therapeutic procedures
DESCRIPTION
THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES - SELECTED TOPICS ON COMMON NURSING PROCEDURESTRANSCRIPT
THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES
SELECTED TOPICS ON COMMON NURSING PROCEDURES
UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
HANDWASHINGBARRIER METHODSTERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION IMMUNIZATIONENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND
SANITATION ISOLATION
SURGICAL ASEPSIS
MAINTENANCE OF STERILE FIELD
MEDICAL AND SURGICAL ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES
THERAPEUTIC EXERCISES
ISOMETRIC ISOTONIC
ROM
CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY
BREATHINGCOUGHING\POSTURAL DRAINANGEPERCUSSION AND VIBRATION INCENTIVE SPIROMETERSUCTIONINGTRACHEOSTOMY CAREOXYGEN THERAPY
Chest Physiotherapy It is the combination of percussion, vibration, and
postural drainage Percussion is done for 1-2 minutes. If the patient has
tenacious secretions, this can be performed for 3-5 minutes
Vibration is done during 5 exhalations Postural drainage is done for 15-20 minutes usually
performed 3-4 times a day. Instruct the client to increase fluid intake to liquefy
secretions This procedure should not be performed in clients who
are pregnant, with chest injuries, dizzy, with pulmonary embolism and abdominal surgery.
This procedure is done before meal or 90 minutes after a meal
Oxygen Therapy Indicated to clients who needs additional
oxygen, those clients who have reduced lung diffusion of oxygen through the respiratory membrane, heart failure leading to inadequate transport of oxygen.
Humidify the oxygen first before you administer.
Check for bubbles in the humidifier to promote adequate flow of oxygen
Check for kinks in the tubing Position: semi-fowlers/ high fowlers position Place cautionary readings: “NO smoking:
Oxygen is in used” Instruct the client not to use woolen blankets
as this may create static electricity
pulmonary function tests tidal volume- 500 residual volume- 1200 expiratory reserve volume –1200 inspiratory reserve volume – 3100
Vital Capacity- tidal volume + IRV + ERV = 4800
Total Lung Capacity – Tidal Volume + IRV +ERV +RV =6000
Forced Residual Capacity – ERV + RV
incentive spirometry – hold 2-6 sec; 4-5 times/H
endotracheal tube- reposition Q8H; cuff 20 mm Hg, humidification and aerosol, deflate cuff occasionaly
visualization – X ray Lung Scxan – 20-40mins isotopes in body for 8 H laryngoscopy Bronchoscopy Thoracentesis- consent, VS and baseline X-ray +
post Procedural
Tracheostomy Care tie new trache tie before removing the
old tie to prevent accidental dislodgement
use precut gauze and perform care OD at least.
soak iiner cannula in antiseptic soak with hydrogen peroxide, rinse well
suction prn, oral care prn
Oxygen Delivery Equipment cannula – 2-6 LPM – 24-45% Mask – 5-8 LPM – 40-60% parial rebreather – 6-10 LPM – 60-90% non rebreather – 10-15 LPM – 95-100% tent – 4-8 LPM – 30-50 % Venturi mask –
2-3 LPM – 24-28% 4 LPM – 30% 6 LPM – 35% 8 LPM – 45% 14LPM – 55%
Suctioning PURPOSE: To obtain sputum sample. NURSING ALERT: Hyperoxygenate the patient before and after the procedure. Apply intermittent suction on withdrawal of the catheter. Do not suction the patient for more than 15 seconds. Thoracentesis PURPOSE: Aspiration of fluid and /or air from the pleural space. NURSING ALERT: Check the consent. Position: Sitting on the side of the bed with feet on a chair, leaning
over a bedside table. If the patient unable to sit, the patient may lie in his/her side with hands on the side resting on opposite shoulder.
Instruct the patient not to cough, breath deeply or move during the procedure.
After the procedure: Position the patient on the unaffected side/puncture site up.
Check for bleeding at the puncture site and monitor the respiratory function.
Notify the physician if signs of pneumothorax, air embolism and pulmonary edema occur.
ENEMA
They act by distending the intestines that increases peristalsis and expulsion of feces and flatus.
Enemas serve the following purpose: Relief of constipation Relief of flatulence Lowers down body temperature Evacuates feces in preparation for diagnostic
procedures Administration of medications
ENEMA Take note of the general principles of Enema: Tube: lubricate and insert 3-4 inches Position: adult- left lateral; infants and
children- dorsal recumbent Administration- administer the enema in a
minimum of 15 minutes duration. Conatainer’s Height- 12 inches above the
rectum Temperature- 42°C or less
types: carminative – expel flatus – 60 –180 ml. retention oil – 1 –3 hours(LUBRICANTS) BULK FORMERS-METAMUCIL-12 HOURS-INC.OFI wetting/stool softeners- Colace(days) Chemical hypertonic irritant-increases peristalsis-
castor oil, Bisacodyl, Cascara)-SUPPOSITORIES-30 MIN
Saline- Epson salts, milk of mg(rapid)/mg citrate return flow – haris flushing , colon irrigation fleet – commercial
oil 1-3 H retention others – 5 to 10 mins.
cleansing- irritating( hypertonic osmotic)) high 1000 ml low 500 ml
T = 40-43 ‘ C ( 105 – 110 ‘ F CHILDREN 37.7 ( 100 ‘ F) APPROXIMATELY 30 CM ( 12 INCHES) BUT
HIGH IN CLEANSING ( 30 – 45 CM. ) 12 TO 18 CM.
INSERT 7 – 10 CM ( 3-4 INCH)-ADULT 5 – 7.5 CM. –CHILD 2.5 – 3.5 – INFANT
IF FEELING OF FULLNESS – CLAMP – 30 SECS
amount 18 mos – 50-200 ml 18 mos – 5 y – 200-300 ml 5 – 12 years – 300 – 500 ml 12 – above – 500 – 1000 ml.
rectal tubes infants-10-12F toddler – 14 –16F school age – 16-18F adult – 22 – 30F
ENEMAS- PRESCRIBED AMOUNT AND TIMEHYPERTONIC – 5-10MINS – VARIESHYPOTONIC(TAP)-15-20MIN – 500-
1000ML ISOTONIC(SALINE)-15-20MIN- 50MLSOAP SUDS- 10-15MIN- + 3-5 ML.
SOAPoil( MINERAL/COTTONSEED) – 30-60
MIN- 90-120ML.
COLOSTOMY CAREostomy – divert and drain fecal material
temporary ( trauma / inflammatory condition)
permanent ( Cancer / congenital or Birth defects
stoma – red , initial slight bleeding - normal, no redness or irritation 2 to 5 inches sorrounding the areano burning sensation
parts: periostomal seal adhesive square –
solid wafer disk skin barrier
liquid skin sealant drainable end pouch ( Can be washable) pouch belt face plate
ileostomy – no irrigation , wet fecal material , appliance all the time , meticulous skin care,prevent skin breakdown, constant flow not regulated, bag emptied half full
colostomy – solid , can irrigate , can be bowel trained , pouch may not be worn and emptied after every defecation
avoid gas forming foods and nuts , but can have any food at tolerated after 6 weeks… yogurt recommended
dry skin before applying appliancekaraya – barrier to prevent
contamination with excretaappliance can be up to 2 weeksbroadwell 48 – 72 hours to check for
periostomal skin24-48 hours if eroded / ulcerated refer to enterostomal therapy nursewith deodorant ( Charcoal filter Disk)
Catheterization, urinary
PURPOSE: To determine residual urine and obtain sterile specimen. It can be a straight catheter, suprapubic, indwelling catheter, and external device catheter.
NURSING ALERT: Know the necessary facts:
Principles Male Female Position Supine Dorsal recumbent Length of tube 40 cm./ 15.75 in. 22cm./ 8.66
in. French number or Circumference #14- 16 #18 Length of tube to be inserted 2-3 in. 6-9 in. Balloon size 5-10 ml. (30 ml 5-10 ml Can be used to achieve hemostasis of the prostatic area following prostatectomy Place to secure lower abdomen Inner thigh
The procedure is sterile Maintain a close system The draining bag must always be
below the bladder The catheter bag should not be
allowed to lie on the floor Do not allow the drainage spout to
touch the collection receptacle or on the toilet bowl when draining it
CATHETER CHANGE
PLASTIC – 1 WEEKLATEX – 2-3 WEEKSSILICONE – 2-3 MOS.PVC – 4-6 WEEKS
CLOSED INTERMITTENT IRRIGATION
ASPIRATE FROM PORTCBI -3 WAY FOLEY CAHETERCATHETER IRRIGATION ONLY – 200
ML.BLADDER IRRIGATION – 1000MLCLAMPS ON BOTH SIDES –
ALTERNATELY RELEASED
URINARY DIVERSIONS-URINARY STOMA
ILEAL CONDUIT- EXTERNAL POUCHKOCK POUCH – SMALL DRESSING
OVER STOMA; BLADDER WALL SUTURED TO THE ABDOMEN
SUPRAPUBIC CATHETER – INTERMITTENT ATHETERIZATION q 3-4 HOURS
NORMAL AMOUNT/ DAY
1-3 / 500-600ML3-5 / 600-700ML5-8 / 700-100OML8-14 / 800 – 1400ML14 – ADULT / 1500 – 2500
CAN HOLD 500 – 750 ML
Bladder training Q2 hours and 30 mins void(Trigerring, Credes
and valsalva)
NEUROGENIC BLADDERIntermitent Catheterization – 2-3 hours if
<150ml ----3-4 Hweaning-intermittent clampingDTV 1-4 hours after removal
for incontinence – kegels exercises
HEMODIALYSIS DONE 3-5 HOURS – 2-3 TIMES A WEEK AV FISTULA-NO BP,VENIPUNCTURE OR
CONSTRICTIONS PALPATE FOR A THRILL AND LISTEN FOR
BRUIT Q8H MONITOR FOR HEMORRHAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM
SYNDROME,HEPATITIS,HEMORRHAGE,MUSCLE CRAMPS,AIR EMBOLISM AND SEPSIS-COMPLICATIONS
PERITONEAL DIALYSIS TENCKOFF,GORE-TEX CATHETER WEIGH BEFORE AND AFTER, WARM DIALYSATE CHON LOSS, INFECTION, -PERITONITIS(CLOUDY
OUTFLOW,BLEEDING) , FEVER , ABDL TENDERNESS AND N & V
PREVENT CONSTIPATION BY INCREASING FIBER IN DIET,MAINTAIN STERILE PROCEDURE,FOR PROBLEMS WITH OUT FLOW –REPOSITION
TYPES: CAPD(4-6H INDWELLING), AUTOMATED 30MINS EXCHANGES, INTERMITTENT- 4X A WEEK – 10H/DAY, CONTINOUS – 1 DAY INDWELLING
DRESSINGS PROTECT FROM INJURY , BACTERIAL
CONTAMINATION PROVIDE HUMIDITY INSULATION ABSORB DRAINAGE DEBRIDE THE WOUND PREVENT HEMORRHAGE SPLINT / IMMOBILIZE COMFORT
GUAZE, SYNTHETIC , SECURING, TEGADERM
TYPES OF DRESSINGS DRY TO DRY – TRAP NECROTIC DEBRIS
AND EXUDATE WET TO DRY ( SALINE AND ANTI
MICROBIAL SOLUTION – SOFTEN DEBRIS AS IT DRIES, DILUTE EXUDATE
WET TO DAMP – WOUND DEBRIDED IF GAUZE REMOVED( VARIATION @ DRYING)
WET TO WET – KEEP MOIST – WOUND BATHED – MOISTURE DILUTES VISCIOUS EXUDATE
WOUND HEALING HEMOSTASIS---FIBRIN----
PHAGOCYTOSIS----( INFLAMMATION PHASE 3-4DAYS
FIBROBLAST—COLLAGEN---CAPILLARIES----GRANULATION TISSUE---ESCHAR---(PROLIFERATIVE 3 – 21 DAYS
MATURATION(PHASE 21 DAYS – 2 YEARS)
pressure ulcer dressings
dry gauze stage II-IV tegaderm film/ hydrocolloid – SI - SIIAbsorptive Dressing IIIHydrogel – II - III
WOUND CARE PRIMARY SECONDARY- INCREASED INFECTION
INCREASED TIME INCREASED ESCHAR( PRESSURE SORES)
TERTIARY- ABD. DRAINAGE
EXUDATES – SUPPURATION PUS – ABCESS( PYOGENIC BACTERIA)
SURGICAL DRAINS PENROSE – OPEN ENDS CLOSED WOUND DRAINAGE ( SUCTION) –
DECREASE ENTRY OF MICROBES- HEMOVAC / JACK PRATT TO RESERVOIR
D/C 3-7 DAYS POST – OP PACKAGE – FACILITATE GRANULATION IRRIGATION LAVAGE - STERILE
CHEST TUBES AND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS 1-DRAINAGE 2-WATERSEAL 3-COLLECTION/SUCTION
SEALED PATENCY-AFTER 3 DAYS REEXPANDED
FLUCTUATIONS IN WATER SEAL CHAMBER
RUBBER TIPPED CLAMPS/ FORCEPS; VASELINIZED GAUZE;EXTRA BOTTLE
NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT
NGT-GAVAGE AND LAVAGE
TPN
Nasogastric Tube Insertion Purposes:
Gastric Gavage- gastric feeding Gastric Lavage- stomach irrigation For decompression Medication and supplemental fluid administration
Principles: Position: High-Fowler’s position Length of tube to be inserted: measured from
the tip of the nose to the tip of the earlobe to the xiphoid process (approximately 50cm.
Lubricate the tip of the tube by a water soluble lubricant before insertion
Secure the NGT by taping to the bridge of the nose
Gastroenteral Feedings This is the administration of formula through a tube
placed into the GIT, either by Nasogastric route or surgically created slit on the abdominal wall.
Remember these principles: Position: fowler’s or sitting position Prior to feeding, assess the bowel sounds and residual
content Assess for tube placement and patency:
Introduce 5-20 ml of air into the NGT and auscultate. Gurgling sounds must be auscultated.
X-ray most accurate Aspirate gastric content Immerse the tip of the tube in water, no bubbles must be
produced. Height of feeding: 12 inches above the patient’s point
of insertion Instill 60 ml of water into the NGT after feeding to
cleanse the lumen of the tube
TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION
peripheral< 2 weeks – phlebitisPIC – Basilic / cephalicPCC – subclavianTriple Lumen- infuse and draw
blood;TPN;MedicationsAtrial- Hickman/Biovac and Groshong;
Huber needle port
TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION TPN-IV with bacterial filter(2-3L) TNA – 1 liter/D-no filter If no available solution D10W –ok –initial at
50ml/hr
hyperglycemia- hyperosmolar(HA, N and Vomiting,fever, chills, malaise)
Infection ( IV tubing and filter Q24 changed,solutions refrigerated and warmed just prior to administration
Pneumothorax
Heat and Cold Therapy An intervention the reduces inflammation Principles: Cold application is generally safer than heat
application. Heat application usually requires a doctor’s
order Cold application is done within 72 hours after
an injury, while heat application is done after 72 hours.
The application of heat and cold is done at a maximun of 30 minutes (an average of 15-20 minutes)
Check the area applications are done every 15 minutes.
Anti-embolism Stocking Helps prevents thrombophlebitis by promoting
venous return from the legs It usually requires a doctor’s order The client’s extremeties must be properly
measured to assure therapeutic effect Apply stockings before getting out of bed. If
the client forgot to wear the stockings, instruct himn or her to assume modified trendelenburg’s position for 15-20 minutes
The stockings must be removed every 8 hours for 20-30 minutes
Assess the skin integrity
DOSAGES AND CALCULATION CONVERSIONS MEDICATION DOSAGES
D/A X V = Q INFUSIONS
TOTAL VOLUME X DROP FACTORTIME IN HOUR ( 60 MIN.)
THERAPEUTIC DOSE CLARKS RULE BSA COMPUTATION IV INFUSION FOR BURNS
MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION
RIGHT DRUGRIGHT DOSAGERIGHT ROUTERIGHT TIMERIGHT PATIENTRIGHT ATTITUDE RIGHT DOCUMENTATION
PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION• IM – G 18-21 ; 1 1/2 INCH, Z-TRACK ( RETRACT) SC/SQ – G 24-26;1/2 – 1 INCH ; 45’ ; DO
NOT RETRACT OR MASSAGE ( INSULIN AND HEPARIN)
• INTRADERMAL- 10-15’; G26-27;1\2 INCH BEVEL UP
• INTRAVENOUS – TOURNIQUET, STERILE PROCEDURE ; 10-25 ; RELEASE TOURNIQUET IF WITH BACKFLOW
IV THERAPY
backflow means patent linesolutions for specific diseases and
contraindications of certain solutionsmanagement and troubleshootingcheck for phlebitis and infiltrationchange line everydaykeep site sterile
BLOOD TRANSFUSION line – PNSS vital signs – baseline then Q15 x 4; Q30 x 2;
then q h 4 –6 hours blood typing and crossmatching watch out for blood transfusion reactions
hemolytic anaphylactic febrile hypervolemic septic
Hygiene and comfort measures
BEDMAKING- ODPERINEAL CARE – FRONT TO BACK
OUTER TO INNER, ONE COTTONBALL PER STROKE
BEDBATHING AND ND SHAMPOOFOOT, HAIR , SKIN AND NAIL CAREORAL CAREEYE AND EAR CARE
THERAPEUTIC BATH SALINE – 4 ML- 500 ML OATMEAL/AVENO – SOOTHES SKIN
IRRITATION, LUBRICATES CORNSTARCH- IN COLD WATER –
SOOTHES IRRITATION Na CHO3 – 4 ml. – 500 ml H2O
cooling / relieves irritation KMnO4 – tablets dissolved in H2O – clears and
disinfects
Rotating Tourniquet GET MEAN APPLY PRESSURE TO 3 LIMBS ONE AT A
TIME RELEASE / ROTATE EVERY 5 MINUTES. PRESSURE IN ONE EXTREMITY FOR ONLY 15 MINUTES
DO NOT RELEASE SIMULTANEOUSLY PATIENT IN ORTHOPNEIC / FOWLERS
POSITION
CPR and ACPLS Protocols 0-1 MINUTE ; CARDIAC IRRITABILITY 0-4 MINUTES; BRAIN DAMAGE NOT
LIKELY 4-6 MINUTES; BRAIN DAMAGE POSSIBLE 6-10 MINUTES; BRAIN DAMAGE LIKELY 10 MINUTES-IRREVERSIBLE BRAIN
DAMAGE
INFANTS HTCL MANEUVER, JAW THRUST IF
SPINAL INJURY IS SUSPECTED INITIAL BREATHS – 2 – 1 1/2 SECS SUBSEQUENT BREATHS 1 B/3 SECS; 20
BPM USE 2 OR 3 FINGERS DEPTH:1/2 TO 1 INCH COMPRESSION AT LEAST 100/MIN RATIO 5:1; CHECK AFTER 20 CYCLES FOREIGN BODY OBSTRUCTIONS:
BACKBLOWS AND CHEST THRUST
CHILDREN HTCL / JAW THRUST 2 BREATHS INITIAL DURATION OF 1- 1 ½
SECS SUBSEQUENT 1 BREATH EVERY 3
SECONDS 20 BREATHS/ MIN CAROTID ARTERY HEEL OF HAND 1 TO 1 1\2 INCH 100 BPM; CHECK AFTER 12 CYCLES ABDOMINAL THRUST- FOR AIRWAY
OBSTRUCTION
ADULTSHTCL / JAW THRUST INITIAL 2 BREATHS AT LEAST 2
SECS EACHDEPRESS 1 ½ - 2 INCHES; RATE 60
TO 100RATIO 5:1AFTER 4 CYCLES ;RECHECK FOR 10
SECS
ERGONOMICS
TRANSFER TECHNIQUESBODY POSITIONING BODY MECHANICS