theory of constraints handbook edited by james f. cox · pdf file6 can critical chain be...

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1 Theory of Constraints Handbook Edited by James F. Cox III John G. Schleier, Jr. Section I What Is TOC? 1 Introduction to TOCMy Perspective Eliyahu M. Goldratt . . . 3 Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Constraints and Non-Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 The Goal and The Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Other Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 The Thinking Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 The Market Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Capitalize and Sustain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Ever Flourishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Strategy and Tactic Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 New Frontiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Section II Critical Chain Project Management 2 The Problems with Project Management Ed Walker . . . . . . . . . 13 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Purpose and Organization of the Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Traditional Planning and Control Mechanisms in Project Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

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Page 1: Theory of Constraints Handbook Edited by James F. Cox · PDF file6 Can Critical Chain be implemented without basic project management in place first? . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

Theory of Constraints Handbook

Edited by James F. Cox III John G. Schleier, Jr.

Section I What Is TOC?

1 Introduction to TOC—My Perspective Eliyahu M. Goldratt . . . 3

Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Constraints and Non-Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

The Goal and The Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Other Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

The Thinking Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

The Market Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Capitalize and Sustain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Ever Flourishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Strategy and Tactic Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

New Frontiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Section II Critical Chain Project Management

2 The Problems with Project Management Ed Walker . . . . . . . . . 13

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Purpose and Organization of the Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Traditional Planning and Control Mechanisms

in Project Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

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Gantt Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

PERT/CPM in the Single Project Environment . . . . . . . . 15

Brief Review of Project Management Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Origins of PERT and CPM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Project Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Single Project Management Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Multiple Project Management Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Development of Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Macro Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Micro Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

A Brief Overview of Critical Chain Project Management . . . . . . 36

Critical Chain in the Single Project Environment . . . . . . 36

Brief Review of Critical Chain Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

3 A Critical Chain Project Management Primer

Charlene Spoede Budd and Janice Cerveny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Why These Widespread Project-Related

Problems Persist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Task Duration Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Traditional Survivor Behaviors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Key Elements of Critical Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

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Issues in Creating a Project Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Issues in Managing Project Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Scheduling a Single Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Modifying Task Duration Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

A Bit of Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Critical Chain Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Critical Chain Scheduling—Steps 1 through 4 . . . . . . . . . 53

Merging Paths—Step 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Communications—Step 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Three Sources of Critical Chain Project Protection . . . . . 58

Scheduling Projects in Multi-Project Environments . . . . . . . . . . 58

Establishing Project Priorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Selecting a Scheduling Resource and Establishing

Scheduling Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Project Control: The Power of Buffer Management . . . . . . . . . . 62

Tracking Buffer Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Knowing When to Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Adjusting Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Using Buffer Consumption Information to

Continuously Improve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Project Budgeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Components of a Project Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Assigning Total Project Costs to Project Tasks . . . . . . . . . 68

Implementing a New Project Budgeting Process . . . . . . . 69

Project Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

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Internal Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

External Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Causing the Change: Behavioral Issues, Management

Tactics, and Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Managerial Actions to Support Critical

Chain Project Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Importance of Trust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Implementing a Critical Chain Project

Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

4 Getting Durable Results with Critical

Chain—A Field Report Realization Technologies, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . 79

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Purpose and Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Recap of Critical Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Rule 1 Pipelining: Limit the Number of Projects in

Execution at One Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Rule 2 Buffering: Discard Local Schedules and

Measurements, and Use Aggregate Buffers . . . . . . . . . 82

Rule 3 Buffer Management: Use Buffers to Measure

Execution, and Drive Execution Priorities

and Managerial Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

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Practical Challenges in Implementing Critical Chain . . . . . . . . . 83

Challenge 1: Gaining Managerial Commitment for

Implementing the Three Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Challenge 2: Translating Concepts into Practical

Procedures and Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Challenge 3: Sustaining the Critical Chain

Rules and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Step-By-Step Process for Implementing Critical Chain . . . . . . . 85

Step 1: Achieve Management Buy-In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Step 2: Reduce WIP and Implement

“Full Kitting” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Step 3: Build Buffered Project Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Step 4: Establish Task Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Step 5: Implement Surrounding Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Step 6: Identify Opportunities for Continuous

Improvement (POOGI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Step 7: (When Applicable) Use Superior Delivery as a

Competitive Advantage to Win More Business . . . . . 93

Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Performance Gains Come from Managing Differently,

Not Better Planning and Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Implement All of the Three Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Top Managers Must Play an Active Role . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Actively Manage the Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Frequently Asked Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

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Can Critical Chain be implemented without basic

project management in place first? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Should a pilot be run before a full rollout of

Critical Chain? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

What about cultural and behavioral changes? . . . . . . . . . 96

What is the role of software in Critical Chain? . . . . . . . . 96

Is a Project Management Office (PMO) needed with

Critical Chain? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

How is non-project work handled with

Critical Chain? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Should the scope of a Critical Chain implementation

include vendors and subcontractors? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

How does Critical Chain improve quality? . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Critical Chain seems to be all about timelines;

what about controlling costs? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Do we need project-level budgets in multi-project

operations? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Does Critical Chain work with Earned Value

Reporting? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

How does Critical Chain work with Lean? . . . . . . . . . . . 98

What are the likely causes of failure in implementing

Critical Chain? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

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5 Making Change Stick Rob Newbold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

The Uptake Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

No Urgency to Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

The Silver Bullet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Negative Branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Root Causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

The Cycle of Results (CORE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Basic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Simple Example: Cleaning the Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Simple Example: TOC Practitioners Group . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Other Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Implementation Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Planning with the Cycle of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

6 Project Management in a Lean World—Translating Lean

Six Sigma (LSS) into the Project Environment

AGI-Goldratt Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Introduction: It’s a Lean World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

What Is the Project Environment’s Point of View

to Being Leaned? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

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Project Environment System of Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

What Do We Improve? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Translating Lean into the Project System of Systems for

Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Addressing the Disconnects in Lean Techniques

for Project Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

The Five Principles of Lean Applied to the Project

Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Specifying Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Identify Steps in the Value Stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Make Value-Creating Steps Flow towards

the Customer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Let Customers Pull Value from the Next

Upstream Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Pursuing Perfection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Leaning Traditional Project Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Section III Drum-Buffer-Rope, Buffer Management and Distribution

7 A Review of Literature on Drum-Buffer-Rope, Buffer

Management and Distribution John H. Blackstone Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Literature on Precursors of TOC and DBR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Historical Developments Preceding TOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

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Derivation of DBR Using the Five Focusing Steps . . . . . 149

Literature on DBR Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Overviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Applying DBR to Different Types of Facilities:

VATI Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Special Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Free Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

What if the Market Is the Constraint? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Re-Entrant Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Recoverable Manufacturing and

Remanufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Buffer Management Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Buffer Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Buffer Sizing and Lead Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

TOC and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Supply Chain Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Service Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

TOC and Other Modern Philosophies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Problems with DBR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Floating or Multiple Bottlenecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

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8 DBR, Buffer Management, and VATI Flow

Classification Mokshagundam (Shri) Srikanth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Managing Flow—Planning and DBR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

The Need for a Focus on Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Ford and Toyota Production Systems—

A New Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Production Operations and the Five Focusing

Steps of TOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Characteristics of Production Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Applying the Five Focusing Steps to Production

Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

The DBR System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

The Drum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

The Buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

The Rope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Managing Flow with DBR—An Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Managing Flow—Controlling Execution and Buffer

Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

The Need for Control and the Need for Corrective

Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Understanding Buffers: The Buffer as the Source of

Information for Controlling Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Buffer Management—The Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Complex Production Environments and a Classification

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Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

The Fundamental Elements of the Classification

Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

V, A, T, and I Flows—Descriptions and Examples . . . . . . . . . . . 201

V-Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

DBR in V-Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

A-Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

DBR in A-Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

T-Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

DBR in T-Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

I-Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

DBR in I-Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

9 From DBR to Simplified-DBR for Make-to-Order

Eli Schragenheim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

A Historical Background and Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Three Views on Operations Planning and Execution . . . . . . . . . 213

The Five-Focusing Steps (5FS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

The Critical Distinction between Planning

and Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

Concentrating on the Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

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Challenging the Traditional DBR Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

What Should the Strategic Constraint Be? . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

How Is the Planning and Execution Viewpoint

Addressing the Issue of Scheduling and

Buffering the CCR? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

How Does Refraining From a Detailed Schedule of the

CCR Affect the Execution? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

What Does the Emphasis on Flow Add to the

Challenge to Traditional DBR? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Outlining the Direction of the Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

The Main Ingredients of the Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

The Time Buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Load Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

Determining the Safe Dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Capacity Reservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Buffer Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Short-Term Planned Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

The Notion of “Slack” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Where S-DBR Fits Nicely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

The Cases Where S-DBR Does Not Fit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Implementation Issues and Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

Looking Ahead to MTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Suggested Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

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10 Managing Make-to-Stock and the Concept of

Make-to-Availability Eli Schragenheim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Why Is a Special Methodology for MTS Required? . . . . . . . . . . 240

The Current Confusion in Managing Stock . . . . . . . . . . . 241

The Common Misunderstanding of Forecasts . . . . . . . . . 241

The Current Undesirable Effects in MTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

What to Do? The Direction of the Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

The Basic Principle of Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

From MTS to MTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Determining the Appropriate Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Buffer Management in MTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

Generating Production Orders and the

State of Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Peak and Off-Peak Behaviors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Monitoring the Target Level Size—Dynamic Buffer

Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Too Much Green—the Target Is Too High . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Too Much Red—the Target Is Too Low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Discussion: Issues with DBM and By How Much

to Increase/Decrease the Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

The Role of Protective Capacity and the Usefulness of

Maintaining a Capacity Buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

The Process of Ongoing Improvement

(POOGI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

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Generic Issues in MTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

MTA for Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

Which Items Fit MTA and Which Fit MTO? . . . . . . . . . . . 256

Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Mixed (MTA and MTO) Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Dealing with Seasonality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Problematic Environments for MTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

MTS That Is Not MTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Implementation Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

Moving from MTS or MTO to MTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

Software Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

Suggested Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

11 Supply Chain Management Amir Schragenheim . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Introduction: The Current Practice of Managing

Supply Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Problems with the Current System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

The Natural Tendency for Push Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

Why Is It Impossible to Find a Good Forecasting

Model? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

The TOC Way—The Distribution/Replenishment

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Aggregate Stock at the Highest Level in the

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Supply Chain:

The Plant/Central Warehouse (PWH/CWH) . . . . . . . 270

Determine Stock Buffer Sizes for All Chain

Locations Based on Demand, Supply, and

Replenishment Lead Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Increase the Frequency of Replenishment . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

Manage the Flow of Inventories Using Buffers

and Buffer Penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Use Dynamic Buffer Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Set Manufacturing Priorities According to Urgency

in the PWH Stock Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

Why Does a Pull Supply Chain Work Better? . . . . . . . . . 281

Some of the Finer Points in Managing the TOC Distribution/

Replenishment Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

Managing Product Portfolios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

Rules for Setting up Initial Buffer Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

Managing Seasonality in the TOC Distribution/

Replenishment Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Known Patterns for Sudden Changes in

Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Two Different Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

Resolving the Forecasting versus DBM Dilemma

to Provide Excellent Consumption before,

during, and after an SDC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

Identifying When an SDC Is Meaningful . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

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Handling of an SDC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

Implementing the TOC Distribution/Replenishment Model—

How Can Software Help and Is It Really Needed? . . . . . . . . 292

Testing the Solution on a Smaller Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Pilot Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

Managing the TOC Buy-in Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Actual Results of the TOC Distribution/Replenishment

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

Recommended Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

12 Integrated Supply Chain Chad Smith and Carol Ptak . . . . . . . . . . 303

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Identifying the Real Problem—Rethinking the Scope of

Supply Chain Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

A Brief History of MRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

Can MRP Meet Today’s Challenge? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

The MRP Conflict Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

The MRP Compromises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

Actively Synchronized Replenishment—the Way Out

of MRP Compromises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

1. Strategic Inventory Positioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

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2. Dynamic Buffer Level Profiling

and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

3. Dynamic Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

4. Pull-Based Demand Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

5. Highly Visible and Collaborative Execution . . . . . . . . 322

Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Case Study 1: Oregon Freeze Dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Case Study 2: LeTourneau Technologies, Inc. . . . . . . . . . 329

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

Section IV Performance Measures

13 Traditional Measures in Finance and Accounting, Problems,

Literature Review, and TOC Measures

Charlene Spoede Budd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Traditional Cost Accounting and Business

Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

Development of Cost Accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

Business Environment, First Half of the

20th Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Business Environment, Second Half of the

20th Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Accounting’s Response to a 20th Century Changing

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Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

Direct or Variable Costing Income Statement . . . . . . . . . 338

Activity-Based Cost Accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

Balanced Scorecard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

Lean Accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

Traditional Budgeting, Capital Budgets, and Control

Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

TOC Approach to Planning, Control, and Sensitivity

Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

Throughput Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Sensitivity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

Throughput Accounting Approach to Performance

Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

Possible Explanations for the Lack of TOC Literature in

Accounting and Finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

Future TOC Accounting/Finance Research Needs . . . . . . . . . . . 365

Case Studies and Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

Information and Decision Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

Summary and Introduction of Remaining Chapters in

This Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

Other Chapters Dealing with Performance

Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

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About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

14 Resolving Measurement/Performance Dilemmas

Debra Smith and Jeff Herman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

Do We Measure Too Much? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

Why Do We Have Measurements? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

Global Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

The Constraint Is the Primary Relevant Factor . . . . . . . . 378

Profit Maximizing in TOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

Local Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

Metric 1: Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

Metric 2: Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

Metric 3: Speed/Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

Metric 4: Strategic Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

Metric 5: Local Operating Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

Metric 6: Local Improvement/Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

Feedback and Accountability Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

So, How Is the Operational System Performing? . . . . . . 392

Focusing on Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392

A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

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15 Continuous Improvement and Auditing

Dr. Alan Barnard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

The Goal—Achieving Continuous or Ongoing

Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

Purpose and Organization of This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . 404

Key Concepts and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

A Historical Perspective—Standing on the Shoulders

of Giants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

Why Change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

The Improvement Gap and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

The Types of Management Mistakes When under

Pressure to Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408

The Extent and Consequences of the Failure

Rate of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408

The Vicious Cycle Related to the High Failure

Rate of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

Summary of Why Change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

What to Change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

Finding the Core Conflicts within Continuous

Improvement and Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

Finding a Simple and Systematic Way to Break

Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

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Identifying Limiting versus Enabling Paradigms in

Continuous Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

Summary of What to Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

To What to Change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

Criteria to Evaluate a New Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

Direction of Solution to Breaking the Continuous

Improvement Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

Lessons from CI Methods Developed by Ford

and Ohno and Other Giants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

Importance (and Risks) of Measurements

and Incentives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

Ensuring the New Direction Addresses

All Major UDEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

Potential Negative Branches and How to

Prevent Them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

Summary of “What to Change to?” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

How to Cause the Change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440

Typical Implementation Obstacles and How to

Overcome These . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440

Using TOC to Focus and Accelerate Lean and

Six Sigma Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

Using TOC’s S&T as a CI and

Auditing Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

Summary of How to Cause the Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

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Summary of Continuous Improvement and Auditing the

TOC Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

Appendix A—Continuous Improvement Opportunity

Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

16 Holistic TOC Implementation Case Studies

Dr. Alan Barnard and Raimond E. Immelman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

Historical Perspective to Holistic TOC

Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

The Goldratt Satellite Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

The X-Y Syndrome of Local TOC

Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

The “4 X 4”—First Attempt at a Process to Launch a

Holistic TOC Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

The Viable Vision Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

Using TOC’s Strategy and Tactic Tree to Guide

Holistic Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

Catering for Differences within the Private

and Public Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

Holistic Implementation of TOC in the Public Sector . . . . . . . . . 461

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462

Designing the Five-Day TOC Workshop

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and Implementation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

Proposed Changes to the Traditional TOC

TP Analysis Roadmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

Detailed Case Study: Analysis on Solid Waste

Management in City A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

Current Status of Pilot Projects

(by the End of 2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478

Future Application of TOC within

the Public Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480

Specific Lessons Learned from All the Public

Sector Pilots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

Holistic TOC Implementation in the Private Sector . . . . . . . . . . 483

The Birth of First Solar Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

Theory of Constraints Contribution to First

Solar’s Success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

Building the Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

Unbolting the Existing Systems and Measures . . . . . . . . 490

Building on Early Success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490

Implementing the Proven TOC Toolset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

The Role of TOC’s “Thinking Processes” at

First Solar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

What Has Made TOC Work at First Solar? . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

Recommendations and Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

Recommended Good Practices for Implementing

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TOC Holistically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

Section V Strategy, Marketing, and Sales

17 Traditional Strategy Models and Theory of Constraints

Marjorie J. Cooper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

What Is a Business Strategy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

Factors That Comprise Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

Criteria for a Good Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

Theories of Business Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

Ansoff’s Matrix of Four Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504

Porter’s List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504

The Resource-Based View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

Learning/Emergent Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

A Summary of Schools of Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

Marketing and Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508

What Is Marketing Strategy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509

Sales and Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

Challenges for Strategy and Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

Inadequate Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

Inability to Analyze the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

No Theory of Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

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Conflicts within the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512

Conflicting Standards of Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

Dysfunctional Compensation and Reward

Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

TOC Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

Future Research Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518

18 Theory of Constraints Strategy Gerald Kendall . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

Introduction—What Differentiates a TOC Strategy? . . . . . . . . . 519

Chapter Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

Definitions and Foundations of TOC Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520

Three Goals or Necessary Conditions of

Any Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520

The Five Focusing Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522

Example—The Five Focusing Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522

The Role of Throughput Accounting and Other

Metrics in Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524

Overview of TOC Strategy Applications in Manufacturing,

Projects, and Consumer Goods Distribution/Retail

Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

Introduction to Strategy Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

Generic Content of S&T Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529

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Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531

Distribution/Retail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

Six Ways That the Holistic Distribution

System Increases Throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540

Four Generic Prerequisites/“Injections” for a Lasting

Competitive Edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

INJ. 1: Increase Customer Perception of Value that

Competitors Have Difficulty Copying . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542

INJ. 2: Implement Practical Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . 542

INJ. 3: Identify and Build the Decisive Competitive

Edge Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

INJ. 4: Strategic Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

Desirable Effects of a Good Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544

Two Forms of Strategy and Tactics—TP and

S&T Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545

Integrating Other Methodologies Such as Lean

and Six Sigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546

Dealing with Human Behavior in a Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

19 Strategy H. William Dettmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

The Popular Conception of Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

The System Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552

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A Vertical Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552

A Common Denominator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554

A Whole-System View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554

The OODA Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554

Strategy as a Journey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

Orientation and Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556

Decision and Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557

“Pro-Acting” Rather than Reacting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557

Fast OODA Loop Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558

Summarizing Boyd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558

The Logical Thinking Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559

The Intermediate Objectives Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560

Constraint Management Model: A Synthesis of TOC

and the OODA Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

The Role of the LTP in the CMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566

What about Steps 6 and 7? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568

Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570

20 The Layers of Resistance—The Buy-In Process

According to TOC Efrat Goldratt-Ashlag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

The Layers of Resistance to Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572

Disagreement on the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574

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Layer 0. There is no problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574

Layer 1. Disagreeing on the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576

Layer 2. The problem is out of my control . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

Disagreement on the Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578

Layer 3. Disagreeing on the direction for

the solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578

Layer 4. Disagreeing on the details of the solution . . . . 579

Layer 5. “Yes, but... ” The solution has negative

ramifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580

Disagreement on the Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581

Layer 6: Yes, but… we can’t implement

the solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581

Layer 7: Disagreement on the details of the

implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581

Layer 8: You know the solution holds risk . . . . . . . . . . . . 582

Layer 9: “I don’t think so”—Social and psychological

barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582

Sense of Ownership: The Key to True Buy-In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583

Bottom Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

21 Less Is More—Applying the Flow Concepts to Sales

Mauricio Herman and Rami Goldratt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587

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Improving Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588

Preventing Overproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589

Local Efficiencies Must Be Abolished . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

A Focusing Process Must Be in Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598

Addendum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600

About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601

22 Mafia Offers: Dealing With a Market Constraint

Dr. Lisa Lang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603

Introduction: What Is a Mafia Offer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603

Do You Have a Market Constraint? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604

Developing a Mafia Offer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606

Custom Label Printer—An Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607

The Test—Is It a Mafia Offer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610

What Did It Take to Make the Offer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611

A Mafia Offer Is NOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612

Where to Start? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612

Sustaining the Advantage and the Offer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613

It’s a Business Deal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614

The Psychology of Delivering a Mafia Offer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615

Agree on the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616

Agree on the Direction of the Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616

Agree the Solution Solves the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616

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Agree on the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

Agree on the Direction of the Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618

Agree Our Solution Solves Their Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . 618

Close . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618

For Whom Can You Develop Offers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619

Can You Create a Mafia Offer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620

The Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621

Vendor Managed Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621

Reliable Rapid Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622

Consumer Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624

Pay Per Click . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625

Gain Sharing (My Mafia Offer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628

Section VI Thinking Processes

23 The TOC Thinking Processes

Victoria J. Mabin and John Davies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631

Preface to Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631

Purpose of the Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632

Outline of Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632

The Nature, Development, and Use of the TOC TP . . . . . . . . . . 632

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Overview of TP and Their History and

Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

The TP Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634

The TOC TP Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636

The Nature of Other Approaches to Problem-Solving

and Decision Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

The Relationship of Problem-Solving Methods to

Problem-Solving Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

Unstructured Approaches—Management

on the Hoof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

Formal or Structured Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643

Lessons for TOC from the Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650

Issues Emerging from the TOC Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . 650

The Nature of the TOC Literature Vis-à-Vis Other

Literatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650

Suggested Topics for a Self-Audit of TOC . . . . . . . . . . . . 651

The Nature and Use of the TOC Thinking

Processes Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653

Understanding the Relationship of the TOC TP to

Problem-Solving Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653

The Philosophical Basis of the TOC TP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655

Summary Insights from Classificatory Mapping

of the TOC TP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660

What Has Been Covered in This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660

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Findings and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660

Links to Other Chapters in the TP Section . . . . . . . . . . . . 663

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664

About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669

24 Daily Management with TOC Oded Cohen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

Introduction—Purpose of the Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

Solving Daily Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672

Problem Investigation and Solution

Development—the Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672

Inner Dilemmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676

Day-to-Day Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685

Reducing Fire Fighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691

Dealing with the Undesirable Effects

(UDEs)—the UDE Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697

Example of a System UDE Cloud–Production . . . . . . . . . 698

Example of a System UDE Cloud–Retail . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701

Addressing Multiple Problems—the

Consolidated Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704

From a Problem to the Solution Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

The TOC Methodology for Problem Solving—

the U-Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712

Strengthening the Solutions—Dealing with NBRs . . . . . 715

The Intermediate Objective (lO) Map and

Implementation Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718

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Conclusion—Problem Solving the TOC Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727

25 Thinking Processes Including S&T Trees

Lisa J. Scheinkopf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729

Introduction: Anybody Can Be a Jonah! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729

The Basic Building Block—Cause-and-Effect Logic . . . . . . . . . . 730

Basic Terms and Mapping Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733

Tools for Daily Decision Making and Problem Solving . . . . . . . 736

Negative Branch Reservation (NBR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737

Evaporating Cloud (EC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739

The Integrated TOC Thinking Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746

Reinforcing the Mentality of a Scientist—Jonah’s

Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749

What to Change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751

Current Reality Tree (CRT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751

Evaporating Cloud (EC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751

The “Snowflake Method” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752

The Bank Case: What to Change, Snowflake Approach . . . . . . . 753

The “Three-Cloud Method” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755

To What to Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757

Evaporating Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760

Future Reality Tree and Negative Branch

Reservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760

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How to Cause the Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763

Prerequisite Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763

Transition Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765

The Strategy & Tactic Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769

The First Step: The Goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769

Communication, Alignment, and

Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774

Implementing an S&T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775

Using the TPs to Implement an S&T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776

The Knowledge Organizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781

Chapter Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783

Appendix B: Categories of Legitimate Reservation1 . . . . . . . . . . 783

26 TOC for Education Kathy Suerken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787

Why Change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787

What to Change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789

What to Change to? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790

How to Cause the Change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791

The Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791

The Logic Branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796

The Ambitious Target Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800

A Process of Ongoing Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810

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About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812

27 Theory of Constraints in Prisons Christina Cheng . . . . . . . . . . . 813

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813

What To Change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814

Preliminary Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814

Stigmatization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815

Negative Peer Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817

Importance of Face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818

What to Change to? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820

Self-Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820

Why TOC? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820

How to Effect the Change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823

Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823

Course Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826

Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834

Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836

Quantitative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836

Qualitative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836

Follow-on Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839

Future Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839

Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841

Section VII TOC in Services

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28 Services Management Boaz Ronen and Shimeon Pass . . . . . . . . . . . 845

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845

Challenges in Service Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846

Why the Need for Change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846

Survey of Service Organizations TOC Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . 847

Literature Mapping and Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847

Limitations of Current Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848

Brief Assessment of Service Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849

What to Change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849

Why Is TOC Not Yet Popular Among Service

Organizations’ Managers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849

What Do TOC and Focused Management

Have To Offer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850

TOC Concepts and Tools for Service Organizations . . . . . . . . . . 850

The Seven Focusing Steps of TOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850

Bottleneck Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851

Exploiting Permanent Bottlenecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851

Subordinating Everybody Else to the Permanent

Bottlenecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852

Elevating the Permanent Bottlenecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853

Response Time Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853

Performance Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854

Costing, Pricing and Decision-Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854

Quality Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854

How to Implement the Change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855

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The Remaining Chapters in This Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856

About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858

29 Theory of Constraints in Professional, Scientific, and

Technical Services John Arthur Ricketts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860

Barriers to Adoption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860

Challenges in the PSTS Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862

What TOC Has to Offer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862

What to Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863

Expertise and Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864

Service Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864

Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865

Marketing and Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866

Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867

What to Change to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867

Replenishment for Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868

Critical Chain for Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869

Drum-Buffer-Rope for Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870

Throughput Accounting for Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872

Nonstandard TOC Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873

How to Cause the Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873

Buy-in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874

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How Practitioners Can Get Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874

How Researchers Can Contribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875

What Students Should Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878

30 Customer Support Services According to TOC

Alex Klarman and Richard Klapholz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879

Introduction—The Need for Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879

What Is Customer Support (Also Known as

Technical Support)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880

Steady Erosion of Income in the CS Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881

The Warranty Trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882

What to Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887

What to Change to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888

A—B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889

A—C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889

B—D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889

C—D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889

D—D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890

Differential Pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890

The Array of Service Offerings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891

Basic Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891

Extended Basic Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891

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Limited FSE Visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891

Extended FSE Visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892

Complementing FSE Visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892

Complementing Extended FSE Visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892

Parts Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892

Important Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892

Other Service Offerings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893

Value-Added Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893

Launching of Expert Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893

Third-Party Maintenance (or TPM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893

Installations, Implementations, and Projects . . . . . . . . . . 894

How to Implement the Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895

Key Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895

Policies and Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897

About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898

31 Viable Vision for Health Care Systems Gary Wadhwa . . . . . . . 899

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899

The Tools for Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900

Theory of Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900

Lean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900

Six Sigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902

Undesirable Effects of the Current Health Care System . . . . . . 902

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Patients’ Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902

Doctors’ Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902

Insurers’ Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903

Hospitals’ Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903

Business Owners’ Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904

Governments’ Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904

Defining the Goal of the Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904

Improving Quality and Quantity of Patient Flow through

Health Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906

Elaborating on the 5FS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906

Thinking Processes for Identifying Root Cause of Physical

Constraints to the Flow of Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915

Throughput Accounting for Performance Measurement

and Decision Making in Health Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917

Strategy and Tactic Tree to Implement and Achieve the

Viable Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919

Parallel Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919

Necessary Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920

Sufficiency Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921

An Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921

A Case Study of VV Success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926

General Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927

Appendix A: Strategy and Tactic Tree for Viable Vision . . . . . . 928

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Addendum: Excerpt from the Book Vision for Successful

Dental Practice by Gerry Kendall and Gary Wadhwa . . . . . . . 951

Steps to success for a private, academic, or

government-run dental practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951

32 TOC for Large-Scale Healthcare Systems Julie Wright . . . . . . . 955

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955

Why Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956

Why Healthcare Systems Need to Improve . . . . . . . . . . . 956

The Goal of Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957

What to Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958

Where to Start: Government or Facility? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958

The Organic Nature of Healthcare Facilities . . . . . . . . . . 960

The Human “Engine of Healthcare” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960

The Constantly Evolving Workforce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961

The Reality of Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961

Current Problem Solving Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963

Adapting Industry’s Solutions for Healthcare . . . . . . . . . 963

What to Change to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965

Where Should the Constraint Reside in Healthcare? . . . . . . 965

Starting an Organization on a Process of Ongoing

Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965

Providing a Safe Platform and an Effective

Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967

Building the Current Reality Tree (CRT)

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of a Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968

How to Cause the Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970

Training the Process Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970

The Process of Ongoing Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970

Providing a Knowledge Base for Achieving the

Goal Now . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970

Providing the Knowledge Base for Achieving

the Goal in the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974

Addressing the New Core Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975

Leaving a TOC Legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976

Proof of Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979

Section VIII TOC in Complex Environments

33 Theory of Constraints in Complex Organizations

James R. Holt and Lynn H. Boyd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983

Definition of Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983

Major Problems with Complex Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985

Undesirable Effects of Complex

Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985

The Core Conflict for Complex

Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986

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The Direction of the Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987

What the Market Expects (AB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987

Adding Capabilities (BD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987

Predictable Response to Customers (AC) . . . . . . . . . . . 987

Avoiding Disruptions (CD’) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988

Doing Both (DD’) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988

Additional Understanding of Complex Organizations . . . . . . . 988

Finding an Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991

Breakthrough Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992

Concepts in Organization Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992

Categories of Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993

Flows in Complex Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993

Flow Control with Critical Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995

A Breakthrough Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998

The Definition of the Common Simple Measure . . . . . . . 999

Using TDD: An Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000

A Closer Look at the Distribution Department . . . . . . . . 1002

Units to Which TDD Applies: Degree of Impact on

Throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003

Alternatives for When TDD Does Not Seem to Fit . . . . . 1004

Inventory Dollar Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005

Summary of Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007

Focusing for Balance (and Changing the Culture

of the Company) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008

The Usefulness of Dollar Day Measures

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in General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008

A Breakthrough Injection Is Critical, but It Is Rarely

Sufficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009

Tools for Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009

Controlled Resource Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010

Challenge of the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010

The Value of Everyone Measured by the

Same Simple Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011

Leadership Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1012

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1012

About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013

34 Applications of Strategy and Tactics Trees in

Organizations Lisa A. Ferguson, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015

On Becoming an Ever-Flourishing Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016

The Basic Structure of an S&T Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017

The Top of the VV S&T Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019

The Retailer S&T Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022

Level 2 of the Retailer S&T Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022

Overview of Level 2 of VV S&T Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026

Level 3 of the Retailer S&T Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026

General Overview of the VV S&T Tree Structure . . . . . . 1027

Levels 4 and 5 of the Retailer S&T Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028

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Need for Lower Levels of an S&T Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029

Details Regarding the Structure of an S&T Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030

Key Concepts Regarding Creation of S&T Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033

How the S&T Tree Relates to Other Thinking

Process Tools of TOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036

The Other Four Generic VV S&T Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036

Consumer Goods (CG) S&T Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036

Reliable Rapid Response S&T Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037

Projects S&T Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1038

Comparison of RRR and Project S&T Trees . . . . . . . . . . . 1039

Pay per Click S&T Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039

Comparison of S&T Tree to Key Literature on Strategy . . . . . . . 1039

Execution of the S&T Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042

Summary and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1044

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1044

35 Complex Environments Daniel P. Walsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045

Brief Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1046

Guiding Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1047

Throughput Accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049

A Holistic View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1050

Categories of Variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051

Tools Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051

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A Closer Look at Variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1052

Different Tools for Different Types of Variability . . . . . . . 1054

Defining the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055

The TOC Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055

Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1060

Summary and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065

36 Combining Lean, Six Sigma, and the Theory of Constraints

to Achieve Breakthrough Performance

AGI-Goldratt Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067

Lean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1068

Six Sigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069

Theory of Constraints (TOC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071

Discords that can Block the Effective Integration of TOC

and Lean Six Sigma (LSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072

Work Behaviors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073

Material Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075

Replenishment System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076

TOCLSS—Fully Integrated TOC, Lean, and Six Sigma . . . . . . . 1078

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1080

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1080

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37 Using TOC in Complex Systems John Covington . . . . . . . . . . . . 1081

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1081

We Need More Sucker Rods! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1082

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1082

Some History and What We Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083

What Change was Needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1084

How to Cause the Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1085

What We Did to Implement the Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1085

“Oh Canada” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1087

Results after Six Months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1087

Have You Really Defined the System? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1087

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1087

What Do We Need To Change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1088

What Do We Change To? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1088

How Do We Cause the Change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1089

Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1089

Where is the Constraint in Disciple Making? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1089

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1089

The Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1090

Results after Two Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1094

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1094

Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095

38 Theory of Constraints for Personal

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Productivity/Dilemmas

James F. Cox III and John G. Schleier, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097

Introduction: A Status Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097

Resolving Chronic Conflicts and Developing

Win-Win Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1098

Background: Father-Son Dilemmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1099

Personal Productivity Dilemma—Where to Spend

Your Time? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1105

A Review of Constructing the Evaporating

Clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1105

College Student Dilemma (Undergraduate) . . . . . . . . . . 1105

EC of the Classic Dilemma of White-Collar

Burnout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1105

Personal Productivity—Establishing Goals, Strategies,

Objectives, Action Plans, and Performance

Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1108

What to Change—How Do You Currently

Use Your Time? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111

Developing a Detailed Implementation Plan to Accomplish

Your Goals and Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113

Using Buffer Management to Increase Your

Effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1117

Using the Thought Processes to Achieve Life Goals . . . . . . . . . . 1119

Sheila’s Story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1120

Personal Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1121

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Sheila’s Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129

Our Epilogue on Sheila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1133

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1134

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135

About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1136

Selected Bibliography of Eliyahu M. Goldratt

James F. Cox III and John G. Schleier, Jr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1139

Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1139

Theory of Constraints Journal Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1140

Journal/Magazine Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1141

Industry Week Late Night Discussion Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1141

Management Skills Workshop Series (Workbooks) . . . . . . . . . . . 1142

Video Movie/Presentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1142

Goldratt Program Series (Video/DVD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1142

Self-Learning Computer Education Software Programs . . . . . . 1143

Necessary and Sufficient Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1143

TOC Insights Series. 4 Self-learning Computer Software . . . . . . 1144

Chapters in Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1144

Conference Proceedings/Video Proceedings/

Presentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1144

Keynote Presentations/Video Conference Presentation . . . . . . 1145

The Goldratt Webcast Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145

Strategy and Tactic Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145

POOGI Forum Letter Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1146

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Plays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1146

Commercial Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1146

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1147