the writer’s handbook: a guide for social workers chapter 3 social science research and...
TRANSCRIPT
The Writer’s Handbook: A Guide for Social
Workers
Chapter 3
Social Science Research and
Evidenced-Based Practice
©2014 The Writer’s Toolkit, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
What is research?
Research is an organized attempt to answer a
specific question:
The goal of scientific research is to
explain, predict, and/or control
phenomena.
Valid and reliable research guides social
workers and other professionals to provide
more effective services.
Council on Social Work Education (CSWE)
2.1.6—Engage in research-informed practice and
practice-informed research.
Social workers use practice experience to inform
research, employ evidence-based interventions,
evaluate their own practice, and use research
findings to improve practice, policy, and social
service delivery . . . .
Social workers:
Use practice experience to inform
scientific inquiry (research)
Use research evidence to inform and
guide practice (CSWE, 2010)
Collecting and Conducting Research
Observation
Involves directly observing or watching to better understand a situation or circumstances.
Quantitative Research
Collects numerical data to explain, predict, and/or guide events, issues, and behavior.
Qualitative Research
Collects narrative data (stories) to gain insight into events, issues, and behaviors.
Quantitative Research
Quantitative research uses numbers to interpret
information (data):
The results of experiments, polls, and
questionnaires that include a large number of
people can be generalized from one population to
another.
Some quantitative research involves
predictability: Did an event happen by chance or
does a causal relationship exist?
Hypothesis
Researchers use probability theory (a branch of
statistics) to test a hypothesis to determine if a
causal relationship exists.
A hypothesis is an explanation that can be
tested.
To form a hypothesis, start with a question and
then turn it into a statement.
From Question to Hypothesis
Question:
Is nicotine replacement more effective than antidepressants in helping smokers stop
smoking?
Hypothesis:
Nicotine replacement is more effective than antidepressants in helping smokers stop
smoking.
Null Hypothesis
Probability theoryResearch can support the probability that
something was unlikely to happen due to chance . . .
But research cannot prove the cause.
Therefore, to conduct research, nullify the hypothesis. As a null hypothesis, our example could be written in either of two ways.
From Hypothesis to Null Hypothesis
Hypothesis:
Nicotine replacement is more effective than antidepressants in helping smokers stop smoking.
Null Hypothesis:Nicotine replacement is not more effective than antidepressants in helping smokers stop smoking.
Null Hypothesis:Nicotine replacement is equally effective as anti-depressants in helping smokers stop smoking.
The Scientific Method
Ask a question.
Do background research—review the literature.
Construct a hypothesis.
Develop a null hypothesis.
Test your hypothesis by conducting a survey or using
a questionnaire.
Analyze your data and draw conclusions.
Communicate your results at conferences, workshops,
and through publications.
Social Science ResearchSocial science research:
Studies our societies, communities, families, and individual people.
Helps us better understand what influences thoughts and behaviors.
Helps us better understand cultures and belief systems.
There are some differences between physical and social science research because of the human element.
Conducting Qualitative Research
Qualitative research
Describes and evaluates to give a more detailed
picture of the current state of designated topic.
Examples:
Take a poll to determine what issues voters will
support in the next election.
Interview people who have the same experience – for
example, people who were in the foster care system.
Conduct a focus group about a particular topic.
Reliability and Validity
Reliability and validity are basic to understanding the
quality of research.
Reliability relates to consistency of measure:
If the same study is repeated several times and the
outcomes are the same, then it is more likely to be reliable.
Validity refers to whether the study examines what it is
intended to examine:
Are the participants and methods of research relevant to
the hypothesis?
Credible Social Science Research
All research has bias, based on the perspectives
and cultural assumptions of the researchers.
Research funded by a particular source may
represent the interest of the funder; however:
Credible researchers do not intentionally take a
position and then seek proof to confirm it.
Credible social science researchers:
Ask a question.
Review the assumptions and methods of the study in
an attempt to reduce bias.
Then evaluate the evidence–the data is utilized to
support the conclusions.
Social science research does not prove or disprove: it either
confirms a hypothesis or does not support a hypothesis.
Action Research
Here are the four basic steps of scientific inquiry that guide the process of action research:
1. Identifying a problem or question
2. Conducting a meeting or brainstorming session to gain information about the problem or question
3. Analyzing research data or information
4. Taking action to rectify the problem or illuminate the question
Surveys, Focus Groups, and Interviews
The most popular type of qualitative research
relates to asking people their experience with an
issue, examples include:
surveys
focus groups
interviews
Displaying Research
You are displaying research when you put
someone else’s words in quotation marks or
when you turn complicated data into:
charts
graphs
tables
Graphics
Bar chartsPie chartsLine chartsFlow chartsOrganizational chartsTables
Which type of graphics have you used and what purpose did it serve?
Plagiarism
Plagiarism relates to taking another person’s words and using them verbatim or using another’s ideas without crediting the source.
Plagiarism is unethical.
Can you give examples of when a person has plagiarized and gotten caught?
Besides being unethical, what are other reasons to avoid plagiarism?
What to Credit (Or: How to avoid plagiarism.)
Direct quotations and paraphrase
Facts that are not widely known or assertions that are arguable
Judgments, opinions, and claims of others
Statistics, charts, tables, and graphs from any source
Help provided by friends, instructors, or others
Applying Research
We use research every day—research becomes
meaningful when findings are applied.
What types of research have you applied in your life, your
studies, or your practice?
What kinds of changes have you made based on what you
learned through research?
What type of research do you find to be the most valuable?
Questions
Throughout your process:Separate composing from editing