thebirdremains 565 · pdf fileof a. chukar is known from the altar area of the tamassos temple...

The Bird Remains 565

waters, but rarer in the winter. They are 30–38 cm long with a wing span of 76–85 cm. Theyare found in offshore rather than pelagic waters and are frequent swimmers and divers. Theybreed in dense colonies in burrows on islands and clifftops on Crete, on other Aegean islands,and elsewhere.

Calonectris diomedea (once Puffinus) are 40–53 cm long and have a wing span of about 110cm. They eat small squid, fish, and crustaceans and spend much of their time sitting on thewater, often in flocks. They breed on many Mediterranean islands and are “constantly insight” in the Aegean (Nisbet 1975: 296). In Greece they are a widespread and locally commonsummer visitor. They nest in crevices among rocks or in burrows in hard ground.

Hydrobates are the smallest European seabird, with a wingspan of just 15 cm. They habituallyfollow ships. They are rare in Greece, and may not be present in the winter.

All Puffinus bones are either wing (Temple B, Phases 1 and 1–3) or wing and forelimb(Temple B, Phase 3) bones. The only Hydrobates remains are an articulating right humerus andulna (forelimb and wing). Puffinus is the most common bird at Minoan Kommos after Columbalivia and is present from the Middle Minoan IIA to Late Minoan IIIA–B periods (Reese 1995a:195–97). Calonectris is present in six MM IIB–III to LM IIIA–B deposits at Kommos.

Pausanius (Description of Greece I.5.3), writing about A.D. 150, says a bluff near Megara (westof Athens) was called “Athena’s Shearwater,” and D. W. Thompson (1936: 29, 52) also notesthis association of deity and bird. At Kommos a dedicatory inscription that mentions Athenaand Zeus was found southeast of the temples (see Csapo et al., Chap. 2, 76).

Partridges

Alectoris chukar, the chukar (an onomatopoeic name) or chukar partridge, reaches lengths of33 cm and is found on Aegean islands, Crete, and Cyprus. The rock partridge (Alectoris graeca)is found in the Peloponnesus and elsewhere in the Mediterranean. The common partridge(Perdix perdix) is a different bird in the same Family, Phasianidae. The chukar is a ground-nesting bird, found in the open and on stony or rocky ground, including the hillsides of Crete.It is a traditional and popular game bird.

All four Alectoris bones came from Temple B, Phase 3. Two came from hearth/altars, andone is the only burnt bird bone from such a feature. A. chukar is present in six MM III/LMIA to LM IIIB deposits at Kommos.

Pot 18 in Tomb A 78 SW at EB Bab edh-Dhra� in southern Jordan produced a left coracoidand ulna of A. graeca (Hesse and Wapnish 1981: 133–34, fig. 1), which are thought to be foodofferings. Bowls 611–16 in the dromos of Tomb 79 at Salamis in eastern Cyprus producedtwo left carpometacarpi of A. graeca (Tring Museum 1973: 269). Also on Cyprus, one tibiotarsusof A. chukar is known from the altar area of the Tamassos Temple of Astarte-Aphrodite, mainlyof the seventh–fourth century B.C. (Nobis 1976–77: 292).

566 The Iron Age Fauna

The Greeks ate partridges and also kept them as pets (Pollard 1977: 104, 138). They werethe “play-things” of Zeus and Leto according to Aelian (De Natura Animalium X.35), writingin the third century after Christ. Partridges were a symbol of lust and fertility to the ancients(Kadletz 1976: 276). They were offered to Aphrodite/Venus in Greece before A.D. 500 and inConstantinople ca. A.D. 500.

Chicken

All Gallus bones are from Temple C and almost all are forelimb and wing elements. However,there is chicken eggshell from the eighth-century-B.C. dump in the south sounding—apparentlythe oldest chicken eggshell known from Greece.

The Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia produced burnt “fowl” (Broneer 1971: 56). The termfowl probably refers to chicken but could mean duck or goose. A later (ca. A.D. 160) burnt-bone deposit at Isthmia produced a burnt Gallus tarsometatarsus distal end (identified by K.Rielly). The Kabeirion at Thebes produced six Gallus gallus domesticus remains from the Classi-cal, Hellenistic (three) and A.D. 50–180 (two) periods (Boessneck 1973: 2, 25–26, pl. V.41). TheSanctuary of Artemis and Apollo at Kalapodi had 21 Hellenistic to Byzantine (300 B.C.–A.D.1450) bird bones, which included seven Gallus (Stanzel 1991: 125). Early excavations at theArtemision at Ephesos produced two bird bones, both G. domesticus (Wolff 1978: 108). Morerecent excavations produced 17 bird bones, including eight Gallus (Forstenpointner 1993). ThePizzica spring sanctuary at Metaponto produced one G. gallus bone. The few bird bones fromthe Selinus Demeter Sanctuary in Sicily are believed to be Gallus. The Extramural Sanctuaryof Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya, produced the following four samples with birdremains: F14/G14, Test 1 (early seventh–second/first century B.C.) had one Gallus ulna; C17,Tr. 2, Str. 2 (510–163 B.C.) had three Gallus (two scapula and an ulna) and one other birdbone; F13/G13, Tr. 2, Str. 2 (625 B.C.–A.D. 50) had one Gallus tarsometatarsus; and F13/G13wall sounding (Modern) yielded one Gallus tarsometatarsus (Crabtree 1990; dates fromD. White).

The sanctuary at Sukas in Syria produced various unidentified bird remains and a cockfrom a 552–498 B.C. phase but found with pottery of mixed date (Riis 1970: 90). Cockerel(roosters less than a year old) are reported from the Romano-British Temple of Mercury atWest Hill, Uley, Somerset, in southwestern England, which was constructed in the fourthcentury B.C. and demolished around A.D. 380 (Brothwell 1979: 291). At the HalikarnassosMaussolleion there are fourteen G. domesticus, with ten hens, three cocks, and one juvenile,as well as eight juvenile Columba domestica (doves), probably killed at three to four weeks ofage, before they were able to fly (Aaris-Sorensen 1981: 104–5, figs. 84, 118). All birds weredecapitated and their tarsometatarsi and phalanges removed. One cock had both legs removedby cuts or chops through the femur, but the legs were placed near the skeleton (Aaris-Sorensen


1981: 104; Højlund 1981: 79). An early third-century-B.C. tomb at Aphendrika on Cyprusproduced chicken bones thought to be nonflying table birds (Zeuner 1963: 448–49). The first-century-B.C. Tomb 8 at Ayios Ermoyenis, Kourion, Cyprus, produced chicken bones (McFadden1946: 489). Two graves dating to the fourth century after Christ at Pella in northern Jordanproduced one or two complete chicken skeletons (Smith 1973: 182). Cocks were frequentlysacrificed to the dead in antiquity (Stengel 1910: 142; Kurz and Boardman 1971: 66, 146, 215).

Chicken were sacred and/or sacrificed to numerous Greek and Roman deities (D. W.Thompson 1936: 40–41; Pollard 1977: 147–48), probably because they were cheap and easyto rear. Chicken were sacrificed at Punic Carthage (Bodenheimer 1960: 210–11). Burnt birdbones are known from the tophet at Motya in Sicily (Ciasca 1992: 151) and the possible tophetat Amathus in southern Cyprus (personal analysis; here mainly doves). According to Plato(Phaedo 118), who lived from 427–347 B.C., and Artemidorus (Oneirocriticon V.9), writing inthe second century after Christ, such birds were sacred to Asklepios. They were a symbol ofhealth and light. D. W. Thompson (1936: 40–41) notes that they were kept in temples ofAsklepios and also that they were sacred to Athena, Demeter, Gallus, Hermes, Latona, andLucian, and were sacrificed to Mars, Neophthys, Osiris, Thios, and the household gods.

Chicken were sacred to Artemis at Epidauros around 400 B.C. (Kadletz 1976: 82) and toAphrodite on Cos in the third century B.C. (Kadletz 1976: 10), and they were an erotic andfertility symbol because of their conspicuous wooing and prolific egg-laying. Plutarch (InstitutaLaconica 238F), living A.D. 46–121, says that they were sacrificed to Ares/Mars in Sparta(Kadletz 1976: 282). The Roman satirist Juvenal (Satires 13.233), living A.D. 55/60–ca. 127,mentions that cocks were sacrificed to the Lares (household gods).

Pausanius (Description of Greece VI.26) notes that Athena’s helmet at Elis (south of Patras)was crowned by a cock. The relationship of the cock with Athena is said to go back to thesixth century B.C. (Pollard 1977: 144). Pausanius notes that the cock was sacred to Athena inher capacity of Ergane (the Worker) and was also associated with Helios and the Moon(Description of Greece V.25.9). He also notes that the cock was sacred to Herakles (XVII.46),was kept in temples to Herakles and Hebe (D. W. Thompson 1936: 41), and was offered toHerakles in Athens in the first century after Christ (Kadeltz 1976: 297).

The cock was a “friend” of Hermes/Mercury according to Lucian (The Dream of the CockII.175), writing in the second century after Christ, and an “association clearly arose betweenthe messenger of Zeus and the bird which fulfilled the role of timekeeper for man” (Pollard1977: 147–48). Chicken were sacred to Leto, since one was by her side when she gave birthto Apollo and Artemis according to Aelian (IV.29). They were sacred to Demeter, and herpriests abstained from eating their flesh according to Porphyry (Abstinence IV.16), who livedA.D. 233–304. They were also not eaten at Eleusis or by the initiates of Mithra (D. W. Thompson1936: 41).

In addition to food and sacrifice, the Romans used cocks for omen reading and for fighting.


Doves/Pigeons

Columba livia, the wild rock dove, domestic or feral pigeon, or dove are 33 cm long and weigh250 to 450 g. They are usually found in small numbers around rocky sea cliffs and adjacentfields, nesting in crevices or caves among rocks. C. livia are locally common on Crete andtoday are extensively hunted. They are “perhaps the most completely man-adapted bird in theworld” (Keith and Goodens 1980: 530). This is the most common bird at Minoan Kommos.

The disturbed Middle Cypriot III to Late Cypriot III Tomb 21 (F 7006) at Hala Sultan Tekkein southern Cyprus yielded 3 bones of C. livia (Jonsson 1983: 224, 244). At nearby Late CypriotKition, the Late Helladic IIIB bowl 312 in Tomb 9 produced bones of a three-week-old C. livia(Tchernov 1974: 167). A humerus of the generally larger woodpigeon (Columba palumbus) isknown from the Astarte-Aphrodite temple at Tamassos (Nobis 1976–77: 296). The Late BronzeAge temple at Lachish in Israel, found with Late Helladic IIIA2 to early Late Helladic IIIBpottery, produced pigeon and duck remains (Ussishkin 1978: 21). The late-fifth-century-B.C.Aphrodite Altar in Athens produced the figurine of a dove (Shear 1984: 38, pl. 8f), 4 unburntbird bones and eggshells, but no burnt bird bones (Reese 1989: 68). The Kabeirion at Thebesproduced a humerus of a possibly domestic C. livia from A.D. 50–180 and a humerus andulna of a C. palumbus from Hellenistic to Roman levels (Boessneck 1973: 26, pl. V.43a–b). TheSanctuary of Artemis and Apollo at Kalapodi had 21 Hellenistic-Byzantine (300 B.C.–A.D. 1450)bones with 5 C. livia (Stanzel 1991: 125).

The dove is the bird of Astarte/Ishtar, and doves were sacrificed to her and found in hertemples (Bodenheimer 1960: 21–22; Woldow 1972: 30). In the Old Testament (Genesis 15:9,10; Leviticus 1:14, 5:7–10) young pigeons and turtledoves were burnt as offerings.

Homer noted that Athena and Hera assumed dove form (Iliad V.778) and that doves fedZeus food and ambrosia in the Dictean Cave (Odyssey XII.62). Doves were one of the attributesinherited by Aphrodite from the east. “They are not mentioned in association with the goddessin the earlier authorities” (Pollard 1977: 146). Archaic statuettes show Aphrodite holdingdoves, and they are generally considered sacred to her. The dove was offered to Aphroditein Athens around 287 B.C. (IG II.2.659, line 24). R. D. Lamberton and S. I. Rotroff (1985: 9)note that the dove was sacred to various gods and goddesses including Zeus, Aphrodite,Demeter, and Dione. The Romans sacrificed doves to Venus (Bodenheimer 1960: 213), andaccording to Porphyry (Abstinence IV.16) the pigeon (phatta) was sacred to Persephone (phere-phatta) because her name meant “dove-nurturer.”

The Greeks ate pigeons, and carrier pigeons were known to the Greeks at least from thefifth century B.C. (Pollard 1977: 91).

Predatory Birds

The Temple B, Phase 1, falcon and Temple B, Phase 3, buzzard are both diurnal rapaciousbirds in the Family Acciptridae. Falco eleonorae is a medium-sized falcon, 36–38 cm long and


with a wingspan of 89 cm. Fast and agile, it feeds on small birds and insects captured inflight. Falcons are found on sea cliffs and rocky Mediterranean islets, nesting in small cavesor under overhanging rocks. F. eleonorae are fairly widespread and a locally common summervisitor. In July and August they breed on various islands, including Crete, and can be seenhunting in the morning and evening (Nisbet 1975: 296).

A peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) is present at LM I Kommos. The falcon was Apollo’senvoy, his “swift” messenger (Pollard 1977: 117, 144). The Greeks did not practice falconry(Zeuner 1963: 464; Lamberton and Rotroff 1985: 17–18).

There are at least two buzzard species found in Greece ranging from 50 to 66 cm in lengthand with a wingspan of 117–175 cm. The smaller and more common is Buteo buteo. Found inwoods and farmlands, it is a common and widespread resident and winter visitor. The rarerlong-legged buzzard (Buteo ruffinus) nests on rocky outcrops or on the ground and eats mainlylizards and small animals.

There is one B. buteo ulna from the Theban Kabeirion dated A.D. 50–180 (Boessneck 1973:26). D. W. Thompson (1936: 286) says that they were sacred to Artemis. The Sanctuary ofArtemis and Apollo at Kalapodi has two goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) bones and one hoodedcrow (Corvus corone) bone dating from the Archaic to Classical periods (690–300 B.C.), as wellas one Hellenistic C. corone (Stanzel 1991: 125, 130). Three bones of a very large griffon orblack vulture (Gyps fulvus or G. monachus) were sacrificed in the Niger Lapis (seventh–sixthcentury B.C.) in the Roman Forum. This bird was “sacred to Mars and preferred to any otherbird for taking omens” (Blanc and Blanc 1958a; 1958b: 42–44). The Pizzica sanctuary producedseven bones of the black vulture (Aegypius monachus) and one of the raven (Corvus corax). Thevulture is associated with Greek, Etruscan, and Oriental religions, and the raven is said to bean import from the mountains (Scali 1983).

It is interesting to note that the only Buteo remain from Kommos is a claw, and one maywonder if this bone was especially chosen as a votive, much like the Squatina shark tooth thatwas found in the same deposit as the claw. The claw of a large bird, possibly an eagle, wasfound below a floor at the Kastellos site on the Lasithi plain of Crete, with Neolithic to MMpottery (H. W. Pendlebury et al. 1937–38: 9, 56).

Other Birds

The shag, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, 65–80 cm long, has a wingspan of 90–122 cm. It is smallerand thinner than the cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo). A marine bird, it is confined to rockycoasts, where it is a fairly common and widespread resident. The birds usually breed colonially,but sometimes singly, on rocky coasts, sheltered cliff ledges, and caves, and among bouldersand rocks.

Larus argentatus and Larus sp. remains are found only on the floors of Temple B, Phases 1and 2. At least fourteen species of Larus are found in Greece today. The most common species


today, and a widespread resident, is the yellow-legged gull (Larus cachinnans). For a long timeL. argentatus and L. cachinnans were considered the same species. L. argentatus has a lengthof 55–66 cm and a wingspan of 137–142 cm. It is abundant along the coasts, particularly atlarge fishing ports and towns, and is found over water and fields, often far inland. The birdsare primarily scavengers, dropping molluscs on hard surfaces. They breed on rocky cliffs,islands, and beaches.

Gulls were sacred to Herakles according to Aristophanes (Birds 567), who lived ca. 450–386B.C., and to Athenaeus (Deipnosophists 411C) and were thought to be the souls of fishermen(D. W. Thompson 1936: 193).

There are two species of songbirds (passerines) from Temple B, Phase 1, and the three bonesfrom two deposits come from three wings. A small songbird is also known from LM IIIKommos. Songbirds are eaten today in Greece and in other parts of the Mediterranean.

Eggshells

Almost all the eggshells are from Temple B, Phase 3, and Temple C (Table 6.25). The twoTemple C hearth/altars had burnt eggshells, as well as burnt mammal bones, fish, and shells(mainly Cerastoderma).

There are two samples of Minoan eggshells at Kommos: MM III Columba and LM IIIA2–BPuffinus (Reese 1995a: 198). The Greeks ate swan and goose eggs (Pollard 1977: 107), as wellas chicken eggs, of course. Eggs were commonly offered in or at graves in Greece (Nilsson1908: 530–46; Robinson 1942: 192–94; Kurz and Boardman 1971: 66, 77, 215), Cyprus (Karageor-ghis 1964: 44; Tyler 1969, 1970; Tyler and Talbot 1973), Italy (J. C. Carter 1998: 121), in thesacrificial layer at Halikarnassos (Højlund 1981: 53, 84; 1983: 151; Aaris-Sorensen 1981: 104),and at other sites as well.

Ostrich eggshells are also known from sanctuaries and tombs, including one painted frag-ment from Kommos (see Reese, Chap. 5, Section 13).

Conclusions and Discussion

Although most deposits with bird bones have only a few bones of any one species, it isintriguing that all Puffinus bones found are wing or forelimb elements, all Columba are forelimb,all songbirds are wing, and the Hydrobates is an articulating wing and forelimb. In this regardit is worth recalling that the Bab edh-Dhra� tomb produced only wing and forelimb bones,and the Salamis tomb Alectoris remains are wing bones. Similarly, the Kabeirion at Thebesproduced dove wing and forelimb elements and a buzzard wing bone, while the Tamassostemple yielded a dove forelimb. It may be that these remains are present not from food orsacrificial debris, but that they served as personal decoration, as feather fans, or in some ritualpurpose.

The Marine Invertebrates 571

6. The Marine Invertebrates (Pls. 6.10–6.13; Tables 6.26–6.29)David S. Reese

Introduction

The Kommos temple complex produced 94,430 marine invertebrate individuals from 135deposits. The species present and their total numbers are recorded on Table 6.26. Tables 6.27and 6.28 provide the shell distribution by period and context.

The total number of remains are distributed in the periods as follows: 1.5% Temple A;0.3% period of Temple A; 0.3% period of Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1; 0.7% Temple B, Phase1; 1% Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 0.1% period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 3.1% Temple B,Phase 2; 1.8% period of Temple B, Phase 2; 6.4% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 10.7% TempleB, Phases 2 and 3 (10,151); 57.5% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (54,286); 11.5% TempleB, Phase 3 (10,847); 1.4% period of Temple B, Phase 3; 0.6% Classical Hiatus; 0.2% period ofTemple B, Phase 2–Temple C; 0.5% period of Temple B, Phase 3–Temple C; 1% Temple C;and 1.4% period of Temple C. Expressed more simply, this is 68.2% from Temple B, Phases2 and 3; 12.7% Temple B, Phase 3; 6.4% Temple B, Phases 1–3; 4.9% Temple B, Phase 2; 2.8%Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1; 2.4% Temple C; and 1.1% Temple B, Phases 1 and 2. Noteparticularly that Temple A and Temple C each produced under 3% of the shell sample.

Table 6.29 notes the percentage of the major shell forms (Patella, Monodonta, Murex, andGlycymeris) by period, combining the percentages of Gibbula and Monodonta. The vast majorityof the shells are limpet shells (Patella), accounting for over 91% of the marine invertebrateindividuals. This is also true of the Minoan period, with 84.8% Patella (Reese 1995d: 241,252–53).

Specific information on the shells present is based on a number of sources (D’Angelo andGargiullo 1978; Luther and Fiedler 1976; Parenzan 1970–76; Pasqui 1974; Lellak 1977;A. Davidson 1981; Campbell and Nicholls 1979; Barrett and Yonge 1977). Most of the speciesfound are edible forms, except for the basket shells (Arcularia, Sphaeronassa, and Cyclope),Bittium, Buccinacea, cowries, Phalium, Dentalium, Conus, barnacles, vermetids, Muricidea, Mitra,Turritella, Aporrhais, Chama, Cerithium rupestre, and Astraea, totaling approximately 500 remains,only about 0.5% of the shell collection. Additionally, many of the edible species were collect-ed dead on the beach, particularly Glycymeris, Spondylus, the Arcidae, Cerithium, and Donax.Some of the fresh shells may also have been used as a fish bait rather than a human food.The large collection of crushed Murex trunculus was used in shell purple-dye production (seeAppendix 6.1).

C O M P A R A T I V E D A T A

The Kommos IA collection can be compared with the Minoan remains from the site and withother post–Bronze Age sites in the Aegean and Cyprus, particularly temple and grave remains.


Table 6.26. Marine invertebrates from Kommos (94,430 individuals from 135 deposits).

Number of Number ofSpecimens Species Deposits Comments

Phylum Mollusca

86,692 Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758 123 91.8% of entire collection, 730 burnt, 26 wa-and P. lusitanica Gmelin, 1790 terworn, 1 wornLimpet (Greek: petalıda)

3,747 Monodonta (=Trochus) turbinata 95 4.0% of entire collection, 235 burnt, 1 water-(Born, 1778) wornTopshell (trochos)

1,214 Murex trunculus (=Trunculariop- 58 1.3% of entire collection, 1,028 columellas,sis, =Hexaplex, =Phyllonatus) trun- 664 apical fragments, 18 waterworn, 4culus (Linnaeus, 1758) worn, 2 with vermetids inside, 3 burnt, 1(Rock) Murex (porphyra) gastropod-bored near apex, 3 open body

912 Glycymeris (=Petunculus) glycym- 95 1.0% of entire collection, valves, 289 holederis (Linnaeus, 1758) umbo, 113 checkers, 37 broken, 5 gastro-Dog-cockle (melokıdono) pod-bored, 23 burnt, 1 open umbo, 1 fresh,

1 worn

337 Donax trunculus Linnaeus, 1758 53 Valves, 147+ left, 129+ right, 108 water-(Abrupt) Wedge-shell (kochıli) worn, 29 worn, 10 gastropod-bored, 1

partly gastropod-bored, 6 burnt, 5 fresh,147+ MNI

317 Mactra corallina (Linnaeus, 1758) 54 Valves, 10 waterworn, 5 worn, 7 gastropod-(=M. stultorum L.) bored, 8 burnt, 5 holed umbo, 5 large, 157+(Rayed) Trough-shell (archivada) MNI

302 Cerastoderma (=Cardium) edule 26 Valves and fragments, many burnt, 74+glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789) MNI(Common) Cockle (kydoni,methystra)

97 Tonna (=Dolium) galea (Linnaeus, 41 21 small, 6 large, 14 fragmentary, 8 water-1758) worn, 2 wornGiant tun, Tun shell, Doliumshell, Cask shell

92 Bittium reticulatum (Da Costa, 37 36 waterworn, 38 worn, 5 holed from wear,1778) 7 fresh, 13 fragmentary, 6 open apex, 1Needle shell or whelk open lip, 5 open mouth, 1 with 2 holes op-

posite mouth (rather fresh), 1 holed on sideof waterworn body

78 Thais (=Purpura) haemastoma 35 Most fragmentary, 9 burnt, 6 waterworn, 1Linnaeus, 1758 worn, 1 holed, 1 gastropod-boredRock shell, Oyster drill

77 Cerithium vulgatum Bruguiere, 32 10 waterworn, most fresh, 2 worn, 26 open1792 mouth, 4 burnt, 25 small, 1 open apex(Common) Cerith, Horn shell(keratios)


Table 6.26. (Continued)


76 Acanthocardia (=Rudicardium) tu- 22 Valves and fragments, 9 fresh, 1 water-berculata (Linnaeus, 1758) worn, 1 worn, 1 holed umbo, 1 burnt, 34+(Red-nosed or Knotted) Cockle MNI(kydoni, methystra)

65 Cowries 32 Erosaria, Luria, Erosaria/Luria, as follows:

(53) Erosaria (=Cypraea, =Zonaria) 1 waterworn lip fragment, 1 worn white, 3spurca (Linnaeus, 1758) burnt, 1 holed(European yellow) Cowrie

(8) Luria (=Cypraea, Talparia) lu- 1 waterworn lip fragmentrida (Linnaeus, 1758)(Mediterranean eyed orLurid) Cowrie

(4) Erosaria or Luria (cypraea) 2 waterworn fragments, 1 lip

59 Arcularia (=Nassarius =Nassa) gib- 21 11 waterworn (1 ring), 10 worn, 7 holed onbosulus (Linnaeus, 1759) dorsum, 7 holed on ventral, 8 worn at apex,Nassa or Basket shell 1 unmodified and fresh, 2 burnt

58 Pisania maculosa (Lamarck, 1822) 19 1 holed and burntWhelk

58 Charonia sequenzae (Aradus et Be- 28 Fragments, 1 small and complete, 2 apicalnoit, 1876) (=C. variegata Lam.) ends (1 waterworn, open apex), 4 columel-and Charonia nodifera (Lamarck, las (1 waterworn), 5 columella/distal, 2 col-1822)(=C. lampas [L.], =C. rubi- umella/lip fragments, 7 lip fragments (1cunda [Perry, 1811]) worn, 1 burnt), 2 siphonal notches, 3 distalTrumpet or Triton shell (triton) ends (1 waterworn), 37 body fragments (2

worn), 40 MNI

46 Dentalium vulgare Da Costa, 19 2+ waterworn, 4 worn, 8 small, 1 burnt1778 and Dentalium rubescensDeshayes, 1825Dentalium, Tusk or Tooth shell

42 Columbella rustica (Linnaeus, 13 1 waterworn open apex, 13 worn1758)Dove shell

38 Euthria cornea (Linnaeus, 1758) 16 2 holed, 1 fragment missing apex but hasWhelk nice circular hole on body (waterworn), 20

fragmentary, 1 gastropod-bored, 1 brokenlip, 1 open side

36 Murex (=Bolinus) brandaris Lin- 17 19 small, 7 large, 4 waterworn, 2 worn, 1naeus, 1758 slightly burnt, 1 open mouth, 1 open body(Dye) Murex (porphyra)




32 Phalium (=Semicassis, =Cassis, 22 14 lips (9 waterworn, 1 worn, 1 possibly cut=Tylocassis) saburon (Bruguiere, off body); 6 waterworn (1 mouth/distal; 11792) and Phalium (=Semicassis, lip/distal; 1 distal; 1 incomplete; 1 open=Cassis, =Tylocassis) undulata body); 1 lip with part of side (less worn); 1(Gmelin, 1792) lip with warty body (worn); 1 distal and ofHelmet shell lip; 1 holed opposite mouth

30 Conus mediterraneus Hwass in 20 7 small, 2 broken lips, 1 apical fragment, 1Bruguiere, 1792 distal fragment, 4 waterworn, 2 burnt, 1(Mediterranean) Cone (konos) holed apex, 1 worn, 1 gastropod-bored

30 Spondylus gaederopus Linnaeus, 16 Valves, 9 upper, 5 lower, 6 waterworn, 51758 others collected dead, 2 fresh, 23+ MNISpiny or Thorny oyster (spon-dylos)

28 Gibbula spp. 15 2 burntTopshell (trochos)

26 Barbatia (=Arca) barbata (Lin- 13 Valves, 6 waterworn, 2 burnt, 19 MNInaeus, 1758)(Fringed) Ark shell

24 Sepia spp. 24Cuttlefish (soupia, calamari)

23 Dosinia lupinus (Linnaeus, 1758) 11 Valves, 2 waterworn, 4 worn, 1 broken, 14+Artemis shell MNI

19 Tellina planata Linnaeus, 1758 12 Valves, 1 waterworn, 2 fragments, 13+ MNI(Flat) Tellin

18 Fasciolaria lignaria (Linnaeus, 10 1 rather small, 1 gastropod-bored1758)Tulip, Band or Spindle shell

15 Spisula subtruncata (Da Costa, 2 Valves, 5 burnt, 9 MNI1778)(Cut) Trough-shell

12 Arca noae (Linnaeus, 1758) 5 Valves, 8 waterworn, 1 burnt, 12 MNI(Noah’s) Ark shell (kalognomi)

11 Venus (=Chamelea) gallina 8 Valves; 1 waterworn; 1 worn; 1 holed, smallLinnaeus, 1758 and V. verrucosa and burnt; 11 MNILinnaeus, 1758Venus shell (kydoni)

8 Lima lima (Linnaeus, 1758) and 6 Valves, 1 waterworn, 1 worn, 6 MNIL. hians (Gmelin, 1790)File shell

7 Bivonia spp. /Lemintina spp. 4 3 small, 2 large, 2 waterwornWorm tube or shell, vermetid




6 Natica millepunctata (Lamarck, 5 1 very small and burnt, 1 worn, 1 large and1822) waterworn; 3 fragmentaryMoon shell, Necklace shell

5 Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758 5 Valves, 3 fragments, 5 MNI(Noble) Pen shell, Fan shell(pınna)

5 Mytilus galloprovincialis 3 Valves, 2 very small, 5 MNILamarck, 1819(Mediterranean) Mussel (mydi,mavromydi)

4 Pecten spp. 4 Valves, 3 fragments, 1 burntScallop (kteni, karpassanta)

3 Muricidea blainvillei (Pay- 2 1 apexraudeau, 1826)Murex

3 Donax semistriatus Poli, 1795 2 Valves, 2 left, 1 gastropod-boredWedge shell

2 Aporrhais pespelecani (Linnaeus, 2 1 apical fragment1758)Pelican’s foot

2 Mitra ebenus (Lamarck, 1811) 1Mitre

2 Glycymeris pilosa (Linnaeus, 2 Valves, 1 collected dead, 1 pitted1767)Dog-cockle

2 Chama gryphoides Linnaeus, 1758 1 Valves, 2 very smallJewel box, Hoof shell

2 Ostrea edulis Linnaeus, 1758 2 Valves, 1 waterwornOyster (stridi)

1 Sphaeronassa (=Nassarius, =Nassa) 1 Tiny and burntmutabilis (Linnaeus, 1758)Nassa or Basket shell

1 Turritella communis (Risso, 1826) 1 Apical fragmentTurret or Tower shell

1 Acanthocardia aculeata (Linnaeus, 1 Fragment1767)Cockle

1 Cerithium rupestre Risso, 1826 1Cerith

1 Corbicula spp. 1 SmallBivalve




1 Haliotis spp. 1 WaterwornSea ear, Ormer

1 Astraea rugosa (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 OperculumTurban shell, (Rough) Star-shell

1 Cyclope (=Neritea) neritea (Lin- 1 Burntnaeus, 1758)Nassa or Basket shell

1 Anomia ephippium Linnaeus, 1 Valve1759Slipper shell

Phylum Echinodermata

Class Echinoidea

50 Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 48 726 spines, 262 plate fragments, 74 mouth1816) fragments, some burntRock urchin, Purple sea egg(achinos)

Phylum Arthropoda

Class Crustacea

Order Decapoda

63 Eriphia verrucosa (Forskal, 1775) 31 3 burnt(Yellow or Furry) Crab

1 Calappa granulata (Linnaeus)Crab

2 Potamon (=Telphusa) fluviatilis 2(Latreille)(Freshwater) Crab

Order Cirripedia

10+ Lepas angulifera (Lamarck) 10 Very many plates, some burntGoose barnacle

2 Balanus sp. 2 2 plates, 1 burnt(Acorn) Barnacle

MNI = minimum number of individuals


Table 6.27. Marine invertebrates by period.

Number ofSpecies Specimens Comments

Temple A

1,405 individuals, 5 deposits

Patella 1,081 7 burnt, 1 waterworn

Monodonta 189 21 burnt

Arcularia 11 1 waterworn, 5 worn, 1 burnt

Cerithium 6 4 waterworn, 1 worn

Charonia 6 Fragments; 3 lips, 2 worn; 5 MNI

Tonna 5 4 fragmentary

M. trunculus 4 3 waterworn, 1 burnt

Columbella 3

Phalium 3 1 lip, possibly cut from body; 1 open body; 1 lip and distalfragment, waterworn

Bittium 2 1 waterworn, 1 fragment

Pisania 2

Gibbula 2 1 fragment

M. brandaris 1 1 large, fresh

Conus 1 Distal end

Luria 1

Erosaria/Luria 1 Waterworn lip fragment

Glycymeris 44 Valves, 16 holed umbo, 17 checkers, 1 broken, 4 burnt, 1partly burnt

Donax 17 Valves, 9 right, 6 left, 16 waterworn or worn, 1 rather fresh

Mactra 9 Valves

Acanthocardia 4 Valves from 17 fragments

Barbatia 1 Waterworn

Arca 1 Waterworn

Venus 1 Waterworn

Pinna 1 Fragment

Dentalium 2 1 small

Sepia 1

Paracentrotus 3 23 plate fragments, 173 spines, 12 mouth fragments, 3 MNI

Eriphia 3

Lepas 1 Plate

Period of Temple A

320 individuals, 3 deposits

Patella 288




Monodonta 14

Charonia 6 Fragments, probably 1 MNI

M. brandaris 1 Open body, fresh

Glycymeris 12 Valves, 1 holed umbo

Donax 1 Waterworn fragment

Spondylus 1 Waterworn upper valve fragment

Paracentrotus 1 Spine

Eriphia 2

Period of Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1


Patella 241 1 burnt

Monodonta 3

M. trunculus 1 Waterworn

Cerithium 1 Open mouth, fresh

Phalium 1 Holed opposite mouth


Mactra 1

Acanthocardia 1 Left

Barbatia 1 Right, fresh

Temple B, Phase 1


Patella 524 2 burnt

Monodonta 90 All broken, 1 burnt

Tonna 3

Phalium 2 2 waterworn, 1 lip, 1 incomplete

M. trunculus 1 Fragment

Charonia 1 Fragment

M. brandaris 1

Gibbula 1

Glycymeris 18 Valves, 2 holed umbo, 4 checkers, 1 charred

Donax 4 Valves, 1 waterworn, 4 MNI

Acanthocardia 4 Valve fragments

Mactra 2 Valves

Dosinia 1

Mytilus 1 Fragment




Pecten 1

Dentalium 1

Sepia 1

Paracentrotus 2 32 plate fragments, 48 spines, 7 mouth fragments

Lepas 1 Plate

Temple B, Phases 1 and 2

966 individuals, 1 deposit

Patella 844 8 burnt


Arcularia 2 1 with small hole on body

Gibbula 2 1 burnt

Tonna 1 Fragmentary

Cerithium 1 Open mouth

Pisania 1

Donax 11 Valves, 8 left, 3 right

Glycymeris 8 Valves, 2 holed umbo, 3 checkers, 1 burnt

Mactra 7 Valves, fragmentary

Cerastoderma 2 Valves, fragmentary

V. verrucosa 1

Sepia 1

Paracentrotus 1 11 plate fragments, 81 spines, 16 mouth fragments

Eriphia 2

Period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2


Patella 60 29 burnt


Bittium 1 Fragmentary

Thais 1 Fragmentary, burnt

Charonia 1 Distal/columella fragment

Fasciolaria 1

Glycymeris 3 Valves, 1 burnt fragment

Dosinia 2 Valves

Mactra 1 Fragment

Tellina 1 Fragment

Paracentrotus 1 6 plate fragments, 16 spines, 3 burnt

Eriphia 1 Burnt




Temple B, Phase 2


Patella 2,710 96 burnt


M. trunculus 4 4 fragments

Phalium 4 1 distal, waterworn

Tonna 3 1 small, 1 medium

Erosaria 3

Columbella 3

Cerithium 2 1 with open mouth and fresh, 1 small

Conus 2 1 burnt

Gibbula 2 1 burnt

Bittium 1 Very small

Arcularia 1 Fresh, unmodified

Pisania 1

Charonia 1 Small mouth fragment, burnt

Luria 1

Natica 1 Very small, burnt

Aporrhais 1 Apical fragment

Sphaeronassa 1 Tiny, burnt

Turritella 1 Apical fragment

Glycymeris 19 Valves, 3 holed umbo, 1 broken, 4 checkers, 3 burnt

Mactra 17 Valves, 1 holed umbo, 3 large

Spisula 15 Valves, 5 burnt

Acanthocardia 7 Valves, 1 burnt, 7 MNI

Donax 4 Valves, 3 worn, 1 burnt

Cerastoderma 3 Valves, 1 burnt

Spondylus 2 Valves, 1 bored exterior

Dosinia 1

Tellina 1

Venus 1 Fragment

A. aculeata 1 Fragment

Sepia 2

Dentalium 1 Burnt, small

Paracentrotus 5 81 plate fragments, 27 spines, 2 mouth fragments, somecharred

Eriphia 4 1 burnt




Period of Temple B, Phase 2

1,706 individuals, 1 deposit



Phalium 5 Lip fragments, 4 waterworn, 1 with part of side and lessworn

Tonna 4 3 small, 1 larger fragment

M. brandaris 3 3 small, 2 waterworn

M. trunculus 2 1 small, 1 missing apex

Thais 1

Cerithium 1 Open mouth

Pisania 1 Fresh

Columbella 1 Fresh

Euthria 1 Fresh

Gibbula 1

Mactra 32 Valves, 1 holed umbo

Glycymeris 15 Valves, 3 holed umbo, 3 broken, 1 burnt, 4 checkers

Cerastoderma 11 Valves, 1 burnt, 6 MNI

Donax 2 Valves

Barbatia 2 Valves

Spondylus 1 Fragment

Pinna 1 Fragment

Sepia 1

Paracentrotus 1 25 plate fragments; 25 spines; 3 mouth fragments, 1 burnt

Potamon 1 Pincer

Period of Temple B, Phases 1–3




M. trunculus 20 7 small, 1 medium, 1 waterworn, 1 burnt

Erosaria 11 1 burnt

Cerithium 7 2 small, 1 open lip, 2 fresh, 1 worn and broken, 2 waterworn

Bittium 6 1 holed opposite mouth and rather fresh, 1 holed on side ofbody and very waterworn, 2 open apex, 4 worn

Phalium 5 2 lips, 1 waterworn

Thais 4 3 broken, 1 waterworn




Charonia 4 7 waterworn distal fragments; 2 columella and lip fragments,much bored on exterior; 1 siphonal notch; 2 body fragments,1 worn, 4 MNI

Tonna 3 2 small

Columbella 3 1 worn apex, 1 fresh

Conus 3 2 small, 1 broken lip

Gibbula 3

Arcularia 2

Euthria 2

M. brandaris 2 2 large, 1 slightly worn

Fasciolaria 2 1 gastropod-bored

Pisania 1

Luria 1

Bivonia/Lemintina 1 Large

Glycymeris 83 Valves, 21 holed umbo, 6 checkers, 4 broken, 1 burnt

Donax 14 Valves, 2 waterworn, 7 worn

Mactra 13 Valves, 1 fragment, 2 worn and collected dead, 1 waterworn,1 holed umbo

Acanthocardia 8 Valves, fresh, 8 MNI

Cerastoderma 3 Valves, 1 fragmentary

Mytilus 2 Valves

Spondylus 1 Lower valve, fresh

Venus gallina 1 Worn

Sepia 3

Dentalium 1

Paracentrotus 5 A few burnt

Eriphia 8

Potamon 1




M. trunculus 1,039 Mainly Sh 9, 1,026 columellas, 661 apical fragments, 8complete, 1 waterworn


Cerithium 25 17 small, 8 open lips, 1 apical fragment




Euthria 21 20 fragmentary, 1 open side

Thais 15 Numerous fragments

Fasciolaria 8

Erosaria 7

Bittium 5 3 worn, 1 slightly worn, 1 open lip

Tonna 3 Fragments

Conus 3

Gibbula 3

Bivonia/Lemintina 3

Pisania 2

Luria 2

Muricidea 2 1 apex

Columbella 1

M. brandaris 1 Worn

Mactra 42 Valves, 21 left, 17 right, 1 waterworn, 2 broken, 2 gastropod-bored

Glycymeris 27 Valves, 7 holed umbo, 4 checkers, 3 broken, 3 burnt

Donax 19 Valves, 10 right, 9 left, 1 waterworn

Dosinia 3 Valves, 2 waterworn

Tellina 3 Valves

Cerastoderma 2 Valves, 1 burnt, 1 fragment

Acanthocardia 2 Valves, 3 fragments

Spondylus 1 Lower valve, waterworn

Barbatia 1

Lima 1

Sepia 1

Paracentrotus 5 47 spines, 18 plate fragments, 8 body fragments

Eriphia 9



Patella 52,551 274 burnt, 1 large and waterworn

Monodonta 1,156 61 burnt

M. trunculus 47 1 open ventral, gastropod-bored near apex; 2 open body; 1with vermetids inside; 12 fragmentary, 4 waterworn, 1 wornand pitted; 1 burnt distal

Thais 34 22 fragmentary, 2 waterworn, 3 burnt




Bittium 30 22 waterworn, 2 open mouth, 4 worn, 3 fresh, 11 fragmentary

Charonia 16 1 small and complete; 1 fragment just below apex; 1 colu-mella and distal; 4 columellas, 1 waterworn; 1 distal; 7 bodyfragments; 1 body/lip; 2 lip fragments; 1 siphonal notch

Cerithium 15 10 open lip, 9 fresh, 1 waterworn with open apex, 1 slightlyburnt apex

Tonna 13 3 small, 1 large, 5 fragments

Erosaria 9 1 burnt (?)

Pisania 8

Conus 8 1 gastropod-bored

Arcularia 5 1 waterworn fragment, 1 burnt

Euthria 5

Fasciolaria 5

M. brandaris 4 1 waterworn, 1 slightly burnt

Phalium 3 1 waterworn mouth and distal, 1 distal lacking lip

Gibbula 3

Luria 2 1 waterworn lip fragment, 1 glossy

Erosaria/Luria 2

Columbella 1

C. rupestre 1

Astraea 1 Operculum

Haliotis 1 Waterworn

Glycymeris 245 Valves, 62 holed umbo, 32 checkers, 2 gastropod-bored, 8 bro-ken, 5 burnt

Mactra 30 Valves, 2 waterworn, 4 fragments, 1 gastropod-bored, 1 burnt

Donax 28 Valves, 12 left, 9 right, 17 collected dead, 1 slightly worn, 1rather fresh, 1 gastropod-bored, 1 burnt, 15+ MNI

Cerastoderma 7 Valves, 2 fresh, 5 MNI

Spondylus 7 Valves (3 upper valves, 2 lower valves), 1 slightly worn, 2 wa-terworn, 2 collected dead

Acanthocardia 5 4 fragments, 1 large

Tellina 3 Valves, 2 right, 1 fragment

G. pilosa 2 Valves, 1 collected dead, 1 very large and pitted

Barbatia 1 Left

V. gallina 1 Left

Pecten 1 Fragment, burnt

D. semistriatus 1




Corbicula 1 Small

Dentalium 6 1 worn, with light ribbing

Sepia 2

Paracentrotus 11 39 spines, 12 plate fragments, 10 mouth fragments, 1 burnt

Eriphia 16 1 large, 1 burnt

Lepas 1 Plate fragment

Temple B, Phase 3


Patella 8,966 131 burnt, 1 waterworn

Monodonta 1,281 71 burnt

Pisania 36 1 holed and burnt

M. trunculus 34

Bittium 24 Most worn, 5 waterworn and naturally holed

Arcularia 17 2 holed dorsum, 5 holed ventral, 3 waterworn, 5 worn atapex

Cerithium 14 2 waterworn, 1 worn, 1 open mouth, 2 burnt

Erosaria 13

Tonna 12 All rather small, 1 waterworn

Thais 11 1 holed, 3 waterworn, 1 gastropod-bored, 1 burnt, 1 largeburnt distal

Gibbula 11

Conus 6

Columbella 3

Phalium 3 2 lips

Charonia 2

Euthria 2 1 gastropod-bored

M. brandaris 2

Bivonia/Lemintina 2 2 waterworn

Mitra 2

Fasciolaria 1

Natica 1

Muricidea 1

Dentalium 6 6 small

Sepia 2

Donax 121 Valves, 64+ left, 53+ right, 2 gastropod-bored, 17 waterworn,1 worn, 2 burnt, 77+ MNI




Mactra 106 Valves, 1 holed umbo, 6 burnt

Glycymeris 103 Valves, 22 holed umbo, 1 open umbo, 29 checkers, 1 gastro-pod-bored, 2 broken, 3 burnt

Cerastoderma 23 Valves, 2 broken, 2 burnt, 15 MNI

Dosinia 7 Valves

Barbatia 5 Valves, 5 MNI

Acanthocardia 3 Valves

Tellina 3 Valves, 1 waterworn, 1 fragment, 1 very small, 3 MNI

Venus 2 Valves, 1 holed center, burnt and small

Lima 2 Valves, 1 waterworn, 2 small

D. semistriatus 2 Valves, 2 left, 1 gastropod-bored

Paracentrotus 3 223 spines; 41+ plate fragments; 11 mouth fragments, a fewburnt

Eriphia 14

Lepas 8 Plates





Bittium 3 1 rather fresh, 2 waterworn

M. trunculus 2 1 distal, 1 lip

Thais 2 1 fresh, 1 fragment

Charonia 2 2 distal/columella

Tonna 1 Lip fragment, large

Erosaria 1

Conus 1 Small, broken lip

Fasciolaria 1

Luria 1 Large, glossy

Glycymeris 20 Valves, 9 holed umbo, 2 broken, 1 checker

Donax 1 Fragment

Pinna 1 Fragment

Paracentrotus 1

Hiatus Period


Patella 512 3 burnt, 1 waterworn

Monodonta 7 1 burnt




M. trunculus 3 2 columellas, 1 large

Bittium 2 1 waterworn; 1 large distal, rather fresh

Tonna 1 Fragment

Thais 1 Apical fragment

Charonia 1 Apical end, open apex, waterworn

M. brandaris 1 Waterworn

Dentalium 2 1 small and ribbed, 1 worn

Sepia 2

Glycymeris 13 Valves, 3 holed umbo, 1 checker, 2 broken, 1 small and fresh

Donax 4 Valves, 3 left, 1 right, 4 waterworn

Mactra 1 Fragment

Dosinia 1

Paracentrotus 1 Spine

Period of Temple B, Phase 2–Temple C

174 individuals, 1 deposit

Patella 108

Monodonta 13

Arcularia 2 1 worn apex

M. trunculus 1 Fragment

Glycymeris 48 Valves, 21 holed umbo, 5 checkers

Donax 1

Mactra 1

Period of Temple B, Phase 3–early Temple C


Patella 344 3 burnt


M. trunculus 12

Bittium 3 3 worn

Pisania 2 1 color

Euthria 2 1 fresh

M. brandaris 2 1 small, open mouth

Thais 1

Charonia 1 Body fragment

Columbella 1 Fresh

Conus 1 Small, worn




Natica 1 Apical half, worn


Donax 2 Valves, 1 waterworn, 1 worn

Temple C


Patella 383 16 burnt, 20 waterworn

Tonna 40 6 waterworn, 2 worn

M. trunculus 30 11 broken, 3 waterworn fragments

Monodonta 29 5 burnt, 1 waterworn

Columbella 26 1 waterworn open apex, 12 worn

M. brandaris 18 15 small and fresh, 2 large

Arcularia 14 5 waterworn, 1 ring; 5 worn; 4 holed dorsum; 2 holed onventral

Conus 5 1 apical fragment, 3 waterworn, 1 small and burnt, 1 water-worn and holed apex

Cerithium 4 2 small, 1 waterworn, 1 burnt

Pisania 4

Bittium 3 2 open lip, 1 rather fresh, 1 waterworn

Erosaria 3 1 holed, 1 burnt gray

Euthria 2 2 holed, 1 waterworn fragment missing apex but has nice cir-cular hole on body

Natica 2 2 fragments

Thais 1 Fragmentary, burnt

Charonia 1 2 fragments, large

Phalium 1

Cyclope 1 Burnt

Dentalium 23 At least 1 waterworn, 1 worn

Sepia 4

Cerastoderma ca. 250 Fragments, almost all burnt, 70+ valves = 40 MNI

Donax 93 Valves, 38 right, 42 left, 40 waterworn, 7 gastropod-bored, 13worn, 2 fresh, 2 burnt

Glycymeris 68 Valves, 25 holed umbo, 9 checkers, 2 broken, 1 worn, 1burnt

Mactra 45 Valves, 17 left, 12 right, 3 waterworn, 1 worn, 3 gastropod-bored, 1 burnt

Acanthocardia 19 3 valves and 16 fragments, 1 fresh, 1 waterworn, 4+ MNI

Barbatia 12 Valves, 4 left, 2 right, 3 waterworn, 2 burnt




Arca 8 Valves, 5 waterworn, 1 burnt

Dosinia 7 Valves, 1 broken, 4 worn

Tellina 6 Valves

Spondylus 4 Valves, 1 waterworn

Lima 4 Valves, 3 MNI

V. verrucosa 2 Valves

V. gallina 2 Valves

Pinna 2 Valves

Mytilus 2 Valves, 2 very small

Chama 2 Valves, 2 very small

Pecten 1

Ostrea 1 Waterworn

Paracentrotus 9 45 spines, 13 plate fragments, 2 mouth fragments; 9 MNI

Eriphia 3

Lepas 4 Many plates, some burnt

Balanus 2 2 plates, 1 burnt

Calappa 1

Period of Temple C


Patella 1,001 2 waterworn, 2 worn, 4 burnt

Monodonta 59

M. trunculus 14 5 waterworn; 1 worn and collected dead; 1 slightly worn; 1small, vermetids in mouth

Bittium 12 1 distal, open apex; 1 fresh apex; 5 worn; 1 open apex; 4waterworn; 1 holed opposite mouth

Tonna 8 1 waterworn

Thais 7 1 worn, 2 columellas, 1 large and slightly burnt

Erosaria 6 1 waterworn lip fragment, 1 worn white

Arcularia 5 2 worn at apex, 1 waterworn

Phalium 5 Open body, waterworn; 3 lips, 2 waterworn; 1 lip with body,worn

Charonia 4 Distal end, siphonal notch and columella; 2 fragmentary;apical fragment

Euthria 3 1 broken lip

Cerithium 1 Open lip, fresh

Erosaria/Luria 1 Fragment, waterworn




Natica 1 Large, waterworn

Bivonia/Lemintina 1 Large

Aporrhais 1

Dentalium 4 1 D. vulgare, 1 smooth, 1 waterworn, 1 worn

Sepia 4

Glycymeris 174 Valves, 70 holed umbo, 2 gastropod-bored, 9 broken, 14checkers

Donax 15 Valves, 6 right, 3 left, 1 rather fresh, 1 partly gastropod-bored, 8 waterworn, 3 worn

Spondylus 13 Valves; 11 waterworn; 1 large, collected dead; 1 collecteddead and worn

Mactra 10 Valves, 1 waterworn with holed umbo, 2 waterworn, 2 worn,1 gastropod-bored

Acanthocardia 6 Valves, 1 holed umbo, 1 worn, 1 broken

Barbatia 3 Valves, 2 waterworn, 3 MNI

Arca 3 Valves, 2 waterworn, 2 right

Tellina 2 Valves

Cerastoderma 1 Fragmentary

Dosinia 1

Lima 1 Worn

Pecten 1 2 fragments

Ostrea 1

Anomia 1

Paracentrotus 1

Eriphia 1

Lepas 1 Plate

MNI = minimum number of individuals


Table 6.28. Distribution of marine invertebrates at Kommos.

Number ofPeriod and Location Trench/Pail Specimens Species Comments

Temple A

Floors 33C/81–88, ws 780 Patella 4 burnt, 1 waterworn144 Monodonta 3 burnt10 Arcularia 1 waterworn, 5 worn3 Tonna Fragmentary3 Columbella2 M. trunculus 2 waterworn2 Cerithium 1 worn, 1 small2 Pisania2 Charonia Fragments, 1 worn1 Bittium Fragment1 M. brandaris1 Phalium Lip, possibly cut off1 Conus Distal end1 Gibbula1 Erosaria/Luria Lip fragment, waterworn

25 Glycymeris Valves, 9 holed umbo, 16checkers, 4 burnt

14 Donax Valves, all waterworn orworn, 8 right, 6 left

9 Mactra Valves3–4 Acanthocardia Valves, 17 fragments

1 Barbatia Waterworn1 Venus Waterworn1 Pinna Fragment2 Dentalium 1 small, pail 81

1–2 Paracentrotus 172 spines, 23 test fragments,12 mouth fragments, 1–2MNI

3 Eriphia1 Lepas Plate

Court 42A/45 19 Patella1 Monodonta1 Arcularia Burnt1 Glycymeris Holed umbo

Southern dump 34A2/36, 37, 40–50 135 Patella 3 burnt31 Monodonta 17 burnt4 Cerithium 4 waterworn2 M. trunculus 1 waterworn, 1 burnt2 Charonia Fragments, 1 worn lip1 Tonna1 Bittium Waterworn1 Phalium Open body1 Gibbula Fragment

11 Glycymeris Valves, 5 holed umbo, 1checker




2 Donax Valves, 2 waterworn, 2 MNI1 Acanthocardia1 Arca Waterworn

Northeastern 42A/58–60, 63, 64, 71 Patelladump #1 66, 68, 70–76 (63 ws; 8 Monodonta

73, 74 ds) 1 Phalium Lip and distal fragment,waterworn

4 Glycymeris Valves, 1 holed umbo, 1broken

Northeastern 47A/36–41, 45, 48, 76 Patelladump #2 56, 58, 61 5 Monodonta 1 burnt

4 Charonia Sh 5 (198 mm long) and Sh6; 2 lips, 4 MNI

1 Tonna Fragment, medium1 M. brandaris Large, fresh1 Luria Medium3 Glycymeris Valves, 1 partly burnt1 Donax Large, rather fresh, right1 Sepia1 Paracentrotus 1 spine

Period of Temple A

Southeastern 63A/45–58, 64, 66– 38 Patelladeposit 69, 71 10 Monodonta

6 Charonia 6 fragments, probably 1 MNI(columella, distal, lip, body)

1 M. brandaris Fresh, open body7 Glycymeris Valves, 1 holed umbo1 Donax Waterworn fragment1 Spondylus Waterworn upper valve frag-

ment2 Eriphia

Dump to southeast 64A1/16, ws; 65A1/ 85 Patella17; 65A2/23, 25 2 Monodonta

5 Glycymeris Valves1 Paracentrotus 1 spine

PG below surface 68A/36, 43, 46–48 165 Patella2 Monodonta

Period of Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1

Deposit in south 51A/26–32, 35–37, 15 Patella61 1 Monodonta

1 M. trunculus Waterworn1 Phalium Hole opposite mouth (Pl.

6.10)5 Glycymeris Valves, 1 holed umbo




1 Mactra1 Acanthocardia Left

Southeastern 52A/21 1 Glycymerisdump #1

Southeastern 68A/29–31 226 Patella 1 burntdump #2 2 Monodonta

1 Cerithium Fresh, open mouth1 Glycymeris1 Barbatia Right, fresh

Temple B, Phase 1

Hearth 1 33C/79, ws 5 Patella 1 burnt1 Glycymeris1 Sepia1 Paracentrotus 11 spines, 21 test fragments,

3 mouth fragments

Court 33C/60, 61, ws; 518 Patella 1 burnt42A/40–43 90 Monodonta Very broken, 1 burnt

3 Tonna1 Phalium Waterworn lip, length 29

mm (Pl. 6.10)1 Gibbula

13 Glycymeris Valves, 1 holed umbo, 4checkers, 1 charred

4 Donax Valves, 1 waterworn, 4 MNI4 Acanthocardia Valve fragments2 Mactra Valves1 Dosinia1 Pecten Small1 Dentalium1 Paracentrotus 37 spines, 11 test fragments,

4 mouth fragments1 Lepas Plate

Dump to south 34A2/38, 39, 49–50 1 Patella1 M. trunculus Body fragment1 Charonia Fragment1 M. brandaris Large1 Phalium Waterworn, not complete4 Glycymeris Valves, 1 holed umbo1 Mytilus Fragment


Floors 33C/59, 76, 80, ws 844 Patella 8 burnt82 Monodonta 2 burnt2 Arcularia 1 with small hole on body2 Gibbula 1 burnt




1 Tonna Fragmentary1 Cerithium Open mouth1 Pisania

11 Donax Valves, 8 left, 3 right8 Glycymeris Valves, 2 holed umbo, 3

checkers, 1 burnt7 Mactra Valves, fragmentary2 Cerastoderma Valves, fragmentary1 V. verrucosa1 Sepia1 Paracentrotus 81 spines, 11 test fragments,

16 mouth fragments2 Eriphia


Pit in east 58A/14, ws 31 Patella 11 burnt7 Monodonta 3 burnt1 Bittium Fragment1 Thais Fragmentary, 2 pieces burnt2 Dosinia Valves1 Glycymeris Burnt fragment1 Mactra Fragment1 Tellina Fragment1 Paracentrotus 16 spines, 6 test fragments, 3

mouth fragments1 Eriphia Burnt

Dump to south 63A/25, 26 (26 ws) 29 Patella 18 burnt3 Monodonta 2 burnt1 Charonia Distal/columella fragment1 Fasciolaria2 Glycymeris Valves

Temple B, Phase 2

Hearth 2 33C/77, 78, ws 206 Patella 39 burnt36 Monodonta 5 burnt3 Columbella2 Conus 1 burnt2 Gibbula 1 burnt1 M. trunculus Fragment1 Tonna4 Glycymeris Valves, 3 burnt2 Acanthocardia Valves, 1 burnt1 Donax Burnt1 Cerastoderma1 Spondylus Small1 Paracentrotus 27 spines, 17 test fragments,

1 mouth fragment1 Eriphia




Lower hearth/floor 29A1/82, 85, 87 (85 44 Patella 1 burntaround Tripillar and 87 ws) 8 Monodonta 1 burntShrine 2 Tonna 1 small, 1 medium

1 M. trunculus 2 fragments1 Phalium Waterworn distal end

15 Mactra 5 complete valves and 10fragmentary, 1 holed umbo,2 large

6 Glycymeris Valves, 2 holed umbo, 2checkers, 1 broken

3 Donax Valves, 3 worn3 Acanthocardia Valves, 3 MNI1 Cerastoderma Valve, 4 fragments1 Tellina1 Sepia1 Paracentrotus 11 spines, 3 test fragments

Court 42A/28–39 (30, 31, 2,384 Patella 34 burnt33, and 34 ws) 66 Monodonta 11 burnt

3 Erosaria3 Phalium2 Cerithium 1 with open mouth, fresh, 1

small1 Pisania1 Charonia Small mouth fragment, burnt1 Luria7 Glycymeris Valves, 1 holed umbo2 Acanthocardia Valves1 Mactra Large1 Spondylus Bored on exterior1 Dosinia1 A. aculeata Fragment1 Paracentrotus 5 spines, 3 test fragments,

charred2 Eriphia 1 burnt

Double hearth in 47A/18, 24, ws 68 Patella 19 burntcourt 7 Monodonta 3 burnt

2 M. trunculus Fragmentary1 Bittium Very small1 Arcularia Unmodified, fresh1 Natica Very small, burnt1 Aporrhais Apical fragment1 Turritella Apical fragment9 Spisula Valves, 5 MNI1 Glycymeris Checker1 Mactra Fragment




1 Venus Fragment1 Dentalium Small, burnt1 Sepia1 Paracentrotus 17 spines, 12 test fragments,

1 mouth fragment1 Eriphia

Ashy fill east of 47A/26, ws 8 Patella 3 burntdouble hearth 2 Monodonta 2 burnt

1 Sphaeronassa Tiny, burnt6 Spisula Valves, 5 burnt, 4 MNI1 Glycymeris Checker1 Paracentrotus 7 spines, 7 test fragments


South sounding 36B/2, 3, 5–10, 1,471 Patella 21 burnt17–26 (5, 6, 20, 148 Monodonta 6 burntand 21 ws) 5 Phalium 5 waterworn lip fragments, 1

with part of side and lessworn

4 Tonna 3 small, 1 larger fragment3 M. brandaris 2 waterworn, 3 small2 M. trunculus 1 small, 1 missing apex1 Thais1 Cerithium Open mouth1 Pisania Fresh1 Columbella Fresh1 Euthria Fresh1 Gibbula

32 Mactra Valves, 1 holed umbo15 Glycymeris Valves, 3 holed umbo, 3 bro-

ken, 4 checkers, 1 burnt11 Cerastoderma Valves, 1 burnt, 6 MNI2 Donax Valves2 Barbatia Valves1 Spondylus Fragment1 Pinna Fragment1 Sepia1 Paracentrotus 25 spines, 25 test fragments,

3 mouth fragments, 1 burnt1 Potamon

Period of Temple B, Phases 1–3

South sounding 29A1/50, 51, 53–56, 289 Patella 3 burnt(under slab floor 58, 60 (50, 51, 53 37 Monodonta 12 burntof Temple C) and 55 ws) 1 Tonna Small

5 Glycymeris Valves, 2 checkers2 Donax Valves, 1 worn, 2 left




2 Cerastoderma Valves1 Mactra Fragment1 Sepia1 Paracentrotus 26 spines, 12 test fragments,

2 burnt

Dump to south 34A2/27–35, 38, 49, 1,260 Patella 25 burnt50, 52 (27–35 ws) 45 Monodonta 10 burnt

9 M. trunculus 1 burnt3 Erosaria 1 burnt2 Phalium1 Bittium Hole opposite mouth, rather

fresh1 Thais Fragmentary1 Cerithium Small1 Charonia 2 fragments, waterworn,

distal end1 Columbella1 M. brandaris Large


4 Acanthocardia Valves, 4 MNI2 Donax Valves, 1 waterworn2 Mytilus1 Sepia1 Paracentrotus 35 spines, 23 test fragments,


Marine meal #1 43A/10–12, 14–15, 1,739 Patella 4 burnt20 (14 ws) 32 Monodonta

3 Erosaria2 M. trunculus 2 small2 Arcularia1 Cerithium Small, open mouth1 Pisania1 Columbella Worn apex1 Gibbula7 Glycymeris Valves, 7 holed umbo1 Donax1 Mactra

Many Paracentrotus 3–4 MNI1 Eriphia

Levels to north 44B/3–7 19 Patella1 Charonia Fragment1 Glycymeris1 Donax1 Mactra




Levels to northeast 47A/17, 19, 21–23, 265 Patella 3 burnt25, 27–33, 35 13 Monodonta

2 Cerithium 1 fresh, 1 worn and broken1 Bittium Worn, open apex1 Tonna Small1 Luria4 Glycymeris Valves, 2 holed umbo, 1

broken2 Mactra Valves, 1 worn, collected

dead1 Spondylus Fresh lower valve2 Eriphia

Levels to west #1 37A/10–13, 15–18, 399 Patella 11 burnt33–40 (34 and 38 30 Monodonta 3 burntws) 3 M. trunculus 1 waterworn

3 Bittium Very waterworn, holed onside of body, other 2 worn

3 Cerithium 1 fresh, 2 waterworn, 1 frag-mentary

2 Erosaria1–2 Charonia Columella and lip fragments,

much bored on exterior1 Thais Fragmentary1 Phalium Waterworn lip1 Conus Small1 Gibbula

23 Glycymeris Valves, 5 holed umbo, 2broken

1 Donax Worn1 Mactra Hinge fragment, holed umbo1 Cerastoderma Fragment1 Dentalium Smooth1 Paracentrotus2 Eriphia1 Potamon

Levels to west #2 43A/44–55, 57, 170 Patella 1 burnt59–62 16 Monodonta

2 Erosaria1 M. trunculus Small1 Thais Waterworn1 Euthria1 Phalium Lip1 Conus Small1 Gibbula1 Bivonia/Lemintina Large

11 Glycymeris Valves, 3 holed umbo, 2checkers, 1 broken




4 Donax Valves, 1 waterworn, 2 worn1 Mactra Waterworn1 V. gallina Worn1 Sepia

Levels to southwest 44A/7–17, 24–34 1,522 Patella 7 burnt42 Monodonta 4 burnt5 M. trunculus 4 small, 1 medium3 Charonia Fragments: 1 siphonal notch,

2 body fragments (1 worn)2 Fasciolaria 1 gastropod-bored1 Bittium Open apex, worn1 Thais Columella1 Erosaria1 Columbella Fresh1 Euthria1 M. brandaris Large, slightly worn1 Phalium1 Conus Has color, lip broken

21 Glycymeris Valves, 3 holed umbo, 1checker, 1 burnt

6 Mactra Valves, 1 worn4 Acanthocardia Valves, fresh3 Donax Valves, 3 worn1 Eriphia


Ritual deposit 29A1/68, 71–74, 76, 502 Patella 6 burntaround Tripillar ws 39 Monodonta 1 burntShrine 4 Erosaria

2 Tonna (1 shown in Pl. 6.10)1 M. trunculus 3 fragments1 Thais 4 fragments1 Cerithium Open mouth1 Euthria Open side1 M. brandaris Worn1 Luria Has color (Pl. 6.10)

40 Mactra Valves, 2 gastropod-bored,20 left, 16 right

18 Donax Valves, 10 right, 8 left (1shown in Pl. 6.10)

9 Glycymeris Valves, 1 holed umbo, 2checkers, 1 burnt

2 Tellina Valves1 Cerastoderma Burnt1 Acanthocardia 2 fragments1 Barbatia Small1 Dosinia




1 Lima (Pl. 6.10)1 Sepia1 Paracentrotus 41 spines, 15 test fragments,


Altar U, contents 42A/17, 21, ws 14 Patella 2 burnt2 Monodonta 1 burnt1 M. trunculus Waterworn, small1 Cerithium Small3 Glycymeris Valves, fragmentary, 2 burnt1 Cerastoderma

Court 42A/18, 22–24; 147 Patella 1 burnt62D/39–41, 47–48 5 Monodonta

1 Erosaria4 Glycymeris Valves, 2 holed umbo1 Paracentrotus

Building Q, Room 52B/65; 60B/63; 273 Patella30, upper floor 64A2/76, ws 5 Monodonta 1 burnt

1 Bittium Open lip

Building Q, Room 52B/67; 60B/64, 95 298 Patella30, lower floor 10 Monodonta 5 fragmentary

1 M. trunculus Distal end1 Bittium Apex fragment worn1 Glycymeris1 Eriphia

Building Q, Room 52B/69, 70 53 Patella30, below floor 3 Monodonta

1 Thais1 Glycymeris1 Spondylus Waterworn lower valve

Building Q, Room 60B/67–79 (76–77 2,798 Patella 5 burnt31, dump on ws); 64A/38 110 Monodonta 2 burntupper floor 1 Gibbula

1 M. trunculus Fragment1 Tonna Fragment1 Columbella1 Conus Small3 Glycymeris Valves, 1 checker2 Mactra Valves, 2 fragments, 1 water-

worn2 Dosinia Valves, 2 waterworn1 Donax Waterworn, left1 Cerastoderma Fragment1 Paracentrotus 2 spines2 Eriphia




Building Q, Room 60B/8; 64A/40 11 Patella31, lower floor 1 Bittium Slightly worn

2 Glycymeris Valves, 2 holed umbo

Building Q, Room 60B/81–83 2 Patella31, below floor 2 Bittium 2 beach-worn


1 Mactra

Building Q, Room 64A/54–56, 68 1,424 Patella 39 burnt in pail 5637, upper floor 17 Monodonta 1 burnt

5 M. trunculus 4 small7 Cerithium 7 open lips7 Fasciolaria2 Conus1 Pisania1 Acanthocardia Fragment

Building Q, Room 64A2/57, 60, 71 865 Patella37, lower floor (71 ws) 1 Thais Columella

Building Q, Room 64A2/75, 76 44 Patella 1 burnt38, upper floor 12 Monodonta

5 Euthria 5 fragmentary2 Gibbula2 Muricidea 1 apex1 Cerithium Apical fragment, small1 Luria1 Eriphia

Building Q, Room 64A2/78, ws 99 Patella 1 burnt38, lower floor 15 Euthria All fragmentary

14 Cerithium All small7 Monodonta 1 burnt3 Bivonia/Lemintina Small2 Erosaria1 Pisania Color1 Paracentrotus 3 spines, 2 test fragments

Building Q, Room 64A2/76, 78, ws 1,030 M. trunculus Crushed, 1,026 columellas,38, purple-dye evi- 661 apical fragments, 4 com-dence in lower and plete, weight 4.375 kg, Sh 9upper floors (Pl. 6.11)

11 Thais Numerous fragments

Building Q, Room 62B/28, 29 16 Patella39, upper floor 1 Fasciolaria

Building Q, Room 62B/19 1,089 Patella 751 from next to eastern wall40, upper floor 19 Monodonta

1 Thais Fresh1 Glycymeris




Building Q, Room 62B/20–23 (21, 856 Patella40, lower floor 23 ws) 8 Monodonta

1 Cerithium Small, fresh1 Mactra Right1 Tellina Fragment1 Paracentrotus 1 spine, 1 test fragment

Building V, floor 54A1/58–61 173 Patella7 Monodonta


Three-sided slab 56A/10, ws 14 Patella 1 burntenclosure 1 Monodonta

1 M. trunculus Body fragment1 Paracentrotus 11 spines, 1 test fragment

Contents of bowl 50A/40, ws 8 Patella 1 burntC 6547 (Callaghan 2 Monodontaand Johnston, 1 Corbicula SmallChap. 4, Section 1, 1 Paracentrotus 10 spines, 3 plate fragments,316) 1 mouth fragment

Altar U, pit east of 57A1/67 4 Patella 3 burnt

Marine meal #2 27B/2–4, 7, 10 2,898 Patella 2 burnt(3 ws) 59 Monodonta 1 burnt

2 M. trunculus Open ventral, gastropod-bored near apex

2 Tonna1 Thais Body fragment1 Cerithium1 Pisania1 Charonia Body fragment1 Erosaria1 Gibbula8 Glycymeris Valves4 Mactra Valves1 Acanthocardia1 Paracentrotus 2 spines2 Eriphia

Marine meal #3 27B/5, 6, 8, 9, 11–13 2,922 Patella 9 burnt(8 ws) 30 Monodonta

5 M. trunculus 1 waterworn, 5 MNI5 Thais Most fragmentary2 Tonna 1 small2 Pisania2 Erosaria 1 burnt (?)2 M. brandaris 1 slightly burnt2 Phalium Waterworn mouth, distal

end




1 Cerithium Fresh, open lip1 Arcularia Burnt1 Gibbula

17 Glycymeris Valves, 7 holed umbo3 Donax Valves, 2–3 MNI2 Spondylus Valves, 1 waterworn, 2 MNI1 Mactra1 Paracentrotus 7 spines, 2 test fragments, 1

mouth fragment

Marine meal #4 43A/26–29, 56, 58 2,827 Patella 14 burnt(29 ws) 35 Monodonta 3 burnt

1 Cerithium Waterworn, open apex15 Glycymeris Valves, 5 holed umbo2 Mactra Valves1 Sepia1 Paracentrotus

Marine meal #5, 50A/13 1,670 Patella 1 burntsouthwest 2 Monodonta

1 Conus Gastropod-bored1 Acanthocardia Fragment

Marine meal #6, 50A/15 1,124 Patella 3 burntsouthwest 15 Monodonta

1 Bittium Fragment, fresh1 Thais (?) Columella1 Glycymeris

Marine meal #7, 50A/16, ws 1,361 Patella 5 burntsouthwest 27 Monodonta

Marine meal #8, 50A/33, ws 6,968 Patella 47 burntsouthwest 334 Monodonta 34 burnt

5 Thais 3 burnt, 1 waterworn4 Bittium 4 worn3 Cerithium 1 slightly burnt apex, 2 fresh

with broken lips2 M. trunculus 1 distal, 1 medium1 Arcularia1 Charonia Body and columella frag-

ments1 Conus9 Glycymeris Valves, 1 holed umbo, 4

checkers7 Donax Valves, all collected dead, 4

left, 3 right5 Mactra Valves, 1 gastropod-bored, 3

right, 1 left1 Tellina Fragment




1 V. gallina Left1 Paracentrotus 1 spine1 Eriphia1 Lepas Plate fragment

Marine meal #9, 50A/40, ws 2,298 Patella 1 burntsouthwest (Pl. 6.12) 111 Monodonta 1 burnt

4 M. trunculus 1 apex3 Thais 1 fragmentary1 Tonna Fragment1 Bittium Fresh, open lip1 Pisania1 Columbella

10 Glycymeris Valves, 3 holed umbo, 1burnt

3 Donax Valves, 3 left and waterworn2 Mactra Valves1 Dentalium2 Eriphia

Marine meal #10, 51A/18 1,918 Patella 1 burntsouth 20 Monodonta

1 Conus1 Fasciolaria Rather small1 Mactra Right1 Acanthocardia

Marine meal #11, 51A/53 1,334 Patellasouth 49 Monodonta

1 M. trunculus Open body, small1 Bittium Waterworn1 Thais 2 fragments1 Erosaria1 Phalium Distal end and mouth (no

lip)4 Glycymeris Valves, 4 holed umbo1 Eriphia

Marine meal #12, 52A/15, 16 4,764 Patella 12 burntsoutheast 75 Monodonta 3 burnt

3 M. trunculus 1 apex, 1 medium, 1 burntdistal

3 Cerithium 1 open lip, fresh1 Tonna Fragment1 Thais Body fragment1 Conus1 Luria Has gloss1 C. rupestre5 Glycymeris Valves




2 Donax Valves, 1 worn, 1 small1 Mactra1 Dentalium

Marine meal #13, 56A1/51, 53, 58 7,072 Patellasoutheast 28 Monodonta

2 Mactra Valves1 Cerastoderma Left

Marine meal #14, 63A/24, ws 1,370 Patella 2 burntsoutheast 12 Monodonta 1 burnt

1 M. trunculus Fragment1 Tonna Small1 Charonia Lower body fragment2 Glycymeris Valves, 2 waterworn1 Mactra Fragment1 Paracentrotus 2 spines, 8 test fragments

Marine meal #15, 63A/30 1,712 Patella 4 burntsoutheast 18 Monodonta

1 M. trunculus Fragment1 Cerithium Open lip1 Charonia Lip fragment3 Glycymeris Valves, 1 broken1 Donax Fragment1 Mactra Waterworn1 Spondylus Lower valve, worn exterior1 Paracentrotus 2 test fragments, 1 burnt1 Eriphia

East of later altars 54A/4, 5, 9–18, 2,175 Patella 52 burnt (45 in Trench 59A),20–30 (17 and 26–27 1 waterworn and largews); 54A2/43–50, 84 Monodonta Often broken52, 54; 57A/5–8, 36– 9 M. trunculus 2 waterworn, 1 worn and pit-38, 64; 58A/6–7, 9, ted, 1 small, 1 medium13; 59A/37, 39–45, 7 Bittium 6 waterworn, 2 distal, 1 apex47–51, 54 (39, 43 6 Thais 2 broken, 2 fragmentaryand 50 ws); 60A/6, 3 Euthria

8, 9; 60B/54–56, 58– 3 Conus 1 small59, 62, 65; 66B/4– 2 Charonia 1 lip fragment, 1 body frag-10; 67A1/25 ment, 1 waterworn columella

fragment2 Erosaria1 Tonna Small1 Gibbula1 Fasciolaria1 Luria Waterworn lip fragment

78 Glycymeris Valves, 30 holed umbo, 5checkers, 1 gastropod-bored,5 broken




1 Donax Waterworn, right1 Acanthocardia Fragment1 Dentalium1 Paracentrotus 2 spines, 1 test fragment2 Eriphia

South of temple 50A/5–12, 14, 17– 4,197 Patella 6 burnt23, 25, 30, 34–37, 39, 63 Monodonta41–49; 51A/12, 14, 8 M. trunculus 1 apex, 1 small/medium, 116, 17, 19–24, 56, 58, worn exterior63–70; 62B/17 8 Thais Most fragmentary, 1 water-

worn5 Bittium 5 waterworn, 1 open mouth5 Charonia Fragments, 3 body, 1 colu-

mella, 1 body/lip4 Cerithium 3 fresh, 3 open lip2 Erosaria/Luria2 M. brandaris 1 waterworn2 Fasciolaria1 Murex sp. Body fragment1 Tonna1 Pisania1 Euthria

32 Glycymeris Valves, 5 holed umbo, 1burnt fragment, 1 possiblyslightly burnt, 1 broken

3 Mactra Valves, 1 fragment2 Donax Valves, 1 collected dead, 1

rather fresh2 Tellina Valves, 2 right1 Cerastoderma Small fragment1 Acanthocardia Large fragment1 Spondylus Upper valve, collected dead1 G. pilosa Collected dead4 Eriphia 1 burnt

Southeast of temple 52A/7–10, 12, 14, 3,468 Patella 52 burnt (18 in Trench 63A,23, 36; 52B/63; 13 in Trench 65A1/13)53A/4–11, 16, 20– 108 Monodonta 9 burnt, 75 in Trench 63A21; 56A/1–7; 56A1/ 4 M. trunculus 1 waterworn, 1 with verme-45, 47, 61, 68, 74; tids inside, 1 fragment63A/18–23, 25–29, 4 Bittium 3 waterworn, 1 fresher31–43; 64A/41–42, 4 Charonia 1 small and complete, 1 frag-47, 51; 64A1/14 ment just below apex, 1 colu-(ws), 15; 64A2/66; mella and distal end, 1 colu-64A3/84; 65A1/13 mella distal end(ws), 16; 65A7/95, 3 Tonna 3 fragments, 1 large indivi-98 (98 ws) dual




2 Cerithium 1 fresh, 1 open mouth1 Thais1 Arcularia Waterworn fragment1 Erosaria1 Euthria1 Conus1 Fasciolaria1 Haliotis Waterworn1 Astraea Operculum

29 Glycymeris Valves, 13 holed umbo, 2checkers, 1 gastropod-bored,1 broken

7 Donax Valves, 3 waterworn, 1slightly worn, 1 burnt, 1 gas-tropod-bored, 5 left, 3 right

5 Mactra Valves, 1 waterworn, 1burnt, 2 fragments

2 Cerastoderma Valves, fresh1 Spondylus Lower valve fragment, col-

lected dead1 Barbatia Left1 Pecten Fragment, burnt1 D. semistriatus1 G. pilosa Very large, pitted, collected

dead1 Dentalium1 Sepia1 Paracentrotus 2 spines1 Eriphia Large

Levels to west #1 37A/9, 14, 33a 1,066 Patella 57 burnt(33a ws) 69 Monodonta Many fragmentary, 7 burnt

5 M. trunculus Fragments, 1 open body2 Arcularia1 Tonna1 Bittium Apex, waterworn1 Thais Fragmentary1 Pisania1 Erosaria1 Charonia Siphonal end

29 Glycymeris Valves, 13 holed umbo, 1checker, 2 burnt

2 Cerastoderma Valves, 2 MNI1 Donax Fragment1 Mactra Fragment1 Spondylus Upper valve, bit worn2 Dentalium 1 worn, with light ribbing




1 Paracentrotus 2 spines, 3 test fragments2 Eriphia

Levels to west #2 43A/38, 39, 41 678 Patella 1 burnt10 Monodonta6 Bittium 6 worn and fragmentary2 Pisania 1 broken1 Thais1 Cerithium Open mouth, fresh1 Erosaria3 Glycymeris Valves, 1 holed umbo1 Donax Worn1 Mactra

East of temple 62D/39–41, 43, 45, 703 Patella47–48 4 Monodonta 2 burnt

1 Glycymeris Small1 Cerastoderma Small, fresh1 Spondylus Upper valve, waterworn

Temple B, Phase 3

Hearth 3 29A1/45, 67, ws 20 Patella 3 burnt4 Monodonta 1 burnt1 M. trunculus2 Mactra Valves1 Donax Waterworn1 Paracentrotus 5 spines, 1 test fragment1 Eriphia

Rectangular 33C/68–70, ws 366 Patella 66 burntHearth 4 62 Monodonta 52 burnt

3 Cerithium 2 burnt, 2 small1 Thais Burnt1 Arcularia Waterworn1 Pisania3 Glycymeris Valves3 Cerastoderma Valves, 3 MNI1 Donax Worn1 Mactra1 Tellina Very small1 Venus Burnt, hole in center, small2 Dentalium Small1 Sepia1 Paracentrotus 22 spines, several test frag-

ments, 2 mouth fragments

Lower floor 33C/74, 75, ws 112 Patella 2 burnt7 Monodonta1 Tonna Small




4 Donax Valves, 4 waterworn, 1 gas-tropod-bored, 2 right, 2 left

4 Mactra Valves3 Glycymeris Valves, 2 checkers, 1 broken2 Cerastoderma Valves, 2 MNI1 Tellina Fragment1 L. hians Small, waterworn

Upper floor 33C/57, 58, ws 346 Patella 5 burnt49 Monodonta 20 broken2 Tonna 2 small2 Erosaria2 Phalium 1 lip1 M. trunculus Fragment1 Cerithium Waterworn, fragment

14 Mactra Valves, 1 holed umbo11 Glycymeris Valves, 4 checkers, 1 broken5 Donax Valves, 5 waterworn, 3 left, 2

right2 Cerastoderma Valves, fragmentary2 Barbatia Valves, 2 MNI2 D. semistriatus Valves, 1 gastropod-bored, 2

left1 Eriphia1 Lepas Plate

Court 42A/12, 13, 15, 16, 212 Patella25–27 22 Monodonta

2 Charonia 1 large, 1 medium1 Thais Burnt distal end, large3 Glycymeris Valves, 1 holed umbo, 1 with

open umbo

General upper 33C/47–55, 65–66, 7,910 Patella 55 burnt, 1 waterworninterior pails 71–73 (all ws) 1,137 Monodonta 18 burnt, 332 in pail 72, 142

in pail 51, 127 in pail 5335 Pisania 1 holed and burnt32 M. trunculus Most complete24 Bittium 5 waterworn, most worn, 5

holed from wear16 Arcularia 2 holed on body, 5 holed on

ventral, 2 waterworn, 5 wornat apex

11 Erosaria11 Gibbula9 Tonna 9 rather small, 1 waterworn9 Thais 3 waterworn, 1 gastropod-

bored, 1 holed




6 Cerithium 1 waterworn, 1 worn, 1 openmouth

6 Conus3 Columbella2 Euthria 1 gastropod-bored2 M. brandaris 1 large2 Bivonia/Lemintina Waterworn2 Mitra1 Phalium Lip1 Fasciolaria1 Natica1 Muricidea

110 Donax Valves, 7 waterworn, 1 gas-tropod-bored, 2 burnt, 59+left, 49+ right, 71+ MNI

85 Mactra Valves, 6 burnt83 Glycymeris Valves, 21 holed umbo, 23

checkers, 1 gastropod-bored,3 burnt

16 Cerastoderma Valves, 2 burnt, 10 MNI7 Dosinia Valves3 Acanthocardia Valves3 Barbatia Valves, 3 MNI1 Tellina Waterworn1 Venus1 Lima Small4 Dentalium Small1 Sepia1 Paracentrotus 196 spines, 40 test fragments,

9 mouth fragments, a fewburnt

12 Eriphia7 Lepas Plates


Archaic court levels 56A1/57, ws; 57A, 130 Patella All in pail 57east of the later 57A2/9, 65; 58A/15 2 M. trunculus 1 distal end, 1 lipaltars 1 Monodonta

1 Erosaria9 Glycymeris Valves, 4 holed

Red material 65A4/86, 87 (87 ws) 15 Patella 1 burnt3 Monodonta1 Thais Fragment2 Glycymeris Valves, 1 holed umbo, 1

broken1 Donax Fragment1 Paracentrotus




Southeast of temple 63A/23, 25–29, 43 60 Patella 19 burnt(25–26 ws) 3 Monodonta 2 burnt

1 Charonia Distal/columella fragment1 Conus Rather small, broken lip1 Fasciolaria7 Glycymeris Valves, 3 holed umbo, 1

checker, 1 broken

Eastern area #1 68A/9, 10, 19, 22 31 Patella1 Luria Large, glossy

Eastern area #2 68A/26, 28 137 Patella 4 burnt2 Monodonta1 Bittium Rather fresh1 Charonia Distal columella1 Pinna Fragment

Western area #1 68A/15, 17–18 75 Patella2 Monodonta1 Glycymeris

Western area #2 68A/21, 25 833 Patella 2 burnt3 Monodonta2 Bittium 2 waterworn1 Thais Fresh1 Glycymeris Holed umbo

To southeast 52A/18 1 Tonna Lip fragment, large

Hiatus Period

Dump to southeast 63A/14, 16 506 Patella 1 waterworn5 Monodonta2 M. trunculus 2 columellas1 Tonna Fragment1 Bittium Waterworn1 M. brandaris Waterworn7 Glycymeris Valves, 1 holed umbo, 1

checker, 2 broken4 Donax Valves, 4 waterworn, 3 left, 1

right1 Mactra Fragment1 Dosinia1 Dentalium Small, ribbed

Southeast of temple 54A/6, 8a+b (8a 4 Patella 3 burntand east of later ws); 56A1/35, 37, 2 Monodonta 1 burntaltars 40, 43 1 M. trunculus Large

1 Thais Apical fragment1 Charonia Apical end, waterworn, open

apex2 Glycymeris Valves, 1 holed umbo, 1

small and fresh




1 Dentalium Worn1 Paracentrotus 1 spine

To southeast 65A3/61, 66 (66 ws); 2 Patella65A7/79, 91 1 Bittium Distal end, rather fresh, large

4 Glycymeris Valves, 1 holed umbo

Wall removal 68A/4 1 Sepia

Under wall removal 68A/5 1 Sepia


Sounding on the 11A/3–7, 9–13 108 Patellaeast 13 Monodonta

2 Arcularia 1 worn apex1 M. trunculus Fragment

48 Glycymeris Valves, 21 holed umbo, 5checkers

1 Donax1 Mactra


Altar H, on 20B1/38, 60 (38 ds) 2 Patella1 Glycymeris Waterworn

Altar H, above 20B1/10–12, 14 20 Patella3 Monodonta 2 burnt3 M. trunculus1 Columbella Fresh1 Natica Apical half, worn1 Donax Waterworn

Altar H, east side 20B1/25, 28, 30 42 Patellaof, around base 13 Monodonta

5 M. trunculus2 Bittium 2 worn1 Charonia Body fragment1 Conus Small, worn

Altar H, just east of 20B1/8, 16, 20–21; 204 Patella 3 burnt54A/ 2–3 39 Monodonta 4 burnt

1 M. trunculus1 Bittium Worn1 Thais1 Pisania Has color1 Euthria Fresh1 M. brandaris Small, open mouth3 Glycymeris Valves, 1 holed umbo1 Donax Worn

Altar H, earth 20B1/65 2 Patellaaround, west side 2 M. trunculus Fragmentary




1 Monodonta1 Glycymeris

Altar H, around (?) 20B1/22 74 Patella18 Monodonta1 M. trunculus1 Pisania1 Euthria1 M. brandaris

Temple C

Temple C, above 29A1/12–14, 16–19, 55 Patella 20 waterworn, 3 burntand on slab floor 21, 29, 30, 32, 36, 37, 19 Tonna 4 waterworn

47 (most ws; most 19 Columbella 11 worn at apexfrom 30, directly on 8 M. trunculus 3 waterworn fragments, 1slab floor) large (1 shown in Pl. 6.10)

6 Monodonta 1 burnt6 Arcularia 3 worn, 2 holed on ventral, 1

open dorsum (1 shown in Pl.6.10)

3 Pisania2 Erosaria 1 burnt gray, 1 holed (shown

in Pl. 6.10)2 M. brandaris 2 large (1 shown in Pl. 6.10)2 Conus 2 waterworn, 1 holed apex

(shown in Pl. 6.10)2 Natica 2 fragmentary1 Bittium Open mouth1 Cerithium Small1 Charonia 2 fragments, large1 Phalium

55 Donax Valves, 24 waterworn, 6 gas-tropod-bored, 29 right, 26left

35 Mactra Valves, 2 waterworn, 2 gas-tropod-bored, 17 left, 12right (1 shown in Pl. 6.10)

3 Cerastoderma 3 valves and 159 fragments =5+ valves; 30 burnt frag-ments on the floor and 1burnt fragment from thesouthwest hearth (pail 19)

10 Glycymeris Valves, 7 holed umbo (1shown in Pl. 6.10), 2 checkers

7 Barbatia Valves, 2 waterworn, 1burnt, 4 left, 2 right (1 shownin Pl. 6.10)




5 Tellina Valves5 Arca Valves, 5 waterworn (1

shown in Pl. 6.10)4 Dosinia Valves, 4 worn (1 shown in

Pl. 6.10)2 Acanthocardia Valves and 13 fragments, 3+

MNI (1 shown in Pl. 6.10)3 Spondylus Valves, 3 small, waterworn2 V. verrucosa Valves2 V. gallina Valves2 Lima Valves, 2 MNI2 Mytilus Valves, 2 very small2 Chama Valves, 2 very small1 Pinna1 Pecten1 D. vulgare Worn1 Sepia1 Paracentrotus 23 spines, 5 test fragments, 1

mouth fragment1 Eriphia

Many Lepas Plates1 Balanus Plate

Temple C, central 29A1/35 (east), ws; 4 Patella 2 burntrectangular hearth 46A/1 (west), ws 1 M. trunculus Unburnt

1 Conus Small, burnt1 Cyclope Burnt

Hundreds Cerastoderma Burnt fragments, 18+ valves3 Barbatia Valves, 1 burnt2 Donax Valves, 1 waterworn, 1 burnt1 Mactra Burnt, fragmentary1 Paracentrotus Several spines, 3 test frag-

ments, unburnt1 Lepas 5 plates, 2 burnt, 1 MNI1 Balanus Plate, burnt

Temple C, north- 29A1/40 4 Tonna 2 wornwestern enclosure 2 Patella

1 M. trunculus Fragment1 Cerithium Waterworn2 Glycymeris Valves1 Calappa

Temple C, northeast- 29A1/24 1 Patellaern corner

Temple C, above 29A1/23 1 Spondylus Upper valve, fresh, length 85benches mm

thebirdremains 565 · pdf fileof a. chukar is known from the altar area of the tamassos temple...

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