theory of knowledge and school economics and business whose perspectives? and other problems of...
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THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE and
SCHOOL ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS
Whose Perspectives?
and other Problems of Knowledge
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The Theory of Knowledge DiagramWhere is Business and Management?
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WAYS OF KNOWING
• Perception• Emotion• Reason• Language• HOW DO THEY PLAY A ROLE IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS KNOWLEDGE?
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PROBLEMS OF KNOWLEDGE
• Sources - bias and subjectivity• Evidence - reliability• Degree of Certainty• Methods and standards of Justification• Whose knowledge?• History of knowledge
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PERCEPTION
What we PERCEIVE of the real world is a product of a FILTERING PROCESS involving:
a BIOLOGICAL filter
a COGNITIVE filter which includesa PSYCHOLOGICAL and LINGUISTIC filter
a CULTURAL and VALUES filter
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PERCEPTIONS AND KNOWLEDGE CONSTRUCTION
The COGNITIVE FILTER can itself be broken down further into
• a rational filter (“head”) – psychological, linguistic
• an axiological filter (“heart”) – cultural, moral, aesthetic
These filters may take the forms of models, theories, paradigms and value judgements.
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Knowledge, paradigms, and the world
Knowledge The worldB
iological Filter
“Head” and “heart” filters**
Knowledge re-shaping the world through human action
**”Head” - LANGUAGE, THOUGHT PROCESSES, “Heart” - CULTURE, VALUES, PARADIGMS and IDEOLOGIES
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NATURE OF BUSINESS KNOWLEDGE
• What is the role of intuitions and tacit knowledge in business decisions?
• Can management be taught from a book? Do successful managers know more than they can tell?
• Whose perspective does B&M adopt? • Is the management of organizations an art or a
science?• What roles do emotions and creativity play in
business, and how are they manifested? • Changing assumptions about human beings and
culture in business.
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SPECIFIC ISSUES IN B&M THAT CONNECT WITH TOK
• Measuring what we value vs. valuing what we measure. Can quality be reliably captured in quantitative measures?
• Cost-benefit reasoning vs. ethical reasoning in business decisions and strategy
• The reliability of business accounts• Sources of bias in business knowledge• Whose knowledge – management’s or
employee’s? • Others?
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ETHICAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS AND ORGANIZATIONAL LIFE
• Can ethical judgments be applied to the behaviour of corporations (as distinct from its managers or other agents)?
• Is it ethical for businesses to develop ethical objectives as a marketing strategy?
• Is it possible to be humane and successful in business at the same time?
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WHAT WE CAN DO AS TEACHERS
• Pay special attention to the distinction between technical and non-technical uses of words
• Encourage students to look for the limitations of economic and strategic analysis
• Encourage focus on institutional, behavioural, moral and political assumptions of any analysis
• Encourage students to identify, wherever possible, the gainers and losers from policies.