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36.00 48.00 60.00 72.00 84.00 96.00
Bio 100 Exam I
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tDescriptives
63.9382 1.27153
61.4223
66.4542
63.8031
61.2903
208.566
14.44183
35.48
103.23
67.74
Mean
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
95% ConfidenceInterval for Mean
5% Trimmed Mean
Median
Variance
Std. Deviation
Minimum
Maximum
Range
VAR00001Statistic Std. Error
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Plant Form and Function and Reproduction
Chapter 17 and 18Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies
Permission required for reproduction or display
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Organization of a Vascular Plant
• All parts have outer covering of protective tissue and inner matrix of tissue with embedded vascular tissue that conducts water, nutrients, and food.
Organized along vertical axis
- Root- Shoot
Stem Leaves
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Organization of a Vascular Plant
• Meristems - Growth zones of unspecialized cells whose main function is to divide. Primary growth initiated at tips of apical
meristems. Secondary growth involves activity of
lateral meristems.
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Plant Body
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Shoot Apical Meristem: Coleus
Bud axillary meristems
Apical meristem
Leaf primordia
Trichome
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Plant Tissue Types
• Ground Tissue - contains vascular tissue.
• Dermal Tissue - outer protective covering.
• Vascular Tissue - conducts water and
dissolved materials.
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Ground Tissue
• Parenchyma cells Alive at maturity with functional cytoplasm
and a nucleus.
• Collenchyma cells Living at maturity and form continuous
cylinders beneath epidermis.
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Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display
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Ground Tissue
• Sclerenchyma cells Tough, thick cell walls, and do not contain
living cytoplasm when mature.
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• Often covered with waxy cuticle.• Guard Cells - Paired cells with openings (stomata) beneath.
• Root Hairs - Tubular extensions of single epidermal cells that keep root in intimate contact with soil particles.
Dermal Tissue
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Vascular Tissue
• Xylem - Principle water-conducting tissue. Tracheids Vessel Members
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Vascular Tissue
• Phloem - Principle nutrient-conducting tissue. Sieve Cells Sieve-Tube Members
- Sieve Tubes- Companion Cells
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Leaves
• Mesophyll: Palisade Spongy
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Stems
• Primary Growth Primary growth of shoot, leaves cluster
around apical meristem unfolding and growing as stem elongates.
- Bud develops in axil of each leaf. Hormone moving downward from the
terminal bud continuously suppresses lateral bud expansion.
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Stems: vascular tissue
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Stems
• Primary Growth Strands of vascular tissue are arranged
around outside of stem, common in dicots, or scattered throughout, common in monocots.
- Pith- Cortex
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Stems
• Secondary Growth Initiated by differentiation of vascular
cambium.- Thin cylinder of actively dividing cells
located between bark and main woody stems in plants.
Cork Cambium develops in stem’s outer layers.
- Cork cells
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Vascular Cambium
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Root Structure
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Essential Plant Nutrients
• Nitrogen - Proteins and nucleic acids.• Potassium - Regulate turgor pressure.• Calcium - Component of middle lamellae.• Magnesium - Part of chlorophyll molecule.• Phosphorus - Nucleic Acids and ATP.• Sulfur - Key component of Cysteine.
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Seedless Vascular Plants• Most abundant of the four phyla of
seedless vascular plants contain ferns with about 12,000 living species. Have both gametophyte and
sporophyte individuals, each independent and self-sufficient.
- Gametophyte produces eggs and sperm.
- Sporophyte bears and releases hapolid spores.
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Seed Plants
• Seed - Embryo cover that offers protection of embryonic plant at its most vulnerable stage. Male and Female gametophytes
- Male - microgametophytes (pollen grains) arise from microspores.
- Female - megametophytes contain eggs and develop from megaspores produced within ovule.
Pollination - transfer of pollen.
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Seed Plants
• Five living phyla of seed plants: Four are gymnosperms - ovules not
completely enclosed by sporophyte tissue at time of pollination.
Fifth is angiosperms - ovules completely enclosed by vessel of sporophyte tissue (carpel) at time of pollination.
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Seed Structure
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Seed Plants
• Adaptive value of seeds: Dispersal
- Facilitate migration and dispersal Dormancy
- Wait for favorable conditions Germination
- Synchronization with environment Nourishment
- Energy source for young plants
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Gymnosperm Phyla
• Coniferophyta (Conifers) Trees that produce seeds in cones.
- Most familiar of four gymnosperm phyla.
- Seeds develop on scales within cones and are exposed at time of pollination.
• Cycadophyta (Cycads)• Ginkgophyta (Ginkos)• Gnetophyta (Gneetophytes)
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Rise of Angiosperms
• Comprise 90% of all living plants. Use roots to anchor plants in one place to
obtain nutrients. Produce tiny male gametes that are easily
transported.• Flower - reproductive organs that employ
bright colors to attract pollinators and nectar to induce entrance into the flower to contact pollen grains.
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Angiosperm Flower
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Why Different Kinds of Flowers
• Different pollinators are attracted to specific types of flowers. Bees most numerous insect pollinators.
- Becomes coated with pollen while inside the flower.
Butterflies Moths Hummingbirds
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Seed Dispersal - Fruits
• Fruit - mature, ripened ovary containing fertilized seeds, surrounded by a carpel. Fleshy fruits encourage predation.
- Berries - Many seeded forms on inner carpel wall. (Grapes, Tomatoes)
- Drupes - Stony inner layer adhering to single seed. (Peaches, Olives)
- Pomes - Fleshy portion comes from petals and sepals. (Apples, Pears)
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Generalized Plant Life CycleAlternation of generations
Sphagum moss