the$macromolecules$ oflife$ - sjsd.k12.mo.us cmassengale images bioblogtaylor.blogspot.com ... ....
TRANSCRIPT
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic.
• Macromolecules are large organic molecules.
CARBON (C) Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other elements. Usually with C, H, O or N
MACROMOLECULES
• Large organic molecules
• Also called POLYMERS
• Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS
Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
CARBOHYDRATES
Monosaccharide (mono – one) Disaccharide (di – two) Polysaccharide (poly – many)
Small Sugar Molecules Large Sugar Molecules
CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharide: one sugar monomer Examples: Glucose (C6H12O6) Deoxyribose Ribose Fructose Galactose
glucose
CARBOHYDRATES Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples:
• Sucrose (glucose+fructose) • Lactose (glucose+galactose) • Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose glucose
CARBOHYDRATES Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose glucose
glucose glucose
glucose glucose
glucose glucose
cellulose
LIPIDS
Examples: Fats Phospholipids Oils Waxes Steroid hormones Triglycerides
Functions: Protection against heat loss (insulation)
Protection against physical shock
Protection against water loss
Chemical messengers (hormones)
Major component of membranes
(phospholipids)
Compounds that are not soluble in water. Stores the most energy
FATTY ACIDS There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see
these on food labels: Saturated fatty acids no double bonds (bad) Unsaturated fatty acids double bonds (good)
PROTEINS
• Also called polypeptides • Made from amino acids
• 20 different kinds • bonded together by peptide
bonds to form polypeptides.
Functions of proteins: Storage: albumin (egg white) Transport: hemoglobin Regulatory: hormones Movement: muscles Structural: membranes, hair, nails Enzymes: cellular reactions
PROTEINS
Four levels of protein structure
A. Primary Structure B. Secondary Structure C. Tertiary Structure D. Quaternary Structure
SECONDARY STRUCTURE 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. • Two examples:
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
Hydrogen Bonds
TERTIARY STRUCTURE • Secondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides
Called a “subunit”
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
QUATERNARY STRUCTURE • Composed of two or more “subunits” • Globular in shape • Form in aqueous environments • Example: enzymes
subunits
NUCLEIC ACIDS • Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-
double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single
strand) • Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleotides include: Phosphate group Sugar Nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G)
NUCLEOTIDE
O O=P-O O
Phosphate
N
Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) CH2
O
C1 C4
C3 C2
5
Sugar (deoxyribose)
REFERENCES
www.biologyjunction.com/Macromolecules1.ppt copyright cmassengale
Images bioblogtaylor.blogspot.com http://protein-girl.blogspot.com/2011_07_01_archive.html http://tenerife-training.net/Tenerife-News-Cycling-Blog/2008/03/science/how-much-carbon-dioxide-is-produced-by-driving-a-car-on-one-tank-of-petrol/ bioserv.fiu.edu http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/science/organisms_behaviour_health/diet_drugs/revise5.shtml http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/lipids.htm