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THEORY AND PRACTICE OF
INTEGRATED INSECT PEST
MANAGEMENT
Dr. Lau Wei Hong
WHAT IS A PEST?
Any organism judged as a threat to human beings or to
their interests.
http://glpc-uae.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/pest-management-dubai-1.jpg
DO HUMAN ACTUALLY
CREATE INSECT PESTS?
1) manipulation of the environment (monoculture)
2)transport across natural barrier
3)Insecticide use
4)Economic expectations of a crop (aesthetics
value= consumer expectations)
WHAT CAUSES PEST
OUTBREAK?
Environmental change
• Changes in climate,
habitat, or community
structure (caused either
by natural phenomena or
human intervention) may
provide an insect
population with a
reproductive opportunity
that could change its
status from endemic to
epidemic within just a few
generations.
http://farm1.staticflickr.com/134/323172692_cd73aa387e.jpg
WHAT CAUSES PEST
OUTBREAK?
Introduction from abroad
• Expansion of international travel and trade
continues to bring new opportunities for spread of
insect pests from one part of the world to another.
http://easehost2.ocr-inc.com/user/data/img/ship.png
WHAT CAUSES PEST OUTBREAK?
Destruction of natural enemies
• Pest populations often reach outbreak proportions if their native
parasites and predators are suppressed or eradicated.
• Beneficial insects are often unintended victims of insecticides used
to control pest outbreaks. Destruction of these non-target
populations may result in outbreaks of new pest species that were
previously held in check by predation or parasitism.
http://www.inboundmarketers.net/pestcontrol/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/natural-pest-control-960x450.jpg
WHAT CAUSES PEST
OUTBREAK?
Development of resistance
• When insect populations are exposed to selective pressures, whether
natural or artificial, they change and adapt.
• Resistance may be biochemical (e.g. an enzyme that degrades or
detoxifies an insecticide), physiological (e.g. the ability to withstand
greater environmental stress), or behavioral (e.g. the ability to avoid a
poison or adapt to a new host plant).
https://sp.yimg.com/xj/th?id=OIP.M1b3ee2fae120ff64934064833aecfdfeo0&pid=15.1&P=0&w=300&h=300
WHAT CAUSES PEST
OUTBREAK?
Higher quality standards
• Higher living standard of
consumers make them
intolerant with low quality
of commodity (eg
vegetables and fruits). As
a result, producers are
forced to apply more
stringent pest control just
so they will have a
marketable commodity.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VG9lfTe4AZ8/Uw64_Zwvv6I/AAAAAAAAFus/u2GlHpbhIi0/s1600/eat-with-mask-on.jpg
http://conservationmagazine.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/eat-mor-bugs.jpg
9
• Goal
– Keep pest
populations
below economic/
aesthetic injury
level
http://extension.psu.edu/pests/pesticide-education/educators/ag-and-science-teachers/classroom-demonstrations-and-lessons/posters/insect-
posters/integrated-pest-management/image_preview
METHODS OF CONTROL
1) CULTURAL CONTROL
2) BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
3) HOST PLANT RESISTANCE
4) MECHANICAL CONTROL
5) GENETIC CONTROL
6) CHEMICAL CONTROL
(1) CULTURAL CONTROL
Modifications of a pest's environment
or habitat.
a) crop rotation
b) intercropping
c) sanitation
A) CROP ROTATION
• Rotating the field to a different type of crop can break this cycle
by starving pests that cannot adapt to a different host plant.
• Effective against pest species that has narrow host range &
limited range of dispersal.
• Make sure rotate with
non-host crops plant.
• No time for colonization.
http://www.woollygreen.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/FourYearCropRotation.png
B) INTERCROPPING
• Planting 2 or more crops in alternating portions.
• Slow the spread of pest.
• Encourage natural enemies.
• Improve soil fertility.
• Plant flowering crops or wild vegetation to provide nectar for natural enemies.
http://masters.agron.iastate.edu/Content/Students/sample/classes/Sample/lesson09/images/stripcrop1.gif
C) SANITATION
• After harvest where do pests go?
• i) alternative crops
• Ii) crop debris
• Iii) dormant in the soil
• Destroy animal waste and crops residue.
• Eg: remove and destroy fruits drops (small scale area)
• Tilling or plowing a field may disrupt a pest's life cycle by causing mechanical injury, by increasing exposure to lethal cold temperatures, by intensifying predation, or by burying the pests deep beneath the soil surface.
http://lowres.jantoo.com/animal-kingdom-cockroaches-
roaches-vermin-housekeeping-insects-08335334_low.jpg
(2) BIOCONTROL
• The use of an organism to control other organism.
• The use of the natural enemies to control insect pest
population
• a)parasitoid
• b)predator
• c)microbes
A) PARASITOID
PARASITOIDS:
• Primarily Hymenoptera & Diptera
• eg; Trichogramma sp., Goryphus bunoh, Apanteles sp.
PARASITOID WASP
INJECTING EGGS
INTO A PARALYZED
HOVERFLY LARVA
https://ferrebeekeeper.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/7184395027_aba0895fe2_z.jpg
PARASITOID WASP PUPAE ON
TARBALA CATERPILLAR
B) PREDATORS
PREDATORS:
• mainly spiders, ants, predatory beetles, lacewing, mantids
• vertebrate: birds, bats, small mammals, fish, duck etc
http://themicrogardener.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Ladybird-lunch-aphid-
banquet.jpghttp://farm1.staticflickr.com/53/188305799_2fc8cd1c98_z.jpg?zz=1
Carabid weed seed predators
Cantheconidea furcellata, an insect predator
used to control oil palm pests
http://maximpiessen.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/eating-praying-mantis.jpg
Brown lacewings
C) MICROBES
ENTOMOPATHOGENIC
BACTERIA
Widely use; Bacillus thuringiensis, produce toxin.
ABBOTT BACTINOS-12 AS BTI-H14(12,000ITU) SC
ABBOTT BACTOSPEINE WG BTK,3A3B(32,000IU) WG
ABBOTT AZTRON SP BTA(8,500IU) SC
ABBOTT LEPICIDE BTK,3A3B(16IU) WP
ABBOTT FLORBAC SP BTA(85,000IU) SC
SURECROP AGREE 50 WP BTA(25,000IU) WP
AGRIMART COSTAR OF BTK,3A3B(36,000IU) SC
REGISTRANT TRADE NAME® A.I.(IU/MG) FORM’N
MODE OF ACTION
1. Insect eats Bt crystals and spores.
2. The toxin binds to specific receptors in the gut and the insects stops eating.
3. The crystals cause the gut wall to break down, allowing spores and normal gut bacteria to enter the body.
4. The insect dies as spores and gut bacteria proliferate in the body.
Bt action is very specific. Different strains of Bt are specific
to different receptors in insect gut wall.
Healthy beetle larva (left); larva infected with
B.popilliae (right).
PHOTO: Michael Klein, USDA, ARS,
Horticultural Insects Research Lab, OARDC,
Wooster, OH
Bt infected larvae.
http://www.biocontrol.entomo
logy.cornell.edu/images/pathog
ens/bt.jpg
ENTOMOPATHOGENIC
FUNGI
• more than 750 species as entomopathogens
• Metarhizium anisopliae ,Beauveria
• fungi can penetrate cuticle so can be use for hemipteran and homopteran pests
• need high humidity to germinate
EXAMPLES OF
ENTOMOPATHOGENIC
FUNGUS
Beauveria bassiana
The green diamondback moth larva on the leftis alive and healthy, the reddish one on theright was recently killed by Beauveriabassiana spores, and the one in the middle iscovered with spores that have erupted fromwithin
Metarhizium anisopliae
METARHIZIUM
ANISOPLIAE
Grasshopper
Ant
Rhinoceros beetle
http://www.foodsecurity.ac.uk/assets/images/research/120208-weevil-fungus.jpg
• need to be ingested, very host specific.
ENTOMOPATHOGENIC
VIRUS
FAMILIES OF VIRUSES INFECTING INVERTEBRATES
1. Baculoviridae
2. Nudiviruses
3. Polydnaviridae
4. Poxviridae
5. Ascoviruses
6. Iridoviridae
7. Parvoviridae
8. Reoviridae
9. Birnaviridae
10. Togaviridae
11. Flaviviridae
12. Rhabdoviridae
13. Bunyaviridae
14. Picornaviridae
15. Tetraviridae
16. Nodaviridae
FAMILY:
BACULOVIRIDAE
Genus : Alphabaculovirus (host: Order Lepidoptera)
Genus : Betabaculovirus (host: Order Lepidoptera)
Genus : Deltabaculovirus (host: Order Diptera)
Genus : Gammabaculovirus (host: Order Hymenoptera)
Host range
NEMATODES
Only 9 of the 30 families have potential.
Families:
• i) Steinernematidae (daratan)
• ii) Heterohabditidae (daratan)
• iii) Mermithidae (akuatik)
Detect host by responding to chemical & physical cues
http://bugwoodcloud.org/images/768x512/1316021.jpg
(3) HOST PLANT RESISTANT
There are three approaches that plant breeders use to
develop resistant cultivars:
(1) Antibiosis: Plants produce a wide variety of
defensive compounds (allelochemicals) that protect
them from herbivores. These compounds may reduce
growth, inhibit reproduction, alter physiology, delay
maturation, or induce various physical or behavioral
abnormalities in herbivores.
(2) Antixenosis: A physical or chemical
property of a plant can make it so unpalatable that it is
largely protected from herbivore attack. This type of
resistance is often known as nonpreference. It may
involve the presence of feeding repellents (or the
absence of feeding attractants), or it may involve
physical traits such as hairs, waxes, or a thick, tough
epidermis that do not provide the pest with a desirable
feeding substrate.
(3)Tolerance: Some plant genotypes are
simply able to "tolerate" injurious insects better
than others. Tolerant cultivars may be exposed to
the same pest populations as susceptible ones,
but they do not suffer as much injury.
4)MECHANICAL CONTROL
The use of hands-on techniques as well as simple equipment, devices, and natural ingredients that provide a protective barrier between plants and insects.
1) Handpicking of insects and egg masses - effective with foliage-feeding insects.
2) Traps and Attractants – sticky traps attract insects because of its color or of sex pheromone.
3) Water pressure sprays – aphids and spider mites from foliage and plant stem.
4) Insecticidal soaps – control aphids and mites.
5)GENETIC CONTROL
SIT(STERILE INSECT TECHNIQUE)
• Designed to suppress a pest population by altering its genetic makeup and/or reducing its reproductive potential.
• Works best when pest population is low.
• Usually male (sterilized by gamma ray).
• Sterile males compete with the wild males for female insects.
• Female x sterile male = no offspring, thus population is reduced.
6) CHEMICAL CONTROL
• use of chemical substances to kill
or disrupt the life cycle of an
insect pest (conventional
insecticide).
• There are less toxic compounds
that disrupt insect development
or modify behavior.http://www.urbancultiv
ator.net/wp-
content/uploads/2014/
09/pesticides.jpg
1) CHEMOSTERILANT (IMPORTANT)
• Chemical control of reproduction.
• Chemical substances that are known to cause reproductive sterility in insects.
• Some of these compounds inhibit ovarian growth and development, while others appear to induce fundamental changes in the chemical structure of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). These changes (mutations) prevent cell division or obstruct normal embryonic development.
• These compounds are applied directly to the insect or incorporated into food that serves as a bait.
2)SEMIOCHEMICAL
• Chemical control of insect behavior.
• They serve as attractants or repellents, they may stimulate or inhibit feeding, they may provoke flight or inhibit it, or they may simply elicit behavior patterns at inappropriate times.
• Eg: Sex phemromones (ATTRACTANT)
• Eg: The neem tree, Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) is a promising new source of feeding REPELLANTthat may be developed for use on selected non-crop plants.
3)INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR (IGR)
• Chemical control of development
• The enzymes and hormones that regulate developmental processes within an insect's body
1)Chitin inhibitors.
• These chemicals (e.g., diflubenzuron and teflubenzuron) inhibit the molting process.
2) Molting Hormone Analogues
• Ecdysteroids (found in some plants) stimulate the molting process by mimicking the action of molting hormone.
3) Anti-juvenile Hormones (precocene)
• Destroy corpora allata so no JH being produced.
• In immature insects, causes premature development of adult.
• In adult, precocenes can cause sterility because the presence of juvenile hormone is necessary for normal production of eggs and sperm
4) CONVENTIONAL INSECTICIDE
Three ways insecticide works:
1) SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDE
• The insecticide is introduced into the soil where it is absorbed by plant
roots. It then moves up through the plant to external areas (leaves,
twigs, fruits, branches), where it lays on the plant surface area and is
poisonous to any insects that come chewing on the plant.
2) CONTACT INSECTICIDE
• Must directly hit the insect.
3) INGESTED INSECTICIDE
• Insect consume the insecticide.
TYPES OF INSECTICIDES
• INORGANIC (does not contain carbon) and ORGANIC
(contain carbon)
• COMMON TYPE OF ORGANIC INSECTICIDES:
• 1) Organochlorine (OC) –works by attacking the nerve cells
of insects
• EG: DDT, Lindane and Chlrodane
2) Organophosphates (OP) –
• These types of insecticides are a combination of an organic
molecule and phosphates.
• They attack insect’s nerve.
• act primarily by inhibiting (merencat) enzyme
acetylcholinesterase (AChE), thereby allowing acetylcholine to
accumulate at synapses
3) Carbamates – These insecticides work in the same way as
organophosphates but do not remain in the area for nearly as
long, making them a better choice for the earth.
Bendiocarbamate is a common type.
4) Pyrethrum – Found in nature, a product of the tropical
chrysanthemum,
this insecticidal chemical is very effective, even in small
doses
5) Pyrethroids – A synthetic version of the natural insecticide
pyrethrum, it mimics pyrethrum;
significantly less toxic than other compounds. Pyrethroids
are most often used in residential applications.