the who's who of nobel prize winners, 1901-2000

8/10/2019 the Who's Who of Nobel Prize Winners, 1901-2000

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Pe iii

The Whos Who of Nobel Prize Winners 1901

2000o!rth "dition

Louise S. Sherby

ore#ord by Wilhel! Odelber

O34 P5SSWes/$or/, 6T 7 London

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The rare Arabian Oryx is believed to have inspired the myth of the unicorn. Thisdesert antelope became virtually extinct in the early 1960s. At that time, several

groups of international conservationists arranged to have nine animals sent to the

hoenix !oo to be the nucleus of a captive breeding herd. Today, the Oryx populationis over 1000, and over "00 have been returned to reserves in the #iddle $ast.

#ibrar$ of %on&ress %atalo&in&'in'P!blication (ata

The Whos #ho of Nobel Prize #inners 1901:2000 edi/ed by< Louise S. Sherby ;fore#ord by Wilhe! Odelber.=)/h ed.

$. >!.?n>ludes inde@.

?SAN 1:%&%(:)1):1 Bl. $$erC1. Nobel Prizes. 2. Aior$hy=20/h >en/ury=Di>/ionries. ?. Sherby, Louise S. ??.

Odelber, Wilhel!.

+S911.N9W% 2002001.)E)=d>21 20010%0029

Ari/ish Librry 6/louin in Publi>/ion D/ is 8ilble.

6o$yrih/ F 2002 by The Ory@ Press

+ll rih/s reser8ed. No $or/ion of /his boo !y bere$rodu>ed, by ny $ro>ess or /e>hniGue, #i/hou/ /he

e@$ress #ri//en >onsen/ of /he $ublisher.


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Librry of 6onress 6/lo 6rd Nu!berH 20010%0029

?SANH 1-%&%(-)1)-1

irs/ $ublished in 2002

Ory@ Press, ** Pos/ od Wes/, Wes/$or/, 6T 0(**1

+n i!$rin/ of "reen#ood Publishin "rou$, ?n>.###.ory@$ress.>o!

Prin/ed in /he Ini/ed S//es of +!eri>

The $$er used in /his boo >o!$lies #i/h /hePer!nen/ P$er S/ndrd issued by /he N/ionl

?nfor!/ion S/ndrds Orniz/ion BJ9.)*:19*)C.

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%ontentsore)ord+lfred NobelH The Kn nd is Prizes%ilhelm Odelberg 8ii

Preface @iii

*sin& This +ook @8

#ist of %ontrib!tors @i@

,ain "ntr$ -ection

6he!is/ry

5>ono!i>s %1

Li/er/ure (&

Kedi>ine nd Physioloy 10&

Pe>e 1(&

Physi>s 19&


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N!e ?nde@ 2%

5du>/ion ?nde@ 2%9

N/ionli/y or 6i/izenshi$ ?nde@ 2(9

eliion ?nde@ 2&%

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ore)ord lfred Nobel: The ,an and is Prizesb$ Wilhel delber&

?/ >!e /o $ss in 190& /h/ /he f!ous $hysi>is/ +lber/ +brh! Ki>helson se/ off fro!+!eri> for /he #ilds of S/o>hol! /o >olle>/ /h/ yers Nobel Prize for Physi>s. e

/oo /he +/ln/i> s/e!er fro! Ne# 3or /o Sou/h!$/on, #en/ by /rin /o r#i>h,fro! /here /o 5sbMer in Den!r, nd so /o S#eden. +n 5nlish en/le!n #hoborded /he bo/ / r#i>h h$$ened /o be i8en se/ / /he s!e dinin /ble sKi>helson. Durin /he 8oye so!e#h/ he/ed dis>ussion ensued be/#een /he /#o of/he!. The 5nlish en/le!n s$oe dis$rinly of +!eri>n s>ien>e nd !ili/ry!ih/=Ki>helson #s on /he /e>hin s/ff of /he +nn$olis N8l 6ollee=ndKi>helson in /urn #s >ri/i>l of /he e@er>ise of $o#er in /he Ari/ish 5!$ire. They

$r/ed in /he e@$ress ho$e of ne8er se//in eyes on one no/her in. Au/ /hey did !ee/in, nd sooner /hn ei/her of /he! e@$e>/ed.

Durin /he erly yers of /he Nobel Prizes, u$ un/il /he irs/ World Wr, /he rule #s/h/ only fe# $eo$le #ere /o be infor!ed of /he iden/i/y of /he yers Lure/es before/hey >/ully $$ered in /he AnGue/in ll of /he oyl +>de!y of Kusi> /o re>ei8e/heir $rizes fro! /he in of S#eden. So you >n i!ine /he !u/ul s/onish!en/ ofour /#o fih/in >o>s on dis>o8erin /h/ bo/h of /he! #ere Nobel Lure/es, /he5nlish en/le!n bein one udyrd i$lin. is >i//ion redH ?n >onsider/ion of/he $o#er of obser8/ion, oriinli/y of i!in/ion, 8irili/y of ides nd re!rble/len/ for nrr/ion #hi>h >hr>/erise /he >re/ions of /his f!ous u/hor. Ki>helsons


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>i//ion referred /o his o$/i>l $re>ision ins/ru!en/s nd /he s$e>/ros>o$i> nd!e/roloi>l in8es/i/ions, >rried ou/ #i/h /heir id. Ki>helsons rndduh/er, #hoin>ludes /his ne>do/e in bior$hy of her rndf/her, is unble /o /ell us #he/her orno/ i$lin nd Ki>helson #ere re>on>iled f/er#rds. ?n ny e8en/, /his #s nei/her /hefirs/ nor /he ls/ ins/n>e of Nobel Prize ener/in >on/ro8ersy.

When /he firs/ Nobel Prize for Li/er/ure >!e u$ in 1901, /he li/erry #orld e@$e>/edone of /he >urren/ in/s of li/er/ure /o be sele>/ed for /he honor. They #ere #ron. TheNobel 6o!!i//ee of /he S#edish +>de!y >hose ren>h u/hor Sully Prudho!!e ins$e>il re>oni/ion of his $oe/i> >o!$osi/ion, #hi>h i8es e8iden>e of lof/y idelis!,r/is/i> $erfe>/ion nd rre >o!bin/ion of Guli/ies of bo/h her/ nd in/elle>/.Prudho!!e #s unGues/ionbly brillin/ $oe/, bu/ his /rue f!e #s )0 yers $s/.3oun #ri/ers in S#eden #ere furious #i/h /he +>de!y, /herin of old foeys, nd le//er, sined by !os/ of S#edens !os/ e!inen/ u/hors, #s sen/ /o Leo Tols/oy,de$lorin /he f>/ /h/ he hd no/ been !de /he firs/ re>i$ien/.

The /s of /he S#edish +>de!y, of >ourse, is diffi>ul/ nd /ou>hy one, be>use /he$rize hs /o /e in /he #hole of /he #orlds li/er/ure. +nd so, no/ infreGuen/ly, /he>hoi>e /urns ou/ /o be so!ebody #ho is no/ ll /h/ #ell no#n /o /he enerl $ubli>,/hereby >onfoundin ll !nner of >onMe>/ure. "rh! "reene, for e@!$le, hs beenru!ored on se8erl o>>sions /o be >hosen, #hile in >/ul f>/ /he $rize hs one /o "ree, ?/lin, or $nese $oe/. The >hoi>e of Lure/e hs of/en been >ri/i>ized inli/erry Mournls or in /he dily $$ers.

There h8e lso been $oli/i>l r!ifi>/ions. The 19%* Prize for Li/er/ure #en/ /oSo8ie/ u/hor Aoris Ps/ern for his i!$or/n/ >hie8e!en/ bo/h in >on/e!$orry

lyri>l $oe/ry nd /he field of /he re/ ussin e$i> /rdi/ion. or ideoloi>l resons#hi>h re no/ l/oe/her >ler, Ps/ern #s ou/ of f8or #i/h /he rei!e / /h/ /i!end #s for>ed /o de>line /he $rize. Tody, 29 yers f/er his de/h, he hs been res/ored/o

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rde nd his boos re on>e !ore bein $rin/ed in ussi-/houh no/, s ye/, /he !os/

re!rble one of llH&octor !hivago.When /he 19% $rize #en/ /o Sir Wins/on 6hur>hill for his !s/ery of his/ori>l nd

bior$hi>l des>ri$/ion s #ell s for his brillin/ or/ory in defendin e@l/ed hu!n8lues, /here #ere $robbly Gui/e fe# $eo$le #ho fel/ /h/ /he dis/in>/ion ouh/ /oh8e one /o fi>/ion #ri/er ins/ed. Au/ !os/ $eo$le in /he free #orld #el>o!ed /his/ribu/e /o >i8iliz/ion. When, in 19&0, /he $rize #en/ /o +le@nder Solzheni/syn for /hee/hi>l for>e #i/h #hi>h he hs $ursued /he indis$ensble /rdi/ions of ussin


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li/er/ure, /his #s no/her >hoi>e /h/ did no/ o o8er #ell #i/h /he rulers of /he So8ie/Inion. is u/obior$hy nd Nobel le>/ure #ere se>re/ly >on8eyed ou/ of /he >oun/ryfor $ubli>/ion in /he 3er Aoo of /he Nobel ound/ion. Au/ se8erl yers #ere /oel$se before, e@iled fro! his n/i8e >oun/ry, he #s ble /o 8isi/ S/o>hol! nd >olle>/his $rize.

The s>ien>e $rizes, /h/ is, /he $rizes for Physi>s, 6he!is/ry, nd Physioloy orKedi>ine, h8e >o!e in for less >ri/i>is! on /he #hole. 5@$er/s h8e enerlly $$ro8edof /he #rds nd fel/ /h/ /hey h8e one /o /he rih/ $eo$le. Au/ so!e s>/hinre!rs h8e been $ssed on o>>sions, for e@!$le in /he Mournls'aturend (cience.? re!e!ber /h/ #hen Sir Kr/in yle nd +n/ony e#ish fro! 6!bride shred /he

$rize for /heir re!rble dis>o8eries in s/ro$hysi>s, i/ #s $oin/ed ou/ /h/ one of /he!os/ 8i/l >on/ribu/ions hd been !de by n ssis/n/ / /he obser8/ory #ho! /he

Nobel 6o!!i//ee for Physi>s hd o8erlooed.

The !os/ >on/ro8ersil $rize of ll, of >ourse, hs been /he Nobel Pe>e Prize, #rded

by /he Nobel 6o!!i//ee Nor#ein S/or/in BPrli!en/C. The Pe>e Prize hs of/enone /o orniz/ions, or re$resen//i8es of orniz/ions, /h/ h8e been fel/ /o $ly ni!$or/n/ $r/ in /he >use of $e>e. Qui/e n/urlly, /he firs/ re>i$ien/ in /his >/eory,in 1901, #s enri Dunn/, founder of /he ?n/ern/ionl ed 6ross.

On Gui/e nu!ber of o>>sions /he Pe>e Prize hs one /o $eo$le #ho h8e been in /he$oli/i>l li!elih/, h8e ired /he #ielders of $o#er bu/ h8e >!$ined for hu!ndini/y nd re>on>ili/ion. The firs/ relly s/r/lin ins/n>e >!e in 19(, #hen /hePe>e Prize #s #rded /o /he "er!n 6rl 8on Ossie/sy, rdi>l $>ifis/ nd

Mournlis/. +/ /h/ /i!e he #s i!$risoned in one of i/lers >on>en/r/ion >!$s, nd

der Rhrer #s so enred by /he Nor#ein 6o!!i//ees de>ision /h/ he forbde ny"er!ns /o >>e$/ Nobel Prizes in /he fu/ure. The Nobel 6o!!i//ees, un!o8ed,$ersis/en/ly #rded $rizes /o "er!ns. or e@!$le, /he 199 Prize for Physioloy orKedi>ine #en/ /o "erhrd Do! for /he dis>o8ery of /he n/ib>/eril effe>/s of

$ron/osil. Do! #s, of >ourse, ordered /o de>line /he $rize, bu/ f/er /he Wr he#s ble /o >olle>/ his !edl nd di$lo!, /houh no/ /he !oney.

There re $len/y of o/her $e>e Lure/es #ho h8e >used /e!$ers /o flre in one $l>eor no/herH Kr/in Lu/her in, +ndrei Shro8 Bno/her ussin dissiden/ #ho #sreins//ed before his de/hC, Presiden/ +n#r Sd/ of 5y$/ nd ?sreli Pri!e Kinis/er

Ken>he! Aein, Le>h Wles, nd Sou/h +fri>n +r>hbisho$ Des!ond Tu/u, /o!en/ion bu/ fe#.

S#eden nd Nor#y, nd /he e8en/s /h/ /e $l>e /here, do no/ of/en //r>/ //en/ionin /he in/ern/ionl $ress. + re!rble e@>e$/ion fro! /his rule is /he nnoun>e!en/s of/he yers Nobel Prizes, #hi>h re usully !de in O>/ober, nd /he e8en/s surroundin/he #rd >ere!ony on De>e!ber 10. ?/ is only n/url /h/ in/eres/ should / /h/ /i!e

be dire>/ed lso / /he !n #ho #s /he >use of ll /his //en/ion.


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#4"( N+"#5 T" (N4

+lfred Nobel #s 8ery !u>h n in/ern/ionl fiure. e #s born in S/o>hol! in 1*,re# u$ in S/. Pe/ersbur, ussi, li8ed /he re/er $r/ of his life in Pris, nd died inSn e!o, ?/ly, in 1*9(.

58en / n erly e, he ben /o /e n in/eres/ in /he e@$losi8es indus/ry. ?n /his, he

#s ins$ired by his f/her, #ho !nuf>/ured !ines in S/. Pe/ersbur durin /he6ri!en Wr. +f/er s/udies in 8rious >oun/ries, he founded, in 1*(), Ni/roly>erin +And se/ u$ f>/ories ou/side S/o>hol! nd !bur. The found/ion of +lfred Nobelso$er/ion #s his in8en/ion of $ri!ry de/on/ion #i/h $er>ussion >$, #hi>h !de i/

$ossible in $r>/i>e /o relese /he de/on/i8e for>e of ni/roly>erine nd o/her e@$losi8esubs/n>es subseGuen/ly in8en/ed by Nobel.

Sin>e ni/roly>erine $ro8ed /o be hihly dnerous in /rnsi/ Bnu!erous de/hs hdo>>urred, nd ni/roly>erine hd >Guired bd re$u//ionC, Nobel se/ bou/ $rodu>in !ore sui/ble e@$losi8e, nd in 1*(( he in8en/ed dyn!i/e, #hi>h is $rodu>ed by

!i@in ni/roly>erine nd ieseluhr, or fossil !el. + subseGuen/ i!$ro8e!en/ on /his#s e@$losi8e el/in, in8en/ed by Nobel in 1*&%, #hi>h >onsis/s of ni/roly>erine>on8er/ed in/o el/inous for! by /he solu/ion in i/ of ni/ro>ellulose of lesser dereeof ni/rifi>/ion, i.e., >ollodion >o//on. No#, $o#erful nd ine@$ensi8e e@$losi8es su>h selini/e nd e@/r-dyn!i/e #ere $rodu>ed by /he d!i@/ure of ni/r/es nd $ollen, e/>.The in8en/ion of e@/r-dyn!i/e s8ed hue su!s in bls/in. When /he S/. "o//hrd/unnel #s bls/ed, 20 !illion frn>s #ere s8ed nd /he /i!e /en >onsiderblyredu>ed.

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?n 1*9, Nobel ben /o /e n in/eres/ in /he S#edish r!s indus/ry nd es/blishedhi!self in Aofors, in r!lnd, in /he #es/ern $r/ of >en/rl S#eden. Durin /he>losin $eriod of his life he 8isi/ed Aofors e8ery yer nd s/yed in his !nor /here,#hi>h is no#n s AMUrborn. + lre reser>h lbor/ory #s lso se/ u$ in Aofors for/he s/udy, bo8e ll, of s!oeless $o#der, /h/ is /o sy s!oeless ni/roly>erine=ni/ro>ellulose $o#der, bllis/i/e, or Nobel $o#der. Nu!erous eni-neers #eree!$loyed / his lbor/ory, in>ludin nr Sohl!n, #ho l/er be>!e !nin

dire>/or of /he Nobel ound/ion. Nobel #s lso res$onsible for rel in8en/ions in 8rie/y of differen/ fields, in>ludin /he in8en/ion of r/ifi>il sil nd le/her, nd u//-

$er>h. e reis/ered no fe#er /hn %% $/en/s in differen/ >oun/ries. The !ne!en/of Aofors no# #orld-f-!ous r!s f>/ory hs $id ou/s/ndin /ribu/e /o Nobels!e!ory. ?n 19*, /he !nor of AMUrborn nd /he old lbor/ory nerby #ere >on8er/edin/o !useu! /o !r /he 1%0/h nni8ersry of +lfred Nobels bir/h. The lbor/ory hs

been re>ons/ru>/ed s i/ #s in Nobels dy. The !nor no# houses /he re/er $r/ ofNobels $ersonl librry.


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Throuh his in8en/ions, !inly in /he field of e@$losi8es, nd /he re8enues fro! /he>o!$nies he hd founded, Nobel buil/ u$ >onsiderble for/une, #hi>h !oun/ed /his de/h /o S5 !illion, or in >urren/ /er!s so!e V% !illion.

+/ /he $ersonl le8el, Nobel li8ed 8ery re/ired life, nd for his >ir>u!s/n>es 8erysi!$le one. e #s un!rried, nd $os/eri/ys eer del8ins in/o his ero/i>

rel/ionshi$s h8e $rodu>ed firly s>n/y resul/s. is e!o/ionl life #s subli!/ed in/o/he /houh/ of ne# in8en/ions. To hi!, dy #i/hou/ ny ne# ides /in sh$e #s dy #s/ed. Au/, he sid, if only fe# ou/ of hundred su>h ides e8er ber frui/, ?>onsider ? h8e ined ri>h resul/. Nobel /hus hd n unusul >$>i/y for #or. es$oe nd #ro/e fi8e lnues, nd #s n e@/re!ely #i//y >orres$onden/. e re>ei8ed,of >ourse, nu!erous honors.

T" W.##

On No8e!ber 2%, 1*9%, Nobel dre# u$ his #ill in Pris. There hs been re/ del of

s$e>ul/ion s /o Nobels /houh/s before he !de his finl #ishes no#n. e hd>orres$onded re/ del o8er /he yers #i/h /he #ell-no#n +us/rin u/hor nd$os/le of $e>e Aer/h 8on Su//ner. Probbly /his >orres$onden>e 8e hi! /heins$ir/ion for #h/ #s /o be /he Nobel Pe>e Prize.

Nobel hd /#o bro/hers, Lud8i nd ober/, #ho se//led in ussi nd de8elo$ed, #i/hre/ su>>ess, /he oil finds in Au on /he 6s$in Se. They, /oo, be>!e e@/re!ely#el/hy nd h8e been referred /o in li/er/ure s /he o>efellers of 5uro$e. +lfred

Nobel hd so!e in/eres/s in /he ussin >o!$nies heded by his bro/her Lud8i.Lud8i Nobel died in 6nnes, rn>e, in 1***. The ren>h $ress re$or/ed his de/h, bu/

$$er in Pris >onfused Lud8i #i/h +lfred nd rn /he hedlineH Le !r>hnd de l!or/ es/ !or/ or The !er>hn/ of de/h is ded. We >n ssu!e /h/ +lfred Nobel,f>ed #i/h /his hedline, #ondered #he/her /his #s /he sor/ of obi/ury he #ould e/#hen his o#n /i!e >!e. ?/ hs lso been sues/ed /h/ Nobel en/er/ined rdi>l-lib-erl $oli/i>l 8ie#s >lose /o /hose of So>il De!o>r>y.

+ny#y, #i/hou/ relly dis>ussin /he !//er #i/h nyone=he hd been le/ do#n byl#yers before nd de>ided no/ /o e!$loy one /his /i!e=Nobel dre# u$ his #ill ndde$osi/ed i/ in bn in S/o>hol!. ?/s >on/en/s #ere 8s/ sur$rise /o his rel/i8es,>olleues, nd /he enerl $ubli> in S#edenH

The #hole of !y re!inin relizble es//e shll be del/ #i/h in /he follo#in #yHThe >$i/ol shll be in8es/ed by !y e@e>u/ors in sfe se>uri/ies nd shll >ons/i/u/e fund, /he in/eres/ on #hi>h shll be nnully dis/ribu/ed in /he for! of $rizes /o /hose#ho, durin /he $re>edin yer, shll h8e >onferred /he re/es/ benefi/ on !nind.The sid in/eres/ shll be di8ided in/o fi8e eGul $r/s, #hi>h shll be $$or/ioned sfollo#sH one $r/ /o /he $erson #ho shll h8e !de /he !os/ i!$or/n/ dis>o8ery ofin8en/ion #i/hin /he field of $hysi>s; one $r/ /o /he $erson #ho shll h8e !de /he


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!os/ i!$or/n/ >he!i>l dis>o8ery or i!$ro8e!en/; one $r/ /o /he $erson #ho shllh8e !de /he !os/ i!$or/n/ dis>o8ery #i/hin /he do!in of $hysioloy or !edi>ine;one $r/ /o /he $erson #ho shll h8e $rodu>ed in /he field of li/er/ure /he !os/ou/s/ndin #or of n idelis/i> /enden>y; nd one $r/ /o /he $erson #ho shll h8edone /he !os/ or /he bes/ #or for fr/erni/y !on n/ions, for /he boli/ion or

redu>/ion of s/ndin r!ies nd for /he holdin nd $ro!o/ion of $e>e >onresses.The $rizes for $hysi>s nd >he!is/ry shll be #rded by /he S#edish +>de!y ofS>ien>es; /h/ for $hysioloy or !edi>l #ors by /he rolins ?ns/i/u/e in S/o>hol!;/h/ for li/er/ure by /he +>de!y in S/o>hol!; nd /h/ for >h!$ions of $e>e by >o!!i//ee of fi8e $ersons /o be ele>/ed by /he Nor#ein S/or/in. ?/ is !y e@$ress #ish/h/ in #rdin /he $rizes no >onsider/ion #h/e8er shll be i8en /o /he n/ionli/y of/he >ndid/es, so /h/ /he !os/ #or/hy shll re>ei8e /he $rize, #he/her he be S>ndin8in or no/.

is rel/i8es #ere Gui/e n/urlly dis$$oin/ed, bu/ /he fore!os/ of /hese, ?!!nuel

Nobel, ssis/ed /he e@e>u/or of /he #ill, nr Sohl!n, in e8ery $ossible$ei@

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#y. Kny $eo$le rerded /he #ill s refle>/in l> of $/rio/i> feelin. The ren>hs//e, for i/s $r/, #s eenly in/eres/ed in /he Gues/ion of #he/her +lfred Nobels for/unehd i/s lel do!i>ile ?n rn>e or S#eden. Wh/ de>ided /he issue #s /h/ Nobel hd/rnsferred /o S#eden his f!ous >rrie horses, Orloff horses fro! ussi, #hi>h hehd re>ei8ed fro! his bro/her Lud8i. Ay ren>h >us/o!, #here8er /he >rrie horses#ere, /here /he es//e in8en/ory hd /o be drf/ed.

The dis$osl of Nobels 8rious shreholdins, nd /he /rnsfer of his for/une /oS#eden, $ro8ed /o be >o!$li>/ed ffir. Diffi>ul/ies #ere lso e@$erien>ed in

$ersudin /he ins/i/u/ions /h/ Nobel hd #ished /o be res$onsible for /he #rds in/heir res$e>/i8e fields /o under/e /heir du/ies. inlly, ho#e8er, /he orniz-/ionlde/ils #ere se//led, nd /he firs/ $rizes >ould be #rded in 1901.

To >oordin/e /he $ro8isions of /he #ill nd enerlly fur/her /he $ur$oses of /he donor,nd /o d!inis/er Nobels for/une, /he Nobel ound/ion #s >re/ed. Sin>e /he #ill

only indi>/ed /he in/en/ions of /he donor in enerl /er!s, i/ be>!e ne>essry /o >re/efir! $ro>edures for /he d!inis/r/ion of /he don/ion; /his #s done in /he ound/ionsS//u/es, #hi>h #ere r/ified in 1900 nd $$ro8ed by /he o8ern!en/. S$e>il s//u/es#ere lso dr#n u$ /o reul/e /he #rd of $rizes /hrouh /he S#edish #rd bodies,n!ely /he royl S#edish +>de!y of S>ien>es for /he $rizes in $hysi>s nd >he!is/ry,/he rolins ?ns/i/u/e for /he $rize in $hysioloy or !edi>ine, nd /he S#edish+>de!y for /he $rize in li/er/ure. ?n 19(*, fur/her $rize #s dded, in /he e>ono!i>s>ien>es, /hrouh don/ion !de /o >elebr/e /he /er>en/enry of /he S#edish N/ionl


10/721

An BisbnC. ?n >on/rdis/in>/ion fro! /he $rizes ins/i/u/ed by +lfred Nobelhi!self, /his is no#n s /he +lfred Nobel Ke!oril Prize.

%-.N6 #*4"T"-

There #ere /hus fi8e Nobel $rizes, nd /here re no# si@, if #e >oun/ /he +lfred Nobel

Ke!oril Prize in 5>ono!i>s. +/ /he /i!e +lfred Nobel #ro/e his #ill, S#eden ndNor#y #ere Moined in Poli/i>l union, #hi>h #s dissol8ed in 190%. Nobel de>ided/h/ /he Pe>e Prize should be #rded /hrouh /he Nor#ein Prli!en/, /he S/or/in,#hi>h subseGuen/ly dele/ed /he de>ision /o s$e>il Nor#ein Nobel 6o!!i//ee.

The Aord of /he Nobel ound/ion >onsis/s of >hir$erson, $$oin/ed by /he S#edisho8ern!en/, nd four !e!bers, >hosen for /er! of /#o yers by /he 1% ele>/ors$$oin/ed by /he $rize #rdin bodies. The ele>/ors #ho lso ser8e for /#o yers, >n

$u/ for#rd $ro$osls or !e s//e!en/s on $ro$osls, for !end-!en/s /o /he bsi>S//u/es. This hs been done on se8erl o>>sions.

The Nobel ound/ions >$i/l hs ro#n sin>e i/ #s firs/ >Guired. 5di/ors No/eH +sof 2001 i/ hs ro#n /o round S5 ) billion, >orres$ondin /o $$ro@i!/ely V(9!illion. The $rize su! in 2001 #s S5 10 !illion, >orres$ondin /o V900,000.n be eGully di8ided be/#een/#o >hie8e!en/s, or #rded Moin/ly /o /#o or !ore $ersons for #or /hey h8e done/oe/her. The Pe>e Prize >n lso be #rded /o n ins/i/u/ion or sso>i/ion. ?n nyi8en yer, ll /he $rizes re of n iden/i>l !oun/. On /he o/her hnd, /hey 8ry in sizefro! yer /o yer, de$endin on /he yield on /he fund on #hi>h /hey re bsed. Th/ i/hs been $ossible /o in>rese /he yield !ore or less in s/e$ #i/h infl/ion is due lrely

/o /he f>/ /h/ /he Nobel ound/ion is no# e@e!$/ fro! S//e /@, nd /hereforees>$es /he >$i/l ins /@ /h/ hs been su>h burden in ll >$i/l d!inis/r/ion inS#eden.

Ay /he /er!s of /he S//u/es, $ro$osls shll be sub!i//ed $rior /o ebrury 1 of /he yerin #hi>h /he #rd is /o be !de. De>isions re reulrly !de by /he S#edish #rd

bodies durin /he $eriod fro! O>/ober 1 /o No8e!ber 1%. The Nor#ein Nobel6o!!i//ee !es i/s de>ision on /he Pe>e Prize be/#een Se$/e!ber 1 nd No8e!ber1%.

Of re/ i!$or/n>e in /he e8lu/ion of >ndid/es #or/hy of /he Nobel Prize is /he f>//h/ so !ny $eo$le h8e /he rih/ /o sub!i/ no!in/ions. Pre8ious Lure/es, nd /heoffi>ils nd !e!bers of >de!ies, lon #i/h uni8ersi/ies nd o/her s>ien/ifi>ins/i/u/ions /hrouhou/ /he #orld re ll en/i/led /o no!in/e >ndid/es.

+n i!$or/n/ rule is /h/ /he rih/ /o $ro$ose >ndid/es is ssined /o indi8iduls, no/ /o>de!ies nd uni8ersi/y f>ul/ies s su>h, or >or$or/ions. This rule #s es/blished inorder /o 8oid $ubli> dis>ussion. ?f i/ be>o!es >ler /h/ $rizes >nno/ be #rded=nd#rds #ere sus$ended for nu!ber of yers durin /he /#o World Wrs=/he su!s re


11/721

reser8ed nd llo>/ed /o /he !in fund; >er/in $r/ of /he su! reser8ed, ho#e8er, >nbe llo>/ed /o s$e>il fund. The yield on /his l//er fund >n be used /o $ro!o/e /he$ur$oses of /he Nobel ound/ion o/her /hn /hrouh /he $rizes.

Trdi/ionlly, /he $rize-i8in /es $l>e #i/h due >ere!ony in S/o>hol! nd Oslo onDe>e!ber 10 e>h yer=Nobel Dy=/he dy on #hi>h +lfred Nobel died. +$r/ fro!

/he !oney $rize, e>h Lure/e re>ei8es di$lo!, e@e>u/ed in /he >se of Lure/esele>/ed by /he +>de!y of S>ien>es nd /he S#edish +>de!y by #ell-no#nS#edish r/is/, nd old !edl of enerous

$e@

Pe @i

size-/he 8lue of /he old in 1990 #s round S5 20,000 or V,)2%. ?n S#eden, /he$r>/i>e is for .K. /he in /o hnd o8er /he $rizes in /he S/o>hol! >on>er/ hll, f/er

#hi>h bnGue/ is held for so!e 1,00 $ersons in /he S/o>hol! 6i/y ll. ?n Oslo, /hePe>e Prize is $resen/ed by /he >hir!n of /he S/or/ins Nobel 6o!!i//ee in /heuni8ersi/y udi/oriu!, /rdi/ionlly in /he $resen>e of /he royl f!ily. Ay /he /er!s of/he bsi> S//u/es, Lure/e is reGuired #i/hin si@ !on/hs of /he #rd >ere!ony /oi8e so->lled Nobel le>/ure; /his is usully deli8ered on >>e$/n>e of /he $rize.

Wor on /he ele>/ion of Lure/es >on/inues $r>/i>lly ll yer round. The >o!!i//eesfor /he 8rious $rizes re reGuired /o /e $re8ious $ro$osls in/o >onsider/ion nd /ono/e ne# $ro$osls. ?n 19*9 no!in/ions for $rizes /o/led 20* for $hysi>s, 2(1 for>he!is/ry, 1*9 for $hysioloy or !edi>ine, 1** for li/er/ure, 9& for /he Pe>e Prize, nd11 for /he Ke!oril Prize in e>ono!i> s>ien>es. N/urlly, !ny of /hese no!in/ionsre>ur fro! yer /o yer.

To >Guire s ll-round $i>/ure s $ossible, /he >o!!i//ees h8e >o!!issioneds$e>ilis/s /o in8es/i/e /he #eih/ nd sinifi>n>e of /he reser>h $erfor!ed by /he8rious $o/en/il >ndid/es for $rizes. These in8es/i/ors, #ho $resen/ /heir re$or/s /o/he >o!!i//ee in Gues/ion, >n be u$ /o 20 in nu!ber nd re n/urlly reGuired /oobser8e /he s/ri>/es/ >onfiden/ili/y. Sin>e /he nu!ber of $ro$osls is so re/, /he>o!!i//ee hs /o re>h ree!en/ s /o #h/ $r/i>ulr field i/ #ill in/eres/ i/self in on/his o>>sion; #he/her, for e@!$le, in $hysi>s, $riori/y is /o be >>orded /o solids//e or $r/i>le $hysi>s. Si!ilr deliber/ions h8e /o be !de in >he!is/ry; fore@!$le, #he/her /o i8e $riori/y /o orni> or inorni> >he!is/ry.

Ay l/e su!!er /he >o!!i//ees h8e usully $u/ /oe/her /heir $ro$osls, #hi>h no#h8e /o be s>ru/inized by /he royl +>de!y of S>ien>es res$e>/i8e >lsses for $hysi>snd >he!is/ry. The $hysi>s >lss is >hired by /he +>de!ys $er!nen/ se>re/ry nd>onsis/s / $resen/ of 2* !e!bers. On>e /he >lss hs s>ru/inized /he $ro$osl nd heldi/s !ee/in, /he no!i-n/ion is sub!i//ed for de>ision /o $lenry session of /he+>de!y. Ay /he /i!e /he session is held, /he $ro$osl #ill h8e been 8ilble for


12/721

>ou$le of #ees /o !e!bers of /he +>de!y, ll of #ho! h8e /en $lede ofse>re>y. inlly, /he de>ision is /en by /he +>de!y, #hi>h, in /he >se of /he $rizes in

$hysi>s nd >he!is/ry, usully /es bou/ dy. The $ro>edure s/r/s #i/h /he>o!!i//ees se>re/ry $resen/in enerl sur8ey of /hose reser>h in$u/s /h/ h8e

been rerded s /he !os/ in/eres/in nd h8e been s/udied by /he s$e>il in8es/i/ors.

inlly, /he se>re/ry re$or/s #hi>h s>ien/is/ or rou$ of s>ien/is/s should, in /he o$inionof /he >o!!i//ee, be #rded /he yers Nobel Prize. The $residen/ of /he +>de!y /hendes>ribes /he $osi/ion /en by /he res$e>/i8e >lss #i/hin /he +>de!y /o /he>o!!i//ees $ro$osls. + s$e>ilis/ on /he >o!!i//ee /hen $resen/s de/iled >>oun/ of/he reser>h $erfor!ed by /he $ro$osed >ndid/e nd, #here $$li>ble, his >o-#oreror >o-#orers.

Dis>ussions rise usully rel/in /o /he $roble! of re#rdin /e! of reser>hers for i8en dis>o8ery. ?/ !y be, for e@!$le, /h/ >ndid/e + hs !de re!rblereser>h findin bu/ /he sinifi>n>e of /he findin #s firs/ es/blished by >ndid/e And /he dis>o8ery #s /hen de>isi8ely de8elo$ed by >ndid/e 6. The Gues/ion >n /hen

be $u/ s follo#s. ?s >ndid/e + /o re>ei8e /he en/ire #rd ?f /his is /houh/in$$ro$ri/e, should /he $rize be s$li/ in/o /hree eGul $r/s We !us/ dd /h/ no/ !ore/hn /hree Lure/es !y be sele>/ed in one nd /he s!e subMe>/. When se>re/ bllo/hs been /en nd /he +>de!y hs !de i/s de>ision, s$e>il $ress >onferen>e isi8en, f/er #hi>h /he Lure/e in Gues/ion is infor!ed of /he de>ision nd in8i/ed /o /he#rd >ere!ony in S/o>hol!. The Nobel ound/ion lso $ys /he /r8el >os/s ndli8in e@$enses in S/o>hol! for 8ery li!i/ed nu!ber of >lose rel/i8es.

The $ro>edure follo#ed by /he rolins ?ns/i/u/e, /he S#edish +>de!y nd /heS/or/in Nobel 6o!!i//ee in Oslo is rouhly /he s!e. ?n /he >se of /he rolins?ns/i/u/e, #here i/ is /he /e>hin s/ff #ho de>ides on /he $rize in $hysioloy or!edi>ine, /he si/u/ion un/il /he erly 19&0s #s /h/ dis>ussions #ere >onfiden/il s in/he >se of o/her $rize-#rdin bodies. Inlie /he >de!ies, ho#e8er, /he rolins?ns/i/u/e is s//e orniz/ion, nd >er/in ne# reul/ions !en/ /h/ i/s >/i8i/ies#ould be subMe>/ /o >o!$le/e $ubli> insih/. So, #hen ffirs rel/in /o /he NobelPrizes re dis>ussed, /he >ollee of $rofessors is >on8er/ed in/o s$e>il Nobel+sse!bly of $ri8/e n/ure, in/o #hi>h ou/siders h8e no insih/.

The Nobel Prizes h8e //r>/ed n enor!ous !oun/ of //en/ion e8er sin>e /hey #erein/rodu>ed. The >hoi>es !de by /he $rize-#rdin bodies h8e //r>/ed bo/h $rise

nd bl!e. ?/ is bo8e ll, $erh$s, /he $rize in li/er/ure nd /he Pe>e Prize, /h/ h8e>o!e in for >ri/i>is!, due, of >ourse, /o /hese bein subMe>/s on #hi>h e8eryone >nh8e n o$inion. The o/her $rizes re usully >o!!en/ed on in'aturend (ciencein !ore ini/i/ed !nner, l/houh so!e firly #s$ish re!rs h8e been !de /here /oofro! /i!e /o /i!e.

$e@i


13/721

Pe @ii

%N%#*-.N

The firs/ /i!e +lfred Nobel see!s /o h8e >onsidered #ri/in #ill #s in Kr>h 1**9.Peo$le h8e been dis$osed /o rerd /he bsen>e of de/iled ins/ru>/ions s

>onseGuen>e of Nobels hbi/ of i8in /rus/ed ssis-/n/s only /he !eres/ indi>/ion of#h/ he #n/ed done. ?/ #s /heir business /o #or ou/ /he !ens /o /he end. This is$erh$s >orre>/ sur!ise, bu/ /he fund #s /o be d!inis/ered by $eo$le bou/ #ho!Nobel ne# no/hin. The >/ul >hoi>e of Lure/es, i/ is /rue, #s en/rus/ed /o /hreeins/i/u/ions nd >o!!i//ee $$oin/ed by /he Nor#ein S/or/in, bu/ no/ e8en in /his>se did Nobel i8e ny /houh/ /o /he $ro>edurl de/ils.

There #s /ou>h of fl!boyn/ es/ure bou/ Nobels #ill s he >s/ his !illions in/o/he ir, #i/hou/ inGuirin /oo >losely #here /hey #ere oin /o lnd. The !in /hin #s/h/ /hey should no/ e/ in/o /he $o>e/s of his lel heirs. This !ssi8e don/ion #s

$robbly one of innu!erble ides, nd Nobels i!in/ion see!s /o h8e been e@/r$rolifi> / /he /i!e #hen his #ill #s dr#n u$. e os>ill/ed fro! $honor$hs nd/ele$hones /o $roMe>/iles of 8rious inds. e si!$ly did no/ h8e /i!e /o #or ou/ hisides in !ore de/il, nd his ls/ #ill nd /es/!en/, lie se8erl of $ro8isionl $/en/$$li>/ions, re!ined n e8nes>en/ se/>h.

Of one /hin, ho#e8er, #e >n be rel/i8ely >er/inH ?/ #s $eo$le #i/h ides he #n/ed/o re#rd, $eo$le #i/h ins$ir/ion. ?n o/her #ords, $eo$le of his o#n ind. This is #hy/he $rizes hd /o refer /o >hie8e!en/s durin /he $s/ yer. There is no $rize for/e>hnoloy, be>use Nobel ne# fro! his o#n e@$erien>e /h/ su>>essful in8en/ion is

of/en re#rded /hrouh /he $/en/ sys/e!. Au/ !edi>l or >he!i>l dis>o8ery #sso!e/hin differen/; /here #s no/hin /o urn/ee /h/ /he $erson !in /hedis>o8ery #ould h8e shre in /he resul/n/ $rofi/.

+l/houh in/eres/ in /he Nobel Prizes hs flu>/u/ed #i/h /he yers, /he $rizes h8ebe>o!e in/ern/ionlly es/blished in /he #y in #hi>h +lfred Nobel in/ended. They res/onishinly #ell no#n in lre $r/s of /he #orld. ?n/eres/ in +lfred Nobel $ersonllyhs lso been sus/ined, $erh$s $r/ly be>use he #s su>h >o!$li>/ed nd unusul

$ersonli/y. There is no for!ul or slon #i/h #hi>h he >n be $inned do#n.

$e@ii

Pe @iii

Preface

-%P" N( %NT"NT-

The %ho)s %ho of 'obel ri*e %inners 1901+000is /he four/h edi/ion of boo


14/721

>on>ei8ed /o i8e users Gui> >>ess /o bsi> infor!/ion bou/ ll Nobel Lure/es nd/heir >hie8e!en/s. Wi/h /he re/ire!en/ of /he edi/ors of /he $re8ious /hree edi/ions,Aernrd S. S>hlessiner nd une . S>hlessiner, /he four/h edi/ion of The %ho)s %hoof 'obel ri*e %inners 1901+000be>!e !y sole res$onsibili/y. Ae>use ? hd ser8eds n sso>i/e edi/or for /he firs/ /hree edi/ions, ? #s f!ilir #i/h /he orniz/ion of

/he 8olu!e nd i/s $ur$ose. +lon #i/h /he $re8ious edi/ors ? belie8e /h/ /here is needfor redy-referen>e boo, $ro8idin one-s/o$ $l>e /o loo for bsi> bior$hi>linfor!/ion on e>h #inner in >onsis/en/ for!/ nd inde$enden/ly 8erified. Of/eninfor!/ion is in>luded here /h/ does no/ $$er on Web si/es, in>ludin /he Nobel e-!useu!, or /h/ is diffi>ul/ /o find esily. +lso in>luded is lis/ of ddi/ionl sour>es /olo>/e !ore infor!/ion bou/ /he #inners, nd /he boo >on>ludes #i/h four usefulinde@es.

This four/h edi/ion of The %ho)s %ho of 'obel ri*e %inners>on/ins re8ised en/riesfor Nobel Prize Winners fro! 1901:199% nd (2 ne# en/ries for /he #inners fro!199(:2000, /o/lin &20 en/ries. 5>h of /he (%* en/ries fro! /he /hird edi/ion #sre8ie#ed nd u$d/ed by /he edi/or, #i/h $$ro@i!/ely &0 $er>en/ of /he $re8iousen/ries >hnin. ?n !os/ >ses, ne# bior$hi>l infor!/ion #s 8ilble, Nobellure/es >on/inued /o #in #rds /h/ !red /heir >hie8e!en/s, or $ersonlinfor!/ion >hned. To /he e@/en/ $ossible, ll en/ries re >>ur/e /hrouh nury 1,2001. The yer 2001 is s$e>il one for /he Nobel Prize, s i/ !rs /he 100/hnni8ersry of /he #rdin of /he Nobel Prize. The 6en/ennil 3er #ill be !red by!ny s$e>il e8en/s nd e@hibi/ions >ul!in/in in /he 6en/ennil Wee in De>e!ber,/o #hi>h ll li8in Lure/es h8e been in8i/ed /o $r/i>i$/e.

5n/ries for /he $rize#inners fro! 199(:2000 #ere reser>hed nd #ri//en by /he edi/or.58ery en/ry #s >he>ed ins/ /he s/ndrd bior$hi>l resour>es, ne#s$$er nd!zine >>oun/s of /heir #rds, nd in !ny s$e>ilized resour>es rele8n/ /o /he

$r/i>ulr subMe>/ dis>i$line for /he #rd. or /he firs/ /i!e, !ny resour>es #ere8ilble /o /he edi/or in ele>/roni> for!/ bu/ ll en/ries reGuired sinifi>n/ >ross->he>in of f>/s. One sour>e /h/ #s of $r/i>ulr i!$or/n>e is /he Nobel e-Kuseu!h//$H###.nobel.se. The Nobel ound/ion hs >re/ed n online Web si/e /h/

$ro8ides useful infor!/ion bou/ /he Nobel Prize, in>ludin his/ori>l nd b>roundinfor!/ion. ?/ lso $ro8ides bior$hi>l or u/obior$hi>l infor!/ion on /he#inners, /he #inners >>e$/n>e s$ee>h ndor Nobel le>/ure, nd, for /he !ore re>en/

#inners, /he $ress relese nnoun>in /he #rds, 8ideo >li$s, nd lins /o o/herresour>es on /he indi8idul lure/es.

+s #i/h /he firs/ /hree edi/ions, e>h en/ry is >o!$osed of 1% fields of bior$hi>l ndbiblior$hi>l infor!/ion. See Isin This Aoo for >o!$le/e infor!/ion on /heinds of infor!/ion /o be found in e>h en/ry. 5n/ries re rrned by $rizeH 6he!is/ry,5>ono!i>s, Li/er/ure, Kedi>ine nd Physioloy, Pe>e nd Physi>s. Wi/hin e>hse>/ion, en/ries re rrned >hronoloi>lly. ?nfor!/ion hs been in>luded in e>h of/he 1% fields #hen 8ilble. ?n >ses #here /he infor!/ion >ould no/ be 8erified


15/721

inde$enden/ly, i/ #s lef/ ou/. eders should lso no/e /h/, due /o e8en/s su>h s #rndor l> of sui/ble >ndid/es, $rizes #ere no/ #rded in so!e yers.

?n ddi/ion /o /he >hronoloi>l rrne!en/ of /he $rize #inners, four o/her inde@es rein>luded /o hel$ reders >>ess /he en/riesH B1C N!e ?nde@, n l$hbe/i>l lis/in of ll#inners; B2C 5du>/ion ?nde@, lis/in of $os/-se>ondry edu>/ionl ins/i/u/ions nd /he

#inners #ho re>ei8ed derees fro! /he!; BC N/ionli/y or 6i/izen ?nde@, lis/in of#inners by /heir n/ionli/y or >i/izenshi$ Bso!e lure/es re /hus lis/ed under !ore/hn one n/ionli/y or >i/izenshi$ >/eoryC; nd B)C eliion ?nde@, lis/in of #inners

by reliion. This in>ludes only /hose lure/es #hose reliious ffili/ions h8e beendefini/ely s>er/ined.

?n s$i/e of ll !y bes/ effor/s, i/ is $ossible /h/ errors #ere !de in so!e en/ries.Therefore ? s reders of /his edi/ion /o no/ify !e of ny >orre>/ions, sues/ions, ndu$d/es so /h/ /hey >n be in>or$or/ed in fu/ure edi/ions. Plese send ll Gueries /oLouise S. Sherby, in >re of /he Ory@ Press, )0)1 N. 6en/rl +8e., Phoeni@, +rizon

*%012:9&.$e@iii

Pe @i8

N+"# P4.7" W.NN"4- 2001

%heistr$

Willi! no#les, Ini/ed S//es

. Arry Shr$less, Ini/ed S//es

yoMi Noyori, $n

"conoics

"eore +. +erlof, Ini/ed S//es

+. Ki>hel S$en>e, Ini/ed S//es

ose$h 5. S/ili/z, Ini/ed S//es

#iterat!re

.S. Ni$ul, "re/ Ari/in

,edicine

Lelnd . r/#ell, Ini/ed S//es


16/721

. Ti!o/hy un/, "re/ Ari/in

Pul K. Nurse, "re/ Ari/in

PeaceIni/ed N/ions nd I.N. Se>re/ry-"enerl ofi +nnn, "hn

Ph$sics

5ri> +. 6ornell, Ini/ed S//es

6rl 5. Wie!n, Ini/ed S//es

Wolfn e//erle, "er!ny

%8NW#"(6,"NT-

Ls/, bu/ no/ les/, ? #ish /o /hn Aernie S>hlessiner nd une S>hlessiner for /heirhel$ in !in /his edi/ion h$$en nd for /heir >onfiden>e in !e. ? lso #n/ /o /hn!y edi/or, 5lenor S. 8on Dehsen, of /he Ory@ Press, #ho hs been !os/ hel$ful nd

$/ien/ s ? /oo on /his ne# res$onsibili/y. Ky /hns, /oo, /o Dr. +ni/ Ondruse,S>ien>e eferen>e Librrin / /he un/er 6ollee Librries, #hose su$erb ser>hinsills found >i//ions /o $ubli>/ions #hen needed.

? ho$e /h/ /his four/h edi/ion #ill $ro8e /o be s useful nd 8luble s /he $re8ious/hree edi/ions nd /h/ i/ #ill be resour>e of firs/ >hoi>e #hen looin for bsi>bior$hi>l infor!/ion on Nobel Prize #inners.

-ouise (. (herbyAssociate &ean and hief -ibrarian/unter ollege, 'e or2 ity

$e@i8

Pe @8

*sin& This +ook5>h en/ry in /his boo is >o!$osed of 1% fields of infor!/ion. The for!/ of e>hfield, nd so!e fur/her infor!/ion bou/ /he n/ure of e>h field, re e@$lined here.


17/721

N,"

The !os/ >o!$le/e n!e found for /he indi8idul hs been used. ?f $seudony! #sfound, i/ is in>luded in $ren/heses. ?f $ersons n!e >hned, /he for!er n!e isin>luded in $ren/heses. The ls/ n!e is l#ys i8en firs/. +lso in>luded s $r/ of /hen!e re /i/les of nobili/y, #hen $$li>ble. 5@!$les of en/ries re

+nell, Nor!n, Sir BLne, l$h Nor!n +nellC

+non, Sh!uel 3osef B6z>zes, Sh!uel 3osefC

Sienie#i>z, enry +d! +lesndr Pius BLi/#osC

+ll su>h n!e 8ri/ions re in>luded in /he N!e ?nde@ of /his boo, #i/h seereferen>es i8en /o dire>/ /he user /o /he !in n!e en/ry.

P4.7"

The $rize #rded is lis/ed, follo#ed by /he yer in #hi>h /he #rd #s #on. Thus,/his field $$ers s follo#sH

Pe>e, 191

?n /hose >ses #here $rize #s #rded $os/hu!ously or /he lure/e refused /he$rize, no//ion /o /h/ effe>/ is in>luded in /he en/ry. Kul/i$le #inners re lis/ed undere>h $$li>ble >/eory, #i/h see referen>es i8en /o dire>/ /he user /o /he firs/ fulllis/in for /he #inner. ?n yers #hen no $rize #s i8en, /here is no en/ry.

+.4T N( ("T (T"-

The bir/h nd de/h d/es B#hen $$li>bleC of e>h Nobel Prize #inner re lis/ed, lon#i/h bir/h$l>e nd lo>/ion of de/h B#hen $$li>bleC. S//es in /he Ini/ed S//es rebbre8i/ed #i/h /he s/ndrd /#o-le//er >odes. O/her#ise, /he fulles/ infor!/ion is

$resen/ed, s >n be seen hereH

nury 2&, 190; Kelbourne, +us/rli

Se$/e!ber 2(, 1***; S/. Louis, KO

or indi8iduls #ho #ere born in $oli/i>l reions no loner in e@is/en>e, su>h s /he+us/ro-unrin 5!$ire $rior /o 191*, $l>e of bir/h is i8en s reion of /he e!$ireBi.e., Polnd or 6ze>hoslo8iC, r/her /hn +us/ri-unry.

*N("(

?n /he >se of >or$or/e or ins/i/u/ionl #inners, /he d/e #hen nd lo>/ion in #hi>h /heins/i/u/ion or >or$or/ion #s es/blished is in>luded.


18/721

P4"NT-

The n!es of /he #inners f/her nd !o/her in /he fulles/ for! found re in>luded.Ko/hers n!es es$e>illy #ere of/en diffi>ul/ /o find. The bsen>e of firs/ or !idenn!e indi>/es /h/ only n in>o!$le/e n!e >ould be found. ?f no re>ord #s found,/he $hrse no re>ord found is used. Thus, n en/ry su>h s /he one sho#n belo# >n

be >onsidered /o be >o!$le/e./her, 5zr lory; Ko/her, Kr/h Aru!buh lory

o#e8er, en/ries #ill lso be found in less >o!$le/e for!s, su>h s /heseH

/her, Kuh!!ed 5l-Sd/; Ko/her, no re>ord found

/her, Pnyio/is +le$oudelis; Ko/her, Kri +le$oudelis

NT.N#.T 4 %.T.7"N-.P

?n >ses #here /he lure/e #s born nd re!ined in /he >oun/ry of bir/h /hrouhou/ hisor her >reer, sinle no//ion is i8en, s in /he follo#in e@!$leH

"er!n

$e@8

Pe @8i

?f /he lure/e #s born in one >oun/ry, /hen l/er !o8ed /o nd be>!e >i/izen of

no/her >oun/ry, /he >oun/ry of bir/h is i8en firs/, follo#ed by no//ion for /he >oun/ry/o #hi>h /he lure/e !o8ed nd be>!e >i/izen. +n e@!$le isH

"er!n; l/er +!eri>n >i/izen

?n >ses #here lure/es s$en/ sinifi>n/ $r/s of /heir li8es in se8erl >oun/ries ndob/ined !ul/i$le >i/izenshi$s, e>h of /hose is iden/ified in /he en/ryH

"er!n; l/er S#iss nd +!eri>n >i/izen

?n >ses #here i/ is no#n /h/ lure/e resided in >er/in >oun/ry, bu/ >i/izenshi$ for

/h/ >oun/ry >nno/ be de/er!ined, /he en/ry is rrned s follo#sHDu/>h; l/er ren>h residen/ nd +!eri>n >i/izen

4"#.6.N

Of ll /he fields in /his boo, /his #s by fr /he !os/ diffi>ul/ for #hi>h /o lo>/edefini/i8e infor!/ion. Whe/her /he Nobel Prize #inner #s in Li/er/ure, Pe>e,


19/721

5>ono!i>s, Kedi>ine nd Physioloy, 6he!is/ry, or Physi>s, /here #s s>n/ d/ onreliious $referen>e nd of/en/i!es >on/rdi>/ory d/. The Li/er/ure nd Pe>e #ere!ore liely /o h8e reliion iden/ified; bu/ e8en in /hese >ses, i/ #s !ore of/en

$ssin Bnd so!e/i!es $uzzlinC referen>e, r/her /hn >ler s//e!en/ Be.., e#ish58neli>l or ree/hiner; fro! Lu/hern b>roundC. Inless s$e>ifi> nrro#

reliious $referen>e #s s//ed in /he li/er/ure >onsul/ed, eneri> /er!s Bsu>h s6hris/inC #ere used. ?n ins/n>es #here #e #ere firly >er/in of reliion, bu/ no/$osi/i8e, #e used /he $hrse Kos/ $robbly. When no/ e8en ood uess >ould be!de, #e used /he no//ion, No re>ord found. Where $ersons reliious $referen>e>hned, #e used s//e!en/s su>h s +nos/i>; fro! 6hris/in b>round. +lso, inso!e >ses, /he lure/es $ren/s #ere of differen/ reliious $ersusions; /h/ f>/ hs

been no/ed, #hen no#n, in /he field. ere is n e@!$leH

+reliious; fro! +nli>nKe/hodis/ b>round.

58en #hen /he li/er/ure >onsul/ed #s defini/e bou/ reliious $referen>e, /here is s/illso!e Gues/ion s /o reliious ffili/ion in so!e ins/n>es be>use of /he hihly $ersonlnd 8rible n/ure of $ersons $referen>e in /his re. The user should red ll en/ries#i/h /h/ /houh/ in !ind. +ny ne# infor!/ion !de 8ilble #ill be in>luded in l/eredi/ions.

The eliion ?nde@ >on/ins only /he #inners #hose reliious ffili/ion #s defini/e. +>i//ion for Kos/ $robbly e#ish, for e@!$le, #ill no/ be found in /he eliion?nde@ under e#ish.

"(*%T.N

?n >i/in /he uni8ersi/y n!e nd /he deree n!e, /he for!/ found in /he sour>es>onsul/ed #s follo#ed. or uni8ersi/ies in /he Ini/ed S//es, /he bbre8i/ion of /hes//e in #hi>h /he uni8ersi/y is lo>/ed is used. or uni8ersi/ies ou/side /he Ini/ed S//es,/he >oun/ry of lo>/ion is i8en. So!e >oun/ry iden/ifi>/ions !y loo odd, s !yso!e s$ellins, bu/ i/ !us/ be re!e!bered /h/ bo/h eor$hi> lo>/ions nd s$ellin>us/o!s >hned !redly be/#een 1901 nd 2000. Our rule #s /h/ #e used /he d/

$resen/ed in /he sour>es >onsul/ed unless n ob8ious error #ould /hus resul/. Where /helure/e did no/ re>ei8e ny deree, /he en/ry reds No >ollee derees.


20/721

-P*-"

The full n!e of /he s$ouse is $resen/ed, follo#ed by s full d/e of !rrie s #s8ilble. ?f /he $erson !rried !ore /hn on>e, /he de/h or di8or>e of /he $re8iouss$ouse is no/ed, #i/h d/e, if 8ilble. Where i/ #s no/ $ossible /o de/er!ine #he/her/he $re8ious s$ouse hd died or been di8or>ed, /h/ infor!/ion #s o!i//ed. ?n so!e

>ses, /he /er! dissol8ed Bused in so!e sour>esC is >rried in/o /his boo s #ell. ?f/he $erson did no/ !rry, /he no//ion None is used. ?f i/ #s i!$ossible /o de/er!ine#he/her !rrie hd o>>urred, /he no//ion No re>ord found is used.

%.#(4"N

Where n!es of >hildren #ere found, /he n!e $lus /he /er! son or duh/er rein>luded. ?f nu!bers of >hildren #ere found, bu/ no n!es, /he nu!bers re i8en,so!e/i!es s /o/ls nd so!e/i!es broen do#n by duh/ers nd sons, s 8ilble.?n/eres/inly, #here n!es #ere no/ found, i/ #s !os/ of/en /he n!es of duh/ers; in

so!e >ses, sons n!es #ere i8en, bu/ duh/ers n!es #ere o!i//edX Where$$li>ble, nd #here su>h infor!/ion is 8ilble, do$/ed >hildren, s/e$>hildren, nds/illborn >hildren re lis/ed s #ell.

$e@8i

Pe @8ii

%4""4

?n i/s !os/ >o!$le/e for!, >reer infor!/ion is $resen/ed /his #yHOrniz/ion n!e, eor$hi> lo>/ion, /i/le, yers of e!$loy!en/.

The >reer en/ry enerlly beins #i/h /he firs/ $rofessionl $osi/ion held by /he#inner. Thus, for !os/ s>ien>e-orien/ed lure/es, /he firs/ $osi/ion lis/ed #ill be f/er/he yer of /he /er!inl deree. or >de!-i>s, /he /i/le Professor is used, no !//er#h/ /he rn or dis/ribu/ion be/#een /e>hin, reser>h, nd ser8i>e. ?n /he >se of /heLi/er/ure #inners, #here /he $ersons sole in8ol8e!en/ #s in #ri/in, /he /i/leWri/er is used. ?n /he >se of /he Pe>e #inners, #here /he $ersons >reer #s s$en/

in 8rie/y of >/i8is/ nd $oli/i>l roles, $$ro$ri/e enerl /i/les su>h s Poli/i>l+>/i8is/ or $oli/i>l $os/s re used. or !ili/ry >reer yers, no s$e>ifi> /i/les rei8en.

Kny lure/es h8e $eriods in /heir >reers #here /hey o>>u$ied >on>urren/ $osi/ions.?n /hese >ses, /he $rin>i$l $osi/ion, s in/er$re/ed by /he edi/ors, is lis/ed, e@>e$/ in fe# e@/rordinry en/ries. O>>sionlly, /here #ill be $ in >o8ere, of/en due /o re/urn /o edu>/ionl $ursui/.


21/721

T"4 W4(-

The lis/ins for /his field re /hose /en dire>/ly fro! /he sour>es >onsul/ed. Whered/es #ere 8ilble, /hey re in>luded. The #rds re lis/ed in >hronoloi>l order.nih/hood is no/ed #here $$ro$ri/e, bu/ $eeres re no/.

-"#"%T"( P*+#.%T.N-or ll en/ries, /he $ubli>/ions lis/ed re no/ e@hus/i8e or >o!$rehensi8e, bu/re$resen//i8e of /he #inners #ors. They re$resen/ /he #or for #hi>h /he lure/e #s#rded or re re$resen//i8e of /he >reer #or of /he lure/e. ?n fe# >ses, ei/her/he #inners did no/ #ri/e ny #ors or no /i/les //ribu/ed /o /he! >ould be found.

We found /h/ /he Li/er/ure nd Pe>e #inners biblior$hi> lis/ins #ere !ore>o!$le/e /hn /hose for /he lure/es in 5>ono!i>s, Kedi>ine nd Physioloy,6he!is/ry, nd Physi>s. or /he lure/es in Li/er/ure nd Pe>e, /he /o/l sinifi>n/ou/$u/ #s li!i/ed in nu!bers of /i/les be>use i/ #s no/ un>o!!on /o find one

lure/e #i/h $rodu>/ion of se8erl hundred #ors.The /i/les of #ors in>luded re i8en in /he !os/ >o!$le/e for! 8ilble.

or boos, bo/h /he 5nlish /i/le nd /he oriinl-lnue /i/le, if $$li>ble, re i8ens $resen/ed in s/ndrd >/loin sour>es. or $eriodi>l !/eril, /he !os/ >o!$le/er/i>le infor!/ion nd $eriodi>l n!e 8ilble in /he s/ndrd inde@in sour>es>onsul/ed re in>luded. ?f 6olle>/ed Wors #s found, i/ #s lis/ed s one of /he

biblior$hi> en/ries. Aiblior$hi> i/e!s in /his field re in >hronoloi>l order, nd /helure/es n!e, s u/hor, is no/ in>luded.

+.64P.%# -*4%"-

Where boo-len/h bior$hy or u/obior$hy on /he #inner #s 8ilble, i/ hsbeen lis/ed in /his field. or /hese lure/es, usully in Li/er/ure or Pe>e, for #ho!se8erl bior$hies #ere found, /hese /i/les re li!i/ed.

or !ny of /he s>ien>e lure/es, es$e>illy /hose of !ore re>en/ 8in/e, no boo-len/h bior$hi>l /re/!en/ #s found. ?n /hose >ses, /he lis/ins re of ei/her Mournlr/i>les bou/ /he $erson, /he $ubli>i/y //endin /he re>ei$/ of /he Prize, or s$e>il/yen>y>lo$edis /re/!en/ of /he indi8idul.

Aiblior$hi> i/e!s in /his field re rrned in l$hbe/i>l order. ?f /he /i/le isu/obior$hi>l, /he u/hor is no/ lis/ed. or /hose sour>es Be.., 'e or2 Timesr/i>leC, #here /he /i/le #ould be hedline su>h s Nobel Prize +nnoun>ed, /he /i/lehs been o!i//ed.

%,,"NT4

The >o!!en/ry $ro8ides brief e@$ln/ion of #hy /he lure/e re>ei8ed his or herPrize, s #ell s su!!rizes o/her i!$or/n/ >on/ribu/ions !de by /he indi8idul. ?n


22/721

/his field, /he lure/e is referred /o by his or her f!ilir n!e r/her /hn /he full n!eused /o hed /he en/ry. Where /he lnue of /he +>de!ys >i//ion #s 8ilbleBei/her in /he Nobel +>de!ys $ubli>/ions or in su>h s/ndrd sour>es s /he'e or2Timesor The TimesC, i/ hs been in>luded. 5>h >o!!en/ry >on>ludes #i/h

$ren/he/i>l bbre8i/ion of /he en/ry edi/ors n!e. The >o!$le/e lis/in of

bbre8i/ions nd full edi/or n!es >n be found in /he Lis/ of 6on/ribu/ors in /his8olu!e.

$e@8ii

Pe @8iii


$e@8iii

Pe @i@

#ist of %ontrib!tors% ; Dr. +n 6le8elnd, Professor, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

( ; Dr. +nne Dy, Professor, 6lrion I. of P+, 6lrion, P+

(osi, Professor, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

- ; +lison S//on, Librrin, K>inney Publi> Librry, K>inney, T4

+" ; Arbr 5d!nson, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

+", ;Arbr 5. Koos>hein, Librrin, ?nfo!r/, Dlls, T4

+ ; Arend lo#ers, Librrin, Alo#er Kound, T4+., ;Arbr ?. K>Nu//, Librrin, Kon!ou/h 6oun/y Librry, reehold, N

+# ; Dr. Aulli/ Lo#ry, Professor, Nor/h Te@s S//e I., Den/on, T4

+#W ;Aryn L. Wner, S/uden/, 6lrion I. of P+, 6lrion, P+


23/721

+, ; Arbr K>6r>en, Librrin, Trrn/ 6oun/y 6o!!uni/y 6ollee, or/Wor/h, T4

+N# ;Arbr N. Lis/, Librrin, 6olu!bi I., Ne# 3or, Ne# 3or

+4W ;Ae8erly . Wes/er, Librrin, el/h S>ien>es Librry, I. of Krylnd,Al/i!ore, KD

+- ; Arbr S$en>er, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

+-- ;Dr. Aernrd S. S>hlessiner, Professor, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

+W ; Arend Wes/broo, Librry 6onsul/n/, or/ Wor/h, T4

%+ ; Dr. 6hrles Aru>e, Professor, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

%++ ;6hrlo//e A. Aro#n, Librrin, rnlin nd Krshll 6ollee, Ln>s/er, P+

%% ; 6heryl 6hn, Librrin, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

%( ; 6onnie Do#ell, Librrin, I. of 6liforni, Sn/ Arbr, 6+

%" ; 6rlyle 5d#rds, Librrin, 6u!berlnd 6oun/y Publi> Librry, ye//e8ille,N6

%6 ; 6role "od/, Librrin, I. of Ki>hin, +nn +rbor, K?

%W;6rol . Win, Librrin, hode ?slnd 6ollee, Pro8iden>e, ?

%, ; 6rolyn Kenley, Librrin, >obs 5nineerin, ous/on, T4

%N+ ;6heryl N. Aroo!e, Librrin, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

%4# ;6hrles Lon, Librrin, N8l Inder#/er Sys/e!s 6en/er, Ne# London,6T

%- ; 6rol So!ers, S/uden/, 6lrion I. of P+, 6lrion, P+

%T ; 6lrbel Tnner, Librry 6onsul/n/, or/ Wor/h, T4

(+ ; Dr. Dniel Aeren, Professor, I. of hode ?slnd, ins/on, ?

(% ; Dr. Donld 6le8elnd, Professor, Nor/h Te@s S//e I., Den/on, T4


24/721

(%- ;Dr. Drrel 6. Sher#, Professor, 6lrion I. of P+, 6lrion, P+

("- ;Doreen 5. S/e8ens, Librrin, 6leburne Publi> Librry, 6leburne, T4

(6 ; Dine "rund, Librrin, Korine lley 6o!!uni/y 6ollee, Plos ills, ?L

( ; Dine udson, Librrin, Te@s Wo!ns I. Den/on, T4

(8 ; Deborh ne, Librrin, Dlls Trns$or//ion Sys/e!, Dlls, T4

$ditor)s 'oteH This lis/ refers /o /he >on/ribu/ors /o /he firs/ /hree edi/ions of The %ho)s%ho of 'obel ri*e %innersB19*(, 1991, nd 199(C.

$e@i@

Pe @@(N- ;Dr. D8id N. Sh8i/, Professor, Nor/hern ?llinois I., De lb, ?L

(NW;D8id N. We/herby, Professor, 6lrion I. of P+, 6lrion, P+

( ;Dr. Drlene O. ord, +dMun>/ Professor, Nor/h Te@s S//e I., Den/on, T4

(P ; Dolores Pye//e, Librrin, Ar/le// Publi> Librry, Ar/le//, ?L

(P8 ;D8id P. r$, S/uden/, 6lrion I. of P+, 6lrion, P+

(PN ;Drlene P. Ni>hols, Librrin, I. of Ki>hin, +nn +rbor, K?

(4 ; Doro/hy ie!ens>hneider, Librrin, 6olu!bi I., Ne# 3or, N3

(- ; Delbye Sessions, Librrin, Nor#i>h I., Nor#i>h, T

(T ; Dine Tilson, S/uden/, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

(= ; Dr. Don nn nd Dolores nn, Professors, Nor/h Te@s S//e I., Den/on,T4

(W ; Dine Whi/, Librrin, De So/o, ?n>., Des Plines, ?L

"+ ; Dr. 5dr Aole, Professor, Nor/h Te@s S//e I., Den/on, T4

""6 ;Dr. 5lizbe/h 5. "un/er, Professor, Nor/h Te@s S//e I., Den/on, T4


25/721

"6 ; 5lizbe/h "#yn, Librrin, Aride$or/ Publi> Librry, Aride$or/, 6T

"# ; 5line Lo#en/hl, Librrin, loss!oor Publi> Librry, loss!oor, ?L

8 ; rn eller!n, Librrin, Aro#n I., Pro8iden>e, ?

#T ;Dr. rn L. Turner, Professor, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

4P ;Dr. rn>is>o . Perez, Professor, Sou/h#es/ern Te@s S//e I., Sn Kr>os,T4

6",;"lenn 5. Kens>hin, Librrin, I. of Ki>hin, +nn +rbor, K?

68 ; Dr. "erld ir, Professor, Nor/h Te@s S//e I., Den/on, T4

6NW;". Nele Weber, Phoeni@, +J

64 ; "r>iel eyn, Librrin, I. of Te@s, Sou/h#es/ern Kedi>l 6en/er, Dlls,T4

6- ; Dr. "ene Sessions, Professor, Nor#i>h I., Nor#i>h, T

6W ; Dr. "eore Wolls/on, Professor, 6lrion I. of P+, 6lrion, P+


26/721

S>hools, Le#is8ille, T4

hlessiner, Professor, I. of Nor/h Te@s, Den/on, T4


27/721

8 ; y rey, Librrin, Nor/hern Ki>hin I., KrGue//e, K?

86 ; /hleen "unnin, Librrin, I. of ous/on, ous/on, T4

8 ; y r8ey, Librrin, 5s/ Te@s S//e I., 6o!!er>e, T4

8ery, Nor/h Te@s S//e I., Den/on, T4

8N, ; /hleen N. Kurry, Librrin, Koun/ Pros$e>/ Publi> Librry, Koun/Pros$e>/, ?L

# ; Lind +rny, Librrin, I. of Kss>huse//s, +!hers/, K+

#+ ; Louise Allo>, Librrin, Drien Publi> Librry, Drien, 6T

#+W ; Dr. L.A.Woods, Librry Dire>/or, enderson S//e I., +redel$hi, +

#% ; Lind 6lry, S/uden/, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

#%+ ; Lind 6. Ardley, S/uden/, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

#( ; Lis Dl/on, Librrin, I. of Nor/h 6rolin, 6h$el ill, N6

#.- ; Louise ?. Sul, Librrin, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

#.W ; Lis ?. Whi/e, Librrin, Dun>n8ille Publi> Librry, Dun>n8ille, T4

# ; Leh rri>, Librrin, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

#8 ; Lis !!erlo>her, Librrin, Nor/h Te@s S//e I., Den/on, T4

#, ; Lynd K>e>hron, S/uden/, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

#,W ;Dr. Lu>ille K. Wer/, Librrin, I. of ?llinois, 6h!$in, ?L

#NW ; Lur N. Windsor, Librrin, I. of Ki>hin, +nn +rbor, K?

#P ; Dr. Lloyd Prs, Professor, Nor/h Te@s S//e I., Den/on, T4

#4- ; Dr. L. ober/ S/e8ens, Professor, Nor/h Te@s S//e I., Den/on, T4

#- ; Leslie Sndlin, Librrin, Koun/ Plesn/ Publi> Librry, Koun/ Plesn/,


28/721

T4

#-- ; Louise S. Sherby, +ssis/n/ Dire>/or for Publi> Ser8i>es, I. of Kissouri-nss 6i/y, KO

#T ; Lind Tshboo, Librrin, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

#W ; Lorlyn Whi/ney, Librrin, ill Kri 6ollee Librry, 5rie, P+

,=%;Kry +nn n 6ur, Librrin, !line I. S>hool of L#, S/. Pul, KN

,+ ; Kr/h Abul, S/uden/, Nor/hern ?llinois I., De lb, ?L

,% ; Kry 6oleson, S/uden/, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

,(% ; Kry Du>> 6rri>, Te>her, 6or/ez ih S>hool, Phoeni@, +J

,"T ; Kry 5. Tesdle, S/uden/, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

, ; Kuri>e or/in, Librrin, Nor/h Te@s S//e I., Den/on, T4

,# ; Kureen . Lon, Te>her, Wes/erly ih S>hool, Wes/erly, ?

,64 ; Dr. Kr/h ". ndiro, Professor, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

, ; Krueri/e orn, Librrin, Aro#n I., Pro8iden>e, ?

,e, T4

,o, ?L

,8 ; Kon erby, Librrin, +rlin/on Dis/ri>/, +rlin/on, T4

,# ; Krlene L/u>h, Librrin, So!erse/ Dis/ri>/, So!erse/ P+

,## ; Krlene L. Lo$es, Librrin, hode ?slnd 6ollee, Pro8iden>e, ?

$e@@i

Pe @@ii

,N ; Ke// Ni>e#r!er, Librrin, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

,N%;Kry N. 6rill, Librrin, 6olu!bi I., Ne# 3or, N3


29/721

,N8;Kry N. y, Librrin, 6olu!bi I., Ne# 3or, N3

,P ; Kry Porre//, Librrin, Te@s Wo!ns I, Den/on, T4

N ; Nn>y u!$hreys, Librrin, I. of Wis>onsin, Whi/e#/er, W?

N# ; Noln Lushin/on, Librrin, "reen#i>h Publi> Librry, "reen#i>h, 6T

N4 ;Nn>y . essler, Librrin, Korine lley 6o!!uni/y 6ollee, Plosills, ?L

P% ;P/ri>i +. 6nnon, Librrin, +!rillo Publi> Librry, +!rillo, T4

P6 ;Dr. Pe/e +. "un/er, Professor, Nor/h Te@s S//e I., Den/on, T4

P"i 5. ensen, Professor, I. of hode ?slnd, ins/on, ?

P ; Philli$ ih/, Librrin, Nor/hes/ern ?llinois I., 6hi>o, ?L

P8 ; Dr. Pr8in uMoory, Professor, Pririe ie# + Y K I, Pririe ie#, T4

P, ; P/ri>i Kon/rose, S/uden/, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

PP ; P/ri>i Pe, Librrin, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

PP ;P!el P. e/her, Librrin, Os#eo Publi> Librry, Os#eo, ?L

PP ;Dr. P!el P. ufnel, Professor, Pennsyl8ni S//e I., Dubois, P+

P- ; P/ri>i SGuires, Librrin, Nor/hern Tele>o!, Dlls, T4

4 ; Dr. eynldo +yl, Professor, I. of Sn Dieo, 6le@i>o, 6+

4hrd ussell, Librrin, "len8ille S//e 6ollee, "len8ille, W

4-# ;Dr. ober/ S. L or/e, Professor, Nor/h Te@s S//e I., Den/on, T4


30/721

4W- ;ober/ W. Sers, Librrin, Dlls Publi> Librry, Dlls, T4

-+ ; Shron 6hre//e, Librrin, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

-( ; Sr D8is, Librrin, >obs 5nineerin, ous/on, T4

-(- ;Srh D. S!i/h, Librrin, ?ndin Trils Publi> Librry, Wheelin, ?L

-6 ; Sndy "llu$, Librrin, Aro#n I., Pro8iden>e, ?

-- ;Srh . S$urin, Librrin, 6olu!bi I., Ne# 3or, N3

-8 ; S/e$hen Do>hoff, Librrin, 6olu!bi I., Ne# 3or, N3

-8 ;Sheil . +res/d, Librrin, rnlin nd Krshll 6ollee, Ln>s/er, P+

-, ; Dr. S!uel Krino, Professor, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

- ; Dr. Sol8ei Olsen, Professor, Nor/h Te@s S//e I., Den/on, T4

-4 ; Susn oos/h, Librrin, Sou/hern Ke/hodis/ I., Dlls, T4

-W ; Dr. S/e8e Wood, Professor, I. of hode ?slnd, ins/on, ?

-W% ;Srh W. 6on, Librrin, I. of Ki>hin, +nn +rbor, K?

-# ; S/e8en Lin, Librrin, Dlls Publi> Librry, Dlls, T4

T+ ; Teres Aunrd, Librrin, I. of Ki>hin, +nn +rbor, K?

T8 ; Tiss uz!n, Librrin, +!eri>n K/he!/i>l So>ie/y, Pro8iden>e, ?

T, ; Tho!s K>"in/y, Librrin, LT 6or$or/ion, Dlls, T4

TN+ ;Tho!s N. Aooer, S/uden/, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

T- ; Tony S/nus, Librry, oly 6ross 6ollee, Wor>es/er, K+

T-8 ;Dr. Turner S. obler, Professor, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

= ;irini +. oo/on, Librrin, I. of Te@s / Dlls, Dlls, T4


31/721

=+ ; eroni> Aesley, S/uden/, Te@s Wo!ns I., Den/on, T4

=% ; i>/ori 6ly/on, Librrin, Queens 6ollee, lushin, Ne# 3or

==, ;Dr. ndeli n Ke/er, Professor, Ini8ersi/y of Sou/hern Kississi$$i,//iesbur, KS

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W"W ;Wynne 5. Weiss, Librrin, Des Plines Publi> Librry, Des Plines, ?L

W6 ; Wendy "rh!, Librrin, Kon/n S//e Librry, elen , KT

W8 ; Dr. Willi! !!n, Professor, Nor/h Te@s S//e I., Den/on, T4

W#N ;Dr. W. Lee Nhrn, Professor, Nor/h Te@s S//e I., Den/on, T4

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32/721

%heistr$

1901

=ant off5 h1, 1911; Aerlin, "er!ny.Parents:/her, >obus enri>us n/ off; Ko/her, +lid>ob lff n/ off.Nationality:Du/>h.Religion:No ornized reliion; !os/

$robbly 6hris/inPro/es/n/ b>round.Education:Poly/e>hni> S>hool, Ne/herlnds,/e>hnoloy di$lo!, 1*&1; Ini8. of I/re>h/, Ne/herlnds, do>/or/e, 1*&).Spouse:ohnn rn>in Kees, !rried 1*&*. Children:ohnn rn>in, duh/er; +leid>ob, duh/er; >obu enri>us, son; "o8er/ >ob, son. Career:e/erinry 6ollee,I/re>h/, Ne/herlnds, Professor, 1*&(:&&; Ini8. of +!s/erd!, Ne/herlnds, Professor,1*&&:&*; Ini8. of Lei$zi, "er!ny, Professor, 1*&*:9(; Ini8. of Aerlin, "er!ny,

Professor, 1*9(:1911. Other Awards:D8y Kedl, 1*9; 6he8lier de l Leiondonneur, 1*9); el!hol/z Kedl, Prussin +>de!y of S>ien>es, 1911.

Selected Publications:-a himie dans l)$space. o//erd!H P.K. AzendiM, 1*&%.Ansichten 3ber die Organische hemie. 2 8olu!es. Aruns>h#eis, "er!nyH . ie#es,1*&*:*1.$tudes de &ynami4ue himi4ue. +!s/erd!H . Kuller Y 6o., 1**).-ois del)$4uilibre himi4ue dans l)$tate &ilue, 5a*eux on &issous. S/o>hol!H P.+. Nors/ed/,1**(. orlesunsen 3ber Theoretischen und hysi2alischen hemie. 8olu!es.Aruns>h#ei, "er!nyH . ie#e und Sohn, 1*9*:1900.

or !ore "n#or$ation See:6ohen, 5.7acobus /enricus an)t /off. (ein -eben und

%er2en. Lei$zi, "er!nyH +de!is>he erls-esells>hf/, 1912.&ictionary of(cientific 8iography. Ne# 3orH S>ribners, 19&( Bolu!e 1C, %&%:*1.

Co$$entary:>obus n/ off #s #rded /he Nobel Prize in re>oni/ion of /hee@/rordinry ser8i>es he hs rendered by /he dis>o8ery of /he l#s of >he!i>ldyn!i>s nd os!o/i> $ressure in solu/ions.Z ?n ddi/ion /o /his #or, he #s lso no/edfor his reser>h on s/ru>/url for!uls in s$>e Bs/ereo>he!is/ryC nd on >he!i>leGuilibriu!. BW.".C

1902

ischer5 erann "il 2

Prize:6he!is/ry, 1902.Born:O>/ober 9, 1*%2; 5usir>hen, "er!ny.Death:uly 1%,1919; Aerlin, "er!ny.Parents:/her, Lurenz is>her; Ko/her, ulie Poensenis>her.Nationality:"er!n.Religion:Pro/es/n/.Education:Ini8. of Aonn,"er!ny, A.S., 1*&1; Ini8. of S/rsbour, rn>e, Ph.D., 1*&).Spouse:+nes "erl>h,!rried 1***. Children:er!nn O//o Lurenz, son; 2 o/her sons. Career:Ini8. of


33/721

Kuni>h, "er!ny, Professor, 1*&%:*2; Ini8. of 5rlnen, "er!ny, Professor, 1**2:*%; Ini8. of Wurzber, "er!ny, Professor, 1**%:92; Ini8. of Aerlin, "er!ny,Professor, 1*92:1919. Other Awards:D8y Kedl, 1*90; off!n Kedl, "er!n6he!i>l So>ie/y, 190(; 5llio/ 6resson "old Kedl, rnlin ?ns/i/u/e, Phildel$hi,P+, 191.

Selected Publications:Anleitung *ur &arstellung Organischer rparate. WRrzbur,"er!nyH erl der S/hels>hen l. of-und Ini8ersi/[/s-Au>h und uns/bndlun,1*9. :ntersuchungen 3ber Aminosuren, olypeptide, und roteine, 1;99+1906.AerlinH S$riner, 190(. :ntersuchungen in der uringrupp, 1;;+1906. AerlinHS$riner, 190&. :ntersuchungen 3ber Triphenylmethanfarbstoffe, /ydra*ine, und

, !rried 1*9); Kri ohnsson, !rried 190%. Children:Olof, son;S8en, son; 5s/er, duh/er; +nn-Lis, duh/er. Career:Ini8. of I$$sl, S#eden,Professor, 1**):91; Ini8. of S/o>hol!, S#eden, Professor nd +d!inis/r/or, 1*91:190%; Nobel ?ns/i/u/e for Physi>l 6he!is/ry, S#eden, Dire>/or, 190%:2&. Other

Awards:D8y Kedl, oyl So>ie/y, 1902; Willrd "ibbs Kedl, Ini/ed S//es, 1911;rdy Kedl, 191).

Selected Publications:-ehrbuch der $le2trochemie. Lei$zi, "er!nyH Qund/ Y


34/721

ndell, 1901 BTextboo2 on $lectrochemistry. Tr. by ohn K>6re. Ne# 3orHLon!ns

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Pe )

"reen Y 6o., 1902C. Theorien der hemie. Lei$zi, "er!nyH +de!is>heerlseesells>hf/, 190( BTheories of hemistry. Tr. by T. Sl/er Pri>e. Ne# 3orHLon!ns "reen Y 6o., 190&C. The %orld in the #a2ing> $volution of the :niverse.

Ne# 3orH r$er Y Aro/hers, 190*. The (illiman -ectures and Theories of (olutions.Ne# 8en, 6TH 3le Ini8. Press, 1912. The ?uantitative -as in 8iologicalhemistry. LondonH ". Aell Y Sons, 191%.

or !ore "n#or$ation See:&ictionary of (cientific 8iography. Ne# 3orH S>ribners,19& Bolu!e 1C, 29(:02. The -egacy of (vante Arrhenius> :nderstanding the 5reen@

house $ffect. S/o>hol!H oyl S#edish +>de!y of S>ien>es, S/o>hol! Ini8ersi/y,199*. Solo8e8, ?. (vante Arrhenius, 1;"9+19. Kos>o#, ussiH Nu, 1990. \S8n/e+uus/ +rrhenius.Z!eitschrift f3r hysi2alische hemie(9 B1909CH %:20. (venst

8iografis2t -exi2on. S/o>hol!H +lber/ Aonniers orl, 1920 Bolu!e 2C, 2*&:01.

Co$$entary:S8n/e +rrhenius re>ei8ed /he Nobel \in re>oni/ion of /he e@/rordinryser8i>es he hs rendered /o /he d8n>e!en/ of >he!is/ry by his ele>/roly/i> /heory ofdisso>i/ion.Z e #s lso no/ble for his #or in ele>/ri>l >ondu>/i8i/y, in seroloynd i!!uno>he!is/ry, nd in $hysi>l $ro>esses in /he uni8erse. +rrhenius $r/i>i$/ed>/i8ely in nons>ien/ifi> ffirs nd #s ins/ru!en/l in neo/i/in /he relese of"er!n-+us/rin s>ien/is/s #ho #ere $risoners of #r in World Wr ?. BA.S.S.C

190?

4asa$5 Willia5 -ir ?

Prize:6he!is/ry, 190).Born:O>/ober 2, 1*%2; "lso#, S>o/lnd.Death:uly 2,191(; ih Wy>o!be, Au>inh!shire, "lso#, S>o/lnd.Parents:/her,ober/son W. !sy; Ko/her, 6/herine ober/son !sy.Nationality:S>o//ish.

Religion:6l8inis/.Education:Ini8. of TRbinen, "er!ny, Ph.D., 1*&2.Spouse:Krre/ S/e8enson Au>hnn, !rried +uus/ 1**1. Children:1 son; 1 duh/er.Career:+nderson 6ollee, "lso#, S>o/lnd, Professor, 1*&2:&); Ini8. of "lso#,S>o/lnd, Professor, 1*&):*0; Aris/ol Ini8., 5nlnd, Professor, 1**0:*&; Ini8. ofLondon, 5nlnd, Professor, 1**&:191. Other Awards:D8y Kedl, oyl So>ie/y,1*9%; odins Prize, S!i/hsonin ?ns/i/u/ion, 1*9%; ren>h +>de!y of S>ien/is/sPrize, 1*9%; nih/hood, 1902; +.W. off!n Kedl, "er!n 6he!i>l So>ie/y, 190;Prussin Order of Keri/; 6o!!nder of /he 6ro#n of ?/ly.

Selected Publications:The 5ases of the Atmosphere> The /istory of Their &iscovery.


35/721

Ne# 3orH K>!illn, 1*9(.#odern hemistry> Theoretical. LondonH . Den/, 1900.#odern hemistry> (ystematic. LondonH . Den/, 1900., 190).$ssays 8iographical and hemical.LondonH +. 6ons/ble Y 6o., 190*.$lements and $lectrons. Ne# 3orH r$er, 1912.

or !ore "n#or$ation See:&ictionary of (cientific 8iography. Ne# 3orH S>ribners,

19& Bolu!e 11C, 2&&:*). Tr8ers, Korris W.A -ife of %illiam Bamsay. LondonH5d#rd +rnold, 19%(.

Co$$entary:Willi! !sys Nobel #s \in re>oni/ion of his ser8i>es in /hedis>o8ery of /he iner/ seous ele!en/s in ir, nd his de/er!in/ion of /heir $l>e in /he

$eriodi> sys/e!.Z is in/eres/s, ho#e8er, #ere fr-rnin nd in>luded sinifi>n/ #oron /he $yridine bses, on e8$or/ion nd disso>i/ion, on !ole>ulr surf>e enery, ndon rdio>/i8i/y. BA.S.S.C

190@

=on +ae$er5 dolf /ober 1, 1*%; Aerlin, "er!ny.Death:+uus/ 20,191&; S/rnber, A8ri, "er!ny.Parents:/her, ohnn ob Aeyer; Ko/her,5uenie i/zi Aeyer.Nationality:"er!n.Religion:e#ish58neli>l.Education:Ini8. of Aerlin, "er!ny, Ph.D., 1*%*.Spouse:+delheid Aende!nn, !rried 1*(*.Children:5uenie, duh/er; ns, son; O//o, son. Career:eule Lbor/ory,eidelber, "er!ny, eser>her, 1*%*:(0; Trde +>de!y, Aerlin, "er!ny,Professor, 1*(0:((; Ini8. of Aerlin, "er!ny, Professor, 1*((:(9; Wr +>de!y,

"er!ny, Professor, 1*(9:&2; Ini8. of S/rusber, "er!ny, Professor, 1*&2:&%; Ini8.of Kuni>h, "er!ny, Professor, 1*&%:191. Other Awards:D8y Kedl, oyl So>ie/y,1**1.

Selected Publications:Adolph von 8aeyer)s 5esammelte %er2eBollected %or2sC. 28olu!es. Aruns#i>, "er!nyH . ie#i und Sohn, 190%.

or !ore "n#or$ation See:&ictionary of (cientific 8iography. Ne# 3orH S>ribners,19&0 Bolu!e 2C, *9:91. u$e, .Adolf von 8aeyer als -ehrer und =orscher. S/u//r/,"er!nyH . 5ne, 192. S>h!orl, rl.Adolf von 8aeyer, 1;C"+191. S/u//r/HWissens>hf/li>he erlsesells>hf/, 19%2.

Co$$entary:+dolf 8on Aeyer #s rn/ed /he Nobel \in re>oni/ion of his ser8i>es in/he d8n>e!en/ of orni> >he!is/ry nd /he >he!i>l indus/ry, /hrouh his #or onorni> dyes nd hydroro!/i> >o!$ounds.Z One of /he f/hers of orni> >he!is/ry,Aeyers #or en>o!$ssed /he s/udy of uri> >id, brbi/uri> >id, indio, indole,indio/in, zin>-dus/ dis/ill/ion, >ondens/ion re>/ions, /he $h/hleins, >e/ylene,

$oly>e/ylene, orni> $ero@ides, o@oniu! >o!$ounds, benzene nd >y>li> /er$ene.BA.S.S.C


36/721

190A

,oissan5 enri A

Prize:6he!is/ry, 190(.Born:Se$/e!ber 2*, 1*%2; Pris, rn>e.Death:ebrury 20,190&; Pris, rn>e.Parents:/her, no re>ord found; Ko/her, Ki/elle Koissn.

Nationality:ren>h.Religion:e#ish.Education:Ini8. of Pris, rn>e, b>>lure/e,1*&); Ini8. of Pris, rn>e, li>en>e, 1*&&; Ini8. of Pris, rn>e, do>/eur es s>ien>es$hysiGues, 1**0.Spouse:Leonie Lun, !rried 1**2. Children:Louis, son. Career:]>ole Su$erieure de Phr!>ie, rn>e, Professor, 1*&9:*, 1**(:1900; Ini8. ofSorbonne, rn>e, Professor, 1900:0&. Other Awards:L>ze Prize, +>de!y ofS>ien>es, 1**&; D8y Kedl, oyl So>ie/y, 1*9(; off!n Kedl, "er!n 6he!i>lSo>ie/y, 190.

Selected Publications:-e =our $lectri4ue. PrisH ". S/einheil, 1*9&.-e =luor et sesomposes. PrisH ". S/einheil, 1900.-e himie #inerale, ses Belations avec les Autres

(ciences. PrisH ". S/einheil, 190). Traite de himie #inerale. PrisH Ksson, 190):0(.or !ore "n#or$ation See:&ictionary of (cientific 8iography. Ne# 3orH S>ribners,19&0 Bolu!e 9C, )%0:%2. "u/bier, +le@nder.!ur $rinnerung an /enrie #oissan.

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5rlnenH K. Ken>e, 190*. Lebeu, Pul. \enri Koissn.8ulletin de la (ocietehimi4ue de =ranceB)/h seriesC B190*CH 1:*.

Co$$entary:enri Koissn #s #rded /he Nobel Prize \in re>oni/ion of /he re/ser8i>es rendered by hi! in his in8es/i/ion nd isol/ion of /he ele!en/ fluorine, ndfor /he do$/ion in /he ser8i>e of s>ien>e of /he ele>/ri> furn>e >lled f/er hi!.ZKoissn used /he hih /e!$er/ures //inble in /he ele>/ri> furn>e he de8elo$ed /o

$re$re nu!erous ne# >o!$ounds nd /o 8$orize subs/n>es $re8iously rerded sinfusible. ?n ddi/ion, he dis>o8ered sili>on >rbide B>rborundu!C, $rodu>ed r/ifi>ildi!onds, nd de8ised >o!!er>illy $rofi/ble !e/hod of $rodu>in >e/ylene. Thede8elo$!en/ of hih-/e!$er/ure >he!is/ry #s re/ly ins$ired by his ele>/ri> furn>e.BD..C

190B

+!chner5 "d!ard B

Prize:6he!is/ry, 190&.Born:Ky 20, 1*(0; Kuni>h, "er!ny.Death:+uus/ 1,191&; o>sni, u!ni.Parents:/her, 5rns/ Au>hner; Ko/her, riederie Kr/inAu>hner.Nationality:"er!n.Religion:Kos/ $robbly 6hris/inPro/es/n/.

Education:Ini8. of Kuni>h, "er!ny, Ph.D., 1***.Spouse:Lo//e S/hl, !rried 1900.


37/721


38/721

-ord Butherford of 'elson. 8olu!es. Ne# 3orH ?n/ers>ien>e Publishers, 19(2:(%.

or !ore "n#or$ation See:&ictionary of (cientific 8iography. Ne# 3orH S>ribners,19&% Bolu!e 12C, 2%:(. e/her, Nor!n.-ord Butherford. LondonH Al>ie nd Son,L/d., 19)0. Obituary 'otices of the Boyal (ociety of -ondon. 6!brideH oyl So>ie/y,19* Bolu!e 2C, 9%:)2.

Co$$entary:5rnes/ u/herford #s honored by /he +>de!y \for his in8es/i/ionsin/o /he disin/er/ion of /he ele!en/s, nd /he >he!is/ry of rdio>/i8e subs/n>es.ZWhile s/ill in Ne# Jelnd, u/herford s/udied /he !ne/i> $ro$er/ies of iron in hih-freGuen>y dis>hres nd desined /i!e-!esurin de8i>e. ?n 5nlnd, he in8en/ed nele>/ro!ne/i> #8e de/e>/or nd s/udied @-ry bo!brd!en/ nd urniu! rdi/ions.Durin his /i!e in 6nd, he >on/inued his s/udies of rdio>/i8i/y nd rdon. A> in5nlnd, his fur/her s/udies on rdio>/i8i/y led /o his >on>e$/ of nu>ler s/ru>/ure nde8en/ully /o /he bo!brd!en/ s/udies /h/ elbor/ed /his, nd $rodu>ed/rns!u//ions. ?n ddi/ion /o his o#n #or, he de8elo$ed !ul/i/ude of re/

reser>hers. BL..C

1909

st)ald5 riedrich Wilhel 9

Prize:6he!is/ry, 1909.Born:Se$/e!ber 2, 1*%; i, L/8i.Death:+$ril ), 192;"rossbo/hen, "er!ny.Parents:/her, "o//fried Os/#ld; Ko/her, 5lizbe/h Leu>elOs/#ld.Nationality:L/8in; l/er "er!n >i/izen.Religion:6hris/in.Education:Ini8. of Dor$/, L/8i, b>>lure/e, 1*&%; Ini8. of Dor$/, L/8i, K.+., 1*&(; Ini8.

of Dor$/, L/8i, Ph.D., 1*&*.Spouse:elene 8on eyher, !rried +$ril 2), 1**0.Children:6rl Wilhel! Wolfn, son; "re/e, duh/er; 2 o/her sons; 1 o/her duh/er.Career:i Poly/e>hni> ?ns/i/u/e, L/8i, Professor, 1**1:*&; Ini8. of Lei$zi,"er!ny, Professor, 1**&:190(. Other Awards:rdy Kedl, oyl So>ie/y, 190).

Selected Publications:-ehrbuch der Allgemeinen hemie. Lei$zi, "er!nyH5nle!n, 1*91:1902./and@und /ilfsbuch *ur Ausfuhrung hysi2ochemischer

#essungen. Lei$zi, "er!nyH W. 5nle!nn, 1*9. \^ber Physio>he!is>heKess!e/hoden.Z!eitschrift f3r hysi2alische hemie1& B1*9%CH )2&:)%. 5rundliniender Anorganischen hemie.

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Pe (

Lei$zi, "er!nyH W. 5nle!nn, 1900. \^ber /lyse.Z erhandlungen der5esellschaft &eutsch 'aturforscher und Ar*te& B1901CH 1*):201.

or !ore "n#or$ation See:&ictionary of (cientific 8iography. Ne# 3orH S>ribners,19&* Bolu!e 1%C, )%%:(9.-ebenslinien. 8olu!es. AerlinH lsin nd 6o., 192(:2&.


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Os/#ld, "re/e. %ilhelm Ostald, #ein ater. S/u//r/, "er!nyH Aerliner Inion,19%.

Co$$entary:The Nobel Prize #s $resen/ed /o Wilhel! Os/#ld \for his #or on>/lysis nd on /he >ondi/ions of >he!i>l eGuilibriu! nd 8elo>i/ies of >he!i>lre>/ions.Z Os/#lds erly reser>h on >he!i>l dyn!i>s nd his effor/s /o de8elo$

ne# !e/hods of !esure!en/ $ro!$/ed his e!eren>e s one of /he >en/rl fiures in/he de8elo$!en/ of /he ne# field of $hysi>l >he!is/ry. is s/udies of >/lysis, se!inlin /his field, led /o his $/en/in of /he Os/#ld $ro>ess of o@idizin !!oni /o ni/ri>>id. Os/#lds #ri/ins #ere bsi> /o /he de8elo$in fields of inorni>, nly/i>l, nd

$hysi>l >he!is/ry. is l/er $hiloso$hi>l nd \uni8erslZ s>ien/ifi> #ri/ins #ereeGully i!$or/n/. BL..C

1910

Wallach5 tto 10Prize:6he!is/ry, 1910.Born:Kr>h 2&, 1*)&; Unisber, "er!ny.Death:ebrury2(, 191; "U//inen, "er!ny.Parents:/her, "erhrd Wll>h; Ko/her, O/illiTho! Wll>h.Nationality:"er!n.Religion:e#ish.Education:Ini8. of"U//inen, "er!ny, Ph.D., 1*(9.Spouse:None. Children:None. Career:+/ienesells>hf/ fRr +nilinfbri/ion, "er!ny, eser>her, 1*&1:&; Ini8. of Aonn,"er!ny, Professor, 1*&:*9; Ini8. of "U//inen, "er!ny, Professor, 1**9:191%.Other Awards:D8y Kedl, 1912; "er!n oyl Order of /he 6ro#n, 191%.

Selected Publications:\Jur en/niss de Ter$ene und +/heris>hen Oele ?.7ustus

-iebigs Annalen der hemie2* B1**&CH &*:*9. \Jur 6ons/i/u/ionsbes/i!!un desTer$ineols.Z8erichte der &eutschen hemischen 5esellschaft2* B1*9%CH 1&&:&&.&ieTerpene und ampher. Lei$zi, "er!nyH ei/, 1909.

or !ore "n#or$ation See:&ictionary of (cientific 8iography. Ne# 3orH S>ribnersBolu!e 1)C, 1)1:)2. Pr/ride, Willi! S., nd S>hierz, 5rnes/ . \O//o Wll>hH Theirs/ Ornizer of /he Ter$enes.Z7ournal of hemical $ducation2) B19)&CH 10(:0*.

Co$$entary:The Nobel +#rd /o O//o Wll>h #s \in re>oni/ion of his ser8i>es /oorni> >he!is/ry nd /he >he!i>l indus/ry by his $ioneer #or in /he field of li>y>li>>o!$ounds.Z +l/houh he #s lso res$onsible for so!e of /he ey reser>h on orni>

s/ru>/ure de/er!in/ion nd on orni> syn/heses nd /rnsfor!/ions, his reser>h in /here of oils nd $erfu!es is usully >i/ed be>use of i/s i!$e/us in /he de8elo$!en/ of !Mor indus/ry. B..C


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1911

%!rie5 ,arie D-klodo)ska5 ,ariaE 11

Prize:Physi>s, 190 S55 5elle!oz, rn>e.Parents:/her, Wldysl#

Slodo#s; Ko/her, Aronisl# Aous Slodo#s.Nationality:Polish; l/erren>h >i/izen.Religion:+n/i>leri>l; fro! 6/holi> b>round.Education:Ini8. ofPris-Sorbonne, rn>e, li>en>e es s>ien>es $hysiGues, 1*9; Ini8. of Pris-Sorbonne,rn>e, li>en>e es s>ien>es !/he!/iGues, 1*9); Ini8. of Pris-Sorbonne, rn>e,Ph.D., 190).Spouse:Pierre 6urie, !rried uly 2%, 1*9%. Children:?rene, duh/er;58e, duh/er. Career:"o8erness, 1**%:91; ]>ole Nor!le Su$_rieur, S`8res, rn>e,Professor, 1900; Ini8. of Sorbonne, rn>e, Professor, 190):). Other Awards:Aer/hole/ Kedl, +>d_!ie des S>ien>es, 1902; "ener Prize, 1902; D8y Kedl, oylSo>ie/y, 190; 5llio// 6resson Kedl, 1909.

Selected Publications:Becherches sur les (ubstances Badioactives. PrisH "u/hier-illrs, 190). TraitD de BadioactivitD. 2 8olu!es. PrisH "u/hier-illrs, 1910. \LesKesures en dio>/i8i/_ e/ l5/lon du diu!.Z7ournal de hysi4ue2 B1912CH &1%.Oeuvres de #arie (2lodos2a@urie. Wrs#H Pns/#o#ie Wid#ni>/#o Nuo#e,19%).

or !ore "n#or$ation See:6o//on, 5uene.-es uries. PrisH Sehers, 19(. 6urie,58e.#adame urie. PrisH "lli!rd, 199.&ictionary of (cientific 8iography. Ne#3orH S>ribners, 19&1 Bolu!e C, )9&:%0.

Co$$entary:Krie 6urie #s /he firs/ #o!n /o #in Nobel Prize nd /he firs/ $erson

/o re>ei8e /#o Nobel Prizes. She shred /he firs/ Nobel, in Physi>s, #i/h her husbnd,Pierre, nd +. . Ae>Guerel \in re>oni/ion of /he s$e>il ser8i>es rendered by /he! in/he #or /hey Moin/ly >rried ou/ in in8es/i/in /he $heno!en of rdi/ion dis>o8ered

by Professor Ae>Guerel.Z er se>ond, unshred Nobel Prize, in 6he!is/ry, >!e \inre>oni/ion of /he ser8i>es rendered by her /o /he de8elo$!en/ of >he!is/ryH by herdis>o8ery of /he ele!en/s rdiu! nd $oloniu!, by her de/er!in/ion of /he n/ure ofrdiu! nd isol/ion of i/ in !e/lli> s//e, nd by her in8es/i/ions in/o /he>o!$ounds of /his re!rble ele!en/.Z B.6.C

19126ri&nard5 ranFois !&!ste =ictor 12

Prize:6he!is/ry, 1912.Born:Ky (, 1*&1; 6herbour, rn>e.Death:De>e!ber 1,19%; Lyons, rn>e.Parents:/her, Theo$hile enri "rinrd; Ko/her, Krie eber/"rinrd.Nationality:ren>h.Religion:Kos/ $robbly 6hris/inPro/es/n/.

Education:Ini8. of Lyons, rn>e, Li>en>ie es S>ien>es K/he!/iGues, 1*9; Ini8. ofLyons, rn>e, Li>en>ie es S>ien>es PhysiGues, 1*9*; Ini8. of Lyons, rn>e, Do>/eur


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es S>ien>es, 1901.Spouse:+uus/ine Krie Aouln/, !rried 1910. Children:oer,son; 1 duh/er. Career:Ini8. of Lyons, rn>e, Professor, 1*9):190%; Ini8. ofAesnaon, rn>e, Professor, 190%:0(; Ini8. of Lyons, rn>e, Professor, 190(:09;Ini8. of Nn>y, rn>e, Professor, 1909:20; Ini8. of Lyons, rn>e, Professor, 1920:2. Other Awards:6hours Prize B?ns/i/u/e de rn>eC, 1901 nd 1902; Aer/hole/ Kedl,

1902; Pri@ e>er, 190%; L8oisier Kedl, 1912.Selected Publications:\Sur QuelGues Nou8elles 6o!binsions Orno!e/lliGues duKnesiu! e/ Leur +$$li>/ion des Syn/heses d+l>ohols e/ dydro>rbures.Zomptes Bendus de l)AcadDmie des (ciences12( B1*9*CH 122. \Sur les 6o!binsionsOrno!nesiennes Ki@/es e/ Leur +$$li>/ion des Syn/heses d+>ides, d+l>ohols,e/ dydro>rbures.ZAnnales de l):niversite de -yon(

$e(

Pe &

B1901CH 1:11(. Traite de himie Organi4ue. PrisH Ksson, 19%:%9.

or !ore "n#or$ation See:&ictionary of (cientific 8iography. Ne# 3orH S>ribners,19&2 Bolu!e %C, %)0:)1. \i>/or "rinrd.Z7ournal of the American hemical (ociety%9 B19&CH 1&:19.

Co$$entary:The #rd /o i>/or "rinrd #s \for /he dis>o8ery of /he so->lled"rinrd reen/, #hi>h in re>en/ yers hs re/ly d8n>ed /he $roress of orni>>he!is/ry.Z e firs/ s/udied e/hyl be/-iso$ro$yl>e/obu/yr/e, /hediiso$ro$ylbu/enedi>rbo@yli> >ids nd brn>hed uns/ur/ed hydro>rbons, !o8in on

/hen /o /he orno!nesiu! >o!$ounds. +f/er $re$r/ion of /he !nesiu! lylhlides, he used /he! /o $re$re l>ohols, e/ones, e/o-es/ers, ni/riles, /er$ene>o!$ounds, nd ful8enes. "rinrd lso s/udied hydro>rbon >r>in nd >/ly/i>hydroen/ion nd dehydroen/ion. BK.5.T.C

-abatier5 Pa!l 13

Prize:6he!is/ry, 1912.Born:No8e!ber %, 1*%); 6r>ssone, rn>e.Death:+uus/1), 19)1; Toulouse, rn>e.Parents:/her, +le@is Sb/ier; Ko/her, Puline "uilh!Sb/ier.Nationality:ren>h.Religion:6/holi>.Education:]>ole Nor!le

Su$_rieure, rn>e, +ree in Physi>l S>ien>es, 1*&&; 6oll`e de rn>e, Do>/or ofS>ien>e, 1**0.Spouse:"er!ine eril, !rried 1**). Children:) duh/ers. Career:Ly>_e de Ni!es, rn>e, Professor, 1*&&:&*; 6ollee de rn>e, Professor, 1*&*:*0;Ini8. of Aordeu@, rn>e, Professor, 1**0:*2; Ini8. of Toulouse, rn>e, Professor,1**2:1929. Other Awards:Pri@ L 6ze, +>de!y of S>ien>es, 1*9&; Pri@ e>er,+>de!y of S>ien>es, 190%; D8y Kedl, oyl So>ie/y, 191%; oyl Kedl, oylSo>ie/y, 191*; S$e>il +#rd, +!eri>n 6he!i>l So>ie/y, 192(; rnlin Kedl,rnlin ?ns/i/u/e of Phildel$hi, 19; 6o!!nder, Leion donneur.


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Selected Publications:-eEons $lementaires de himie AgricoleB$lementary -essons inAgricultural hemistryC. PrisH ". Ksson, 1*90.-a atalyse en himie Organi4ueBatalysis in Organic hemistryC. PrisH Aerner, 191. \o# ? 8e Aeen Led /o /heDire>/ ydroen/ion Ke/hod by Ke/lli> 6/lys/s.Z/ober 192(CH 100%:0*.

or !ore "n#or$ation See:8iographical #emoirs of the =ellos of the Boyal (ociety.LondonH oyl So>ie/y, 19)2:)) Bolu!e )C, (:((.&ictionary of (cientific 8iography.Ne# 3orH S>ribners, 19&% Bolu!e 12C, )(:)&. \Pul Sb/ier, 1*%):19)1.'ature1&) BNo8e!ber (, 19%)CH *%9:(0. WoM/o#i, Aruno.aul (abatier, un himisteindepDndant F1;"G+19G1H> 'aissance de l)hydrogDnation catalyti4ue. 5lbeuf-sur-+ndelle, +rueil Brn>e, Seine Kri/i!eCH ons _di/eur, 19*9.

Co$$entary:e>onized erly for his #or in $hysi>l >he!is/ry, Pul Sb/iere@$nded his s/udies /o in>lude orni> $ro>esses nd !ole>ulr s/ru>/ure, >ul!in/inin /he Nobel Prize #rded \for his !e/hod of hydroen/in orni> >o!$ounds in /he

$resen>e of finely di8ided !e/ls #hereby /he $roress of orni> >he!is/ry hs beenre/ly d8n>ed in re>en/ yers.Z ?n 1*9&, in >ollbor/ion #i/h /he +bb_ en-A$/is/eSenderens, he ini/i/ed o8er 0 yers of reser>h nd refine!en/ of /he >he!i>l /heoryin8ol8ed. e elbor/ed on his hy$o/hesis in-a atalyse en himie Organi4ue,>onsidered fund!en/l #or in orni> >/lysis. Sb/ier s$red broder $ro8in>il

$r/i>i$/ion in ren>h s>ien/ifi> ins/i/u/ions nd, /hrouh his d8o>>y of ne#/e>hniGues, e@$nded s>ien/ifi> >>o!$lish!en/. BP.+.6.C

1913

Werner5 lfred 1?

Prize:6he!is/ry, 191.Born:De>e!ber 12, 1*((; Kulhusen, rn>e.Death:No8e!ber 1%, 1919; JRri>h, S#i/zerlnd.Parents:/her, en-+d! Werner; Ko/her,Slo!e enne//e Tes>he Werner.Nationality:ren>h; l/er S#iss >i/izen.Religion:6/holi>.Education:JRri>h Poly/e>hni>, S#i/zerlnd, b>>lure/e, 1**9; Ini8. ofJRri>h, S#i/zerlnd, do>/or/e, 1*90.Spouse:5!! Wilhel!ine "ieser, !rried1*9). Children:+lfred, son; 6hrlo//e, duh/er. Career:JRri>h Poly/e>hniu!,S#i/zerlnd, Professor, 1**9:91; 6ollee de rn>e, 1*91:92; JRri>h Poly/e>hniu!,S#i/zerlnd, Professor, 1*92:9, Ini8. of JRri>h, S#i/zerlnd, Professor, 1*9:1919.Other Awards:Lebln> Kedl, So>i_/_ 6hi!iGue; Offi>ier de l?ns/ru>/ion PubliGue,So>i_/_ 6hi!iGue.

Selected Publications:\Aie/r[e Jur Theorie der +ffini/[/ und lenz.ZiertelIahrsschrift der 'aturforschenden 5esellschaft in !3rich( B1*91CH 129:(9.

-ehrbuch der (tereochemieBTextboo2 of (tereo@hemistryC. en, "er!nyH ". is>her,190).'euere Anschauungen auf dem 5ebiete der Anorganischen hemie. Aruns#i>,"er!nyH ie#i nd Son, 190%.


43/721

or !ore "n#or$ation See:&ictionary of (cientific 8iography. Ne# 3orH S>ribners,19&( Bolu!e 1)C, 2():&2. uf!nn, ".A.Alfred %erner, =ounder of oordinationhemistry. Ne# 3orH S$riner-erl, 19((.

Co$$entary:+lfred Werner #s #rded /he Nobel Prize \in re>oni/ion of his #oron /he line of /o!s in !ole>ules, by #hi>h he hs /hro#n fresh lih/ on old

$roble!s nd o$ened u$ ne# fields of reser>h, $r/i>ulrly in inorni> >he!is/ry.Z8in es/blished n erly re$u//ion in orni> >he!is/ry by e@/endin LeAel ndn/ offs ides nd Gues/ionin eul_s >on>e$/ of 8len>es, Werner de8elo$ed >o!$rehensi8e >oordin/ion /heory. When, f/er nerly 20 yers of $$li>/ion, hedis>o8ered o$/i>lly >/i8e inorni> >o!$ounds $redi>/ed by /he /heory, i/s #ide$$li>bili/y #s re>onized. BP.+.6.C

191?

4ichards5 Theodore Willia 1@Prize:6he!is/ry, 191).Born:nury 1, 1*(*; "er!n/o#n, P+.Death:+$ril 2,192*; 6!bride, K+.Parents:/her, Willi! T. i>hrds; Ko/her, +nn K/l>i>hrds.Nationality:+!eri>n.Religion:Pro/es/n/.Education:8erford 6ollee,P+, S.A., 1**%; r8rd Ini8., K+, +.A., 1**(; r8rd Ini8., K+, +.K., Ph.D., 1***.

Spouse:Kiri! S/ur/ Thyer, !rried Ky 2*, 1*9(. Children:"r>e Thyer,duh/er; Willi! Theodore, son; "reenouh Thyer, son. Career:r8rd Ini8., K+,Professor, 1*9):192*. Other Awards:D8y Kedl, oyl So>ie/y, 1910; rdyKedl, 6he!i>l So>ie/y, 1911; Willrd "ibbs Kedl, +!eri>n 6he!i>l So>ie/y,1912;

$e&

Pe *

rnlin Kedl, rnlin ?ns/i/u/e of Phildel$hi, 191(; L8oisier Kedl, Pris, 1922;Le Aln> Kedl, Pris, 1922.

Selected Publications:\The el/i8e lues of /he +/o!i> Weih/s of ydroen [email protected] of the American Academy of Arts and (ciences2 B1**&CH 1)9B#i/h . 6ooe, r.C. \+ e8ision of /he +/o!i> Weih/s of Sodiu! nd 6hlorine.Z

7ournal of the American hemical (ociety2& B190%CH )%9 B#i/h .6. WellsC. \The+/o!i> Weih/ of Led of dio>/i8e Oriin.7ournal of the American hemical(ociety( B191)CH 129.

or !ore "n#or$ation See:8iographical #emoirs of the 'ational Academy of(ciences. Wshin/on, D6H N/ionl +>de!y of S>ien>es, 19&) B8olu!e ))C, 2%1:*(.

&ictionary of (cientific 8iography. Ne# 3orH S>ribners, 19&% Bolu!e 11C, )1(:1*.\Theodore Willi! i>hrds Ke!oril Le>/ure.Z7ournal of the American hemical


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(ocietyB190CH 190:(*.

Co$$entary:The +>de!y >i/ed Theodore i>hrds \in re>oni/ion of his >>ur/ede/er!in/ions of /he /o!i> #eih/ of lre nu!ber of >he!i>l ele!en/s.Z i>hrdsde8elo$ed /he /e>hniGues nd de/er!ined 0 /o!i> #eih/s, in>ludin su>hfund!en/l /o!i> #eih/s s /hose of o@yen, sil8er, >hlorine, bro!ine, iodine,

$o/ssiu!, sodiu!, ni/roen, nd sulfur. e #s lso no/ble reser>her in /he res of>rys/l ro#/h, s e@$nsion, ele>/ri>l resis/n>e, nd s$e>/r. BA.S.S.C

191@

WillstGter5 4ichard ,artin 1A

Prize:6he!is/ry, 191%.Born:+uus/ 1, 1*&2; rlsruhe, "er!ny.Death:+uus/ ,19)2; Lo>rno, S#i/zerlnd.Parents:/her, K@ Wills/[/er; Ko/her, So$hie Il!nncgjNationality:"er!n.Religion:e#ish.Education:Ini8. of Kuni>h,

"er!ny, Ph.D., 1*9).Spouse:So$hie Lesen, !rried 190. Children:Lud#i, son;?d Krre/e, duh/er. Career:Ini8. of Kuni>h, "er!ny, Professor, 1*9(:190%;ederl ?ns/i/u/e of Te>hnoloy, "er!ny, Professor, 190%:12; Ini8. of Aerlin,"er!ny, Profes

the who's who of nobel prize winners, 1901-2000

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