theacculturationprocessof adolescentimmigrantsliving in spain...acculturation (berry, phinney, sam...

The Acculturation Process of

Adolescent Immigrants living in Spain

Longitudinal Study of their Cultural Identity and Psychosocial Adaptation

Elena Briones Pérez

Doctoral Thesis

2008

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Although immigration is a relatively new phenomenon in Spain, it has

become the most multiethnic country in the European Union (OCDE,

2006).

The Ministry of Education and Science showed that student

immigrants form 8.44% of the total of non-university students (MEC,

2007).

Compulsory Secundary Education is characterized by the highest

level of growth in the enrolment of foreign students in the last 10 years.

One of the consequences of this immigration is the experience of

Acculturation by all adolescents in Spain.

Immigration is a WorldImmigration is a WorldImmigration is a WorldImmigration is a World----Wide PhenomenonWide PhenomenonWide PhenomenonWide Phenomenon

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Berry (2003) defined acculturation as a process of cultural and

psychological change that follows intercultural contact.

ACCULTURATIONACCULTURATIONACCULTURATIONACCULTURATION

Culture A

Contact

Cultura B

PSYCHOLOGICAL LEVELINDIVIDUAL PROCESSES

PSYCHOLOGICAL LEVELINDIVIDUAL PROCESSES

CULTURAL

CHANGES

Culture A

Culture B

Psychological

Acculturation

Individuals fromCulture A and B

___________

Acculturation attitudesCultural Identity

Behavioral Changes

Adaptation

Individual A in thecultural context of B

Psychological

Sociocultural

CULTURAL LEVELGROUP PROCESSES

CULTURAL LEVELGROUP PROCESSES

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The development of Identity has been recognized as one of the central

developmental tasks of adolescents (Erikson, 1968).

Theories of Cultural Identity have emphasized the dynamic nature of

this construct (Phinney, 1989, 2006).

The dimensions of Cultural Identity were a better predictor than the

acculturation attitudes of Psychosocial Adaptation (Ward, 1999).

to Study Cultural Identity & their relationship with Psychosocial Adaptation

from a LONGITUDINAL APPROACH

Cross-sectional Studies of Cultural Identity in the adolescents’

acculturation (Berry, Phinney, Sam & Vedder, 2006).

Conclusions about the relationship between Cultural Identity and

Psychosocial Adaptation derive from samples of adults (Sam, Kosic &

Oppedal, 2003).

ACCULTURATION and ADOLESCENTSACCULTURATION and ADOLESCENTSACCULTURATION and ADOLESCENTSACCULTURATION and ADOLESCENTS

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ePSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION of PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION of PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION of PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION of

IMMIGRANT and NATIVE ADOLESCENTSIMMIGRANT and NATIVE ADOLESCENTSIMMIGRANT and NATIVE ADOLESCENTSIMMIGRANT and NATIVE ADOLESCENTS

to Study Psychosocial Adaptation from a Longitudinal & Comparative Approach

The distinction between Psychological and Sociocultural Adaptation is

a robust finding, and can be conceptualized by different aspects of life

(Ward, 1996).

The Immigrant and Native adolescents display similar levels of

Psychological and Sociocultural adaptation (Berry et al., 2006).

Studies about immigrant psychosocial adaptation without appropriate

group of comparison (Fuligni, 2001, 2003).

Cross-sectional studies did not establish clearly if the observed change

was related to development or to acculturation (“pathologising developmental

changes”) (Sam et al., 2003).

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OBJETIVESOBJETIVESOBJETIVESOBJETIVESOBJETIVESOBJETIVESOBJETIVESOBJETIVES

OOOO----1.1.1.1. ToToToTo studystudystudystudy thethethethe UnitaryUnitaryUnitaryUnitary orororor RelativeRelativeRelativeRelative charactercharactercharactercharacter ofofofof EthnicEthnicEthnicEthnic

andandandand NationalNationalNationalNational IdentityIdentityIdentityIdentity ofofofof AdolescentAdolescentAdolescentAdolescent ImmigrantsImmigrantsImmigrantsImmigrants

Hypothesis 1

The items of the ethnic identity and national identity will be made up

of two factors or areas of life:

CENTRAL

e.g. values, romantic partner

Barrette et al., 2004; Berry y Sam, 1997; Navas et al., 2005; Ryder et al., 2000

PERIPHERAL

e.g. leisure time

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OOOO----2. 2. 2. 2. ToToToTo verifyverifyverifyverify ifififif ourourourour IndicatorsIndicatorsIndicatorsIndicators ofofofof PsychosocialPsychosocialPsychosocialPsychosocial

AdaptationAdaptationAdaptationAdaptation can be can be can be can be classifiedclassifiedclassifiedclassified withinwithinwithinwithin ClassicalClassicalClassicalClassical adaptationadaptationadaptationadaptation

dimensionsdimensionsdimensionsdimensions: : : : PsychologicalPsychologicalPsychologicalPsychological & Sociocultural& Sociocultural& Sociocultural& Sociocultural

Hyphotesis 2:

PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSION

Satisfaction with Host Country

Perceived Social Support

Acculturation Stress

Berry et al., 2006; Hovey, 2000; Fan y Mak, 1998; Hechanova-Alampay et al., 2002; Neto, 2001;

Ouarasse y van de Vijver, 2005; Sam, 2000; Ward, 2006; Zhou et al., 2003; Zimmerman et al.,2000

Hyphotesis 3:

SOCIOCULTURAL DIMENSION

Academic Satisfaction

Social Self-efficacy

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OOOO----3. Longitudinal 3. Longitudinal 3. Longitudinal 3. Longitudinal StudyStudyStudyStudy ofofofof thethethethe Cultural Cultural Cultural Cultural IdentityIdentityIdentityIdentity ofofofof

AdolescentAdolescentAdolescentAdolescent ImmigrantsImmigrantsImmigrantsImmigrants

Cross-sectional Study of the

Cultural Identity developed by

Adolescent Immigrants

Analysis of the mobility among

different Cultural Identity

possibilities in the times studied

Analysis of the relationship of

Cultural Identity stability with

Psychosocial Adaptation

O-3.1.

Hypothesis 4

Integration will be the most developed

option of cultural identity

Marginalization will be the least

developed option of cultural identityHypothesis 5

It is expected they display a high

mobility between cultural identity

options during the time

Hypothesis 6

It is expected the stability in the option

of cultural identity have a positive

relationship with psychological and

sociocultural adaptation

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OOOO----3. Longitudinal 3. Longitudinal 3. Longitudinal 3. Longitudinal StudyStudyStudyStudy ofofofof thethethethe Cultural Cultural Cultural Cultural IdentityIdentityIdentityIdentity ofofofof

AdolescentAdolescentAdolescentAdolescent ImmigrantsImmigrantsImmigrantsImmigrants

To stablish the longitudinal tendencies of Cultural Identity

O-3.2.

Hypothesis 7

Longitudinal profiles of cultural identity will be defined by the cultural

identity option and their stability.

Satisfaction with host country


Academic Success Expectations



Cultural & Social Self-efficacy

Personal, Social & Collective

Identity

Perceived Enrichment of Other

Cultures

Attitudes of Acculturation

Age

Gender

Etnocultural origin

Time spent living in Spain

Immigrant Generation

Hypothesis 10:

Psychosocial Adaptation

Variables

Hypothesis 9:

Cultural variables

Hypothesis 8:

Sociodemographic

Variables

To study the relationship of the longitudinal Profiles of Cultural Identity

with Sociodemographic, Cultural & Psychosocial Adaptation variables

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OOOO----4.4.4.4. Longitudinal Longitudinal Longitudinal Longitudinal ComparisonsComparisonsComparisonsComparisons in Cultural in Cultural in Cultural in Cultural

Variables & Variables & Variables & Variables & PsychosocialPsychosocialPsychosocialPsychosocial AdaptationAdaptationAdaptationAdaptation betweenbetweenbetweenbetween 1111stststst andandandand

2222ndndndnd GenerationGenerationGenerationGeneration ImmigrantsImmigrantsImmigrantsImmigrants, , , , andandandand NativesNativesNativesNatives

Satisfaction with host country


Academic Success Expectations



Cultural & Social Self-efficacy

Perceived Enrichment of Other Cultures

Attitudes of Acculturation

Hypothesis 12:

Psychosocial Adaptation variables

Hypothesis 11:

Cultural variables

MethodMethodMethodMethodMethodMethodMethodMethod

Method

Method

Method

Method

Method

Method

Method

MethodProcedureProcedureProcedureProcedureProcedureProcedureProcedureProcedure. . Sample selection criteriaSample selection criteriaSample selection criteriaSample selection criteriaSample selection criteriaSample selection criteriaSample selection criteriaSample selection criteria

Questionnaire` Administration

Time 1: 2004 - 2005

Time 2: 2005 - 2006

Time 3: 2006 - 2007

Statistics of the Spanish Ministry of Education for 2003Statistics of the Spanish Ministry of Education for 2003--20042004

Provinces with high concentrations of adolescent immigrants

Secondary schools in which the percentage of adolescent immigrants

was over 50% of the total

3 secondary schools from Madrid

3 secondary school from Almería

Method

Method

Method

Method

Method

Method

Method

MethodParticipantsParticipantsParticipantsParticipantsParticipantsParticipantsParticipantsParticipants ofofofofofofofof longitudinal longitudinal longitudinal longitudinal longitudinal longitudinal longitudinal longitudinal studystudystudystudystudystudystudystudy

294 secondary school students living in Madrid (56.5%) and Almería (43.5%).

45.24% were Female and 54.76% were Male.

Mean Age: from 13 years at the first time to 15 years at the last time.

60.9% Native, 31.3% 1st Generation, 7.8% 2nd Generation Immigrants.

Proportion of time living in Spain by immigrants: from 31% to 38% of their lives.

1522.755.603

1512.995.062

140.083.014.141Amount of time spent

living in Spain

MaximumMinimums. d.MeanTimeImmigrant Adolescents

Method

Method

Method

Method

Method

Method

Method

Method

Morocco

Equatorial Guinean 24.4

Guinean Bissau

Africa

Philippines6.1

ChinaAsia

Venezuela

Peru

Ecuador

Chile

Colombia

Bolivia

49.7

Argentina

South America

1.7HondurasCentral America & Caribbean

0.9EE. UU.North America

0.9RussiaEuroasia

Rumania

Portugal

Spain

Bulgaria

16.4

Germany

Europe

PercentageCountry of birth

ResultsResultsResultsResultsResultsResultsResultsResults

Results

Results

Results

Results

Results

Results

Results

Results

Longitudinal Cluster Analysis

Method of Two Stages

OOOO----3.2.3.2.3.2.3.2. WhatWhatWhatWhat are are are are thethethethe ProfilesProfilesProfilesProfiles in in in in thethethethe AcculturationAcculturationAcculturationAcculturation ProcessProcessProcessProcess

ofofofof adolescentadolescentadolescentadolescent ImmigrantsImmigrantsImmigrantsImmigrants fromfromfromfrom a longitudinal a longitudinal a longitudinal a longitudinal approachapproachapproachapproach? ? ? ?

ethnic identity * national identity

at the three moments in time

Integration Assimilation Separation Marginalization or Diffuse

Constant Integration Profile

29.1%Integration – Separation Profile

36.4%

Assimilation – Diffuse Profile

34.5%

Results

Results

Results

Results

Results

Results

Results

Results

Adolescents` characteristics in each of the Acculturation Profile

OOOO----3.2.3.2.3.2.3.2. TheTheTheThe relationshiprelationshiprelationshiprelationship betweenbetweenbetweenbetween Cultural Variables Cultural Variables Cultural Variables Cultural Variables andandandand

PsychosocialPsychosocialPsychosocialPsychosocial AdaptationAdaptationAdaptationAdaptation, , , , andandandand thethethethe AcculturationAcculturationAcculturationAcculturation ProfilesProfilesProfilesProfiles

Chi-square

(qualitative variables)

Repeated Measured Analyses

(quantitative variables)

ACCULTURATION PROFILES

1. Constant Integration 2. Assimilation – Diffuse 3. Integration - Separation

Constant Constant Constant Constant IntegrationIntegrationIntegrationIntegration ProfileProfileProfileProfile

-0,2

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1 2 3

Mean z-scores

Ethnic Identity

National Identity

Personal Identity

Social Identity

Colective Identity

Perceived Enrichment (Immi.)

Perceived Enrichment (Dom.)

Host Satisfaction


Acculturative Stress


Intrinsic Satisfaction-classroom

Academic Expectatives

Cultural Self-efficacy

AssimilationAssimilationAssimilationAssimilation ---- DiffuseDiffuseDiffuseDiffuse ProfileProfileProfileProfile

-0,8

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0

0,2

0,4

Mean z - scores

Ethnic Identity

National Identity

Personal Identity

Social Identity

Colective Identity



Host Satisfaction







IntegrationIntegrationIntegrationIntegration –––– SeparationSeparationSeparationSeparation ProfileProfileProfileProfile

-2

-1,5

-1

-0,5

0

0,5

1

Mean z - scores

Ethnic Identity

National Identity

Personal Identity

Social Identity

Colective Identity



Host Satisfaction







Results

Results

Results

Results

Results

Results

Results

Results

OOOO----4.4.4.4. Longitudinal Longitudinal Longitudinal Longitudinal comparisonscomparisonscomparisonscomparisons in Cultural Variables in Cultural Variables in Cultural Variables in Cultural Variables andandandand

PsychosocialPsychosocialPsychosocialPsychosocial AdaptationAdaptationAdaptationAdaptation betweenbetweenbetweenbetween immigrantsimmigrantsimmigrantsimmigrants andandandand nativesnativesnativesnatives

Cultural Variables Psychological Adaptation

Sociocultural Adaptation

Adolescents

1st Generation Immigrants 2nd Generation Immigrants Native

Time 1 Time 2 Time 3

Results

Results

Results

Results

Results

Results

Results

Results

-0,8

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0

0,2

0,4


1st Generation

2nd Generation

Native

Psyc0logical Psyc0logical Psyc0logical Psyc0logical AdaptationAdaptationAdaptationAdaptation

z m

ean

-sco

res

F(2,243) = 57.91, p < .01, η2 = .32, potencia = 1

Results

Results

Results

Results

Results

Results

Results

Results

-0,15

-0,1

-0,05

0

0,05

0,1

0,15


1st Generation

2nd Generation

Native

Sociocultural Sociocultural Sociocultural Sociocultural AdaptationAdaptationAdaptationAdaptationZ

sco

res

(me

an

)

F(2,243) = .61, p = n.s., η2 = .01, potencia = .151

ConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusions

The cultural identity of adolescent immigrants presents a unitary

configuration in the process of their acculturation in Spain.

The adolescent immigrants develop a bicultural and separatist

identity to a greater extent.

The cultural identity of adolescent immigrants tends to fluctuate

in time.

The longitudinal profiles of cultural identity (i.e.: constant

integration, assimilation-diffuse and integration-separation) are

defined according to their option of cultural identity and their

commitment to it at the time.

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Adolescent immigrants of the constant-integration profile show the

best psychological and sociocultural adaptation, the greatest

development of their personal and collective identity, and the most

positive perception of contact with other cultures.

Adolescent immigrants of the assimilation-diffuse profile display

suitable psychological and sociocultural adaptation, but their

personal and collective identity is developed to a lesser extent.

Adolescent immigrants of the integration-separation profile, in

spite of displaying the worst psychosocial adaptation, present a

suitable personal, social and collective identity.

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

The stability in the conformation of a psychological dimension and a

sociocultural dimension confirms the bidimensional character of the

psychosocial adaptation in adolescent immigrants.

The biggest differences in psychosocial adaptation between the

native adolescents and 1st and 2nd generation adolescent

immigrants appear between 1st generation adolescent immigrants

and the other two groups.

The sociocultural adaptation of immigrant and native adolescents

shows similar indices.

The psychological adaptation of 1st generation adolescent

immigrants is harmed during their acculturation process.

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

We consider that the interventions directed to

adapt social institutions

improve the receptiveness of the natives

facilitate the development of an adapted cultural

identity

Psychological Acculturation of Adolescents

theacculturationprocessof adolescentimmigrantsliving in spain...acculturation (berry, phinney, sam...

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