebetween the top and side plates of the plate-type PHEprototypes, that is, the welded zone. The stress that occursaround the edges in the FE model will decrease to a certaindegree when considering the chamfered edges, since theedges of the PHE prototypes are chamfered realistically.

5. Conclusions

In this study, to investigate the effects of the weld materialproperties on the mechanical behavior of plate-type PHEprototypes made of Hastelloy-X, thermostructural analysesconsidering the weld mechanical properties were performedand the results were compared with those using the parentmaterial properties. As a result of the analysis, the followingconclusions can be drawn.

(1) While the maximum stress exceeds the yield stress inthe weld zone, the degree of excess yield stress maydiffer owing to the different yield stresses in the weldzone.

(2) A thermostructural analysis considering the weldmaterial properties seems to be necessary to under-stand the structural behavior and evaluate the struc-tural integrity of the plate-type PHE prototypes morereliably.

(3) The stress occurring around the edges in the FEmodel will decrease to a certain degree when consid-ering the chamfered edges, since the edges of the PHEprototypes are chamfered realistically.


Weld bead HAZ

S, Mises MPa

267.6254.28240.96227.64214.32201187.68174.36161.04147.72134.4121.08107.7694.4481.1267.854.4841.1627.8414.520.94

S, Mises MPa

264.56251.49238.41225.34212.27199.19186.12173.05159.97146.9133.83120.76107.6894.6181.5468.4655.3942.3229.2416.173.1

Max. stress at bead:267.6 MPa, 742.23◦C

Max. stress at HAZ:264.56 MPa, 792.09◦C

(Avg.: 75%) (Avg.: 75%)

Figure 18: Stress contours of a 10 kW class PHE prototype in weld zone from an elastic-plastic analysis using the weld material properties.

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[13] K. N. Song, S. D. Hong, and H. Y. Park, “High-temperaturestructural analysis of a small-scale PHE prototype underthe test condition of a small-scale gas loop,” Science andTechnology of Nuclear Installation, vol. 2012, Article ID 312080,10 pages, 2012.

[14] Siemens PLM software I-DEAS/TMG User Manual Version 6.1, 2009.

[15] Dassault Systemes Simulia ABAQUS Analysis User ManualVersion 6. 9-1, 2009.

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