thermodynamics
DESCRIPTION
M.THIRUNAVUKKARASU Sr. LECTURER Bharathiyar college of Engineering and Technology at karaikal Tamil NaduTRANSCRIPT
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THERMODYNAMICSTHERMODYNAMICS
IntroductionIntroduction The word is come from GreekThe word is come from Greek
Thermo – HeatThermo – Heat
Dynamics - powerDynamics - power
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Thermodynamics systemsThermodynamics systems
SystemSystem Boundary,Boundary, SurroundingsSurroundings
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System,Boundary, SurroundingsSystem,Boundary, Surroundings
SystemSystem -A thermodynamics system is defined a -A thermodynamics system is defined a
definite space or area on which the studydefinite space or area on which the study
of Energy Transfer and Energy conversionsof Energy Transfer and Energy conversions
is madeis made
BoundaryBoundary –The system and surrounding are –The system and surrounding are
separated by boundary. It may be fixedseparated by boundary. It may be fixed
or movable or imaginary.It will notor movable or imaginary.It will not
occupy any volume or mass in space occupy any volume or mass in space
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SurroundingsSurroundings - - Anything outside the system whichAnything outside the system which affects the behaviour of the system isaffects the behaviour of the system is known as surroundingsknown as surroundings
Control volumeControl volume – A specified large number thermal – A specified large number thermal device has mass flow in and out ofdevice has mass flow in and out of a system called as control volumea system called as control volume
Control surfaceControl surface – Both mass and Energy can cross – Both mass and Energy can cross the boundary of a control volumethe boundary of a control volume which is called control surfacewhich is called control surface
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Open,Closed,Isolated SystemsOpen,Closed,Isolated Systems
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Classification of thermodynamics systemsClassification of thermodynamics systems
open, closed, Isolated systemsopen, closed, Isolated systems
Open systemOpen system - One in which Both Energy and - One in which Both Energy and mass cross the boundaries of themass cross the boundaries of the system. system. Closed systemClosed system - One in which mass does not - One in which mass does not cross boundaries of the cross boundaries of the system, though energy may system, though energy may do so. do so. Isolated systemIsolated system - one in which neither mass nor - one in which neither mass nor energy crosses the boundariesenergy crosses the boundaries of the system.of the system.
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Thermodynamics propertyThermodynamics propertyPropertyProperty - It is defined as any measurable or observable - It is defined as any measurable or observable characteristics of the substance when the system characteristics of the substance when the system remains in equilibrium state.(ie) pressure, temp, remains in equilibrium state.(ie) pressure, temp, density, volume, Energy, specific volumedensity, volume, Energy, specific volume Intensive propertyIntensive property - One whose value does not depend on the - One whose value does not depend on the mass of the system, like mass of the system, like temperature,pressure,density, temperature,pressure,density, specific volume, etc.specific volume, etc. (or) These properties are Independent on (or) These properties are Independent on the mass of the system, these properties the mass of the system, these properties remain same remain same Extensive propertyExtensive property - One whose value depends on the mass of - One whose value depends on the mass of the system, like volume, total Energy, etcthe system, like volume, total Energy, etc
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Control volume, control surface, Control volume, control surface, universe,Tempuniverse,Temp
Control volumeControl volume - A specified large number thermal device has - A specified large number thermal device has mass flow in and out of a system called as mass flow in and out of a system called as Control volume.Control volume. Control surfaceControl surface - Both mass and energy can cross the - Both mass and energy can cross the boundaryboundary of a control volume which is of a control volume which is called control surfacecalled control surface UniverseUniverse – A system and surrounding together comprise a – A system and surrounding together comprise a universeuniverse TemperatureTemperature - It is defined as a measure of velocity of fluid - It is defined as a measure of velocity of fluid particles. It is A property which is used to particles. It is A property which is used to determine the degree of hotness or coldness ordetermine the degree of hotness or coldness or the level of heat intensity of a bodythe level of heat intensity of a body
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TEMPERATURE
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Adiabatic systemAdiabatic systemAdiabatic systemAdiabatic system - An adiabatic system is one - An adiabatic system is one which is thermally insulatedwhich is thermally insulated from its surroundings.It can from its surroundings.It can ever,exchange work with itsever,exchange work with its surroundings.If it does not, it surroundings.If it does not, it becomes an isolated systembecomes an isolated system PhasePhase – A phase is a quantity of matter which is – A phase is a quantity of matter which is homogeneous throughout in chemicalhomogeneous throughout in chemical composition and physical structure.composition and physical structure.
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PHASE CHANGES
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Homogeneous,Heterogeneous Homogeneous,Heterogeneous systemssystems
Homogeneous systemHomogeneous system - A system which consists of a single - A system which consists of a single phase is termed as homogeneousphase is termed as homogeneous system (i.e.) mixture of air and watersystem (i.e.) mixture of air and water vapour, water plus nitric acid.vapour, water plus nitric acid. Heterogeneous systemHeterogeneous system - A system which consists of two or - A system which consists of two or more phases is called a more phases is called a heterogeneous system (ie) heterogeneous system (ie) water plus steam, ice plusewater plus steam, ice pluse water,water plus oil.water,water plus oil.
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Thermodynamics EquilibriumThermodynamics Equilibrium
Thermal EquilibriumThermal Equilibrium - The temperature of the system does not - The temperature of the system does not change with time and has same value at allchange with time and has same value at all points of the system.points of the system. Mechanical EquilibriumMechanical Equilibrium - There are no unbalanced forces within - There are no unbalanced forces within the system or between the surroundings.the system or between the surroundings. The pressure in the system is same at allThe pressure in the system is same at all points and does not change with respectpoints and does not change with respect to time.to time. Chemical EquilibriumChemical Equilibrium - No chemical reaction takes place in the - No chemical reaction takes place in the system and the chemical composition system and the chemical composition which is same throughout the system doeswhich is same throughout the system does not vary with time.not vary with time.
• The following three types of equilibrium states must be achieved isThe following three types of equilibrium states must be achieved is called thermodynamics equilibrium.called thermodynamics equilibrium.
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Zeroth law of Zeroth law of ThermodynamicsThermodynamics
• When a body 'A' is in thermal equilibrium When a body 'A' is in thermal equilibrium with a body 'B' and also separately with a with a body 'B' and also separately with a body 'C' , then B and C will be in thermal body 'C' , then B and C will be in thermal wquilibrium with each other.wquilibrium with each other.
This is known as the Zeroth law of This is known as the Zeroth law of thermodynamics. It is the basis of thermodynamics. It is the basis of temperature measurement.temperature measurement.
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First Law of Thermodynamics
The first The first law of thermodynamics is the application of the conservation of energy principle to heat and thermodynamic process
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SPECIFIC HEAT
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INTERNAL ENERGY
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Heat Engine Cycle
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Pressure-volume workPressure-volume work
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Sign conventions in thermodynamicsSign conventions in thermodynamics
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ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
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ABSORPTIONABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMREFRIGERATION SYSTEM
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ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
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ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
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ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
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Bomb CalorimeterBomb Calorimeter