theories of personality. repressed memories and urges in the unconscious create personality....
TRANSCRIPT
Theories of Personality
REPRESSED MEMORIES AND URGES IN THE UNCONSCIOUS
CREATE PERSONALITY.
Psychoanalytic
Sigmund Freud
Free AssociationDream AnalysisId, Ego,
SuperegoDefense
MechanismsPsychosexual
stagesComplex/
FixationIdentification
Karen Horney
Childhood Anxiety
Womb Envy
Alfred Adler
Inferiority Complex
Overcompensation
Birth Order
Carl Jung
Collective Unconscious
Archetypes
Evaluation
Projective Tests
Evaluation
Criticism
Too much Sex and AggressionToo little consciousnessGeneralized from “neurotic” to normalCan’t measureNot enough peer influenceLifelong DevelopmentUnconscious = Information ProcessingRepression is rare
•EMPHASIZES FREEDOM, UNIQUENESS, AND POTENTIAL FOR
PERSONAL GROWTH
•PHENOMEMOLOGICAL APPROACH: SUBJECTIVE AWARENESS IS MOST
IMPORTANT.
Humanistic
Carl Rogers
Person-CenteredGenuine, Acceptance
& EmpathySelf ConceptCongruent or
Incongruent Self Concept
Conditional vs. Unconditional Positive Regard
Abraham Maslow
Hierarchy of Needs
Self Actualization
Healthy Personality Characteristics
Evaluation
Interviews Preferred
Ideal vs. Actual Self
Criticisms
Western Culture BiasSubjectiveCould lead to selfishness, immorality
and self indulgence
FOCUS ON GENES & PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PERSONALITY
Trait/Biological
William Sheldon
Body Type = Personality
EctomorphEndomorphMesomorph
Gordon Allport
CardinalCentralSecondary
Hans & Sybil Eysenck
2-3 DimensionsFactor Analysis
Norman, Costa & McCrae
Big 5 Factors
Raymond Cattell
16 Personality Factors
Evaluation
MMPI
MMPI-2
Myers-Briggs
16 PF
Big 5 Factors
Peer Review
Criticisms
Couldn’t replicate Sheldon’s findings
Person or Situation?Mischel = Situation
Expressive Style is not always consistent
PERSONALITY IS A COLLECTION OF RESPONSE TENDENCIES TO
STIMULUS SITUATIONS
Behaviorism
B. F. Skinner
Positive & Negative Reinforcement
ExtinctionPunishment
Evaluation
Monitor observable behaviors
Criticism
Disregards cognition
PERSONALITY EVOLVES FROM INTERACTION OF THE PERSON, HIS/HER
THOUGHTS AND SOCIAL CONTEXT
Social-Cognitive
Alfred Bandura
Reciprocal Determinism
Personal Control: External vs. Internal
Martin Seligman
Learned Helplessness
Locus of Control
Fritz Heider
Attributional Style: How events are blamed/explained
Internal or External
Weiner: Internal, Stable, Global
Evaluation
Simulation
Look at behavior in past similar situations
Criticisms
Too much situation focusTraits have a tendency to shineToo narrow: Leaves a lot of questions
FOCUSES ON THE EFFECT OF ONE’S SENSE OF SELF IN PERSONALITY
Self Psychology
Hazel Markus
Dream of Becoming
Fear of Becoming
Thomas Gilovich
Spotlight EffectSelf-Serving BiasCulture & The Self
High/Low Self Esteem
Individualist vs. Collectivist
Evaluation
Look at common personality characteristics within cultures
Solitary Traveler?