theodor mommsen-history of rome

8/9/2019 THEODOR MOMMSEN-History of Rome

1/1171

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2/1171

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[`rt Ncst tc tlh Wcf`bs

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7


3/1171

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Qlh Ldstcry cj Wcfh (Zcnufhs 0-8), gy Qlhcacr

Qlh [rcehit Muthbghrm hGcco, Qlh Ldstcry cj Wcfh (Zcnufhs 0-8), gy Qlhcacr Fcffshb, Qr`bsn`tha gy

]dnnd`f [uradh Adioscb

Qlds hGcco ds jcr tlh ush cj `bycbh `bywlhrh `t bc icst `ba wdtl `nfcst bc rhstrditdcbs wl`tschvhr. Tcu f`y

icpy dt, mdvh dt `w`y cr rh-ush dt ubahr tlh thrfs cj tlh [rcehit Muthbghrm Ndihbsh dbinuaha wdtl tlds hGcco cr

cbndbh `t www.muthbghrm.bht

Qdtnh5 Qlh Ldstcry cj Wcfh (Zcnufhs 0-8)

@utlcr5 Qlhcacr Fcffshb

Whnh`sh A`th5 F`ril 0:, 7;;8 _hGcco #0;=;:V

N`bmu`mh5 Hbmndsl

Il`rìthr sht hbicadbm5 DYC-:1:-XY (XY-@YIDD)

***YQ@WQ CJ QLH [WCEHIQ MXQHBGHWM HGCCO QLH LDYQCWT CJ WCFH (ZCNXFHY 0-8)***

H-thxt prhp`rha gy A`vda Ihpcbds

Bcth5 Qlds h-gcco ds ` icfpdn`tdcb cj tlh jdvh vcnufhs cj tlds wcro. Hìl vcnufh ds `nsc `v`dn`gnh

dbadvdau`nny db tlh [rcehit Muthbghrm ndgr`ry. Gcco D5 Qlh [hrdca @bthrdcr tc tlh @gcndtdcb cj tlh Fcb`rily

Yhh lttp5//www.muthbghrm.crm/hthxt/0;=;0 Gcco DD5 Jrcf tlh @gcndtdcb cj tlh Fcb`rily db Wcfh tc tlh

Xbdcb cj Dt`ny Yhh lttp5//www.muthbghrm.crm/hthxt/0;=;7 Gcco DDD5 Jrcf tlh Xbdcb cj Dt`ny tc tlh

Yugeum`tdcb cj I`rtl`mh `ba tlh Mrhho Yt`ths Yhh lttp5//www.muthbghrm.crm/hthxt/0;=;9 Gcco DZ5 Qlh

Whvcnutdcb Yhh lttp5//www.muthbghrm.crm/hthxt/0;=;1 Gcco Z5 Qlh Hst`gndslfhbt cj tlh Fdndt`ry Fcb`rily

Yhh lttp5//www.muthbghrm.crm/hthxt/0;=;8

Qlh crdmdb`n Mhrf`b vhrsdcb cj tlds wcro, Wchfdsilh Mhsildilth, ds `nsc `v`dn`gnh db tlh [rcehit Muthbghrm

ndgr`ry. Hrsths Guil5 gds zur @gsil`jjubm ahs rchfdsilhb Ochbdmtufs Yhh

lttp5//www.muthbghrm.crm/hthxt/9;:; Uwhdths Guil5 vcb ahr @gsil`jjubm ahs rchfdsilhb Ohcbdmtufs gds zur

Hdbdmubm Dt`ndhbs Yhh lttp5//www.muthbghrm.crm/hthxt/9;:0 Ardtths Guil5 vcb ahr Hdbdmubm Dt`ndhbs gds ùj adhXbthrwhrjubm O`rtl`mcs uba ahr mrdhildsilhb Yt``thb Yhh lttp5//www.muthbghrm.crm/hthxt/9;:7 Zdhrths

Guil5 Adh Whvcnutdcb Yhh lttp5//www.muthbghrm.crm/hthxt/9;:9 Juhbjths Guil5 Adh Ghmruhbaubm ahr

Fdndt`hrfcb`rildh Yhh lttp5//www.muthbghrm.crm/hthxt/9;:1

QLH LDYQCWT CJ WCFH

gy

QLHCACW FCFFYHB

Qr`bsn`tha wdtl tlh Y`bitdcb cj tlh @utlcr

Qlh Ldstcry cj Wcfh (Zcnufhs 0-8), gy Qlhcacr 9


4/1171

gy

]dnnd`f [uradh Adioscb, A.A., NN.A. [rcjhsscr cj Advdbdty db tlh Xbdvhrsdty cj Mn`smcw

@ Bhw Hadtdcb Whvdsha Qlrcumlcut `ba Hfgcaydbm Whihbt @aadtdcbs

AHADI@QDCBY

Qlh Jdrst Zcnufh cj tlh crdmdb`n gh`rs tlh dbsirdptdcb5--

Qc Fy Jrdhba

FCWDU L@X[Q cj Ghrdb

Qlh Yhicba5--

Qc Fy Ah`r @sscid`ths

JHWADB@BA LDQUDM cj Uurdil

`ba

O@WN NXA]DM cj Zdhbb` 0


5/1171

IL@[QHW

D.

Dbtrcauitdcb

DD. Qlh H`rndhst Fdmr`tdcbs dbtc Dt`ny

DDD. Qlh Yhttnhfhbts cj tlh N`tdbs

DZ. Qlh Ghmdbbdbms cj Wcfh

Z. Qlh Crdmdb`n Icbstdtutdcb cj Wcfh

ZD. Qlh Bcb-Gurmhsshs `ba tlh Whjcrfha Icbstdtutdcb

ZDD. Qlh Lhmhfcby cj Wcfh db N`tduf

ZDDD. Qlh Xfgrc-Y`ghnnd`b Ytcios--Ghmdbbdbms cj tlh Y`fbdths

D\. Qlh Htrusi`bs

\. Qlh Lhnnhbhs db Dt`ny--F`rdtdfh Yuprhf`iy cj tlh Qusi`bs `ba I`rtl`mdbd`bs

\D. N`w `ba Eustdih

\DD. Whndmdcb

\DDD. @mrdiunturh, Qr`ah, `ba Icffhrih

\DZ. Fh`surdbm `ba ]rdtdbm

\Z. @rt

GCCO DD5 Jrcf tlh @gcndtdcb cj tlh Fcb`rily db Wcfh tc tlh Xbdcb cj Dt`ny

IL@[QHW 8


6/1171

IL@[QHW

D.

Il`bmh cj tlh Icbstdtutdcb--Ndfdt`tdcb cj tlh [cwhr cj tlh F`mdstr`th

DD. Qlh Qrdgub`th cj tlh [nhgs `ba tlh Ahihfvdr`th

DDD. Qlh Hqu`ndz`tdcb cj tlh Crahrs, `ba tlh Bhw @rdstcir`iy

DZ. J`nn cj tlh Htrusi`b [cwhr--tlh Ihnts

Z. Yugeum`tdcb cj tlh N`tdbs `ba I`fp`bd`bs gy Wcfh

ZD. Ytrummnh cj tlh Dt`nd`bs `m`dbst Wcfh

ZDD. Ytrummnh Ghtwhhb [yrrlus `ba Wcfh, `ba Xbdcb cj Dt`ny

ZDDD. N`w--Whndmdcb--Fdndt`ry Yysthf--Hicbcfdi Icbadtdcb--B`tdcb`ndty

D\. @rt `ba Yidhbih

GCCO DDD5 Jrcf tlh Xbdcb cj Dt`ny tc tlh Yugeum`tdcb cj I`rtl`mh `ba tlh Mrhho Yt`ths

IL@[QHW :


7/1171

IL@[QHW

D.

I`rtl`mh

DD. Qlh ]`r ghtwhhb Wcfh `ba I`rtl`mh Icbihrbdbm Ydidny

DDD. Qlh Hxthbsdcb cj Dt`ny tc Dts B`tur`n Gcuba`rdhs

DZ. L`fdni`r `ba L`bbdg`n

Z. Qlh ]`r ubahr L`bbdg`n tc tlh G`ttnh cj I`bb`h

ZD. Qlh ]`r ubahr L`bbdg`n jrcf I`bb`h tc U`f`

ZDD. Qlh ]hst jrcf tlh [hìh cj L`bbdg`n tc tlh Incsh cj tlh Qldra [hrdca

ZDDD. Qlh H`sthrb Yt`ths `ba tlh Yhicba Fìhacbd`b ]`r

D\. Qlh ]`r wdtl @btdcilus cj @sd`

\. Qlh Qldra Fìhacbd`b ]`r

\D. Qlh Mcvhrbfhbt `ba tlh Mcvhrbha

\DD. Qlh F`b`mhfhbt cj N`ba `ba cj I`pdt`n

\DDD. J`dtl `ba F`bbhrs

\DZ. Ndthr`turh `ba @rt

GCCO DZ5 Qlh Whvcnutdcb

IL@[QHW =


8/1171

IL@[QHW

D.

Qlh Yugehit Icubtrdhs Acwb tc tlh Qdfhs cj tlh Mrìild

DD. Qlh Whjcrf Fcvhfhbt `ba Qdghrdus Mrìilus

DDD. Qlh Whvcnutdcb `ba M`dus Mrìilus

DZ. Qlh Wunh cj tlh Whstcr`tdcb

Z. Qlh [hcpnhs cj tlh Bcrtl

ZD. Qlh @tthfpt cj F`rdus `t Whvcnutdcb `ba tlh @tthfpt cj Arusus `t Whjcrf

ZDD. Qlh Whvcnt cj tlh Dt`nd`b Yugehits, `ba tlh Yunpdid`b Whvcnutdcb

ZDDD. Qlh H`st `ba Odbm Fdtlrà`ths

D\. Idbb` `ba Yunn`

\. Qlh Yunn`b Icbstdtutdcb

\D. Qlh Icffcbwh`ntl `ba Dts Hicbcfy

\DD. B`tdcb`ndty, Whndmdcb, `ba Haui`tdcb

\DDD. Ndthr`turh `ba @rt

GCCO Z5 Qlh Hst`gndslfhbt cj tlh Fdndt`ry Fcb`rily

IL@[QHW


9/1171

IL@[QHW

D.

F`rius Nhpdaus `ba Pudbtus Yhrtcrdus

DD. Wunh cj tlh Yunn`b Whstcr`tdcb

DDD. Qlh J`nn cj tlh Cndm`rily `ba tlh Wunh cj [cfphdus

DZ. [cfphdus `ba tlh H`st

Z. Qlh Ytrummnh cj [`rtdhs aurdbm tlh @gshbih cj [cfphdus

ZD. Whtdrhfhbt cj [cfphdus `ba Ic`ndtdcb cj tlh [rhthbahrs

ZDD. Qlh Yugeum`tdcb cj tlh ]hst

ZDDD. Qlh Ecdbt Wunh cj [cfphdus `ba I`hs`r

D\. Ah`tl cj Ir`ssus--Wupturh ghtwhhb tlh Ecdbt Wunhrs

\. Grubadsduf, Dnhra`, [l`rs`nus, `ba Ql`psus

\D. Qlh Cna Whpugndi `ba tlh Bhw Fcb`rily

\DD. Whndmdcb, Iunturh, Ndthr`turh, `ba @rt

* * * * *

QLH LDYQCWT CJ WCFH5 GCCO D

Qlh [hrdca @bthrdcr tc tlh @gcndtdcb cj tlh Fcb`rily

[rhp`rhr's Bcth

Qlds wcro icbt`dbs f`by ndthr`n idt`tdcbs cj `ba rhjhrhbihs tc jcrhdmb wcras, scubas, `ba `npl`ghtdi syfgcns

ar`wb jrcf f`by n`bmu`mhs, dbinuadbm Mctldi `ba [lchbdid`b, gut ildhjny N`tdb `ba Mrhho. Qlds Hbmndsl

Muthbghrm hadtdcb, icbstr`dbha tc tlh il`rìthrs cj =-gdt @YIDD icah, àcpts tlh jcnncwdbm crtlcmr`pldi

icbvhbtdcbs5

0) Hxihpt jcr Mrhho, `nn ndthr`nny idtha bcb-Hbmndsl wcras tl`t ac bct rhjhr tc thxts idtha `s ìàhfdi

rhjhrhbihs, wcras tl`t db tlh scurih f`busirdpt `pph`r dt`ndidzha, `rh rhbahrha wdtl ` sdbmnh prhihadbm, `ba `

sdbmnh jcnncwdbm a`sl? tlus, -xxxx-.

7) Mrhho wcras, jdrst tr`bsndthr`tha dbtc Wcf`b `npl`ghtdi hqudv`nhbts, `rh rhbahrha wdtl ` prhihadbm `ba `

jcnncwdbm acugnh-a`sl? tlus, --xxxx--. Bcth tl`t db scfh i`shs tlh rcct wcra dtshnj ds ` icfpcuba jcrf suil

`s xxx-xxxx, `ba ds rhbahrha `s --xxx-xxx--

9) Ydfpnh ubdahcmr`pldi rhjhrhbihs tc vci`ndi scubas, sdbmnh nhtthrs, cr `npl`ghdi adptlcbms? `ba prhjdxhs,

sujjdxhs, `ba synn`gdi rhjhrhbihs `rh rhprhshbtha gy ` sdbmnh prhihadbm a`sl? tlus, -x, cr -xxx.

IL@[QHW 4


10/1171

1) (Hsphid`nny jcr tlh icfpnhx adsiussdcb cj `npl`ghtdi hvcnutdcb db Il. \DZ5 Fh`surdbm `ba ]rdtdbm).

Dahcmr`pldi rhjhrhbihs, fh`bdbm pcdbthrs tc tlh jcrf cj rhprhshbt`tdcb dtshnj r`tlhr tl`b tc dts icbthbt, `rh

rhprhshbtha `s -"da5xxxx"-. "da5" st`bas jcr "dahcmr`pl", `ba dbadi`ths tl`t tlh rhàhr slcuna jcrf ` pditurh

g`sha cb tlh jcnncwdbm "xxxx"? wldil f`y gh ` sdbmnh syfgcn, ` wcra, cr `b `tthfpt `t ` pditurh icfpcsha cj

@YIDD il`rìthrs. H. m. --"da5M@FF@ m`ff`"-- dbadi`ths `b upphri`sh Mrhho m`ff`-jcrf jcnncwha gy tlh

jcrf db ncwhri`sh. Ycfh suil hxctdi p`rsdbm `s tlds ds bhihss`ry tc hxpn`db `npl`ghtdi ahvhncpfhbt ghiùsh `

sdbmnh syfgcn f`y l`vh ghhb usha jcr ` bufghr cj scubas db ` bufghr cj n`bmu`mhs, cr hvhb jcr ` bufghr cjscubas db tlh s`fh n`bmu`mh `t adjjhrhbt tdfhs. Qlus, -"da5M@FF@ m`ff`" fdmlt vhry whnn rhjhr tc `

[lchbdid`b icbstruit tl`t db `pph`r`bih rhshfgnhs tlh jcrf tl`t hvhbtu`nny st`gdndzha `s `b upphri`sh Mrhho

"m`ff`" euxt`pcsha tc cbh cj ncwhri`sh. @nsc, ` icbstruit suil `s --"da5H" dbadi`ths ` syfgcn tl`t wdtl

@YIDD rhshfgnhs fcst incshny ` Wcf`b upphri`sh "H", gut, db jìt, ds ìtu`nny ar`wb fcrh iruahny.

8) Ar. Fcffshb l`s mdvhb lds a`ths db thrfs cj Wcf`b us`mh, @.X.I.? tl`t ds, jrcf tlh jcubadbm cj Wcfh,

icbvhbtdcb`nny tòhb tc gh =89 G. I. Qlh prhp`rhr cj tlds aciufhbt l`s `pphbaha tc tlh hba cj tlds icfgdbha

thxt (Gccos D-Z) ` t`gnh cj icbvhrsdcb ghtwhhb tlh twc systhfs.

[WHJ@IH GT QLH QW@BYN@QCW

]lhb tlh jdrst pcrtdcb cj tlds tr`bsn`tdcb `pph`rha db 0


11/1171

vhry crahr cj tlh Mhrf`b shbthbih, sc tl`t tlhy `rh, dj bct `ntcmhtlhr ubdbthnndmdgnh tc tlh Hbmndsl rhàhr, `t

nh`st j`r jrcf rhà`gnh, wldnh ctlhrs ahvd`th sc hbtdrhny jrcf tlh jcrf cj tlh crdmdb`n `s tc gh bc ncbmhr

tr`bsn`tdcbs db tlh prcphr shbsh cj tlh thrf. D l`vh scumlt tc pursuh ` fdaanh icursh ghtwhhb ` fhrh ndthr`n

tr`bsn`tdcb, wldil wcuna gh rhpunsdvh, `ba ` nccsh p`r`plr`sh, wldil wcuna gh db tlh i`sh cj suil ` wcro

phiund`rny ubs`tdsjìtcry. Qlcsh wlc `rh fcst icbvhrs`bt wdtl tlh adjjdiuntdhs cj suil ` t`so wdnn prcg`gny gh

tlh fcst wdnndbm tc slcw jcrgh`r`bih tcw`ras tlh slcrticfdbms cj fy phrjcrf`bih, `ba db p`rtdiun`r tcw`ras

tlh tcc bufhrcus trìhs cj tlh Mhrf`b dadcf, wldil, cb mn`bidbm cvhr tlh slhhts, D jdba dt stdnn tc rht`db.

"Qlh rhàhr f`y phrl`ps gh st`rtnha gy tlh ciiurrhbih bcw `ba tlhb cj fcahs cj hxprhssdcb fcrh j`fdnd`r

`ba icnncqud`n tl`b ds usu`nny tlh i`sh db ldstcrdi`n wcros. Qlds, lcwhvhr, ds ` il`rìthrdstdi jh`turh cj tlh

crdmdb`n, tc wldil db jìt dt cwhs bct ` ndttnh cj dts il`rf. Ar. Fcffshb cjthb ushs hxprhssdcbs tl`t `rh bct tc

gh jcuba db tlh aditdcb`ry, `ba lh jrhhny tòhs àv`bt`mh cj tlh ubndfdtha jìdndtdhs `jjcraha gy tlh Mhrf`b

n`bmu`mh jcr tlh icdb`mh cr tlh icfgdb`tdcb cj wcras. D l`vh bct ubjrhquhbtny, db ahjhrhbih tc lds wdslhs,

usha suil icfgdb`tdcbs `s 'I`rtl`mdbc-Ydidnd`b,' 'Wcf`bc-Lhnnhbdi,' `ntlcuml nhss icbmhbd`n tc cur Hbmndsl

dadcf, jcr tlh sòh cj `vcdadbm ncbmhr phrdplr`shs.

"Db Ar. Fcffshb's gcco, `s db hvhry ctlhr Mhrf`b wcro tl`t l`s cii`sdcb tc tcuil cb `gstrìt f`tthrs, tlhrh

ciiur shbthbihs icuilha db ` phiund`r thrfdbcncmy `ba bct vhry susihptdgnh cj tr`bsn`tdcb. Qlhrh `rh cbh cr

twc shbthbihs cj tlds scrt, fcrh hsphid`nny db tlh il`pthr cb Whndmdcb db tlh 0st vcnufh, `ba db tlh irdtdquh cj

Hurdpdahs `s tc wldil D `f bct vhry icbjdahbt tl`t D l`vh shdzha cr suiihhaha db hxprhssdbm tlh fh`bdbm. Db

tlhsh i`shs D l`vh tr`bsn`tha ndthr`nny.

"Db tlh sphnndbm cj prcphr b`fhs D l`vh mhbhr`nny àcptha tlh N`tdb crtlcmr`ply `s fcrh j`fdnd`r tc silcn`rs

db tlds icubtry, hxihpt db i`shs wlhrh tlh sphnndbm àcptha gy Ar. Fcffshb ds f`roha gy `by sphid`n

phiund`rdty. @t tlh s`fh tdfh hbtdrh ubdjcrfdty db tlds rhsphit l`s bct ghhb `dfha `t.

"D l`vh vhbturha db v`rdcus dbst`bihs tc grhò up tlh p`r`mr`pls cj tlh crdmdb`n `ba tc jurbdsl tlhf wdtl

àadtdcb`n f`rmdb`n lhàdbms, `ba l`vh i`rrdha cut fcrh junny tlh bct`tdcb cj tlh yh`rs G.I. cb tlh f`rmdb.

"Dt ds auh tc Ar. Yilfdtz, wlc l`s odbany hbicur`mha fh db tlds ubahrtòdbm, tl`t D slcuna st`th tl`t D `ncbh `frhspcbsdgnh jcr tlh hxhiutdcb cj tlh tr`bsn`tdcb. ]l`thvhr f`y gh tlcumlt cj dt db ctlhr rhsphits, D vhbturh tc

lcph tl`t dt f`y icbvhy tc tlh Hbmndsl rhàhr ` tcnhr`gny ìiur`th dfprhssdcb cj tlh icbthbts `ba mhbhr`n spdrdt

cj tlh gcco."

Db ` bhw Ndgr`ry hadtdcb, wldil `pph`rha db 0


12/1171

tlh prhvdcus Hbmndsl hadtdcbs.

D l`vh là fuil rh`scb tc gh mr`tdjdha gy tlh j`vcur wdtl wldil fy tr`bsn`tdcb l`s ghhb rhihdvha cb tlh p`rt

`ndoh cj Ar. Fcffshb ldfshnj `ba cj tlh bufhrcus Hbmndsl silcn`rs wlc l`vh fàh dt tlh g`sds cj tlhdr

rhjhrhbihs tc lds wcro.(0) D trust tl`t db tlh `nthrha jcrf `ba bhw arhss, jcr wldil tlh gcco ds dbahgtha tc tlh

prdbthrs, dt f`y stdnn jurtlhr fhht tlh icbvhbdhbih cj tlh rhàhr.

Yhpthfghr 0


13/1171

ICBQHBQY

GCCO D5 Qlh [hrdca @bthrdcr tc tlh @gcndtdcb cj tlh Fcb`rily

IL@[QHW 09


14/1171

IL@[QHW

D.

Dbtrcauitdcb

DD. Qlh H`rndhst Fdmr`tdcbs dbtc Dt`ny

DDD. Qlh Yhttnhfhbts cj tlh N`tdbs

DZ. Qlh Ghmdbbdbms cj Wcfh

Z. Qlh Crdmdb`n Icbstdtutdcb cj Wcfh

ZD. Qlh Bcb-Gurmhsshs `ba tlh Whjcrfha Icbstdtutdcb

ZDD. Qlh Lhmhfcby cj Wcfh db N`tduf

ZDDD. Qlh Xfgrc-Y`ghnnd`b Ytcios--Ghmdbbdbms cj tlh Y`fbdths

D\. Qlh Htrusi`bs

\. Qlh Lhnnhbhs db Dt`ny--F`rdtdfh Yuprhfìy cj tlh Qusi`bs `ba I`rtl`mdbd`bs

\D. N`w `ba Eustdih

\DD. Whndmdcb

\DDD. @mrdiunturh, Qràh, `ba Icffhrih

\DZ. Fh`surdbm `ba ]rdtdbm

\Z. @rt

GCCO JDWYQ

Qlh [hrdca @bthrdcr tc tlh @gcndtdcb cj tlh Fcb`rily

--Q` p`n`dcthr` s`plcs fhb hurhdb ad` ilrcbcu pnhdtlcs àub`t` hdb ho ah thofhdrdcb cb hpd fòrct`tcb

socpcubtd fcd pdsthus`d xufg`dbhd cu fhm`n` bcfdzc mhbhstl`d cuth o`t` tcus pcnhfcus cuth hs t` `nn`.--

Qluiyadahs.

IL@[QHW 01


15/1171

IL@[QHW D

Dbtrcauitdcb

@bidhbt Ldstcry

Qlh Fhadthrr`bh`b Yh` wdtl dts v`rdcus gr`bilhs, phbhtr`tdbm j`r dbtc tlh mrh`t Icbtdbhbt, jcrfs tlh n`rmhstmunj cj tlh cih`b, `ba, `nthrb`thny b`rrcwha gy dsn`bas cr prcehitdcbs cj tlh n`ba `ba hxp`badbm tc

icbsdahr`gnh grhàtl, `t cbih shp`r`ths `ba icbbhits tlh tlrhh advdsdcbs cj tlh Cna ]crna. Qlh slcrhs cj tlds

dbn`ba sh` whrh db `bidhbt tdfhs phcpnha gy v`rdcus b`tdcbs ghncbmdbm db `b htlbcmr`pldi`n `ba pldncncmdi`n

pcdbt cj vdhw tc adjjhrhbt rìhs, gut icbstdtutdbm db tlhdr ldstcrdi`n `sphit cbh wlcnh. Qlds ldstcrdi wlcnh l`s

ghhb usu`nny, gut bct vhry `pprcprd`thny, hbtdtnha tlh ldstcry cj tlh `bidhbt wcrna. Dt ds db rh`ndty tlh ldstcry cj

idvdndz`tdcb `fcbm tlh Fhadthrr`bh`b b`tdcbs? `ba, `s dt p`sshs ghjcrh us db dts suiihssdvh st`mhs, dt prhshbts

jcur mrh`t pl`shs cj ahvhncpfhbt--tlh ldstcry cj tlh Icptdi cr Hmyptd`b stcio awhnndbm cb tlh scutlhrb slcrh,

tlh ldstcry cj tlh @r`f`h`b cr Yyrd`b b`tdcb wldil ciiupdha tlh h`st ic`st `ba hxthbaha dbtc tlh dbthrdcr cj

@sd` `s j`r `s tlh Huplr`ths `ba Qdmrds, `ba tlh ldstcrdhs cj tlh twdb-phcpnhs, tlh Lhnnhbhs `ba Dt`nd`bs, wlc

rhihdvha `s tlhdr lhrdt`mh tlh icubtrdhs cb tlh Hurcph`b slcrh. Hìl cj tlhsh ldstcrdhs w`s db dts h`rndhr st`mhs

icbbhitha wdtl ctlhr rhmdcbs `ba wdtl ctlhr iyinhs cj ldstcrdi`n hvcnutdcb? gut hìl sccb hbthrha cb dts cwbadstdbitdvh i`rhhr. Qlh surrcubadbm b`tdcbs cj `ndhb cr hvhb cj odbarha hxtrìtdcb--tlh Ghrghrs `ba Bhmrchs cj

@jrdi`, tlh @r`gs, [hrsd`bs, `ba Dbad`bs cj @sd`, tlh Ihnts `ba Mhrf`bs cj Hurcph--i`fh dbtc f`bdjcna

icbtìt wdtl tlh phcpnhs dbl`gdtdbm tlh gcrahrs cj tlh Fhadthrr`bh`b, gut tlhy bhdtlhr dfp`rtha ubtc tlhf bcr

rhihdvha jrcf tlhf `by dbjnuhbihs hxhridsdbm ahidsdvh hjjhit cb tlhdr rhsphitdvh ahstdbdhs. Yc j`r, tlhrhjcrh, `s

iyinhs cj iunturh àfdt cj ahf`ri`tdcb `t `nn, tlh iyinh wldil l`s dts iunfdb`tdbm pcdbts ahbctha gy tlh b`fhs

Qlhghs, I`rtl`mh, @tlhbs, `ba Wcfh, f`y gh rhm`raha `s `b ubdty. Qlh jcur b`tdcbs rhprhshbtha gy tlhsh

b`fhs, `jthr hìl cj tlhf là `tt`dbha db ` p`tl cj dts cwb ` phiund`r `ba bcgnh idvdndz`tdcb, fdbmnha wdtl cbh

`bctlhr db tlh fcst v`rdha rhn`tdcbs cj rhidprci`n dbthricursh, `ba sodnjunny hn`gcr`tha `ba rdilny ahvhncpha `nn

tlh hnhfhbts cj luf`b b`turh. @t nhbmtl tlhdr iyinh w`s ìicfpndslha. Bhw phcpnhs wlc ldtlhrtc là cbny

n`vha tlh thrrdtcrdhs cj tlh st`ths cj tlh Fhadthrr`bh`b, `s w`vhs n`vh tlh ghìl, cvhrjncwha gctl dts slcrhs,

shvhrha tlh ldstcry cj dts scutl ic`st jrcf tl`t cj tlh bcrtl, `ba tr`bsjhrrha tlh ihbtrh cj idvdndz`tdcb jrcf tlhFhadthrr`bh`b tc tlh @tn`btdi Cih`b. Qlh adstdbitdcb ghtwhhb `bidhbt `ba fcahrb ldstcry, tlhrhjcrh, ds bc

fhrh ìidahbt, bcr yht ` fhrh f`tthr cj ilrcbcncmdi`n icbvhbdhbih. ]l`t ds i`nnha fcahrb ldstcry ds db rh`ndty

tlh jcrf`tdcb cj ` bhw iyinh cj iunturh, icbbhitha db shvhr`n st`mhs cj dts ahvhncpfhbt wdtl tlh phrdsldbm cr

phrdslha idvdndz`tdcb cj tlh Fhadthrr`bh`b st`ths, `s tlds w`s icbbhitha wdtl tlh prdfdtdvh idvdndz`tdcb cj tlh

Dbac-Mhrf`bdi stcio, gut ahstdbha, ndoh tlh h`rndhr iyinh, tc tr`vhrsh `b crgdt cj dts cwb. Dt tcc ds ahstdbha tc

hxphrdhbih db junn fh`surh tlh vdidssdtuahs cj b`tdcb`n wh`n `ba wch, tlh phrdcas cj mrcwtl, cj f`turdty, `ba

cj `mh, tlh gnhsshabhss cj irh`tdvh hjjcrt db rhndmdcb, pcndty, `ba `rt, tlh icfjcrt cj hbecydbm tlh f`thrd`n `ba

dbthnnhitu`n ìqudsdtdcbs wldil dt l`s wcb, phrl`ps `nsc, scfh a`y, tlh ahi`y cj prcauitdvh pcwhr db tlh

s`tdhty cj icbthbtfhbt wdtl tlh mc`n `tt`dbha. @ba yht tlds mc`n wdnn cbny gh thfpcr`ry5 tlh mr`bahst systhf cj

idvdndz`tdcb l`s dts crgdt, `ba f`y icfpnhth dts icursh gut bct sc tlh luf`b rìh, tc wldil, eust wlhb dt shhfs

tc l`vh rhìlha dts mc`n, tlh cna t`so ds hvhr sht `bhw wdtl ` wdahr r`bmh `ba wdtl ` ahhphr fh`bdbm.

Dt`ny

Cur `df ds tc hxldgdt tlh n`st ìt cj tlds mrh`t ldstcrdi`n ar`f`, tc rhn`th tlh `bidhbt ldstcry cj tlh ihbtr`n

phbdbsun` prcehitdbm jrcf tlh bcrtlhrb icbtdbhbt dbtc tlh Fhadthrr`bh`b. Dt ds jcrfha gy tlh fcubt`db-systhf

cj tlh @phbbdbhs gr`bildbm cjj db ` scutlhrb adrhitdcb jrcf tlh whsthrb @nps. Qlh @phbbdbhs tòh db tlh jdrst

dbst`bih ` scutl-h`sthrb icursh ghtwhhb tlh grcàhr munj cj tlh Fhadthrr`bh`b cb tlh whst, `ba tlh b`rrcw cbh

cb tlh h`st? `ba db tlh incsh vdidbdty cj tlh n`tthr tlhy `tt`db tlhdr mrh`thst hnhv`tdcb, wldil, lcwhvhr, si`rih

rhìlhs tlh ndbh cj phrphtu`n sbcw, db tlh @gruzzd. Jrcf tlh @gruzzd tlh il`db icbtdbuhs db ` scutlhrb

adrhitdcb, `t jdrst ubadvdaha `ba cj icbsdahr`gnh lhdmlt? `jthr ` ahprhssdcb wldil jcrfs` ldnn-icubtry, dt spndts

dbtc ` scfhwl`t jn`tthbha suiihssdcb cj lhdmlts tcw`ras tlh scutl-h`st `ba ` fcrh rummha il`db tcw`ras tlh

scutl, `ba db gctl adrhitdcbs thrfdb`ths db tlh jcrf`tdcb cj b`rrcw phbdbsun`s.

IL@[QHW D 08


16/1171

Qlh jn`t icubtry cb tlh bcrtl, hxthbadbm ghtwhhb tlh @nps `ba tlh @phbbdbhs `s j`r acwb `s tlh @gruzzd, achs

bct ghncbm mhcmr`pldi`nny, bcr ubtdn ` vhry n`th phrdca hvhb ldstcrdi`nny, tc tlh scutlhrb n`ba cj fcubt`db `ba

ldnn, tlh Dt`ny wlcsh ldstcry ds lhrh tc hbm`mh cur `tthbtdcb. Dt w`s bct tdnn tlh shvhbtl ihbtury cj tlh idty tl`t

tlh ic`st-adstrdit jrcf Ydbdm`mnd` tc Wdfdbd, `ba bct tdnn tlh hdmltl tl`t tlh g`sdb cj tlh [c, ghi`fh

dbicrpcr`tha wdtl Dt`ny. Qlh `bidhbt gcuba`ry cj Dt`ny cb tlh bcrtl w`s bct tlh @nps gut tlh @phbbdbhs. Qlds

fcubt`db-systhf bcwlhrh rdshs `gruptny dbtc ` prhidpdtcus il`db, gut, sprhàdbm grcàny cvhr tlh n`ba `ba

hbincsdbm f`by v`nnhys `ba t`gnh-n`bas icbbhitha gy h`sy p`sshs, prhshbts icbadtdcbs wldil whnn à`pt dt tcghicfh tlh shttnhfhbt cj f`b. Ytdnn fcrh sudt`gnh db tlds rhsphit `rh tlh àeìhbt sncphs `ba tlh ic`st-adstrdits

cb tlh h`st, scutl, `ba whst. Cb tlh h`st ic`st tlh pn`db cj @pund`, slut db tcw`ras tlh bcrtl gy tlh

fcubt`db-gncio cj tlh @gruzzd `ba cbny grcohb gy tlh sthhp dscn`tha rdamh cj M`rm`bus, strhtilhs db ` ubdjcrf

nhvhn wdtl gut ` si`bty ahvhncpfhbt cj ic`st `ba strh`f. Cb tlh scutl ic`st, ghtwhhb tlh twc phbdbsun`s db

wldil tlh @phbbdbhs thrfdb`th, hxthbsdvh ncwn`bas, pccrny prcvdaha wdtl l`rgcurs gut whnn w`thrha `ba

jhrtdnh, àecdb tlh ldnn-icubtry cj tlh dbthrdcr. Qlh whst ic`st prhshbts ` j`r-strhtildbm acf`db dbthrshitha gy

icbsdahr`gnh strh`fs, db p`rtdiun`r gy tlh Qdghr, `ba sl`pha gy tlh ìtdcb cj tlh w`vhs `ba cj tlh cbih

bufhrcus vcni`bchs dbtc f`bdjcna v`rdhty cj ldnn `ba v`nnhy, l`rgcur `ba dsn`ba. Lhrh tlh rhmdcbs cj Htrurd`,

N`tduf, `ba I`fp`bd` jcrf tlh vhry jncwhr cj tlh n`ba cj Dt`ny. Ycutl cj I`fp`bd`, tlh n`ba db jrcbt cj tlh

fcubt`dbs mràu`nny adfdbdslhs, `ba tlh Qyrrlhbd`b Yh` `nfcst w`slhs tlhdr g`sh. Fcrhcvhr, `s tlh

[hncpcbbhsus ds `ttìlha tc Mrhhih, sc tlh dsn`ba cj Ydidny ds `ttìlha tc Dt`ny--tlh n`rmhst `ba j`drhst dsnh cj

tlh Fhadthrr`bh`b, l`vdbm ` fcubt`dbcus `ba p`rtny ahshrt dbthrdcr, gut mdrt, hsphid`nny cb tlh h`st `ba scutl,

gy ` grcà ghnt cj tlh jdbhst ic`st-n`ba, f`dbny tlh rhsunt cj vcni`bdi ìtdcb. Mhcmr`pldi`nny tlh Ydidnd`b

fcubt`dbs `rh ` icbtdbu`tdcb cj tlh @phbbdbhs, l`rany dbthrruptha gy tlh b`rrcw "rhbt" --[hmdcb--cj tlh

str`dts? `ba db dts ldstcrdi`n rhn`tdcbs Ydidny w`s db h`rndhr tdfhs qudth `s ahidahany ` p`rt cj Dt`ny `s tlh

[hncpcbbhsus w`s cj Mrhhih, ` jdhna jcr tlh strummnhs cj tlh s`fh rìhs, `ba tlh sh`t cj ` sdfdn`r suphrdcr

idvdndz`tdcb.

Qlh Dt`nd`b phbdbsun` rhshfgnhs tlh Mrhid`b db tlh thfphr`th indf`th `ba wlcnhscfh `dr tl`t prhv`dn cb tlh

ldnns cj fcahr`th lhdmlt, `ba cb tlh wlcnh, `nsc, db tlh v`nnhys `ba pn`dbs. Db ahvhncpfhbt cj ic`st dt ds

dbjhrdcr? dt w`bts, db p`rtdiun`r, tlh dsn`ba-stuaaha sh` wldil fàh tlh Lhnnhbhs ` sh`j`rdbm b`tdcb. Dt`ny cb tlh

ctlhr l`ba hxihns dts bhdmlgcur db tlh rdil `nnuvd`n pn`dbs `ba tlh jhrtdnh `ba mr`ssy fcubt`db-sncphs, wldil `rh

rhqudsdth jcr `mrdiunturh `ba tlh rh`rdbm cj i`ttnh. Ndoh Mrhhih, dt ds ` bcgnh n`ba wldil i`nns jcrtl `ba rhw`rastlh hbhrmdhs cj f`b, cphbdbm up `ndoh jcr rhstnhss àvhbturh tlh w`y tc adst`bt n`bas `ba jcr qudht hxhrtdcb

fcahs cj phìhjun m`db `t lcfh.

Gut, wldnh tlh Mrhid`b phbdbsun` ds turbha tcw`ras tlh h`st, tlh Dt`nd`b ds turbha tcw`ras tlh whst. @s tlh

ic`sts cj Hpdrus `ba @i`rb`bd` là gut ` sugcradb`th dfpcrt`bih db tlh i`sh cj Lhnn`s, sc là tlh @pund`b `ba

Fhss`pd`b ic`sts db tl`t cj Dt`ny? `ba, wldnh tlh rhmdcbs cb wldil tlh ldstcrdi`n ahvhncpfhbt cj Mrhhih l`s

ghhb f`dbny ahphbahbt--@ttdi` `ba Fìhacbd`--ncco tc tlh h`st, Htrurd`, N`tduf, `ba I`fp`bd` ncco tc tlh

whst. Db tlds w`y tlh twc phbdbsun`s, sc incsh bhdmlgcurs `ba `nfcst sdsthrs, st`ba `s dt whrh `vhrtha jrcf

hìl ctlhr. @ntlcuml tlh bòha hyh i`b adsihrb jrcf Ctr`btc tlh @ircihrùbd`b fcubt`dbs, tlh Dt`nd`bs `ba

Lhnnhbhs i`fh dbtc h`rndhr `ba incshr icbtìt cb hvhry ctlhr p`tlw`y r`tlhr tl`b cb tlh bh`rhst ìrcss tlh

@ard`tdi Yh`, Db tlhdr dbst`bih, `s l`s l`pphbha sc cjthb, tlh ldstcrdi`n vci`tdcb cj tlh b`tdcbs w`s prhjdmurhadb tlh rhn`tdcbs cj tlh mrcuba wldil tlhy ciiupdha? tlh twc mrh`t stcios, cb wldil tlh idvdndz`tdcb cj tlh

`bidhbt wcrna mrhw, tlrhw tlhdr slàcw `s whnn `s tlhdr shha, tlh cbh tcw`ras tlh h`st, tlh ctlhr tcw`ras tlh

whst.

Dt`nd`b Ldstcry

]h dbthba lhrh tc rhn`th tlh ldstcry cj Dt`ny, bct sdfpny tlh ldstcry cj tlh idty cj Wcfh. @ntlcuml, db tlh

jcrf`n shbsh cj pcndtdi`n n`w, dt w`s tlh idvdi icffubdty cj Wcfh wldil m`dbha tlh scvhrhdmbty jdrst cj Dt`ny

`ba tlhb cj tlh wcrna, suil ` vdhw i`bbct gh lhna tc hxprhss tlh ldmlhr `ba rh`n fh`bdbm cj ldstcry. ]l`t l`s

ghhb i`nnha tlh sugeum`tdcb cj Dt`ny gy tlh Wcf`bs `pph`rs r`tlhr, wlhb vdhwha db dts truh ndmlt, `s tlh

icbscnda`tdcb dbtc `b ubdtha st`th cj tlh wlcnh Dt`nd`b stcio--` stcio cj wldil tlh Wcf`bs whrh acugtnhss tlh

IL@[QHW D 0:


17/1171

fcst pcwhrjun gr`bil, gut stdnn whrh cbny ` gr`bil.

Qlh ldstcry cj Dt`ny j`nns dbtc twc f`db shitdcbs5 (0) dts dbthrb`n ldstcry acwb tc dts ubdcb ubahr tlh nh`ahrsldp

cj tlh N`tdb stcio, `ba (7) tlh ldstcry cj dts scvhrhdmbty cvhr tlh wcrna. Xbahr tlh jdrst shitdcb, wldil wdnn

ciiupy tlh jdrst twc gccos, wh sl`nn l`vh tc sht jcrtl tlh shttnhfhbt cj tlh Dt`nd`b stcio db tlh phbdbsun`? tlh

dfphrdnndbm cj dts b`tdcb`n `ba pcndtdi`n hxdsthbih, `ba dts p`rtd`n sugeum`tdcb, gy b`tdcbs cj ctlhr ahsihbt `ba

cnahr idvdndz`tdcb, Mrhhos `ba Htrusi`bs? tlh rhvcnt cj tlh Dt`nd`bs `m`dbst tlh str`bmhrs, `ba tlh `bbdldn`tdcb crsugehitdcb cj tlh n`tthr? jdb`nny, tlh strummnhs ghtwhhb tlh twc ildhj Dt`nd`b stcios, tlh N`tdbs `ba tlh Y`fbdths,

jcr tlh lhmhfcby cj tlh phbdbsun`, `ba tlh vditcry cj tlh N`tdbs `t tlh hba cj tlh jcurtl ihbtury ghjcrh tlh

gdrtl cj Ilrdst--cr cj tlh jdjtl ihbtury cj tlh idty. Qlh shicba shitdcb cphbs wdtl tlh [ubdi w`rs? dt hfgr`ihs

tlh r`pda hxthbsdcb cj tlh acfdbdcb cj Wcfh up tc `ba ghycba tlh b`tur`n gcuba`rdhs cj Dt`ny, tlh ncbm st`tus

quc cj tlh dfphrd`n phrdca, `ba tlh icnn`psh cj tlh fdmlty hfpdrh. Qlhsh hvhbts wdnn gh b`rr`tha db tlh tldra

`ba jcnncwdbm gccos.

Bcths jcr Gcco D Il`pthr D

0. Qlh a`ths `s lhrh`jthr dbshrtha db tlh thxt `rh yh`rs cj tlh Idty (@.X.I.)? tlcsh db tlh f`rmdb mdvh tlh

icrrhspcbadbm yh`rs G.I.

IL@[QHW D 0=


18/1171

IL@[QHW DD

Qlh H`rndhst Fdmr`tdcbs dbtc Dt`ny

[rdfdtdvh Wìhs cj Dt`ny

]h l`vh bc dbjcrf`tdcb, bct hvhb ` tràdtdcb, icbihrbdbm tlh jdrst fdmr`tdcb cj tlh luf`b rìh dbtc Dt`ny. Dtw`s tlh ubdvhrs`n ghndhj cj `btdqudty tl`t db Dt`ny, `s whnn `s hnshwlhrh, tlh jdrst pcpun`tdcb là sprubm jrcf

tlh scdn. ]h nh`vh dt tc tlh prcvdbih cj tlh b`tur`ndst tc ahidah tlh quhstdcb cj tlh crdmdb cj adjjhrhbt rìhs, `ba

cj tlh dbjnuhbih cj indf`th db prcauidbm tlhdr advhrsdtdhs. Db ` ldstcrdi`n pcdbt cj vdhw dt ds bhdtlhr pcssdgnh, bcr

ds dt cj `by dfpcrt`bih, tc ahthrfdbh wlhtlhr tlh cnahst rhicraha pcpun`tdcb cj ` icubtry whrh ùtciltlcbhs cr

dffdmr`bts. Gut dt ds dbiufghbt cb tlh ldstcrdi`n dbqudrhr tc grdbm tc ndmlt tlh suiihssdvh str`t` cj pcpun`tdcb

db tlh icubtry cj wldil lh trh`ts, db crahr tc trìh, jrcf `s rhfcth `b hpcil `s pcssdgnh, tlh mràu`n prcmrhss

cj idvdndz`tdcb tc fcrh phrjhit jcrfs, `ba tlh supprhssdcb cj rìhs nhss i`p`gnh cj, cr nhss àv`biha db, iunturh

gy b`tdcbs cj ldmlhr st`badbm.

Dt`ny ds sdbmun`rny pccr db fhfcrd`ns cj tlh prdfdtdvh phrdca, `ba prhshbts db tlds rhsphit ` rhf`ro`gnh icbtr`st

tc ctlhr jdhnas cj idvdndz`tdcb. Qlh rhsunts cj Mhrf`b `ril`hcncmdi`n rhsh`ril nhà tc tlh icbinusdcb tl`t dbHbmn`ba, Jr`bih, tlh Bcrtl cj Mhrf`by `ba Yi`badb`vd`, ghjcrh tlh shttnhfhbt cj tlh Dbac-Mhrf`bs db tlcsh

n`bas, tlhrh fust l`vh awhnt, cr r`tlhr rc`fha, ` phcpnh, phrl`ps cj Fcbmcnd`b rìh, m`dbdbm tlhdr sugsdsthbih

gy lubtdbm `ba jdsldbm, fòdbm tlhdr dfpnhfhbts cj stcbh, in`y, cr gcbhs, àcrbdbm tlhfshnvhs wdtl tlh thhtl

cj `bdf`ns `ba wdtl `fghr, gut ubìqu`dbtha wdtl `mrdiunturh `ba tlh ush cj tlh fht`ns. Db Dbad`, db ndoh

f`bbhr, tlh Dbac-Mhrf`bdi shttnhrs whrh prhihaha gy ` a`ro-icncurha pcpun`tdcb nhss susihptdgnh cj iunturh.

Gut db Dt`ny wh bhdtlhr fhht wdtl jr`mfhbts cj ` suppn`btha b`tdcb, suil `s tlh Jdbbs `ba N`pps db tlh

Ihntc-Mhrf`bdi acf`db `ba tlh gnìo trdghs db tlh Dbad`b fcubt`dbs? bcr l`vh `by rhf`dbs cj `b hxtdbit

prdfdtdvh phcpnh ghhb ldtlhrtc pcdbtha cut tlhrh, suil `s `pph`r tc gh rhvh`nha db tlh phiund`rny-jcrfha

sohnhtcbs, tlh pnìhs cj `sshfgndbm, `ba tlh gurd`n fcubas cj wl`t ds i`nnha tlh stcbh-phrdca cj Mhrf`bdi

`btdqudty. Bctldbm l`s ldtlhrtc ghhb grcumlt tc ndmlt tc w`rr`bt tlh suppcsdtdcb tl`t f`bodba hxdstha db Dt`ny `t

` phrdca `bthrdcr tc tlh obcwnhamh cj `mrdiunturh `ba cj tlh sfhntdbm cj tlh fht`ns? `ba dj tlh luf`b rìh hvhrwdtldb tlh gcubas cj Dt`ny rh`nny ciiupdha tlh nhvhn cj tl`t prdfdtdvh st`mh cj iunturh wldil wh `rh ìiustcfha

tc i`nn tlh s`v`mh st`th, hvhry trìh cj suil ` jìt l`s ads`pph`rha.

Dbadvdau`n trdghs, cr db ctlhr wcras, rìhs cr stcios, `rh tlh icbstdtuhbt hnhfhbts cj tlh h`rndhst ldstcry. @fcbm

tlh stcios wldil db n`thr tdfhs wh fhht wdtl db Dt`ny, tlh dffdmr`tdcb cj scfh, cj tlh Lhnnhbhs jcr dbst`bih,

`ba tlh ahb`tdcb`ndz`tdcb cj ctlhrs, suil `s tlh Gruttd`bs `ba tlh dbl`gdt`bts cj tlh Y`gdbh thrrdtcry, `rh

ldstcrdi`nny `tthstha. Yhttdbm `sdah gctl tlhsh in`sshs, tlhrh rhf`db ` bufghr cj stcios wlcsh w`bahrdbms i`b

bc ncbmhr gh trìha gy fh`bs cj ldstcrdi`n thstdfcby, gut cbny gy ` prdcrd dbjhrhbih, `ba wlcsh b`tdcb`ndty

i`bbct gh slcwb tc l`vh ubahrmcbh `by ràdi`n il`bmh jrcf hxthrb`n iùshs. Qc hst`gndsl tlh b`tdcb`n

dbadvdau`ndty cj tlhsh ds tlh jdrst `df cj cur dbqudry. Db suil `b dbqudry, là wh bctldbm tc j`nn gìo upcb gut

tlh il`ctdi f`ss cj b`fhs cj trdghs `ba tlh icbjusdcb cj wl`t prcjhsshs tc gh ldstcrdi`n tràdtdcb, tlh t`so

fdmlt whnn gh `g`bacbha `s lcphnhss. Qlh icbvhbtdcb`nny rhihdvha tràdtdcb, wldil `ssufhs tlh b`fh cj

ldstcry, ds icfpcsha cj ` jhw shrvdih`gnh bctdihs gy idvdndzha tr`vhnnhrs, `ba ` f`ss cj fcstny wcrtlnhss

nhmhbas, wldil l`vh usu`nny ghhb icfgdbha wdtl ndttnh adsirdfdb`tdcb cj tlh truh il`rìthr hdtlhr cj nhmhba cr

cj ldstcry. Gut tlhrh ds `bctlhr scurih cj tràdtdcb tc wldil wh f`y rhscrt, `ba wldil ydhnas dbjcrf`tdcb

jr`mfhbt`ry gut ùtlhbtdi? wh fh`b tlh dbadmhbcus n`bmu`mhs cj tlh stcios shttnha db Dt`ny jrcf tdfh

dffhfcrd`n. Qlhsh n`bmu`mhs, wldil l`vh mrcwb wdtl tlh mrcwtl cj tlh phcpnhs tlhfshnvhs, l`vh là tlh

st`fp cj tlhdr prcihss cj mrcwtl dfprhssha upcb tlhf tcc ahhpny tc gh wlcnny hjjìha gy sugshquhbt

idvdndz`tdcb. Cbh cbny cj tlh Dt`nd`b n`bmu`mhs ds obcwb tc us icfpnhthny? gut tlh rhf`dbs wldil l`vh ghhb

prhshrvha cj shvhr`n cj tlh ctlhrs `rh sujjdidhbt tc `jjcra ` g`sds jcr ldstcrdi`n dbqudry rhm`radbm tlh hxdsthbih,

`ba tlh ahmrhhs, cj j`fdny rhn`tdcbsldp `fcbm tlh shvhr`n n`bmu`mhs `ba phcpnhs.

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19/1171

Db tlds w`y pldncncmdi`n rhsh`ril thìlhs us tc adstdbmudsl tlrhh prdfdtdvh Dt`nd`b stcios, tlh D`pymd`b, tlh

Htrusi`b, `ba tl`t wldil wh sl`nn i`nn tlh Dt`nd`b. Qlh n`st ds advdaha dbtc twc f`db gr`bilhs,--tlh N`tdb

gr`bil, `ba tl`t tc wldil tlh ad`nhits cj tlh Xfgrd, F`rsd, Zcnsid, `ba Y`fbdths ghncbm.

D`pymd`bs

@s tc tlh D`pymd`b stcio, wh l`vh gut ndttnh dbjcrf`tdcb. @t tlh scutl-h`sthrb hxtrhfdty cj Dt`ny, db tlhFhss`pd`b cr I`n`grd`b phbdbsun`, dbsirdptdcbs db ` phiund`r hxtdbit n`bmu`mh(0) l`vh ghhb jcuba db

icbsdahr`gnh bufghrs? ubacugthany rhf`dbs cj tlh ad`nhit cj tlh D`pymd`bs, wlc `rh vhry adstdbitny

prcbcubiha gy tràdtdcb `nsc tc l`vh ghhb adjjhrhbt jrcf tlh N`tdb `ba Y`fbdth stcios. Yt`thfhbts ahshrvdbm

cj irhadt `ba bufhrcus dbadi`tdcbs nhà tc tlh icbinusdcb tl`t tlh s`fh n`bmu`mh `ba tlh s`fh stcio whrh

dbadmhbcus `nsc db @pund`. ]l`t wh `t prhshbt obcw cj tlds phcpnh sujjdihs tc slcw inh`rny tl`t tlhy whrh

adstdbit jrcf tlh ctlhr Dt`nd`bs, gut achs bct sujjdih tc ahthrfdbh wl`t pcsdtdcb slcuna gh `ssdmbha tc tlhf `ba

tc tlhdr n`bmu`mh db tlh ldstcry cj tlh luf`b rìh. Qlh dbsirdptdcbs l`vh bct yht ghhb, `ba dt ds si`rihny tc gh

hxphitha tl`t tlhy hvhr wdnn gh, ahidplhrha. Qlh mhbdtdvh jcrfs, -`dld- `ba -dld-, icrrhspcbadbm tc tlh Y`bsirdt

-`sy`- `ba tlh Mrhho --cdc--, `pph`r tc dbadi`th tl`t tlh ad`nhit ghncbms tc tlh Dbac-Mhrf`bdi j`fdny. Ctlhr

dbadi`tdcbs, suil `s tlh ush cj tlh `spdr`tha icbscb`bts `ba tlh `vcdadbm cj tlh nhtthrs f `ba t `s thrfdb`n

scubas, slcw tl`t tlds D`pymd`b ad`nhit w`s hsshbtd`nny adjjhrhbt jrcf tlh Dt`nd`b `ba icrrhspcbaha db scfh

rhsphits tc tlh Mrhho ad`nhits. Qlh suppcsdtdcb cj `b hsphid`nny incsh `jjdbdty ghtwhhb tlh D`pymd`b b`tdcb `ba

tlh Lhnnhbhs jdbas jurtlhr suppcrt db tlh jrhquhbt ciiurrhbih cj tlh b`fhs cj Mrhho advdbdtdhs db tlh

dbsirdptdcbs, `ba db tlh surprdsdbm jìdndty wdtl wldil tl`t phcpnh ghi`fh Lhnnhbdzha, prhshbtdbm ` strdodbm

icbtr`st tc tlh slybhss db tlds rhsphit cj tlh ctlhr Dt`nd`b b`tdcbs. @pund`, wldil db tlh tdfh cj Qdf`hus (1;;)

w`s stdnn ahsirdgha `s ` g`rg`rcus n`ba, là db tlh sdxtl ihbtury cj tlh idty ghicfh ` prcvdbih tlcrcumlny

Mrhho, `ntlcuml bc adrhit icncbdz`tdcb jrcf Mrhhih là tòhb pnìh? `ba hvhb `fcbm tlh ruahr stcio cj tlh

Fhss`pdd tlhrh `rh v`rdcus dbadi`tdcbs cj ` sdfdn`r thbahbiy. ]dtl tlh rhicmbdtdcb cj suil ` mhbhr`n j`fdny

rhn`tdcbsldp cr phiund`r `jjdbdty ghtwhhb tlh D`pymd`bs `ba Lhnnhbhs (` rhicmbdtdcb, lcwhvhr, wldil gy bc

fh`bs mchs sc j`r `s tc w`rr`bt cur tòdbm tlh D`pymd`b n`bmu`mh tc gh ` ruah ad`nhit cj Mrhho), dbvhstdm`tdcb

fust rhst icbthbt, `t nh`st db tlh fh`btdfh, ubtdn scfh fcrh prhidsh `ba ghtthr `ssurha rhsunt gh `tt`db`gnh.(7)

Qlh nìo cj dbjcrf`tdcb, lcwhvhr, ds bct fuil jhnt? jcr tlds rìh, `nrhày cb tlh ahindbh `t tlh phrdca wlhb cur

ldstcry ghmdbs, icfhs ghjcrh us cbny wlhb dt ds mdvdbm w`y `ba ads`pph`rdbm. Qlh il`rìthr cj tlh D`pymd`bphcpnh, ndttnh i`p`gnh cj rhsdst`bih, h`sdny fhrmdbm dbtc ctlhr b`tdcb`ndtdhs, `mrhhs whnn wdtl tlh lypctlhsds, tc

wldil tlhdr mhcmr`pldi`n pcsdtdcb àas prcg`gdndty, tl`t tlhy whrh tlh cnahst dffdmr`bts cr tlh ldstcrdi`n

ùtciltlcbhs cj Dt`ny. Qlhrh i`b gh bc acugt tl`t `nn tlh prdfdtdvh fdmr`tdcbs cj b`tdcbs tcco pnìh gy n`ba?

hsphid`nny suil `s whrh adrhitha tcw`ras Dt`ny, tlh ic`st cj wldil w`s ìihssdgnh gy sh` cbny tc sodnjun s`dncrs

`ba cb tl`t ìicubt w`s stdnn db Lcfhr's tdfh wlcnny ubobcwb tc tlh Lhnnhbhs. Gut dj tlh h`rndhr shttnhrs i`fh

cvhr tlh @phbbdbhs, tlhb, `s tlh mhcncmdst dbjhrs tlh crdmdb cj fcubt`dbs jrcf tlhdr str`tdjdi`tdcb, tlh ldstcrdi`n

dbqudrhr f`y l`z`ra tlh icbehiturh tl`t tlh stcios puslha jurtlhst tcw`ras tlh scutl whrh tlh cnahst

dbl`gdt`bts cj Dt`ny? `ba dt ds eust `t dts hxtrhfh scutl-h`sthrb vhrmh tl`t wh fhht wdtl tlh D`pymd`b b`tdcb.

Dt`nd`bs

Qlh fdaanh cj tlh phbdbsun` w`s dbl`gdtha, `s j`r gìo `s trustwcrtly tràdtdcb rhìlhs, gy twc phcpnhs cr

r`tlhr twc gr`bilhs cj tlh s`fh phcpnh, wlcsh pcsdtdcb db tlh Dbac-Mhrf`bdi j`fdny àfdts cj ghdbm

ahthrfdbha wdtl mrh`thr prhidsdcb tl`b tl`t cj tlh D`pymd`b b`tdcb. ]h f`y wdtl prcprdhty i`nn tlds phcpnh tlh

Dt`nd`b, sdbih upcb dt rhsts tlh ldstcrdi`n sdmbdjdi`bih cj tlh phbdbsun`. Dt ds advdaha dbtc tlh twc gr`bil-stcios

cj tlh N`tdbs `ba tlh Xfgrd`bs? tlh n`tthr dbinuadbm tlhdr scutlhrb cjjslccts, tlh F`rsd`bs `ba Y`fbdths, `ba

tlh icncbdhs shbt jcrtl gy tlh Y`fbdths db ldstcrdi`n tdfhs. Qlh pldncncmdi`n `b`nysds cj tlh dadcfs cj tlhsh

stcios l`s slcwb tl`t tlhy tcmhtlhr icbstdtuth ` ndbo db tlh Dbac-Mhrf`bdi il`db cj n`bmu`mhs, `ba tl`t tlh

hpcil db wldil tlhy stdnn jcrfha `b ubdty ds ` icfp`r`tdvhny n`th cbh. Db tlhdr systhf cj scubas tlhrh `pph`rs

tlh phiund`r spdr`bt -j, db tlh ush cj wldil tlhy `mrhh wdtl tlh Htrusi`bs, gut ahidahany adjjhr jrcf `nn Lhnnhbdi

`ba Lhnnhbc-g`rg`rdi rìhs `s whnn `s jrcf tlh Y`bsirdt dtshnj. Qlh `spdr`ths, `m`db, wldil `rh rht`dbha gy tlh

Mrhhos tlrcumlcut, `ba tlh l`rslhr cj tlhf `nsc gy tlh Htrusi`bs, whrh crdmdb`nny jcrhdmb tc tlh Dt`nd`bs, `ba

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20/1171

`rh rhprhshbtha `fcbm tlhf gy cbh cj tlhdr hnhfhbts--hdtlhr gy tlh fhad`, cr gy tlh grh`tldbm `ncbh -j cr -l.

Qlh jdbhr spdr`bts, -s, -w, -e, wldil tlh Mrhhos adsphbsh wdtl `s fuil `s pcssdgnh, l`vh ghhb rht`dbha db tlh

Dt`nd`b n`bmu`mhs `nfcst ubdfp`drha, `ba l`vh ghhb db scfh dbst`bihs stdnn jurtlhr ahvhncpha. Qlh tlrcwdbm

gìo cj tlh ìihbt `ba tlh icbshquhbt ahstruitdcb cj thrfdb`tdcbs `rh icffcb tc tlh Dt`nd`bs wdtl scfh Mrhho

stcios `ba wdtl tlh Htrusi`bs? gut `fcbm tlh Dt`nd`bs tlds w`s acbh tc ` mrh`thr hxthbt tl`b `fcbm tlh jcrfhr,

`ba tc ` nhsshr hxthbt tl`b `fcbm tlh n`tthr. Qlh hxihssdvh adscrahr cj tlh thrfdb`tdcbs db tlh Xfgrd`b

ihrt`dbny là bc jcuba`tdcb db tlh crdmdb`n spdrdt cj tlh n`bmu`mh, gut w`s ` icrruptdcb cj n`thr a`th, wldil`pph`rha db ` sdfdn`r `ntlcuml whòhr thbahbiy `nsc `t Wcfh. @iicradbmny db tlh Dt`nd`b n`bmu`mhs slcrt

vcwhns `rh rhmun`rny arcppha db tlh jdb`n scuba, ncbm cbhs jrhquhbtny5 tlh icbinuadbm icbscb`bts, cb tlh ctlhr

l`ba, l`vh ghhb thbìdcusny rht`dbha db tlh N`tdb `ba stdnn fcrh sc db tlh Y`fbdth? wldnh tlh Xfgrd`b arcps

hvhb tlhsh. Db icbbhitdcb wdtl tlds wh jdba tl`t tlh fdaanh vcdih l`s nhjt gut sndmlt trìhs db tlh Dt`nd`b

n`bmu`mhs, `ba ` phiund`r p`ssdvh jcrfha gy tlh àadtdcb cj -r tòhs dts pnìh? `ba jurtlhr tl`t tlh fècrdty cj

tlh thbshs `rh jcrfha gy icfpcsdtdcb wdtl tlh rccts -hs `ba -ju, wldnh tlh rdilhr thrfdb`tdcb`n systhf cj tlh

Mrhhos `ncbm wdtl tlh ùmfhbt hb`gnhs tlhf db mrh`t p`rt tc adsphbsh wdtl ùxdnd`ry vhrgs. ]ldnh tlh Dt`nd`b

n`bmu`mhs, ndoh tlh @hcndi ad`nhit, m`vh up tlh au`n, tlhy rht`dbha ubdvhrs`nny tlh `gn`tdvh wldil tlh Mrhhos

ncst, `ba db mrh`t p`rt `nsc tlh nci`tdvh. Qlh rdmcrcus ncmdi cj tlh Dt`nd`bs `pph`rs tc l`vh tòhb cjjhbih `t tlh

spndttdbm cj tlh dah` cj pnur`ndty dbtc tl`t cj au`ndty `ba cj funtdtuah? wldnh tlhy l`vh icbtdbuha wdtl fuil

prhidsdcb tc hxprhss tlh rhn`tdcbs cj wcras gy dbjnhitdcbs. @ jh`turh phiund`rny Dt`nd`b, `ba ubobcwb hvhb tc

tlh Y`bsirdt, ds tlh fcah cj dfp`rtdbm ` sugst`btdvh il`rìthr tc tlh vhrg gy mhrubas `ba supdbhs,--` prcihss

i`rrdha cut fcrh icfpnhthny lhrh tl`b db `by ctlhr n`bmu`mh.

Whn`tdcb cj tlh Dt`nd`bs tc tlh Mrhhos

Qlhsh hx`fpnhs shnhitha jrcf ` mrh`t `guba`bih cj `b`ncmcus plhbcfhb` sujjdih tc hst`gndsl tlh

dbadvdau`ndty cj tlh Dt`nd`b stcio `s adstdbmudslha jrcf tlh ctlhr fhfghrs cj tlh Dbac-Mhrf`bdi j`fdny, `ba `t

tlh s`fh tdfh slcw dt tc gh ndbmudstdi`nny tlh bh`rhst rhn`tdvh, `s dt ds mhcmr`pldi`nny tlh bhxt bhdmlgcur, cj tlh

Mrhho. Qlh Mrhho `ba tlh Dt`nd`b `rh grctlhrs? tlh Ihnt, tlh Mhrf`b, `ba tlh Yn`vcbd`b `rh tlhdr icusdbs. Qlh

hsshbtd`n ubdty cj `nn tlh Dt`nd`b `s cj `nn tlh Mrhho ad`nhits `ba stcios fust l`vh a`wbha h`rny `ba inh`rny cb

tlh icbsidcusbhss cj tlh twc mrh`t b`tdcbs tlhfshnvhs? jcr wh jdba db tlh Wcf`b n`bmu`mh ` vhry `bidhbt wcra

cj hbdmf`tdi`n crdmdb, -Mr`dus-cr -Mr`dius-, wldil ds `ppndha tc hvhry Mrhho, `ba db ndoh f`bbhr `fcbmst tlhMrhhos tlh `b`ncmcus `pphnn`tdcb --Cpdocs-- wldil ds `ppndha tc `nn tlh N`tdb `ba Y`fbdth stcios obcwb tc tlh

Mrhhos db h`rndhr tdfhs, gut bhvhr tc tlh D`pymd`bs cr Htrusi`bs.

Whn`tdcb cj tlh N`tdbs tc tlh Xfgrc-Y`fbdths

@fcbm tlh n`bmu`mhs cj tlh Dt`nd`b stcio, `m`db, tlh N`tdb st`bas db f`roha icbtr`st wdtl tlh Xfgrc-Y`fbdth

ad`nhits. Dt ds truh tl`t cj tlhsh cbny twc, tlh Xfgrd`b `ba tlh Y`fbdth cr Csi`b, `rh db scfh ahmrhh obcwb tc

us, `ba tlhsh hvhb db ` f`bbhr hxtrhfhny ahjhitdvh `ba ubihrt`db. Cj tlh rhst scfh, suil `s tlh F`rsd`b `ba

tlh Zcnsid`b, l`vh rhìlha us db jr`mfhbts tcc si`bty tc hb`gnh us tc jcrf `by icbihptdcb cj tlhdr dbadvdau`n

phiund`rdtdhs cr tc in`ssdjy tlh v`rdhtdhs cj ad`nhit tlhfshnvhs wdtl ihrt`dbty `ba prhidsdcb, wldnh ctlhrs, ndoh

tlh Y`gdbh, l`vh, wdtl tlh hxihptdcb cj ` jhw trìhs prhshrvha `s ad`nhitdi phiund`rdtdhs db prcvdbid`n N`tdb,icfpnhthny ads`pph`rha. @ icbecdbt vdhw, lcwhvhr, cj tlh jìts cj n`bmu`mh `ba cj ldstcry nh`vhs bc acugt

tl`t `nn tlhsh ad`nhits ghncbmha tc tlh Xfgrc-Y`fbdth gr`bil cj tlh mrh`t Dt`nd`b stcio, `ba tl`t tlds gr`bil,

`ntlcuml fuil fcrh incshny rhn`tha tc N`tdb tl`b tc Mrhho, w`s vhry ahidahany adstdbit jrcf tlh N`tdb. Db tlh

prcbcub `ba ctlhr i`shs jrhquhbtny tlh Y`fbdth `ba Xfgrd`b usha -p wlhrh tlh Wcf`b usha -q, `s -pds- jcr

-quds-? eust `s n`bmu`mhs ctlhrwdsh incshny rhn`tha `rh jcuba tc adjjhr? jcr dbst`bih, -p ds phiund`r tc tlh Ihntdi

db Grdtt`by `ba ]`nhs, -o tc tlh M`hndi `ba Hrsh. @fcbm tlh vcwhn scubas tlh adpltlcbms db N`tdb, `ba db tlh

bcrtlhrb ad`nhits mhbhr`nny, `pph`r vhry fuil ahstrcyha, wlhrh`s db tlh scutlhrb Dt`nd`b ad`nhits tlhy l`vh

sujjhrha ndttnh? `ba icbbhitha wdtl tlds ds tlh jìt, tl`t db icfpcsdtdcb tlh Wcf`b whòhbs tlh ràdi`n vcwhn

ctlhrwdsh sc strditny prhshrvha,--` fcadjdi`tdcb wldil achs bct tòh pnìh db tlh odbarha mrcup cj n`bmu`mhs.

Qlh mhbdtdvh cj wcras db -` ds db tlds mrcup `s `fcbm tlh Mrhhos -`s, `fcbm tlh Wcf`bs db tlh f`turha

n`bmu`mh -`h? tl`t cj wcras db -us ds db tlh Y`fbdth -hds, db tlh Xfgrd`b -hs, `fcbm tlh Wcf`bs -hd? tlh

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21/1171

nci`tdvh ads`pph`rha fcrh `ba fcrh jrcf tlh n`bmu`mh cj tlh n`tthr, wldnh dt icbtdbuha db junn ush db tlh ctlhr

Dt`nd`b ad`nhits? tlh a`tdvh pnur`n db -gus ds hxt`bt cbny db N`tdb. Qlh Xfgrc-Y`fbdth dbjdbdtdvh db -uf ds

jcrhdmb tc tlh Wcf`bs? wldnh tlh Csic-Xfgrd`b juturh jcrfha jrcf tlh rcct -hs `jthr tlh Mrhho j`sldcb

(-lhr-hst- ndoh --nhm-sc--) l`s `nfcst, phrl`ps `ntcmhtlhr, ads`pph`rha db N`tdb, `ba dts pnìh ds suppndha gy tlh

cpt`tdvh cj tlh sdfpnh vhrg cr gy `b`ncmcus jcrf`tdcbs jrcf -juc-(-`f`gc-). Db f`by cj tlhsh dbst`bihs,

lcwhvhr--db tlh jcrfs cj tlh i`shs, jcr hx`fpnh--tlh adjjhrhbihs cbny hxdst db tlh twc n`bmu`mhs wlhb junny

jcrfha, wldnh `t tlh cutsht tlhy icdbidah. Dt tlus `pph`rs tl`t, wldnh tlh Dt`nd`b n`bmu`mh lcnas `b dbahphbahbtpcsdtdcb gy tlh sdah cj tlh Mrhho, tlh N`tdb ad`nhit wdtldb dt gh`rs ` rhn`tdcb tc tlh Xfgrc-Y`fbdth scfhwl`t

sdfdn`r tc tl`t cj tlh Dcbdi tc tlh Acrdi? `ba tlh adjjhrhbihs cj tlh Csi`b `ba Xfgrd`b `ba odbarha ad`nhits

f`y gh icfp`rha wdtl tlh adjjhrhbihs ghtwhhb tlh Acrdsf cj Ydidny `ba tlh Acrdsf cj Yp`rt`.

Hìl cj tlhsh ndbmudstdi plhbcfhb` ds tlh rhsunt `ba tlh `tthst`tdcb cj `b ldstcrdi`n hvhbt. ]dtl phrjhit

ihrt`dbty tlhy mudah us tc tlh icbinusdcb, tl`t jrcf tlh icffcb irành cj phcpnhs `ba n`bmu`mhs tlhrh dssuha

` stcio wldil hfgrìha db icffcb tlh `bihstcrs cj tlh Mrhhos `ba tlh Dt`nd`bs? tl`t jrcf tlds, `t `

sugshquhbt phrdca, tlh Dt`nd`bs gr`bilha cjj? `ba tl`t tlhsh `m`db advdaha dbtc tlh whsthrb `ba h`sthrb stcios,

wldnh `t ` stdnn n`thr a`th tlh h`sthrb ghi`fh sugadvdaha dbtc Xfgrd`bs `ba Csi`bs.

]lhb `ba wlhrh tlhsh shp`r`tdcbs tcco pnìh, n`bmu`mh cj icursh i`bbct thnn? `ba si`rih f`y àvhbturcus

tlcumlt `tthfpt tc mrcph dts icbehitur`n w`y `ncbm tlh icursh cj tlcsh rhvcnutdcbs, tlh h`rndhst cj wldil

ubacugthany tcco pnìh ncbm ghjcrh tl`t fdmr`tdcb wldil grcumlt tlh `bihstcrs cj tlh Dt`nd`bs ìrcss tlh

@phbbdbhs. Cb tlh ctlhr l`ba tlh icfp`rdscb cj n`bmu`mhs, wlhb icbauitha wdtl ìiurìy `ba iùtdcb, f`y

mdvh us `b `pprcxdf`th dah` cj tlh ahmrhh cj iunturh wldil tlh phcpnh là rhìlha wlhb tlhsh shp`r`tdcbs

tcco pnìh, `ba sc jurbdsl us wdtl tlh ghmdbbdbms cj ldstcry, wldil ds bctldbm gut tlh ahvhncpfhbt cj

idvdndz`tdcb. Jcr n`bmu`mh, hsphid`nny db tlh phrdca cj dts jcrf`tdcb, ds tlh truh df`mh `ba crm`b cj tlh ahmrhh

cj idvdndz`tdcb `tt`dbha? dts `rildvhs prhshrvh hvdahbih cj tlh mrh`t rhvcnutdcbs db `rts `ba db f`bbhrs, `ba jrcf

dts rhicras tlh juturh wdnn bct j`dn tc ar`w dbjcrf`tdcb `s tc tlcsh tdfhs rhm`radbm wldil tlh vcdih cj adrhit

tràdtdcb ds aufg.

Dbac-Mhrf`bdi Iunturh

Aurdbm tlh phrdca wlhb tlh Dbac-Mhrf`bdi b`tdcbs wldil `rh bcw shp`r`tha stdnn jcrfha cbh stcio sphòdbm

tlh s`fh n`bmu`mh, tlhy `tt`dbha ` ihrt`db st`mh cj iunturh, `ba tlhy là ` vci`gun`ry icrrhspcbadbm tc dt. Qlds

vci`gun`ry tlh shvhr`n b`tdcbs i`rrdha `ncbm wdtl tlhf, db dts icbvhbtdcb`nny hst`gndslha ush, `s ` icffcb

acwry `ba ` jcuba`tdcb jcr jurtlhr struiturhs cj tlhdr cwb. Db dt wh jdba bct fhrhny tlh sdfpnhst thrfs

ahbctdbm hxdsthbih, ìtdcbs, phrihptdcbs, suil `s -suf-, -ac-, -p`thr-, tlh crdmdb`n hilc cj tlh dfprhssdcb

wldil tlh hxthrb`n wcrna fàh cb tlh fdba cj f`b, gut `nsc ` bufghr cj wcras dbadi`tdvh cj iunturh (bct cbny

`s rhsphits tlhdr rccts, gut db ` jcrf st`fpha upcb tlhf gy iustcf) wldil `rh tlh icffcb prcphrty cj tlh

Dbac-Mhrf`bdi j`fdny, `ba wldil i`bbct gh hxpn`dbha hdtlhr cb tlh prdbidpnh cj `b ubdjcrf ahvhncpfhbt db

tlh shvhr`n n`bmu`mhs, cr cb tlh suppcsdtdcb cj tlhdr l`vdbm sugshquhbtny gcrrcwha cbh jrcf `bctlhr. Db tlds

w`y wh pcsshss hvdahbih cj tlh ahvhncpfhbt cj p`stcr`n ndjh `t tl`t rhfcth hpcil db tlh ub`nthr`gny jdxha

b`fhs cj acfhstdi `bdf`ns? tlh Y`bsirdt -mùs- ds tlh N`tdb -gcs-, tlh Mrhho --gcus--? Y`bsirdt -`vds- ds tlhN`tdb -cvds-, Mrhho --cds--? Y`bsirdt -`sv`s-, N`tdb -hquus-, Mrhho --dppcs--? Y`bsirdt -l`bs`s-, N`tdb -`bshr-,

Mrhho --ilhdb--? Y`bsirdt -`tds-, N`tdb -`b`s-, Mrhho --bhdss`--? db ndoh f`bbhr -phius-, -sus-, -pcrius-, -tùrus-,

-i`bds-, `rh Y`bsirdt wcras. Hvhb `t tlds rhfcth phrdca ìicradbmny tlh stcio, cb wldil jrcf tlh a`ys cj

Lcfhr acwb tc cur cwb tdfh tlh dbthnnhitu`n ahvhncpfhbt cj f`bodba l`s ghhb ahphbahbt, là `nrhày

àv`biha ghycba tlh ncwhst st`mh cj idvdndz`tdcb, tlh lubtdbm `ba jdsldbm hpcil, `ba là `tt`dbha `t nh`st

icfp`r`tdvh jdxdty cj `gcah. Cb tlh ctlhr l`ba, wh l`vh `s yht bc ihrt`db prccjs cj tlh hxdsthbih cj

`mrdiunturh `t tlds phrdca. N`bmu`mh r`tlhr j`vcurs tlh bhm`tdvh vdhw. Cj tlh N`tdb-Mrhho b`fhs cj mr`db bcbh

ciiurs db Y`bsirdt wdtl tlh sdbmnh hxihptdcb cj --zh`--, wldil pldncncmdi`nny rhprhshbts tlh Y`bsirdt -y`v`s-,

gut ahbcths db tlh Dbad`b g`rnhy, db Mrhho sphnt. Dt fust dbahha gh mr`btha tl`t tlds advhrsdty db tlh b`fhs cj

iuntdv`tha pn`bts, wldil sc strcbmny icbtr`sts wdtl tlh hsshbtd`n `mrhhfhbt db tlh `pphnn`tdcbs cj acfhstdi

`bdf`ns, achs bct `gscnuthny prhinuah tlh suppcsdtdcb cj ` icffcb crdmdb`n `mrdiunturh. Db tlh idriufst`bihs

IL@[QHW DD 70


22/1171

cj prdfdtdvh tdfhs tr`bspcrt `ba ìindf`tdzdbm `rh fcrh adjjdiunt db tlh i`sh cj pn`bts tl`b cj `bdf`ns? `ba tlh

iuntdv`tdcb cj rdih `fcbm tlh Dbad`bs, tl`t cj wlh`t `ba sphnt `fcbm tlh Mrhhos `ba Wcf`bs, `ba tl`t cj ryh

`ba c`ts `fcbm tlh Mhrf`bs `ba Ihnts, f`y `nn gh trìh`gnh tc ` icffcb systhf cj prdfdtdvh tdnn`mh. Cb tlh

ctlhr l`ba tlh b`fh cj cbh ihrh`n icffcb tc tlh Mrhhos `ba Dbad`bs cbny prcvhs, `t tlh fcst, tl`t ghjcrh tlh

shp`r`tdcb cj tlh stcios tlhy m`tlhrha `ba `th tlh mr`dbs cj g`rnhy `ba sphnt mrcwdbm wdna db Fhscpct`fd`,(9)

bct tl`t tlhy `nrhày iuntdv`tha mr`db. ]ldnh, lcwhvhr, wh rhìl bc ahidsdvh rhsunt db tlds w`y, ` jurtlhr ndmlt

ds tlrcwb cb tlh sugehit gy cur cgshrvdbm tl`t ` bufghr cj tlh fcst dfpcrt`bt wcras gh`rdbm cb tlds prcvdbihcj iunturh ciiur ihrt`dbny db Y`bsirdt, gut `nn cj tlhf db ` fcrh mhbhr`n sdmbdjdi`tdcb. -@mr`s-`fcbm tlh

Dbad`bs ahbcths ` nhvhn surjìh db mhbhr`n? -ourbu-, `bytldbm pcubaha? -`rdtr`f-, c`r `ba sldp? -vhb`s-, tl`t

wldil ds pnh`s`bt db mhbhr`n, p`rtdiun`rny ` pnh`s`bt ardbo. Qlh wcras `rh tlus vhry `bidhbt? gut tlhdr fcrh

ahjdbdth `ppndi`tdcb tc tlh jdhna (-`mhr-), tc tlh mr`db tc gh mrcuba (-mr`buf-), tc tlh dfpnhfhbt wldil jurrcws

tlh scdn `s tlh sldp jurrcws tlh surjìh cj tlh sh` (-`r`truf-), tc tlh eudih cj tlh mr`ph (-vdbuf-), là bct yht

tòhb pnìh wlhb tlh h`rndhst advdsdcb cj tlh stcios ciiurrha, `ba dt ds bct tc gh wcbahrha `t tl`t tlhdr

sugshquhbt `ppndi`tdcbs i`fh tc gh db scfh dbst`bihs vhry adjjhrhbt, `ba tl`t, jcr hx`fpnh, tlh icrb dbthbaha

tc gh mrcuba, `s whnn `s tlh fdnn jcr mrdbadbm dt (Mctldi -qu`drdbus-, Ndtlu`bd`b -mdrbcs-,(1)) rhihdvha tlhdr

b`fhs jrcf tlh Y`bsirdt -ourbu-. ]h f`y ìicradbmny `ssufh dt `s prcg`gnh, tl`t tlh prdfhv`n Dbac-Mhrf`bdi

phcpnh whrh bct yht ìqu`dbtha wdtl `mrdiunturh, `ba `s ihrt`db, tl`t, dj tlhy whrh sc, dt pn`yha gut ` vhry

sugcradb`th p`rt db tlhdr hicbcfy? jcr là dt `t tl`t tdfh lhna tlh pnìh wldil dt `jthrw`ras lhna `fcbm tlh

Mrhhos `ba Wcf`bs, dt wcuna l`vh nhjt ` ahhphr dfprhssdcb upcb tlh n`bmu`mh.

Cb tlh ctlhr l`ba tlh gudnadbm cj lcushs `ba luts gy tlh Dbac-Mhrf`bs ds `tthstha gy tlh Y`bsirdt -a`f(`s)-,

N`tdb -acfus-, Mrhho --acfcs--? Y`bsirdt -vhs`s-, N`tdb -vdius-, Mrhho --cdocs--? Y`bsirdt -av`r`s-, N`tdb

-jcrhs-, Mrhho --tlur`--? jurtlhr, tlh gudnadbm cj c`r-gc`ts gy tlh b`fhs cj tlh gc`t, Y`bsirdt -bùs-, N`tdb

-b`vds-, Mrhho --bùs--, `ba cj tlh c`r, Y`bsirdt -`rdtr`f-, Mrhho --hrhtfcs--, N`tdb -rhfus-, -trd-rhs-fds-? `ba

tlh ush cj w`mmcbs `ba tlh grhòdbm db cj `bdf`ns jcr arùmlt `ba tr`bspcrt gy tlh Y`bsirdt -òsl`s- (`xnh `ba

i`rt), N`tdb -`xds-, Mrhho --`xcb--, --`f-`x`--? Y`bsirdt -dum`f-, N`tdb -dumuf-, Mrhho --zumcb--. Qlh wcras

tl`t ahbcth inctldbm- Y`bsirdt -v`str`-, N`tdb -vhstds-, Mrhho --hstlhs--? `s whnn `s tlcsh tl`t ahbcth shwdbm `ba

spdbbdbm-Y`bsirdt -sdv-, N`tdb -suc-? Y`bsirdt -b`l-, N`tdb -bhc-, Mrhho --bhtlc--, `rh `ndoh db `nn

Dbac-Mhrf`bdi n`bmu`mhs. Qlds i`bbct, lcwhvhr, gh hqu`nny `jjdrfha cj tlh ldmlhr `rt cj wh`vdbm.(8) Qlh

obcwnhamh cj tlh ush cj jdrh db prhp`rdbm jcca, `ba cj s`nt jcr sh`scbdbm dt, ds ` prdfhv`n lhrdt`mh cj tlhDbac-Mhrf`bdi b`tdcbs? `ba tlh s`fh f`y gh `jjdrfha rhm`radbm tlh obcwnhamh cj tlh h`rndhst fht`ns

hfpncyha `s dfpnhfhbts cr crb`fhbts gy f`b. @t nh`st tlh b`fhs cj icpphr (-`hs-) `ba sdnvhr (-`rmhbtuf-),

phrl`ps `nsc cj mcna, `rh fht wdtl db Y`bsirdt, `ba tlhsh b`fhs i`b si`rihny l`vh crdmdb`tha ghjcrh f`b là

nh`rbha tc shp`r`th `ba tc utdndzh tlh crhs? tlh Y`bsirdt -`sds-, N`tdb -hbsds-, pcdbts db jìt tc tlh prdfhv`n ush cj

fht`nndi wh`pcbs.

Bc nhss ac wh jdba hxthbadbm gìo dbtc tlcsh tdfhs tlh juba`fhbt`n dah`s cb wldil tlh ahvhncpfhbt cj `nn

Dbac-Mhrf`bdi st`ths untdf`thny rhsts? tlh rhn`tdvh pcsdtdcb cj lusg`ba `ba wdjh, tlh `rr`bmhfhbt db in`bs, tlh

prdhstlcca cj tlh j`tlhr cj tlh lcushlcna `ba tlh `gshbih cj ` sphid`n sìhract`n in`ss `s whnn `s cj `nn

adstdbitdcbs cj i`sth db mhbhr`n, sn`vhry `s ` nhmdtdf`th dbstdtutdcb, tlh a`ys cj pugndiny adsphbsdbm eustdih `t tlh

bhw `ba junn fccb. Cb tlh ctlhr l`ba tlh pcsdtdvh crm`bdz`tdcb cj tlh gcay pcndtdi, tlh ahidsdcb cj tlhquhstdcbs ghtwhhb rhm`n scvhrhdmbty `ba tlh scvhrhdmbty cj tlh icffubdty, ghtwhhb tlh lhrhadt`ry prdvdnhmh

cj rcy`n `ba bcgnh lcushs `ba tlh ubicbadtdcb`n nhm`n hqu`ndty cj tlh idtdzhbs, ghncbm `ntcmhtlhr tc ` n`thr `mh.

Hvhb tlh hnhfhbts cj sidhbih `ba rhndmdcb slcw trìhs cj ` icffubdty cj crdmdb. Qlh bufghrs `rh tlh s`fh up

tc cbh lubarha (Y`bsirdt -s`t`f-, -ho`s`t`f-, N`tdb -ihbtuf-, Mrhho --h-o`tcb--, Mctldi -luba-)? `ba tlh

fccb rhihdvhs lhr b`fh db `nn n`bmu`mhs jrcf tlh jìt tl`t fhb fh`surh tdfh gy lhr (-fhbsds-). Qlh dah` cj

Ahdty dtshnj (Y`bsirdt -ahv`s-, N`tdb -ahus-, Mrhho --tlhcs--), `ba f`by cj tlh cnahst icbihptdcbs cj rhndmdcb

`ba cj b`tur`n syfgcndsf, ghncbm tc tlh icffcb dblhrdt`bih cj tlh b`tdcbs. Qlh icbihptdcb, jcr hx`fpnh, cj

lh`vhb `s tlh j`tlhr `ba cj h`rtl `s tlh fctlhr cj ghdbm, tlh jhst`n hxphadtdcbs cj tlh mcas wlc prcihha jrcf

pnìh tc pnìh db tlhdr cwb il`rdcts `ncbm i`rhjunny nhvhnnha p`tls, tlh slàcwy icbtdbu`tdcb cj tlh scun's

hxdsthbih `jthr ah`tl, `rh juba`fhbt`n dah`s cj tlh Dbad`b `s whnn `s cj tlh Mrhho `ba Wcf`b fytlcncmdhs.

IL@[QHW DD 77


23/1171

Yhvhr`n cj tlh mcas cj tlh M`bmhs icdbidah hvhb db b`fh wdtl tlcsh wcrsldppha cb tlh Dndssus `ba tlh

Qdghr5--tlus tlh Xr`bus cj tlh Mrhhos ds tlh Z`rub`s, tlhdr Uhus, Ecvds p`thr, Adhspdthr ds tlh Aeùs pdt` cj tlh

Zha`s. @b ubhxphitha ndmlt l`s ghhb tlrcwb cb v`rdcus hbdmf`tdi`n jcrfs db tlh Lhnnhbdi fytlcncmy gy

rhihbt rhsh`rilhs rhm`radbm tlh h`rndhr advdbdtdhs cj Dbad`. Qlh lc`ry fysthrdcus jcrfs cj tlh Hrdbbyhs `rh bc

Lhnnhbdi dbvhbtdcb? tlhy whrh dffdmr`bts `ncbm wdtl tlh cnahst shttnhrs jrcf tlh H`st. Qlh advdbh mrhylcuba

Y`r`f`, wlc mu`ras jcr tlh Ncra cj lh`vhb tlh mcnahb lhra cj st`rs `ba subgh`fs `ba icnnhits jcr ldf tlh

bcurdsldbm r`db-incuas `s tlh icws cj lh`vhb tc tlh fdnodbm, `ba wlc fcrhcvhr j`dtljunny icbauits tlh pdcusahà dbtc tlh wcrna cj tlh gnhssha, ghicfhs db tlh l`bas cj tlh Mrhhos tlh scb cj Y`r`f`, Y`r`fhy`s, cr

Lhrfhd`s? `ba tlh hbdmf`tdi`n Lhnnhbdi stcry cj tlh sth`ndbm cj tlh i`ttnh cj Lhndcs, wldil ds ghycba acugt

icbbhitha wdtl tlh Wcf`b nhmhba `gcut Iìus, ds bcw shhb tc gh ` n`st hilc (wdtl tlh fh`bdbm bc ncbmhr

ubahrstcca) cj tl`t cna j`bidjun `ba sdmbdjdi`bt icbihptdcb cj b`turh.

Mr`hic-Dt`nd`b Iunturh

Qlh t`so, lcwhvhr, cj ahthrfdbdbm tlh ahmrhh cj iunturh wldil tlh Dbac-Mhrf`bs là `tt`dbha ghjcrh tlh

shp`r`tdcb cj tlh stcios prcphrny ghncbms tc tlh mhbhr`n ldstcry cj tlh `bidhbt wcrna. Dt ds cb tlh ctlhr l`ba tlh

sphid`n t`so cj Dt`nd`b ldstcry tc `sihrt`db, sc j`r `s dt ds pcssdgnh, wl`t w`s tlh st`th cj tlh Mr`hic-Dt`nd`b

b`tdcb wlhb tlh Lhnnhbhs `ba tlh Dt`nd`bs p`rtha. Bcr ds tlds ` suphrjnucus n`gcur? wh rhìl gy fh`bs cj dt tlh

st`mh `t wldil Dt`nd`b idvdndz`tdcb icffhbiha, tlh st`rtdbm-pcdbt cj tlh b`tdcb`n ldstcry.

@mrdiunturh

]ldnh dt ds prcg`gnh tl`t tlh Dbac-Mhrf`bs nha ` p`stcr`n ndjh `ba whrh ìqu`dbtha wdtl tlh ihrh`ns, dj `t `nn,

cbny db tlhdr wdna st`th, `nn dbadi`tdcbs pcdbt tc tlh icbinusdcb tl`t tlh Mr`hic-Dt`nd`bs whrh ` mr`db-iuntdv`tdbm,

phrl`ps hvhb ` vdbh-iuntdv`tdbm, phcpnh. Qlh hvdahbih cj tlds ds bct sdfpny tlh obcwnhamh cj `mrdiunturh dtshnj

icffcb tc gctl, jcr tlds achs bct upcb tlh wlcnh w`rr`bt tlh dbjhrhbih cj icffubdty cj crdmdb db tlh phcpnhs

wlc f`y hxldgdt dt. @b ldstcrdi`n icbbhitdcb ghtwhhb tlh Dbac-Mhrf`bdi `mrdiunturh `ba tl`t cj tlh Ildbhsh,

@r`f`h`b, `ba Hmyptd`b stcios i`b l`rany gh adsputha? `ba yht tlhsh stcios `rh hdtlhr `ndhb tc tlh

Dbac-Mhrf`bs, cr `t `by r`th ghi`fh shp`r`tha jrcf tlhf `t ` tdfh wlhb `mrdiunturh w`s ihrt`dbny stdnn

ubobcwb. Qlh trutl ds, tl`t tlh fcrh àv`biha rìhs db `bidhbt tdfhs whrh, `s `t tlh prhshbt a`y, icbst`btnyhxil`bmdbm tlh dfpnhfhbts `ba tlh pn`bts hfpncyha db iuntdv`tdcb? `ba wlhb tlh `bb`ns cj Ildb` rhjhr tlh

crdmdb cj Ildbhsh `mrdiunturh tc tlh dbtrcauitdcb cj jdvh sphidhs cj mr`db tl`t tcco pnìh ubahr ` p`rtdiun`r odbm

db ` p`rtdiun`r yh`r, tlh stcry ubacugthany ahpdits icrrhitny, `t nh`st db ` mhbhr`n w`y, tlh rhn`tdcbs sugsdstdbm

db tlh h`rndhst hpcils cj idvdndz`tdcb. @ icffcb obcwnhamh cj `mrdiunturh, ndoh ` icffcb obcwnhamh cj tlh

`npl`ght, cj w`r il`rdcts, cj purpnh, `ba ctlhr dfpnhfhbts `ba crb`fhbts, j`r fcrh jrhquhbtny w`rr`bts tlh

dbjhrhbih cj `b `bidhbt dbthricursh ghtwhhb b`tdcbs tl`b cj tlhdr crdmdb`n ubdty. Gut `s rhm`ras tlh Mrhhos `ba

Dt`nd`bs, wlcsh futu`n rhn`tdcbs `rh icfp`r`tdvhny whnn obcwb, tlh lypctlhsds tl`t `mrdiunturh `s whnn `s

wrdtdbm `ba icdb`mh jdrst i`fh tc Dt`ny gy fh`bs cj tlh Lhnnhbhs f`y gh il`rìthrdzha `s wlcnny dbàfdssdgnh.

Cb tlh ctlhr l`ba, tlh hxdsthbih cj ` fcst dbtdf`th icbbhitdcb ghtwhhb tlh `mrdiunturh cj tlh cbh icubtry `ba

tl`t cj tlh ctlhr ds `tthstha gy tlhdr pcsshssdbm db icffcb `nn tlh cnahst hxprhssdcbs rhn`tdbm tc dt? -`mhr-,

--`mrcs--? -`rc `r`truf-, --`rcc `rctrcb--? -ndmc-`ncbmsdah cj --nìl`dbc--? -lcrtus-, --ilcrtcs--? -lcrahuf-,--ordtlhd--? -fdnduf-, --fhndbhd--? -r`p`-, --r`pl`bds-? -f`nv`-, --f`nìlhd--? -vdbuf-, --cdbcs--. Dt ds ndohwdsh

`tthstha gy tlh `mrhhfhbt cj Mrhho `ba Dt`nd`b `mrdiunturh db tlh jcrf cj tlh pncuml, wldil `pph`rs cj tlh

s`fh sl`ph cb tlh cna @ttdi `ba tlh cna Wcf`b fcbufhbts? db tlh ilcdih cj tlh fcst `bidhbt odbas cj mr`db,

fdnnht, g`rnhy, sphnt? db tlh iustcf cj iuttdbm tlh h`rs wdtl tlh sdionh `ba l`vdbm tlhf trcaahb cut gy i`ttnh cb

tlh sfcctl-gh`thb tlrhsldbm-jnccr? n`stny, db tlh fcah cj prhp`rdbm tlh mr`db -puns- --pcntcs--, -pdbsc-

--ptdssc--, -fcn`- --funhd--? jcr gòdbm w`s cj fcrh rhihbt crdmdb, `ba cb tl`t ìicubt acuml cr p`p w`s

`nw`ys usha db tlh Wcf`b rdtu`n dbsthà cj grhà. Ql`t tlh iunturh cj tlh vdbh tcc db Dt`ny w`s `bthrdcr tc tlh

h`rndhst Mrhho dffdmr`tdcb, ds slcwb gy tlh `pphnn`tdcb "wdbh-n`ba" (--Cdbctrd`--), wldil `pph`rs tc rhìl

gìo tc tlh cnahst vdsdts cj Mrhho vcy`mhrs. Dt wcuna tlus `pph`r tl`t tlh tr`bsdtdcb jrcf p`stcr`n ndjh tc

`mrdiunturh, cr, tc sphò fcrh icrrhitny, tlh icfgdb`tdcb cj `mrdiunturh wdtl tlh h`rndhr p`stcr`n hicbcfy,

fust l`vh tòhb pnìh `jthr tlh Dbad`bs là ahp`rtha jrcf tlh icffcb irành cj tlh b`tdcbs, gut ghjcrh tlh

IL@[QHW DD 79


24/1171

Lhnnhbhs `ba Dt`nd`bs adsscnvha tlhdr `bidhbt icffubdcb. Fcrhcvhr, `t tlh tdfh wlhb `mrdiunturh crdmdb`tha,

tlh Lhnnhbhs `ba Dt`nd`bs `pph`r tc l`vh ghhb ubdtha `s cbh b`tdcb`n wlcnh bct fhrhny wdtl hìl ctlhr, gut

wdtl ctlhr fhfghrs cj tlh mrh`t j`fdny? `t nh`st, dt ds ` jìt, tl`t tlh fcst dfpcrt`bt cj tlcsh thrfs cj

iuntdv`tdcb, wldnh tlhy `rh jcrhdmb tc tlh @sd`tdi fhfghrs cj tlh Dbac-Mhrf`bdi j`fdny, `rh usha gy tlh

Wcf`bs `ba Mrhhos db icffcb wdtl tlh Ihntdi `s whnn `s tlh Mhrf`bdi, Yn`vcbdi, `ba Ndtlu`bd`b stcios.(:)

Qlh adstdbitdcb ghtwhhb tlh icffcb dblhrdt`bih cj tlh b`tdcbs `ba tlhdr cwb sugshquhbt ìqudsdtdcbs dbf`bbhrs `ba db n`bmu`mh ds stdnn j`r jrcf l`vdbm ghhb wrcumlt cut db `nn tlh v`rdhty cj dts aht`dns `ba

mrà`tdcbs. Qlh dbvhstdm`tdcb cj n`bmu`mhs wdtl tlds vdhw l`s si`rihny ghmub, `ba ldstcry stdnn db tlh f`db

ahrdvhs dts rhprhshbt`tdcb cj prdfdtdvh tdfhs, bct jrcf tlh rdil fdbh cj n`bmu`mh, gut jrcf wl`t fust gh i`nnha

jcr tlh fcst p`rt tlh ruggdsl-lh`p cj tràdtdcb. Jcr tlh prhshbt, tlhrhjcrh, dt fust sujjdih tc dbadi`th tlh

adjjhrhbihs ghtwhhb tlh iunturh cj tlh Dbac-Mhrf`bdi j`fdny db dts cnahst ubadvdaha jcrf, `ba tlh iunturh cj

tl`t hpcil wlhb tlh Mr`hic-Dt`nd`bs stdnn ndvha tcmhtlhr. Qlh t`so cj adsirdfdb`tdbm tlh rhsunts cj iunturh wldil

`rh icffcb tc tlh Hurcph`b fhfghrs cj tlds j`fdny, gut jcrhdmb tc dts @sd`tdi fhfghrs, jrcf tlcsh wldil tlh

shvhr`n Hurcph`b mrcups, suil `s tlh Mr`hic-Dt`nd`b `ba tlh Mhrf`bc-Yn`vcbdi, l`vh wrcumlt cut jcr

tlhfshnvhs, i`b cbny gh ìicfpndslha, dj `t `nn, `jthr mrh`thr prcmrhss l`s ghhb fàh db ndbmudstdi `ba

ldstcrdi`n dbqudrdhs. Gut tlhrh i`b gh bc acugt tl`t, wdtl tlh Mr`hic-Dt`nd`bs `s wdtl `nn ctlhr b`tdcbs,

`mrdiunturh ghi`fh `ba db tlh fdba cj tlh phcpnh rhf`dbha tlh mhrf `ba icrh cj tlhdr b`tdcb`n `ba cj tlhdr

prdv`th ndjh. Qlh lcush `ba tlh jdxha lh`rtl, wldil tlh lusg`baf`b icbstruits dbsthà cj tlh ndmlt lut `ba

sldjtdbm jdrhpnìh cj tlh slhplhra, `rh rhprhshbtha db tlh spdrdtu`n acf`db `ba dah`ndzha db tlh mcaahss Zhst` cr

--Hstd`-- `nfcst tlh cbny advdbdty bct Dbac-Mhrf`bdi yht jrcf tlh jdrst icffcb tc gctl b`tdcbs. Cbh cj tlh

cnahst nhmhbas cj tlh Dt`nd`b stcio `sirdghs tc odbm Dt`nus, cr, `s tlh Dt`nd`bs fust l`vh prcbcubiha tlh wcra,

Zdt`nus cr Zdtunus, tlh dbtrcauitdcb cj tlh il`bmh jrcf ` p`stcr`n tc `b `mrdiuntur`n ndjh, `ba slrhwany icbbhits

wdtl dt tlh crdmdb`n Dt`nd`b nhmdsn`tdcb. ]h l`vh sdfpny `bctlhr vhrsdcb cj tlh s`fh ghndhj db tlh nhmhba cj tlh

Y`fbdth stcio wldil fòhs tlh cx tlh nhàhr cj tlhdr prdfdtdvh icncbdhs, `ba db tlh cnahst N`tdb b`tdcb`n

b`fhs wldil ahsdmb`th tlh phcpnh `s rh`phrs (-Ydiund-, phrl`ps `nsc -Ydi`bd-), cr `s jdhna-n`gcurhrs (-Cpsid-). Dt

ds cbh cj tlh il`rìthrdstdi dbicbmrudtdhs wldil `ttìl tc tlh sc-i`nnha nhmhba cj tlh crdmdb cj Wcfh, tl`t dt

rhprhshbts ` p`stcr`n `ba lubtdbm phcpnh `s jcubadbm ` idty. Nhmhba `ba j`dtl, n`ws `ba f`bbhrs, `fcbm tlh

Dt`nd`bs `s `fcbm tlh Lhnnhbhs `rh tlrcumlcut `sscid`tha wdtl `mrdiunturh.(=)

Iuntdv`tdcb cj tlh scdn i`bbct gh icbihdvha wdtlcut scfh fh`surhfhbt cj dt, lcwhvhr ruah. @iicradbmny, tlh

fh`surhs cj surjìh `ba tlh fcah cj shttdbm cjj gcuba`rdhs rhst, ndoh `mrdiunturh dtshnj, cb ` ndoh g`sds `fcbm

gctl phcpnhs. Qlh Csi`b `ba Xfgrd`b -vcrsus- cj cbh lubarha squ`rh jhht icrrhspcbas hxìtny wdtl tlh Mrhho

--pnhtlrcb--. Qlh prdbidpnh cj f`rodbm cjj gcuba`rdhs w`s `nsc tlh s`fh. Qlh n`ba-fh`surhr àeustha lds

pcsdtdcb wdtl rhjhrhbih tc cbh cj tlh i`radb`n pcdbts, `ba prcihhaha tc ar`w db tlh jdrst pnìh twc ndbhs, cbh

jrcf bcrtl tc scutl, `ba `bctlhr jrcf h`st tc whst, lds st`tdcb ghdbm `t tlhdr pcdbt cj dbthrshitdcb (-thfpnuf-,

--thfhbcs-- jrcf --thfbc--)? tlhb lh arhw `t ihrt`db jdxha adst`bihs ndbhs p`r`nnhn tc tlhsh, `ba gy tlds prcihss

prcauiha ` shrdhs cj rhit`bmun`r pdhihs cj mrcuba, tlh icrbhrs cj wldil whrh f`roha gy gcuba`ry pcsts

(-thrfdbd-, db Ydidnd`b dbsirdptdcbs -thrfcbhs-, usu`nny --crcd--). Qlds fcah cj ahjdbdbm gcuba`rdhs, wldil ds

prcg`gny `nsc Htrusi`b gut ds l`rany cj Htrusi`b crdmdb, wh jdba `fcbm tlh Wcf`bs, Xfgrd`bs, Y`fbdths, `ba

`nsc db vhry `bidhbt rhicras cj tlh Q`rhbtdbh Lhrìnhcts, wlc `rh `s ndttnh ndohny tc l`vh gcrrcwha dt jrcf tlhDt`nd`bs `s tlh Dt`nd`bs jrcf tlh Q`rhbtdbhs5 dt ds `b `bidhbt pcsshssdcb icffcb tc `nn. @ phiund`r il`rìthrdstdi

cj tlh Wcf`bs, cb tlh ctlhr l`ba, w`s tlhdr rdmda i`rrydbm cut cj tlh prdbidpnh cj tlh squ`rh? hvhb wlhrh tlh

sh` cr ` rdvhr jcrfha ` b`tur`n gcuba`ry, tlhy ada bct ìihpt dt, gut wcuba up tlhdr `nnci`tdcb cj tlh n`ba wdtl

tlh n`st icfpnhth squ`rh.

Ctlhr Jh`turhs cj Qlhdr Hicbcfy

Dt ds bct scnhny db `mrdiunturh, lcwhvhr, tl`t tlh hsphid`nny incsh rhn`tdcbsldp cj tlh Mrhhos `ba Dt`nd`bs

`pph`rs? dt ds ubfdstò`gny f`bdjhst `nsc db tlh ctlhr prcvdbihs cj f`b's h`rndhst ìtdvdty. Qlh Mrhho lcush, `s

ahsirdgha gy Lcfhr, adjjhrs ndttnh jrcf tlh fcahn wldil w`s `nw`ys àlhrha tc db Dt`ny. Qlh hsshbtd`n pcrtdcb,

wldil crdmdb`nny jcrfha tlh wlcnh dbthrdcr ìicffca`tdcb cj tlh N`tdb lcush, w`s tlh -`trduf-, tl`t ds, tlh

IL@[QHW DD 71


25/1171

"gnìohbha" il`fghr, wdtl tlh lcushlcna `nt`r, tlh f`rrd`mh gha, tlh t`gnh jcr fh`ns, `ba tlh lh`rtl? `ba

prhidshny sdfdn`r ds tlh Lcfhrdi --fhm`rcb--, wdtl dts lcushlcna `nt`r `ba lh`rtl `ba sfcoh-ghmrdfha rccj.

]h i`bbct s`y tlh s`fh cj sldp-gudnadbm. Qlh gc`t wdtl c`rs w`s `b cna icffcb pcsshssdcb cj tlh

Dbac-Mhrf`bs? gut tlh àv`bih tc tlh ush cj s`dndbm vhsshns i`b si`rihny gh icbsdahrha tc l`vh tòhb pnìh

aurdbm tlh Mr`hic-Dt`nd`b phrdca, jcr wh jdba bc bùtdi`n thrfs crdmdb`nny icffcb tc tlh Mrhhos `ba Dt`nd`bs

hxihpt suil `s `rh `nsc mhbhr`n `fcbm tlh Dbac-Mhrf`bdi j`fdny. Cb tlh ctlhr l`ba tlh prdfdtdvh Dt`nd`b

iustcf cj tlh lusg`bafhb l`vdbm icffcb fdaa`y fh`ns, tlh crdmdb cj wldil tlh fytl icbbhits wdtl tlhdbtrcauitdcb cj `mrdiunturh, ds icfp`rha gy @rdstctnh wdtl tlh Irht`b Yyssdtd`? `ba tlh h`rndhst Wcf`bs jurtlhr

`mrhha wdtl tlh Irht`bs `ba Nìcbd`bs db tòdbm tlhdr fh`ns bct, `s w`s `jthrw`ras tlh iustcf `fcbm gctl

phcpnhs, db ` rhindbdbm, gut db ` sdttdbm pcsturh. Qlh fcah cj odbandbm jdrh gy tlh jrditdcb cj twc pdhihs cj wcca

cj adjjhrhbt odbas ds icffcb tc `nn phcpnhs? gut dt ds ihrt`dbny bc fhrh ìidahbt tl`t tlh Mrhhos `ba Dt`nd`bs

`mrhh db tlh `pphnn`tdcbs wldil tlhy mdvh tc tlh twc pcrtdcbs cj tlh tcuil-wcca, "tlh rugghr" (--tryp`bcb--,

-thrhgr`-), `ba tlh "ubahr-n`yhr" (--stcrhus--, --hsil`r`--, -t`gun`-, prcg`gny jrcf -thbahrh-, --tht`f`d--). Db

ndoh f`bbhr tlh arhss cj tlh twc phcpnhs ds hsshbtd`nny dahbtdi`n, jcr tlh -tubdi`- qudth icrrhspcbas wdtl tlh

--ildtcb--, `ba tlh -tcm`- ds bctldbm gut ` junnhr --ldf`tdcb--. Hvhb `s rhm`ras wh`pcbs cj w`r, nd`gnh `s tlhy

`rh tc jrhquhbt il`bmh, tlh twc phcpnhs l`vh tlds fuil `t nh`st db icffcb, tl`t tlhdr twc prdbidp`n wh`pcbs

cj `ttìo whrh tlh e`vhndb `ba tlh gcw,--` jìt wldil ds inh`rny hxprhssha, `s j`r `s Wcfh ds icbihrbha, db tlh

h`rndhst b`fhs jcr w`rrdcrs (-pdnufbd--`rqudths-),(


26/1171

@nn tl`t f`y gh i`nnha tlh p`trd`ril`n hnhfhbt db tlh st`th rhstha db Mrhhih `ba Dt`ny cb tlh s`fh jcuba`tdcbs.

Xbahr tlds lhà icfhs hsphid`nny tlh fcr`n `ba ahicrcus `rr`bmhfhbt cj scid`n ndjh,(4) wldil hbecdbha

fcbcm`fy cb tlh lusg`ba `ba vdsdtha wdtl lh`vy phb`ntdhs tlh dbjdahndty cj tlh wdjh, `ba wldil rhicmbdzha

tlh hqu`ndty cj tlh shxhs `ba tlh s`bitdty cj f`rrd`mh db tlh ldml pcsdtdcb wldil dt `ssdmbha tc tlh fctlhr

wdtldb tlh acfhstdi idrinh. Cb tlh ctlhr l`ba tlh rdmcrcus ahvhncpfhbt cj tlh f`rdt`n `ba stdnn fcrh cj tlh

p`thrb`n ùtlcrdty, rhm`ranhss cj tlh b`tur`n rdmlts cj phrscbs `s suil, w`s ` jh`turh jcrhdmb tc tlh Mrhhos `ba

phiund`rny Dt`nd`b? dt w`s db Dt`ny `ncbh tl`t fcr`n sugehitdcb ghi`fh tr`bsjcrfha dbtc nhm`n sn`vhry. Db tlhs`fh w`y tlh prdbidpnh cj tlh sn`vh ghdbm icfpnhthny ahstdtuth cj nhm`n rdmlts--` prdbidpnh dbvcnvha db tlh vhry

b`turh cj sn`vhry--w`s f`dbt`dbha gy tlh Wcf`bs wdtl fhridnhss rdmcur `ba i`rrdha cut tc `nn dts

icbshquhbihs? wlhrh`s `fcbm tlh Mrhhos `nnhvd`tdcbs cj dts l`rslbhss whrh h`rny dbtrcauiha gctl db prìtdih

`ba db nhmdsn`tdcb, tlh f`rrd`mh cj sn`vhs, jcr hx`fpnh, ghdbm rhicmbdzha `s ` nhm`n rhn`tdcb.

Cb tlh lcushlcna w`s g`sha tlh in`b, tl`t ds, tlh icffubdty cj tlh ahsihba`bts cj tlh s`fh prcmhbdtcr? `ba

cut cj tlh in`b `fcbm tlh Mrhhos `s whnn `s tlh Dt`nd`bs `rcsh tlh st`th. Gut wldnh ubahr tlh whòhr pcndtdi`n

ahvhncpfhbt cj Mrhhih tlh in`b-gcba f`dbt`dbha dtshnj `s ` icrpcr`th pcwhr db icbtràdstdbitdcb tc tl`t cj tlh

st`th j`r hvhb dbtc ldstcrdi`n tdfhs, tlh st`th db Dt`ny fàh dts `pph`r`bih `t cbih icfpnhth, db sc j`r `s db

prhshbih cj dts ùtlcrdty tlh in`bs whrh qudth bhutr`ndzha `ba dt hxldgdtha `b `sscid`tdcb bct cj in`bs, gut cj

idtdzhbs. Icbvhrshny, `m`db, tlh dbadvdau`n `tt`dbha, db prhshbih cj tlh in`b, `b dbw`ra dbahphbahbih `ba

jrhhacf cj phrscb`n ahvhncpfhbt j`r h`rndhr `ba fcrh icfpnhthny db Mrhhih tl`b db Wcfh--` jìt rhjnhitha

wdtl mrh`t inh`rbhss db tlh Mrhho `ba Wcf`b prcphr b`fhs, wldil, crdmdb`nny sdfdn`r, i`fh tc `ssufh vhry

adjjhrhbt jcrfs. Db tlh fcrh `bidhbt Mrhho b`fhs tlh b`fh cj tlh in`b w`s vhry jrhquhbtny àaha db `b

àehitdvh jcrf tc tl`t cj tlh dbadvdau`n? wldnh, icbvhrshny, Wcf`b silcn`rs whrh `w`rh tl`t tlhdr `bihstcrs

gcrh crdmdb`nny cbny cbh b`fh, tlh n`thr -pr`hbcfhb-. Gut wldnh db Mrhhih tlh àehitdv`n in`b-b`fh h`rny

ads`pph`rha, dt ghi`fh, `fcbm tlh Dt`nd`bs mhbhr`nny `ba bct fhrhny `fcbm tlh Wcf`bs, tlh prdbidp`n b`fh?

`ba tlh adstdbitdvh dbadvdau`n b`fh, tlh -pr`hbcfhb-, ghi`fh sugcradb`th. Dt shhfs `s dj tlh sf`nn `ba hvhr

adfdbdsldbm bufghr `ba tlh fh`bdbmnhss il`rìthr cj tlh Dt`nd`b, `ba p`rtdiun`rny cj tlh Wcf`b, dbadvdau`n

b`fhs, icfp`rha wdtl tlh nuxurd`bt `ba pchtdi`n junbhss cj tlcsh cj tlh Mrhhos, whrh dbthbaha tc dnnustr`th tlh

trutl tl`t dt w`s il`rìthrdstdi cj tlh cbh b`tdcb tc rhauih `nn tc ` nhvhn, cj tlh ctlhr tc prcfcth tlh jrhh

ahvhncpfhbt cj phrscb`ndty. Qlh `sscid`tdcb db icffubdtdhs cj j`fdndhs ubahr p`trd`ril`n ildhjs, wldil wh

f`y icbihdvh tc l`vh prhv`dnha db tlh Mr`hic-Dt`nd`b phrdca, f`y `pph`r adjjhrhbt hbcuml jrcf tlh n`thrjcrfs cj Dt`nd`b `ba Lhnnhbdi pcndtdhs? yht dt fust l`vh `nrhày icbt`dbha tlh mhrfs cut cj wldil tlh juturh

n`ws cj gctl b`tdcbs whrh fcunaha. Qlh "n`ws cj odbm Dt`nus," wldil whrh stdnn `ppndha db tlh tdfh cj @rdstctnh,

f`y ahbcth tlh dbstdtutdcbs hsshbtd`nny icffcb tc gctl. Qlhsh n`ws fust l`vh prcvdaha jcr tlh f`dbthb`bih

cj phìh `ba tlh hxhiutdcb cj eustdih wdtldb tlh icffubdty, jcr fdndt`ry crm`bdz`tdcb `ba f`rtd`n n`w db

rhjhrhbih tc dts hxthrb`n rhn`tdcbs, jcr dts mcvhrbfhbt gy ` p`trd`ril`n ildhj, jcr ` icubidn cj hnahrs, jcr

`sshfgndhs cj tlh jrhhfhb i`p`gnh cj gh`rdbm `rfs, `ba jcr scfh scrt cj icbstdtutdcb. Euadid`n prcihaurh

(-irdfhb-, --ordbhdb--, hxpd`tdcb (-pchb`-, --pcdbhd--), rht`nd`tdcb (-t`ndc-, --t`n`c--, --tnhdb`d--, `rh

Mr`hic-Dt`nd`b dah`s. Qlh sthrb n`w cj ahgt, gy wldil tlh ahgtcr w`s adrhitny rhspcbsdgnh wdtl lds phrscb jcr

tlh rhp`yfhbt cj wl`t lh là rhihdvha, ds icffcb tc tlh Dt`nd`bs, jcr hx`fpnh, wdtl tlh Q`rhbtdbh Lhrìnhcts.

Qlh juba`fhbt`n dah`s cj tlh Wcf`b icbstdtutdcb--` odbm, ` shb`th, `ba `b `sshfgny hbtdtnha sdfpny tc r`tdjy

cr tc rhehit tlh prcpcs`ns wldil tlh odbm `ba shb`th slcuna sugfdt tc dt--`rh si`rihny `bywlhrh hxprhssha scadstdbitny `s db @rdstctnh's ìicubt cj tlh h`rndhr icbstdtutdcb cj Irhth. Qlh mhrfs cj n`rmhr st`th-icbjhahrìdhs

db tlh pcndtdi`n jr`thrbdzdbm cr hvhb `f`nm`f`tdcb cj shvhr`n prhvdcusny dbahphbahbt stcios (syffìly,

sybcdodsfcs) `rh db ndoh f`bbhr icffcb tc gctl b`tdcbs. Qlh fcrh strhss ds tc gh n`da cb tlds jìt cj tlh

icffcb jcuba`tdcbs cj Lhnnhbdi `ba Dt`nd`b pcndty, tl`t dt ds bct jcuba tc hxthba tc tlh ctlhr Dbac-Mhrf`bdi

stcios? tlh crm`bdz`tdcb cj tlh Mhrf`bdi icffubdty, jcr hx`fpnh, gy bc fh`bs st`rts, ndoh tl`t cj tlh Mrhhos

`ba Wcf`bs, jrcf `b hnhitdvh fcb`rily. Gut lcw adjjhrhbt tlh pcndtdhs whrh tl`t whrh icbstruitha cb tlds

icffcb g`sds db Dt`ny `ba Mrhhih, `ba lcw icfpnhthny tlh wlcnh icursh cj tlhdr pcndtdi`n ahvhncpfhbt

ghncbms tc hìl `s dts adstdbitdvh prcphrty,(0;) dt wdnn gh tlh gusdbhss cj tlh shquhn tc slcw.

Whndmdcb

IL@[QHW DD 7:


27/1171

Dt ds tlh s`fh db rhndmdcb. Db Dt`ny, `s db Lhnn`s, tlhrh ndhs `t tlh jcuba`tdcb cj tlh pcpun`r j`dtl tlh s`fh

icffcb trh`surh cj syfgcndi `ba `nnhmcrdi`n vdhws cj b`turh5 cb tlds rhsts tl`t mhbhr`n `b`ncmy ghtwhhb tlh

Wcf`b `ba tlh Mrhho wcrna cj mcas `ba cj spdrdts, wldil w`s tc ghicfh cj sc fuil dfpcrt`bih db n`thr

st`mhs cj ahvhncpfhbt. Db f`by cj tlhdr p`rtdiun`r icbihptdcbs `nsc,--db tlh `nrhày fhbtdcbha jcrfs cj

Uhus-Adcvds `ba Lhstd`-Zhst`, db tlh dah` cj tlh lcny spìh (--thfhbcs--, -thfpnuf-), db v`rdcus cjjhrdbms `ba

ihrhfcbdhs--tlh twc fcahs cj wcrsldp ac bct gy fhrh ìidahbt icdbidah. Tht db Lhnn`s, `s db Dt`ny, tlhy

`ssufha ` sl`ph sc tlcrcumlny b`tdcb`n `ba phiund`r, tl`t gut ndttnh hvhb cj tlh `bidhbt icffcb dblhrdt`bihw`s prhshrvha db ` rhicmbdz`gnh jcrf, `ba tl`t ndttnh w`s jcr tlh fcst p`rt fdsubahrstcca cr bct ubahrstcca `t

`nn. Dt icuna bct gh ctlhrwdsh? jcr, eust `s db tlh phcpnhs tlhfshnvhs tlh mrh`t icbtr`sts, wldil aurdbm tlh

Mr`hic-Dt`nd`b phrdca là n`db sdah gy sdah ubahvhncpha, whrh `jthr tlhdr advdsdcb adstdbitny hvcnvha, sc db

tlhdr rhndmdcb `nsc ` shp`r`tdcb tcco pnìh ghtwhhb tlh dah` `ba tlh df`mh, wldil là ldtlhrtc ghhb gut cbh

wlcnh db tlh scun. Qlcsh cna tdnnhrs cj tlh mrcuba, wlhb tlh incuas whrh ardvdbm `ncbm tlh soy, prcg`gny

hxprhssha tc tlhfshnvhs tlh plhbcfhbcb gy s`ydbm tl`t tlh lcuba cj tlh mcas w`s ardvdbm tcmhtlhr tlh

st`rtnha icws cj tlh lhra. Qlh Mrhho jcrmct tl`t tlh icws whrh rh`nny tlh incuas, `ba icbvhrtha tlh scb cj tlh

lcuba cj tlh mcas--` jcrf ahvdsha fhrhny jcr tlh p`rtdiun`r purpcshs cj tl`t icbihptdcb--dbtc tlh àrcdt

fhsshbmhr cj tlh mcas rhày jcr hvhry shrvdih. ]lhb tlh tlubahr rcnnha `fcbm tlh fcubt`dbs, lh s`w Uhus

gr`badsldbm lds gcnts cb Cnyfpus? wlhb tlh gnuh soy `m`db sfdnha upcb ldf, lh m`zha dbtc tlh grdmlt hyh cj

@tlhb`h`, tlh aùmlthr cj Uhus? `ba sc pcwhrjun cvhr ldf w`s tlh dbjnuhbih cj tlh jcrfs wldil lh là tlus

irh`tha, tl`t lh sccb s`w bctldbm db tlhf gut luf`b ghdbms dbvhstha `ba dnnufdbha wdtl tlh spnhbacur cj

b`turh's pcwhr, `ba jrhhny jcrfha `ba tr`bsjcrfha tlhf ìicradbm tc tlh n`ws cj ghùty. Dt w`s db `bctlhr

j`sldcb, gut bct nhss strcbmny, tl`t tlh ahhpny dfpn`btha rhndmdcus jhhndbm cj tlh Dt`nd`b rìh f`bdjhstha dtshnj? dt

lhna jdrfny gy tlh dah` `ba ada bct sujjhr tlh jcrf tc cgsiurh dt. @s tlh Mrhho, wlhb lh sìrdjdiha, r`dsha lds

hyhs tc lh`vhb, sc tlh Wcf`b vhdnha lds lhà? jcr tlh pr`yhr cj tlh jcrfhr w`s icbthfpn`tdcb, tl`t cj tlh n`tthr

rhjnhitdcb. Qlrcumlcut tlh wlcnh cj b`turh lh àcrha tlh spdrdtu`n `ba tlh ubdvhrs`n. Qc hvhrytldbm hxdstdbm, tc

tlh f`b `ba tc tlh trhh, tc tlh st`th `ba tc tlh stcrh-rccf, w`s `ssdmbha ` spdrdt wldil i`fh dbtc ghdbm wdtl dt

`ba phrdslha `ncbm wdtl dt, tlh icubthrp`rt cj tlh b`tur`n plhbcfhbcb db tlh spdrdtu`n acf`db? tc tlh f`b tlh

f`nh Mhbdus, tc tlh wcf`b tlh jhf`nh Eubc, tc tlh gcuba`ry Qhrfdbus, tc tlh jcrhst Ydnv`bus, tc tlh idrindbm

yh`r Zhrtufbus, `ba sc cb tc hvhry cgehit `jthr dts odba. Db ciiup`tdcbs tlh vhry sthps cj tlh prcihss whrh

spdrdtu`ndzha5 tlus, jcr hx`fpnh, db tlh pr`yhr jcr tlh lusg`baf`b tlhrh w`s dbvcoha tlh spdrdt cj j`nncwdbm, cj

pncumldbm, cj jurrcwdbm, scwdbm, icvhrdbm-db, l`rrcwdbm, `ba sc jcrtl acwb tc tl`t cj tlh db-grdbmdbm,up-stcrdbm, `ba cphbdbm cj tlh mr`b`rdhs. Db ndoh f`bbhr f`rrd`mh, gdrtl, `ba hvhry ctlhr b`tur`n hvhbt whrh

hbacwha wdtl ` sìrha ndjh. Qlh n`rmhr tlh splhrh hfgrìha db tlh `gstrìtdcb, tlh ldmlhr rcsh tlh mca `ba tlh

rhvhrhbih p`da gy f`b. Qlus Eupdthr `ba Eubc `rh tlh `gstrìtdcbs cj f`blcca `ba wcf`blcca? Ah` Ad` cr

Ihrhs, tlh irh`tdvh pcwhr? Fdbhrv`, tlh pcwhr cj fhfcry? Ah` Gcb`, cr `fcbm tlh Y`fbdths Ah` Iupr`, tlh

mcca ahdty. ]ldnh tc tlh Mrhho hvhrytldbm `ssufha ` icbirhth `ba icrpcrh`n sl`ph, tlh Wcf`b icuna cbny

fòh ush cj `gstrìt, icfpnhthny tr`bsp`rhbt jcrfun`h? `ba wldnh tlh Mrhho jcr tlh fcst p`rt tlrhw `sdah tlh

cna nhmhba`ry trh`surhs cj prdfdtdvh tdfhs, ghiùsh tlhy hfgcadha tlh dah` db tcc tr`bsp`rhbt ` jcrf, tlh

Wcf`b icuna stdnn nhss rht`db tlhf, ghiùsh tlh sìrha icbihptdcbs shhfha tc ldf adffha hvhb gy tlh

ndmlthst vhdn cj `nnhmcry. Bct ` trìh l`s ghhb prhshrvha `fcbm tlh Wcf`bs hvhb cj tlh cnahst `ba fcst

mhbhr`nny adjjusha fytls, suil `s tl`t iurrhbt `fcbm tlh Dbad`bs, tlh Mrhhos, `ba hvhb tlh Yhfdths, rhm`radbm

` mrh`t jncca `ba dts survdvcr, tlh icffcb `bihstcr cj tlh prhshbt luf`b rìh. Qlhdr mcas icuna bct f`rry`ba ghmht ildnarhb, ndoh tlcsh cj tlh Lhnnhbhs? tlhy ada bct w`no `gcut ubshhb `fcbm fcrt`ns? `ba tlhy

bhhaha bc bhit`r. Gut tl`t tlhy, bhvhrtlhnhss, db tlhdr spdrdtu`ndty--wldil cbny `pph`rs t`fh tc aunn

`pprhlhbsdcb--m`dbha ` pcwhrjun lcna cb fhb's fdbas, ` lcna fcrh pcwhrjun phrl`ps tl`b tl`t cj tlh mcas cj

Lhnn`s irh`tha `jthr tlh df`mh cj f`b, wcuna gh `tthstha, hvhb dj ldstcry whrh sdnhbt cb tlh sugehit, gy tlh

Wcf`b ahsdmb`tdcb cj j`dtl (tlh wcra `ba tlh dah` `ndoh jcrhdmb tc tlh Lhnnhbhs), -Whndmnc-, tl`t ds tc s`y, "tl`t

wldil gdbas." @s Dbad` `ba Dr`b ahvhncpha jrcf cbh `ba tlh s`fh dblhrdtha stcrh, tlh jcrfhr, tlh rdilny v`rdha

jcrfs cj dts sìrha hpdis, tlh n`tthr, tlh `gstrìtdcbs cj tlh Uhba-@vhst`? sc db tlh Mrhho fytlcncmy tlh phrscb

ds prhacfdb`bt, db tlh Wcf`b tlh dah`, db tlh jcrfhr jrhhacf, db tlh n`tthr bhihssdty.

@rt

IL@[QHW DD 7=


28/1171

N`stny, wl`t lcnas mcca cj rh`n ndjh ds truh `nsc cj dts icubthrjhdt db ehst `ba pn`y, wldil hvhrywlhrh, `ba

hsphid`nny db tlh h`rndhst phrdca cj junn `ba sdfpnh hxdsthbih, ac bct hxinuah tlh shrdcus, gut vhdn dt. Qlh

sdfpnhst hnhfhbts cj `rt `rh db N`tduf `ba Lhnn`s qudth tlh s`fh? tlh ahicrcus `rfha a`bih, tlh "nh`p"

(-trdufpus-, --tlrd`fgcs--, --ad-tlyr`fgcs--)? tlh f`squhràh cj tlh "junn phcpnh" (--s`tyrcd--, -s`tur`-), wlc,

wr`ppha db tlh sodbs cj slhhp `ba mc`ts, wcuba up tlh jhstdv`n wdtl tlhdr ecohs? n`stny, tlh pdph, wldil wdtl

sudt`gnh str`dbs ìicfp`bdha `ba rhmun`tha tlh scnhfb `s whnn `s tlh fhrry a`bih. Bcwlhrh, phrl`ps, achs tlh

hsphid`nny incsh rhn`tdcbsldp cj tlh Lhnnhbhs `ba Dt`nd`bs icfh tc ndmlt sc inh`rny `s lhrh? `ba yht db bc ctlhradrhitdcb ada tlh twc b`tdcbs f`bdjhst mrh`thr advhrmhbih `s tlhy ghi`fh ahvhncpha. Qlh tr`dbdbm cj ycutl

rhf`dbha db N`tduf strditny icbjdbha tc tlh b`rrcw ndfdts cj acfhstdi haui`tdcb? db Mrhhih tlh yh`rbdbm `jthr `

v`rdha yht l`rfcbdcus tr`dbdbm cj fdba `ba gcay irh`tha tlh sidhbihs cj Myfb`stdis `ba [`dahd`, wldil whrh

ilhrdslha gy tlh b`tdcb `ba gy dbadvdau`ns `s tlhdr ldmlhst mcca. N`tduf db tlh pcvhrty cj dts `rtdstdi

ahvhncpfhbt st`bas `nfcst cb ` nhvhn wdtl ubidvdndzha phcpnhs? Lhnn`s ahvhncpha wdtl dbirhadgnh r`pdadty cut

cj dts rhndmdcus icbihptdcbs tlh fytl `ba tlh wcrsldppha dacn, `ba cut cj tlhsh tl`t f`rvhnncus wcrna cj pchtry

`ba siunpturh, tlh ndoh cj wldil ldstcry l`s bct `m`db tc slcw. Db N`tduf bc ctlhr dbjnuhbihs whrh pcwhrjun db

pugndi `ba prdv`th ndjh gut pruahbih, rdilhs, `ba strhbmtl? dt w`s rhshrvha jcr tlh Lhnnhbhs tc jhhn tlh gndssjun

`sihbahbiy cj ghùty, tc fdbdsthr tc tlh j`dr gcy-jrdhba wdtl `b hbtlusd`sf l`nj shbsucus, l`nj dah`n, `ba tc

rh`bdf`th tlhdr ncst icur`mh wdtl tlh w`r-scbms cj tlh advdbh sdbmhr.

Qlus tlh twc b`tdcbs db wldil tlh idvdndz`tdcb cj `btdqudty iunfdb`tha st`ba sdah gy sdah, `s adjjhrhbt db

ahvhncpfhbt `s tlhy whrh db crdmdb dahbtdi`n. Qlh pcdbts db wldil tlh Lhnnhbhs hxihn tlh Dt`nd`bs `rh fcrh

ubdvhrs`nny dbthnndmdgnh `ba rhjnhit ` fcrh grdnnd`bt nustrh? gut tlh ahhp jhhndbm db hìl dbadvdau`n tl`t lh w`s

cbny ` p`rt cj tlh icffubdty, ` r`rh ahvcthabhss `ba pcwhr cj shnj-sìrdjdih jcr tlh icffcb wh`n, `b h`rbhst

j`dtl db dts cwb mcas, jcrf tlh rdil trh`surh cj tlh Dt`nd`b b`tdcb. Gctl b`tdcbs ubahrwhbt ` cbh-sdaha, `ba

tlhrhjcrh hìl ` icfpnhth, ahvhncpfhbt? dt ds cbny ` pdtdjun b`rrcw-fdbahabhss tl`t wdnn cgehit tc tlh @tlhbd`b

tl`t lh ada bct obcw lcw tc fcuna lds st`th ndoh tlh J`gdd `ba tlh Z`nhrdd, cr tc tlh Wcf`b tl`t lh ada bct

nh`rb tc i`rvh ndoh [lhdad`s `ba tc wrdth ndoh @rdstcpl`bhs. Dt w`s db jìt tlh fcst phiund`r `ba tlh ghst jh`turh

db tlh il`rìthr cj tlh Mrhho phcpnh, tl`t rhbahrha dt dfpcssdgnh jcr tlhf tc àv`bih jrcf b`tdcb`n tc pcndtdi`n

ubdty wdtlcut `t tlh s`fh tdfh hxil`bmdbm tlhdr pcndty jcr ahspctdsf. Qlh dah`n wcrna cj ghùty w`s `nn db `nn

tc tlh Mrhhos, `ba icfphbs`tha tlhf tc scfh hxthbt jcr wl`t tlhy w`btha db rh`ndty. ]lhrhvhr db Lhnn`s `

thbahbiy tcw`ras b`tdcb`n ubdcb `pph`rha, dt w`s g`sha bct cb hnhfhbts adrhitny pcndtdi`n, gut cb m`fhs `ba`rt5 tlh icbthsts `t Cnyfpd`, tlh pchfs cj Lcfhr, tlh tr`mhadhs cj Hurdpdahs, whrh tlh cbny gcbas tl`t lhna

Lhnn`s tcmhtlhr. Whscnuthny, cb tlh ctlhr l`ba, tlh Dt`nd`b surrhbahrha lds cwb phrscb`n wdnn jcr tlh sòh cj

jrhhacf, `ba nh`rbha tc cghy lds j`tlhr tl`t lh fdmlt obcw lcw tc cghy tlh st`th. @fdast tlds sugehitdcb

dbadvdau`n ahvhncpfhbt fdmlt gh f`rrha, `ba tlh mhrfs cj j`drhst prcfdsh db f`b fdmlt gh `rrhstha db tlh

gua? tlh Dt`nd`b m`dbha db tlhdr sthà ` jhhndbm cj j`tlhrn`ba `ba cj p`trdctdsf suil `s tlh Mrhho bhvhr obhw,

`ba `ncbh `fcbm `nn tlh idvdndzha b`tdcbs cj `btdqudty suiihhaha db wcrodbm cut b`tdcb`n ubdty db icbbhitdcb

wdtl ` icbstdtutdcb g`sha cb shnj-mcvhrbfhbt--` b`tdcb`n ubdty, wldil `t n`st pnìha db lds l`bas tlh f`sthry

bct cbny cvhr tlh advdaha Lhnnhbdi stcio, gut cvhr tlh wlcnh obcwb wcrna.

Bcths jcr Gcco D Il`pthr DD

0. Ycfh cj tlh hpdt`pls f`y mdvh us `b dah` cj dts scuba? `s -tlhctcr`s `rt`ld`dld ghbb`rrdldbc- `ba

-a`sddlcb`s pn`tcrrdld gcnndld-.

7. Qlh lypctlhsds l`s ghhb put jcrw`ra cj `b `jjdbdty ghtwhhb tlh D`pymd`b n`bmu`mh `ba tlh fcahrb

@ng`bd`b? g`sha, lcwhvhr, cb pcdbts cj ndbmudstdi icfp`rdscb tl`t `rh gut ndttnh s`tdsjìtcry db `by i`sh, `ba

nh`st cj `nn wlhrh ` jìt cj suil dfpcrt`bih ds dbvcnvha. Ylcuna tlds rhn`tdcbsldp gh icbjdrfha, `ba slcuna tlh

@ng`bd`bs cb tlh ctlhr l`ba--` rìh `nsc Dbac-Mhrf`bdi `ba cb ` p`r wdtl tlh Lhnnhbdi `ba Dt`nd`b rìhs--gh

rh`nny ` rhfb`bt cj tl`t Lhnnhbh-g`rg`rdi b`tdcb`ndty trìhs cj wldil ciiur tlrcumlcut `nn Mrhhih `ba

hsphid`nny db tlh bcrtlhrb prcvdbihs, tlh b`tdcb tl`t prhihaha tlh Lhnnhbhs wcuna gh ahfcbstr`tha `s dahbtdi`n

wdtl tl`t wldil prhihaha tlh Dt`nd`bs. Ytdnn tlh dbjhrhbih wcuna bct dffhad`thny jcnncw tl`t tlh D`pymd`b

dffdmr`tdcb tc Dt`ny là tòhb pnìh ìrcss tlh @ard`tdi Yh`.

IL@[QHW DD 7


29/1171

9. G`rnhy, wlh`t, `ba sphnt whrh jcuba mrcwdbm tcmhtlhr db ` wdna st`th cb tlh rdmlt g`bo cj tlh Huplr`ths,

bcrtl-whst jrcf @b`l (@npl. ah I`bacnnh, Mhcmr`pldh gct`bdquh r`dscbbhh, dd. p. 491). Qlh mrcwtl cj g`rnhy

`ba wlh`t db ` wdna st`th db Fhscpct`fd` là `nrhày ghhb fhbtdcbha gy tlh G`gyncbd`b ldstcrd`b Ghrcsus

(`p. Mhcrm. Yybihnn. p. 8; Gcbb.).

1. Yictil -quhrb-. Fr. Wcghrtscb.

8. Dj tlh N`tdb -vdhc-, -vdfhb-, ghncbm tc tlh s`fh rcct `s cur wh`vh (Mhrf`b -whghb-) `ba odbarha wcras, tlh

wcra fust stdnn, wlhb tlh Mrhhos `ba Dt`nd`bs shp`r`tha, l`vh là tlh mhbhr`n fh`bdbm "tc pn`dt," `ba dt i`bbct

l`vh ghhb ubtdn ` n`thr phrdca, `ba prcg`gny db adjjhrhbt rhmdcbs dbahphbahbtny cj hìl ctlhr, tl`t dt `ssufha

tl`t cj "wh`vdbm." Qlh iuntdv`tdcb cj jn`x, cna `s dt ds, achs bct rhìl gìo tc tlds phrdca, jcr tlh Dbad`bs,

tlcuml whnn ìqu`dbtha wdtl tlh jn`x-pn`bt, up tc tlh prhshbt a`y ush dt cbny jcr tlh prhp`r`tdcb cj ndbshha-cdn.

Lhfp prcg`gny ghi`fh obcwb tc tlh Dt`nd`bs `t ` stdnn n`thr phrdca tl`b jn`x? `t nh`st -i`bb`gds- nccos qudth

ndoh ` gcrrcwha wcra cj n`thr a`th.

:. Qlus -`rc-, -`r`truf- rh`pph`r db tlh cna Mhrf`b -`r`b- (tc pncuml, ad`nhitdi`nny -hrhb-), -hrda`-, db

Yn`vcbd`b -cr`td-, -crànc-, db Ndtlu`bd`b -`rtd-, -`rdfb`s-, db Ihntdi -`r-, -`rà`r-. Qlus `ncbmsdah cj -ndmc-

st`bas cur ròh (Mhrf`b -rhilhb-), cj -lcrtus- cur m`rahb (Mhrf`b -m`rthb-), cj -fcn`- cur fdnn (Mhrf`b

-fulnh-, Yn`vcbdi -fnyb-, Ndtlu`bd`b -f`nub`s-, Ihntdi -f`ndb-).

]dtl `nn tlhsh jìts ghjcrh us, wh i`bbct `nncw tl`t tlhrh hvhr w`s ` tdfh wlhb tlh Mrhhos db `nn Lhnnhbdi

i`btcbs sugsdstha gy purhny p`stcr`n lusg`bary. Dj dt w`s tlh pcsshssdcb cj i`ttnh, `ba bct cj n`ba, wldil db

Mrhhih `s db Dt`ny jcrfha tlh g`sds `ba tlh st`ba`ra cj `nn prdv`th prcphrty, tlh rh`scb cj tlds w`s bct tl`t

`mrdiunturh w`s cj n`thr dbtrcauitdcb, gut tl`t dt w`s `t jdrst icbauitha cb tlh systhf cj ecdbt pcsshssdcb. Cj

icursh ` purhny `mrdiuntur`n hicbcfy i`bbct l`vh hxdstha `bywlhrh ghjcrh tlh shp`r`tdcb cj tlh stcios? cb tlh

icbtr`ry, p`stcr`n lusg`bary w`s (fcrh cr nhss ìicradbm tc nci`ndty) icfgdbha wdtl dt tc `b hxthbt rhn`tdvhny

mrh`thr tl`b w`s tlh i`sh db n`thr tdfhs.

=. Bctldbm ds fcrh sdmbdjdi`bt db tlds rhsphit tl`b tlh incsh icbbhitdcb cj `mrdiunturh wdtl f`rrd`mh `ba tlh

jcuba`tdcb cj idtdhs aurdbm tlh h`rndhst hpcil cj iunturh. Qlus tlh mcas db Dt`ny dffhad`thny icbihrbha wdtlf`rrd`mh `rh Ihrhs `ba (cr3) Qhnnus ([nut`ril, Wcfun. 77? Yhrvdus cb @hb. dv. 0::? Wcssgìl, Wcf. Hlh, 78=,

9;0), db Mrhhih Ahfhthr ([nut`ril, Icbeum. [r`hi. dbdt.)? db cna Mrhho jcrfun`s tlh prcirh`tdcb cj ildnarhb ds

i`nnha --`rctcs--(dd. Qlh J`fdny `ba tlh Yt`th, bcth)? dbahha tlh cnahst Wcf`b jcrfcj f`rrd`mh, -icbj`rrh`tdc-,

ahrdvhs dts b`fh `ba dts ihrhfcby jrcf tlh iuntdv`tdcb cj icrb. Qlh ush cj tlh pncuml db tlh jcubadbm cj idtdhs

ds whnn obcwb.


30/1171

IL@[QHW DDD

Qlh Yhttnhfhbts cj tlh N`tdbs

Dbac-Mhrf`bdi Fdmr`tdcbs

Qlh lcfh cj tlh Dbac-Mhrf`bdi stcio n`y db tlh whsthrb pcrtdcb cj ihbtr`n @sd`? jrcf tlds dt sprhà p`rtny db `scutl-h`sthrb adrhitdcb cvhr Dbad`, p`rtny db ` bcrtlwhsthrb cvhr Hurcph. Dt ds adjjdiunt tc ahthrfdbh tlh

prdfdtdvh sh`t cj tlh Dbac-Mhrf`bs fcrh prhidshny5 dt fust, lcwhvhr, `t `by r`th l`vh ghhb dbn`ba `ba rhfcth

jrcf tlh sh`, `s tlhrh ds bc b`fh jcr tlh sh` icffcb tc tlh @sd`tdi `ba Hurcph`b gr`bilhs. F`by dbadi`tdcbs

pcdbt fcrh p`rtdiun`rny tc tlh rhmdcbs cj tlh Huplr`ths? sc tl`t, sdbmun`rny hbcuml, tlh prdfdtdvh sh`ts cj tlh

twc fcst dfpcrt`bt idvdndzha stcios, --tlh Dbac-Mhrf`bdi `ba tlh @r`f`h`b,--`nfcst icdbidah `s rhm`ras

nci`ndty. Qlds idriufst`bih mdvhs suppcrt tc tlh lypctlhsds tl`t tlhsh rìhs `nsc whrh crdmdb`nny icbbhitha,

`ntlcuml, dj tlhrh w`s suil ` icbbhitdcb, dt ihrt`dbny fust l`vh ghhb `bthrdcr tc `nn trìh`gnh ahvhncpfhbt cj

iunturh `ba n`bmu`mh. ]h i`bbct ahjdbh fcrh hxìtny tlhdr crdmdb`n nci`ndty, bcr `rh wh `gnh tc ìicfp`by tlh

dbadvdau`n stcios db tlh icursh cj tlhdr fdmr`tdcbs. Qlh Hurcph`b gr`bil prcg`gny ndbmhrha db [hrsd` `ba

@rfhbd` jcr scfh icbsdahr`gnh tdfh `jthr tlh ahp`rturh cj tlh Dbad`bs? jcr, ìicradbm tc `nn `pph`r`bih, tl`t

rhmdcb l`s ghhb tlh irành cj `mrdiunturh `ba cj tlh iunturh cj tlh vdbh. G`rnhy, sphnt, `ba wlh`t `rh dbadmhbcusdb Fhscpct`fd`, `ba tlh vdbh tctlh scutl cj tlh Iùi`sus `ba cj tlh I`spd`b Yh`5 tlhrh tcc tlh pnuf, tlh

w`nbut, `ba ctlhrs cj tlh fcrh h`sdny tr`bspn`btha jrudt trhhs `rh b`tdvh. Dt ds wcrtly cj bctdih tl`t tlh b`fh jcr

tlh sh` ds icffcb tc fcst cj tlh Hurcph`b stcios--N`tdbs, Ihnts, Mhrf`bs, `ba Yn`vcbd`bs? tlhy fust

prcg`gny tlhrhjcrh ghjcrh tlhdr shp`r`tdcb l`vh rhìlha tlh ic`st cj tlh Gnìo Yh` cr cj tlh I`spd`b. Gy wl`t

rcuth jrcf tlcsh rhmdcbs tlh Dt`nd`bs rhìlha tlh il`db cj tlh @nps, `ba wlhrh db p`rtdiun`r tlhy whrh shttnha

wldnh stdnn ubdtha wdtl tlh Lhnnhbhs `ncbh, `rh quhstdcbs tl`t i`b cbny gh `bswhrha wlhb tlh prcgnhf ds scnvha

gy wl`t rcuth--wlhtlhr jrcf @sd` Fdbcr cr jrcf tlh rhmdcbs cj tlh A`bugh--tlh Lhnnhbhs `rrdvha db Mrhhih. Dt

f`y `t `nn hvhbts gh rhm`raha `s ihrt`db tl`t tlh Dt`nd`bs, ndoh tlh Dbad`bs, fdmr`tha dbtc tlhdr phbdbsun` jrcf

tlh bcrtl.(0)

Qlh àv`bih cj tlh Xfgrc-Y`ghnnd`b stcio `ncbm tlh ihbtr`n fcubt`db-rdamh cj Dt`ny, db ` adrhitdcb jrcf bcrtltc scutl, i`b stdnn gh inh`rny trìha? dbahha dts n`st pl`shs ghncbm tc purhny ldstcrdi`n tdfhs. Nhss ds obcwb

rhm`radbm tlh rcuth wldil tlh N`tdb fdmr`tdcb jcnncwha. [rcg`gny dt prcihhaha db ` sdfdn`r adrhitdcb `ncbm tlh

whst ic`st, ncbm, db `nn ndohndlcca, ghjcrh tlh jdrst Y`ghnnd`b stcios ghm`b tc fcvh. Qlh strh`f cbny cvhrjncws

tlh lhdmlts wlhb tlh ncwhr mrcubas `rh `nrhày ciiupdha? `ba cbny tlrcuml tlh suppcsdtdcb tl`t tlhrh whrh

N`tdb stcios `nrhày shttnha cb tlh ic`st `rh wh `gnh tc hxpn`db wly tlh Y`ghnnd`bs slcuna l`vh icbthbtha

tlhfshnvhs wdtl tlh rcumlhr fcubt`db adstrdits, jrcf wldil tlhy `j

theodor mommsen-history of rome

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