theory of design-notes

8/2/2019 Theory of Design-notes

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Theory of DesignSEM VI

Prof.

Karteek

G.


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DESIGN VALUE

PHYSICAL FORM AND SPACE Solids and Voids

Exterior and Interior

PERPETUAL PERCEPTION AND TIME Approach, Movement, Functioning of activities within spaces, Quality of

, , .

CONCEPTUAL Ordered and disordered relationships among elements

and systems

Images, patterns, signs, symbols,

context etc.


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THEORY

A set of IDEAS that intend to explain something

A set of principles

THEOREM

General proposition or rule that can be proved by reasoning

HYPOTHESIS

starting point for further investigation on the subject

THEORIES

To understand complexity


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IDEAOLOGY is im ortant to acce t or re ect a Theor .

THEORIES

To study history

Value

Judgment

cant

be

made

easily

orms o oo an a

Values to be judged

Responsive and relevant to

user context

Theories that tend to answer most of the questions is a Good Theory. Statements with qualifications


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THEORY

PRIMARY THEORY Set of SECONDARY

To Understand Complexities

Doesnt necessarily give solution

To make predictions

VALUE Inevitable ingredient of decisions

COMPREHENSIVE THEORIES HUMAN VALUES


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FORM AND SPACE

Architectural Form

Contours PlanesSurfaces

Characteristics of form

TIME

SPACE

THEORIES EVENTS Bye Laws


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SEMINAR

Rationale for the study

VISION

Context Physical, Social, Historical,

Economic

Evolution of Form and Configuration

Visual Quality/ Imageability

Impact on the city Social,

Environmental,Economic,Design

CRITICISM

Implementation

and

Lessons


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STYLE

Appreciation of the affect of each ISM on succeeding styles is important.

All design comes from the understanding of precedent Historical, Cultural or Social

Parameters

Aesthetic

Function

Appropriateness: Relates to the Contemporary Culture

Architectural concepts and Ideas have to be accommodative to changing CULTURES, USERS and FUNCTIONS.


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DESIGN

Earlier was referred to any skill or mastery.

es gn s aTo make A STATEMENT of some kind Communicating an IDEA, an EMOTION or a PURPOSE

Provides a creative platform for discussions and creates opportunity for change in thought or

.


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AESTHETICS

esthetics is the study of beauty and taste.

aesthetics as a unitary and self sufficient type of

human experience. Architectural Aesthetics relates to History, Culture and Religion.


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ALVAR ALTO

Born in Kuortane, Finland in 1898 A MODERN ARCHITECT

Graduated with honors from Helsinki Polytechnic in 1921

Pro essor o Architecture at MIT 1946 to 1948 and was President of the Academy of Finland 1963 68

Early work was borrowed from the Neoclassicmovement Worker's

Club, at Jyvaskyla, Finland, 1924.

Adapted the symbolism and functionalismof the Modern Movement.

humane style , successfully applied to libraries,civic centers, churches, housing, etc

Alvar Aalto generated a style of functionalism which avoided romantic excessand neoclassical monotony. Studio at Munkkiniemi, Helsinki, Finland, 1956


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ALVAR ALTO

Redefined the generic examples of modernarchitecture that existed in most of Europe andrecreated them into a New Finnisharchitecture . Aalto's designs were particularlysignificant because of their Response to site,material and form .

The spectrum of Aalto's work exhibits a sensual

House

of

Culture

Helsinki,

Finland,

1958contemporaries.Aalto was a master of form and planning , as

successfully to its users.

in the face of widespread disillusionment withhigh modernism on one hand, and post

Riola Parish Church Riola, Italy, 1975 78

.

Died in Helsinki in May 1976


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ALVAR ALTO

His work exhibits a carefully crafted balance of intricate and complex forms, spaces and elements and

environment of Finland

Baker House, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 1947 49


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INTERPRETATIONS

SKYSCRAPPER, MIES

,Herzog de Meuron


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Piazza Del CampiDoglio on Capitoline Hill

PALAZZO SENATORIO which structure was com leted b Giacomo dalla

Porta and Girolamo Rinaldi between 1582 and 1605) and seat of the city municipality;

on t e r g t s e o t e square , u y Guidetto Guidetti and Giacomo Dalla Porta in 1568, following original

drawings by Michelangelo, host nowadays the Pinacoteca CapitolinaCa itoline rt MuseumPALAZZO NUOVO (on the left side of the square), build by the Rinaldi brothers in 1655 again following original drawings by Michelangelo,where the Capitoline museum is located (museum with Hellenic and

oman mas erp eces .


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FEDERATION SQUARE

PROJECT: Federation SquareLOCATION: Melbourne, Australia

ARCHITECTS: Donald L. Bates and Peter DavidsonYEAR: 2002AREA: 10 acres

Federation Square is the creation of a new urban order on a site that had never before existed . More than just a

new set

of

buildings ,

federation

square

is

the

new

centre

of

cultural

activity for

Melbourne

amidst

network

of

technology , fast communication and high speed movement .


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C O N C E P T I O N

e eve opmen o e era on quare egan n e m s as par o e o monRail Yard rationalization project that reduced the railway lines running parallel to the Yarra River from a total of 53 lines to 12.

The Government of the state of Victoria and the Melbourne City Council looked at the concept of developing a square over the rail lines and bringing down two universally disliked buildings called the 'Gas and Fuel' towers, that stood as a physical and visual

divide between the city and its river.

, citys central business district (CBD) north of the Yarra River to the river itself and the

gardens and parklands across


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L O C A T I O N

CITY

MELBOURNE CITY CENTRE

The project is located on the northern bank of the river Yarra , at the intersection of the two major thoroughfares of the city, close to the heart of the centre of Melbourne . It serves as a gateway to the city.


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A C C E S SThe metro trains , the Tram network and the Yarra River together provide a strong link to the site for the

e ourn ans.

The Square is conveniently accessed both by pedestrians from flinders station , the tram stops and the river and the vehicles from the two thoroughfares along the site.

St. PaulsCITY CENTRE

FLINDERS STREET

R E E T

t i n u

i n g

e s i

t e

visitor North

N S T O N

S

L i n e s c o n

d e r n e a t

h tn ers

Station

centres(shards)

centre omoving images

artgalleries

S W

R a i

l w a y

f r o m u n

Transportbldg. Yarra Southatrium

VEHICULAR

.

PEDESTRIAN

TRAM STOPRIVER YARRA


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t r e e t

Bourke streetT R A N S I T

tQueen street

E x

h i b i t i o n

t r e e t

Connectivity of the site is indicated by the multitude of metro and rail lines that pass through the Flinders Street station

TOWN HALL

R u s s e

l s t r e

E l i z a

b e t h

s by the site .

FINDERS STREET STATION

BATMAN AVE.Finders street

y a r r a r v e rgardens

Commercial rd.

Albert park lake


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L A N D U S E P A T T E R N

Federation Square

is

familiar

as

a public

building because it under invests in floor areaand over invests in building quality .

A grand square joins seamlessly to the surrounding streetscape at Swanston Street.

GROUND COVER 32.5%

OPEN SPACE (includes parking) 48.5% SQUARE 19%

It is a purely cultural and commercial facility with a complete absence of

residential land use.

The federation square conforms to the reputation of Melbourne as a culturally

vital city . COMMERCIAL 14%

CULTURAL RECREATIONAL 86%


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For decades the Jolimont rail yards have been an unsightly I S S U E S

scar on the face of central Melbourne, cutting it off from the Yarra River. But now, Federation Square has been built on a deck over the top of these rail yards removing this sight from the city scape.

The construction of the deck beneath the Square is

understood to be the largest expanse of railway deckingever u t n Austra a.

The deck is supported by over 3,000 tonnes of steel beams , 1.4 kilometresof concrete 'crash walls' and over 4,000 vibration absorbing spring coils and rubber padding .

The deck is designed to support some of the most sensitive uses

T H E D E C K

, , needed to isolate them from vibration and noise .


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The building represents the need for a common man to address public space as something, which generates variety and breaks out

Sandstone , zinc and glass have been used as cladding , structured within a triangular grid .

.

The modular system uses 5 single triangles to make up a self similar larger triangular panel. Five panels following the same geometrical logic are joined

together to create a mega panel that is mounted onto a structural frame.

The fractal facade system allows for individual buildings of the square to be differentiated from each other while simultaneously maintaining an overall coherence.

Facade panel comprising five tiles

T H E F R A C T A L T E C H N O L O G Y


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Maze of zigzag corrugated concrete walls is a unique passive climate control system for the glazed atrium's north and south sections. Zigzag profile doubles the cooling capacity.

Spread over an area of 40x40 metres , the labyrinth is positioned beneath the civic plaza and above the deck over the railway , using a space that would have otherwise been unoccupiable.

It simultaneously provides support for the plaza deck slab .

Cool air is pumped through the labyrinth's cells at night, which in turn cools the concrete walls. By day, air is again pumped through the cells, this time being cooled by the concrete. In winter the labyrinth's

thermal mass maintains an inherent warming potential, which will be supplemented as required.

The system directs air to the atrium , introduced at floor level, dispersed by use of a low velocity displacement system.

Equivalent to conventional air conditioning but using one tenth of the energy consumption .

L A B R Y I N T H Position of labryinth under plaza


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The square is the civic and spatial component , establishing connections with the diverse context of the city and the surrounding

.

towards the east, providing entry at an upper level to further buildings.

To distinguish it from the city's existing pavement, the square was surfaced in hand laid (approx. 500,000) cobblestones of variegated

.

. comprises a series of overlapping stone tablets inlaid with layers of typographically scaled and interwoven texts .

The Federation Square has re covered a ground and folded it back to the city

The design's geometry allows for a vast array of configurations and arrangements , from the largest scale public gathering of up to 15,000 people to intimate sites of relaxation and contemplation.

T H E S Q U A R E


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The atrium is a unique covered public space which provides a complement to the open plaza.FLI NDERS STREET

T O N S T R E E T

Symbolic of a public street running through the site. Continuously open and publicly accessible, the atrium is emblematic of federation

square's intended connection of city and river .

South atrium steps from the deck level over the railway down to the river side

S W A N

Interior volume 16 metres high and up to 20 metres across

promenade offering transitional perspectives of the city beyond.

The deep space of this supporting frame acts as a thermal chimney , evacuating the build up of hot air. the atrium space is conditioned by a passive cooling system , using

a low level air displacement system to keep the atrium cooler than the outside temperature in summer.

A T R I U M


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Art Nouveau

A style of decorative art, architecture andDesign prominent in western Europe and theU.S. from 1890 until world war I andc arac er ze y n r ca e near es gns anflowing curves based on natural forms.

eve ope pr nc pa y n rance an e g um

Art Nouveau is seen primarily as the bridge

Museum of Applied Arts, Budapest

Key ElementsAesthetic based on natural formsOrganic and dynamic forms

urv ng es gnWrithing plant formsStrict avoidance of historical traits


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Beaux Arts

,classical style taught at L'Ecole des Beaux Arts inParis in the 19th century. Influenced the last

The style was popularized during the 1893Columbian Ex osition in Chica o in 1893.

Key ElementsSymmetrical facadeRoofs: flat, low pitched Palais Garnier is

a cornerpiece of Beaux Arts architecture

Wall surfaces with decorative garlands, floral patterns,

or cartouches dripping with sculptural ornamentFacades with quoins, pilasters, or columns (usually paired with Ionic or Corinthian capitals)Walls of masonry (usually smooth, light colored stone)

First story may be rusticatedLarge and grandiose compositionsExuberance of detail and variety of stone finishesProjecting facades or pavilionsPaired colossal columns and Enriched moldingsFree sanding statuary, Windows: framed by freestanding

columns, balustraded sill,

and

pedimented entablature

on

topPronounced cornices and enriched entablatures are topped with

a tall parapet, balustrade, or attic storySan Francisco War Memorial Opera House, completed 1932


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Art Deco

The predominant decorative art style of the1990s and 1930s characterized by smooth

, ,and boldly delineated geometric shapes andstrong colors and used most notably in

.

Bombay Art Deco

Key Elements

smooth stucco and have rounded corners.

Bold exterior

decorations

Buildings

in

the

style

were

often

decorated

with

zigzags, swans, lilies and sunrise motifs.

Experimentation with interior materials Art deco designers used "new" materials

Chryslers Building


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Modernism

Europe nurtured the seeds of the modernmovement in Architecture through a wellknown se uence of events and manifestos thatcame about to answer Beaux Arts attitude.

Modern Architecture

Evolved to reconcile an idealized vision of soc ety w t orces o n ustr a evo ut on .

It was an Attitude

Division of Labour Design of a product isseperated from its meaning.

and should be made a better place for all.

Standardization Set of styles and ways of

Seagram Building, NewYork

solving problems using set of patterns.


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Modern Architecture

Modernist architecture emphasizes function. It attempts to provide for specific needs rather thanimitate nature. The roots of Modernism may be found n e wor o er o u er n , a

Russian architect.

Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art at Cornell Universit b I.M.Pie

Reform of the materialist city and its replacement by asupposedly more Humane and harmonious order enrichedthrou h contact with nature.

Simplication of FORM

Elimination of ornament

Form follows Function

Less is more (Louis Sullivan)

Melnikov House near Arbat Street inMoscow by Konstantin Melnikov.


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Bauhaus Style

at roo s, smoot aca es an cu c s apescharacterize the Bauhaus style.

Bauhaus is a German expression meaning house for building .

In 1919, the economy in Germany was collapsing after a.head a new institution that would help rebuild the countryand form a new social order. Called the Bauhaus, theInstitution called for a new "rational" social housing for theworkers.

Bauhaus architects rejected "bourgeois"

New Unity between ART and Technology

, ,decorative details. They wanted to useprinciples of Classical architecture in theirmost ure form: without ornamentation of any kind.

Th S E i i


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EXPRESSIONISMThe Scream Expressionismoil on canvas 1893 by Edward Munch

The art form that distorts reality to produce ahighly emotional effect , exhibited in painting,literature film architecture and music.

It focussed on Expressive character and mode of

communication, use of distortion and exaggeration

.

It emerged as the avant garde movement in poetry .

Depicts not objective reality but rather the sub ective emotions and res onses .

Characterized by symbolic colours, distorted forms,a two dimensional careless manner and larger than life imagery .

Erich Mendelsohn's EinsteinTower in Potsdam, Germany completed in 1921


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DE STIJL ( The Style)

Dutch Artistic movement found in 1917

lso known as NEOPLASTICISM The new plastic Art.

Designer, writer, and critic ,

PaintersPiet Mondrian 18721944Vilmos Huszr (18841960), andBart van der Leck (18761958),

rchitectsGerrit Rietveld (18881964),Robert van 't Hoff (18871979), andJ.J.P. Oud (18901963)

Collective housing Design

b k l d k


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CONSTRUCTIVIST ARCHITECTUREby Nikolai Ladovsky, 1920

Emerged from the wider constructivistart movement, which grew out of Russian Futurismin 1919 .It was not strictly an art movement but rather atrend in the arts that was closely linked with

industry and manufacturing, architecture and theapplied arts .

The term constructivism was first coined by themovements leading artists Naum Gabo andAntoine Pevsner. Tatlin tower

by

Russian

artist and architect Vladimir

Tatlin

architecture which involved advance technologyand engineering with a Communist Social

Main features Acceptance of modernity Abstract art Emphasis on geometric shapes and

experimentation Optimistic and Objective


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METABOLIST MOVEMENTFuture vision for Cities inhabited by a Mass societywere characterized byLarge scale

ex e anExpandable structures that facilitate an organic

growth processKisho Kurokawa is one of the founders of the Metabolismand others who demonstrated the philosophy were KenzoTango, Kisho Kikutake, Takashi Asada, Noboru Kawazoe,

Clusters in the Air in 1960 62 for Tokyo by Arata Isozaki. Graphic Arts Centre by Paul Rudolph

, .Often called Technocratic also.

apsu e ower y s o uro awa

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