THE YOUNG REPUBLIC1816-1848Chapter 5

Section 1 - A Growing Nation

Main idea: In the early 1800s, canals, railroads, and new industries transformed the North, while slavery expanded in the South.

I. The Transportation RevolutionA. The Erie Canal - completed in 1825

B. The National Road1. Major east-west highway2. Cumberland, Md. to Vandalia, Ill.3. Pioneers took Conestoga wagons westward; farmers took livestock &

crops eastward to market.

C. Turnpikes - local, state, private companies; tolls were collected to use the roads. D. Steamboats

1. Robert Fulton - The Clermont

2. Could now go upstream faster, easier.

E. The “Iron Horse” (first one - “Tom Thumb”)

II. Industrialization Sweeps the North A. Industrial Revolution

1. Switch from handmade to machine-made.2. Started in Great Britain in the textile industry.3. Samuel Slater violated British law and brought plans of the new machines to the U.S.

B. Lowell in Massachusetts (Lowell Mills)1. Built huge factory complex w/ a “company town”2. Mostly young girls from farms worked in the factories.

C. Eli Whitney1. Invented interchangeable parts for guns.2. Made possible the assembly line factory.

III. Communication Revolution * Samuel Morse - telegraph and Morse code

IV. Urban Growth A. Factories needed to be located where the labor force was located (in heavily-

populated areas) B. More immigrants come to U.S. to work in

manufacturing jobs. C. Leads to nativism - fear/dislike of

foreigners D. Leads to the Know-Nothing political

party. E. More women work. F. Workers organize to demand their rights

* Unions are formed strikes!

V. Agriculture - still the #1 economic activity A. Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin; more

cotton!

B. Most are still yeoman farmers (working farmers; usually not slaveowners)

C. Slave population grows rapidly (even thoughslave importation was banned in 1808) through natural increase.

D. Slave revolts! Example:

* Denmark Vesey* Nat Turner

Section 2 - The Age of Jackson

Main idea: Sectionalism increased after the Warof 1812. Jackson’s election in 1828 ushered in a new era of American politics.

I. The Resurgence of Sectionalism A. There was a balance of slave and free states. B. Territories were applying for statehood.

Would they allow slaves or ban slavery??? C. Southern states are nervous about an

anti-slavery majority in Congress.

D. Missouri applied to come in as slave state.

E. Anti-slavery Americans did not want slavery to spread.

F. Missouri Compromise - to keep a balanceof free states & slave states.

1. Missouri - admitted as a slave state

2. Maine - admitted as a free state

3. Slavery would be banned in the rest of Louisiana Purchase north of 36/30 line.

II. Andrew Jackson - President in 1828. A. Says he wants to make gov’t to be more

“democratic”; give more “ordinary”Americans a chance to participate.

B. Spoils system - appointments for gov’t jobs given to people as reward for party loyalty.

From World Book © 2002 World Book, Inc., 233 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60601. All rights reserved.Detail of an oil portrait on canvas (about 1832) by Ralph E. W. Earl; collection of the Daughters of the American Revolution Museum, Washington, D.C.

C. Nullification crisis* John C. Calhoun (S.C.)

said, “States have the right to declare a federal law unconsti- tutional and void (nullify) it.”

* Ex: Tariff of 1828 made SC pay more for imported goods from Great Britain.

-- SC threatened to secede (leave the Union).

-- Tariff is lowered; SC backs down.

John C. Calhoun

D. The Indian Removal Act - 1830* Native Amers would be moved west to less desirable land.* Cherokees refused; US Army force- marched them! Known as Trail of Tears.

The Court has ruled that Georgiacannot legally imprisonWorcester. Enforce the

law, Mr. Jackson!

Worcester v. Georgia - Georgia arrested Worcester (missionary on Cherokee reservation) for encouraging Cherokee to resist Indian removal. Court ruled that Georgia had no right to arrest him on an Indian reservation.

Why don’t youjust make me,Mr. Marshall!

Battle betweenJudicial and

Executive Branches

E. Jackson vs. the Bank of the U.S.* Jackson hated the Bank; said only wealthy stockholders controlled it.* Bank’s charter was expiring; Jackson vetoed the re-charter.* Jackson removed all govt funds from the Bank; it had to close.

F. Whigs - new anti-Jackson/Democrat party

“KingAndrew I”

Section 3 - The Reform Spirit

I. Reforms A. Religious

1. Second Great Awakening (ex: Charles Finney)

2. Mormons - led by Joseph Smith -- Were persecuted. -- Moved to Utah Territory

B. Benevolent societies1. To combat social problems2. Overwhelmingly a women’s

movement. C. Literary Renaissance

* Transcendentalists -- Believed that people could overcome the mind’s limits; emphasized feeling over

reason; communed w/ nature.

-- Ex:

Ralph Waldo Henry David Emerson Thoreau

* Wrote about a uniquely American culture. -- Ex: James Fenimore Cooper; Nathaniel Hawthorne; Herman Melville; Edgar Allen Poe; Walt Whitman.

-- Penny Press - inexpensive; more people could afford to buy literature.

D. Social Reform* Groups that were looking for a utopian way to live:

-- Brook Farm-- Shakers

* Temperance Movement -- To reduce amt. of liquor consumed;

moderation or abstinence.

* Prison reform -

Dorothea Dix

* Educational Reform -- State funding for public educ. -- Horace Mann -- Push for more educ.

opportunities for women.

E. Women’s Movement* Catherine Beecher

* Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention 1848; issued Declaration: “...that all men and women are created equal...”

Mott Stanton

F. The Abolitionist Movement* William Lloyd Garrison - The Liberator (anti-slavery/ pro-abolition newspaper)* Anti-slave societies in the North were growing in numbers!* The South is nervous and angry!!!

Will there be a war????????

Section 4 - Manifest Destiny

I. The Western PioneersA. Late 1830s - early 1860s, 250,000 Americans

pushed into Midwest & all the way to California & Oregon Territory. Believed in

“Manifest Destiny” - the idea that the US was meant to stretch “from sea to shining sea.”

B. Farmers in Midwest 1. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, &

Wisconsin. 2. Most of the early settlers were squatters

-settled on land they did not own.

American Progress by John Gast (1872)

C. Push to Pacific1. Oregon - shared by US & Great Britain; attracted large numbers of missionaries & farmers. 2. California a. Mexican province;

not many Mexicans

wanted to live there. b. Mexican government

welcomed US

settlers, but were suspicious of their

national loyalties.

D. Trails West1. Tough terrain2. Oregon Trail, California Trail, Santa Fe Trail.

3. Trip west took 5 - 6 months; about 15 miles daily.

E. Crossing the Great Plains1. Called the “Great American Desert”2. Natives helpful at first; later resented the settlers

as a threat to buffalo herds, upon which they depended for their way of life.3. Led to increased tensions between settlers and Native Americans!

ConestogaWagon

II. Americans Settle in Texas A. Stephen F. Austin arrives

1. 1821 - most Spanish-speaking inhabitants lived in southern part.

2. Apaches, Comanches, etc. lived in north. 3. Mexican gov’t worried about Texas

a. Couldn’t get Mexicans to settle close to

Native Americans (gov’t feared thatUS might try to take Texas).

b. Offered cheap land to foreigners.* Must become Mex. citizens

* Must convert to Catholicism.

B. Empresarios 1. Agents who contracted w/ Mexican gov’t to bring in large numbers of settlers in exchange for large land grants.2. Stephen Austin - first & most successful (1500 families)3. Few adopted Mex customs/language or were loyal to Mexico.4. Mexicans distrusted new settlers 5. 1830 - Mexico closed Texas to American immigrants.

III. Texas Independence A. Santa Anna (Mex. President)

declared himself dictator in 1834.

B. Texas organized an army. 1. First battle - Gonzales; Mexican army retreated.

2. The Alamo a. Held off Mexican army for 13 days b. 600 Texans killed c. Texas heroes: Travis, Crockett, Bowie.

Battle of the Alamo

Davy Crockett

James Bowie

3. 300 Texans executed at Goliad.4. “Remember the Alamo” & “Remember Goliad” became Texans’ battle cry.

C. Tx declared independence on Mar 2, 1836; capital of

the new republic was Washington-on-the-Brazos.

D. Battle of San Jacinto 1. Tx army commander-in-chief –

Sam Houston.2. April 21, 1836 - Tx army attacked Mexican army

(soldiers were sleeping).3. Santa Anna captured.4. Texas was an independent nation!

The first flag of theRepublic of Texas

Battle of San Jacinto

E. The Republic of Texas1. Sam Houston - elected first president.2. Asked for annexation to US as a slave state. 3. Antislavery forces in US objected.4. Pres. Jackson feared war w/ Mexico.5. Annexation denied.

IV. Texas and Oregon Enter the Union A. Election of 1844

1. Tex statehood was a major issue! 2. Dems nominated James Polk of Tenn. -

promised to annex TX & Oregon and to purchase California from Mexico.

3. Whigs nominated Henry Clay of Kentucky. 4. Polk won.

James Polk (Tennessee) vs.

Henry Clay (Kentucky)

B. Dividing Oregon1. Britain & US both claimed Oregon Territory.2. Polk during 1844 election: “54° 40´ or fight!” - wanted Oregon Territory all the way to northern border.3. Compromise: 49th parallel; Brits took today’s British Columbia. US got today’s Washington, Oregon, & Idaho.

C. Texas was annexedDecember 1845.

V. War with Mexico A. Mexico was outraged over Tx’s annexation!

Broke diplomatic relations w/ US. B. Border dispute

1. Mexico: “Nueces River”!2. US: “Rio Grande River”!3. Mexican gov’t refused to meet w/ US representative James Slidell to work on a compromise.4. Jan. 1846 - Polk ordered Gen. Zachary Taylor to lead US troops across Nueces into disputed territory (wanted Mex to fire first shot).

5. Mexicans fired; Congress declared war on May 13, 1846.

6. Mexico was defeated. C. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1. Ended Mex. War

2. US got Calif., Nev., & Utah, most of Arizona & New Mex, parts of Colorado & Wyoming.3. Rio Grande - southern border of TX4. US paid Mex $15 million.

The dream of “Manifest Destiny” was now realized………

The United States stretched from “sea to shining sea.”

In the years followingthe War of 1812…..

Nationalism

Sectionalism

Reform

ManifestDestiny