the western tribune
DESCRIPTION
Wisotsky Term 1 Final Project by Noshin Chowdhury, Mohammed Iqbal, Rizwan Khan, Richard Lin, Richard Wang, Vincent WuTRANSCRIPT
Authors:
Noshin Chowdhury
Mohammed Iqbal
Rizwan Khan
Richard Lin
Richard Wang
Vincent Wu
Compiled by: Richard Lin
Citations by:
Noshin Chowdhury
Richard Wang
Wisotsky
Period 1
The Western Tribune May 2 1873
The Western Dream of the People, by the People, for the People
Richard Lin
Exactly seventy years ago, our nation grew nearly
twice its size. May 2nd 1803 marked the signing of the
Louisiana Purchase, and with that pen stroke across
the document, our nation truly began its journey
onward to the Pacific Coast.
The journey westward is one often described in the
tales of settlers and explorers living the Manifest
Destiny. But it’s not just those who physically move
that want to see the nation stretch from sea to shining
sea. A great part of the expansion west is due to the
work of our government.
The Louisiana Purchase arguably marks the
moment when the dream of expansion west was born.
That dream was originally not one of the common
people, but one of the government.
As former president Thomas Jefferson states,
“[T]his little event, of France possessing herself of
Louisiana,... is the embryo of a tornado which will
burst on the countries on both shores of the Atlantic
and involve in its effects their highest destinies.”
Jefferson’s eyes were set on that land of destiny,
so much so that he believed there was “perhaps
nothing since the revolutionary war [that] has
produced more uneasy sensations through the body of
the nation.”
A year after that statement, France decided to sell
Louisiana. And President Jefferson jumped at the
opportunity and completed “the purchase of the
Louisiana territory, including New Orleans, for $15
million.”
This was but one step of the government of the
United States in their endeavor to spread this country
as wide as possible.
There was then negotiations with Britain about the
United States-Canadian border, and that lead to the
British ceding some of its territory to the US in 1818.
The U.S. in turn lost some territory to the British in a
trade-off.
The following territorial attainment came with the
Adam-Onís Treaty of 1819. This followed
negotiations with Spain about Florida and the western
Boundary of the Louisiana Territory. This treaty gave
the United States the Florida territory and some further
stakes in the west.
About three decades later, the citizens of Texas,
who had formed a state by themselves apart from
Mexico, decided to be annexed by the United States.
Preface
American Progress by John Gast
The Western Tribune May 2 1873
The conflict between the U.S. and Mexico over this
territory of Texas would become the Mexican-
American War.
The years during and after the Mexican-American
War represented another great leap forward for the
United States of America, starting with Oregon.
The Oregon Territory was obtained from the
British after great lengthy disputes by many different
countries. At a certain point, “Spain, Great Britain,
Russia, and the United States” all had claimed
ownership of that land. By the 1840s, only Britain and
the United States kept their claims, and by 1846, the
British had given America its land.
Following the defeat of the Mexicans in the
Mexican-American War, the Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo gives American a massive land grab, filling in
the bottom left part of the United States map. Its
borders include the Oregon Territory on the north, the
Texas and Louisiana territories in the east, the Pacific
Ocean in the west, and Mexico in the south.
The final nail the completion of the continental
United States is the Gadsden Purchase, where the
United States paid $10 million to Mexico “for a 29,670
square mile portion.” This finalized the shape of the
Continental United States today.
The government continues to expand its borders,
even past the Pacific Ocean. In 1867, the government
purchased the barren wasteland of Alaska from
Russia. There hasn’t been much development in that
area yet, and there may never be, but it’s proof that the
Manifest Destiny lives on past the Pacific.
While it is true that the people of America are what
embody the expansion west, what we must not forget
is the work the government has done to acquire that
land. Without the spirit of our leaders and the
protection of our government toward the Wild West,
A map of the different territories
obtained by the government
The Western Tribune May 2 1873
the people never would have succeeded forward. But
through the American spirit and the hard work of the
government, the United States now spans from sea to
shining sea. ■
Timber Culture Act
Get 160 acres if you plant trees on ¼ of that
land.
Grab the opportunity while you can!
Issued by the United
States Government
Advertisement
The Western Tribune May 2 1873
The Mexican-American War: American Dominance and Expansion in North
America
Richard Wang
The relationship between Mexico and American
has always been irregular, as both nations were new
fledglings in the early 19th century. Soon, with the
combination of the Manifest Destiny and the victory
over Mexico in 1847, Americans have shown their
dominance in North America and gained the rights to
extend their influence to the West.
A paramount event in American westward
expansion, the Mexican American War was also a
decisive war for both parties, for the victors of the war
would ultimately impede progression of the
vanquished. As the victors, Americans ought to
recognize the past opportunities of westward
expansions that they were fortunate to obtain and the
new opportunities that were created.
After the passing of the State Colonization Law of
March 24, 1825, Americans were able to obtain a sitio
(4428.4 acres) of pastureland and a labor (177.1 acres)
of land for cultivation in Texas. To receive this land,
Americans had to take an oath, which primarily
comprised of accepting
Christian values.
Americans quickly
moved into Texas to
redeem their land.
While Americans
have often been
admonished by Native
Americans from moving
westward in the past,
Texans invited
Americans to populate
their lands, a new
opportunity that shaped
the view of American
expansion in this
century. The invitation,
however, soon was
revoked by the growing
History
Dawn at the Alamo
Image of the additions of land through the
Mexican American War (also includes a picture of
the acquisition of Oregon Territory, which was not gained because of the war). Along with the
Oregon Territory, the land from the war extends
the southern part of America to the western coast.
The Western Tribune May 2 1873
conflict within Texas. The result: the Texan
Revolution and the ensuing Mexican-American War.
The conflicts within the Mexican government
showed the unstable nature of the Mexican
government. Santa Anna essentially repealed the
protective Mexican Constitution of 1824, which
exempted Texans from taxes, tariffs, and other
payments. In addition, Anna dissolved the state
legislature and took power. These actions provoked
the American sense of liberty, causing them to unite
against the rising tyrant, Santa Anna.
On March 6, 1836, the Battle of the Alamo
represented the resolute will of Americans in Texas.
Defending their land, the Texan soldiers at the Battle
of the Alamo fought until they died. Even though the
residents at the Alamo Mission were all killed, eight
Mexican soldiers died for each defender. The
American determination to move westward was
instilled in this moment, revealed by the psychological
strength of Texans.
It was during this war when former President
James Polk expressed the Manifest Destiny to the
public. Regardless of the role of slavery in the
annexation of states, the entire movement west was
indicative of the strength of America, tied closely with
the American’s ability to roam westward. Polk was an
emblem of this desire to explore. In just four years,
Polk added 1.2 million square miles to the nation. His
gamble during his career displayed the American
determination to fight to move westward.
Had Polk not decided to declare war against
Mexico, the Mexican-American War would not have
occurred. Had Americans not wanted to cultivate land
in Texas, Anna’s insurrection would simply be glossed
over. These events, however, did happen because
Americans prided themselves in liberty and
opportunities.
Following the end of the war, the Treaty of
Guadalupe-Hidalgo was signed, marking a new period
of westward expansion. America, in addition to
securing Texas, won New Mexico and California for
$15 million. A new chapter of history was written that
day, California soon provoked one of the largest
movements to the West, marked by an impulse greater
than the religious sentiments of the Manifest Destiny:
gold. ■
A copy of a rare document signed by Stephen Austin for a female Old Three Hundred, one of
the 297 grantees who received land in Texas in
1824.
The Western Tribune May 2 1873
How the Transcontinental Railroad Changed America
Noshin Chowdhury
Origin of the Transcontinental The 1850s were a time of westward expansion for
the United States. The California Gold Rush and
Nevada Silver Rush pushed U.S. Americans further
and further west with the promise of economic
prosperity. Congress passed the Pacific Railroad Bill
that allowed financial support for the railroad
companies. On May 10, 1869, a golden spike was
driven at Promontory, Utah, signaling the completion
of the first transcontinental railroad in the United
States.
Immigrants The transcontinental railroad employed many
immigrants, who performed hard labor for low
wages. Most laborers were Irish decent but then they
decided to hire Chinese immigrants in order to speed
the process of laying the track. About 6,000 Chinese
workers laborers were hired in 1865. The Chinese
workers held a strike for shorter hours and better
wages however they failed. Chinese immigrants were
essential to the formation of the country but faced
discrimination even after the completion of the
railroad.
Social and Economic Impacts An obvious aspect of U.s life that was most
impacted by the completion of the railroad was
travel. Before the railroad, it took almost six months
and cost $1000 just to travel from New York to
California. Now the railroads allows people to travel
in that distance for $150 in a week. For the first time,
Americans could freely travel! This changed both
business and pleasure travel.
More accessible means of transportations led to
growth through expanding markets and cheaper
distribution, as well as increased possibilities for
partnership and exchange of ideas. This allowed for
more expansive idea of the industry and access to
information and skills.
After a few years of the railroad operating, it
was already shipping $50 million worth of fright
from coast to coast every year. Because of a faster
transport to industrial settings, there
was a marked production boom that
sped up the process of making goods.
Despite the benefits that the
railroads brought, it had some
negative consequences. The most
important consequence was the force
relocation of Native Americans from
their lands. This resulted in
widespread destruction of Native
Technology
Virginia & Truckee San Francisco to Carson,
Nevada Ticket Order 1870's
The Western Tribune May 2 1873
American cultures and ways of life. The military was
brought in to fight Native American tribes. ■
COMIC STRIP
The Western Tribune May 2 1873
The Myth of a Western Dream
Mohammed Iqbal
In Western cities such as San Francisco, cities are
buzzing with overly excited workers looking for pay
and a chance to raise a better life. Business
entrepreneur Levi Strauss has recently exploded with
“waist overalls” a new invention that has taken storm
in the Paris of the West. In the West, many
innovators are furthering to make life on the Western
frontier easy as possible by creating advantages of
those who seek great fortune. For example, Maria J.
Osborne a female worker who arrived in June set up
business to clean clothes for the miners. [See below
for interview].
While there are business opportunities here in the
West, the West is also looking for some workers.
However, some of the work here is harsh, requiring
long hours with gruesome tasks. For example,
recently the government decided to connect the East
and the West coast of America by the rapidly
growing industry, railroads. You may have heard
about the thousands of miles of tracks laid out to
allow better transportation. However, these tracks did
not appear overnight. These tracks were placed by
hardworking railroad workers.
Railroad workers are given little to no pay and
often are endangering their lives. Though, workers
are mainly immigrants, it requires a lot of brute force.
Tracks weigh approximately 132 lbs per yard and
workers and required to lay about 100 yards
everyday! Furthermore, supervisors watched over
workers as vultures, waiting to beat a dead a horse.
Workers were treated like slaves, given punishment
for anything supervisors seemed were not best fit.
Workers were forced into a corner and were not able
to protest due to railroad companies being able to
replace workers.
Op-Ed
Miners pose for the picture
The Western Tribune May 2 1873
However, being a railroad worker in the West wasn’t
the only hard job, it was nearly financial suicide to
become a farmer.
Unfortunately for farmers, the government did
nothing to support them causing the rise of new
national parties such as the Populist Party. Many
farmers gained land due to the Homestead Act,
however land in the West were infertile causing
farmers to struggle to maintain a steady profit.
Manufactures didn’t make the farmers jobs any easier
as well; farmers were given advanced farming
equipment on a loan, however not many were able to
pay their debts. Many farmers requested for
greenbacks but the government would not budge.
Railroad companies weren’t making lives easier as
well as they charged more for freight trains than
passenger trains. Work in the West was atrocious,
very few positive job opportunities were available in
the West but it simply doesn’t just end there. Cities
were a foreground to failure.
Cities in the West are congested, as more fortune-
finders plead in search of what they believe is their
destiny. Cities are highly unsanitary with very few to
offer. There are many bandits on the way here and
communication is very hard. Often times, people
have to wait 3 months for a new letter, assuming it
was sent safely. This was due to the Pony Express;
though communication with the Eastern coast was
possible, it was highly unreliable as bandits would
steal and ransack Pony Express members. It was
practically impossible to live in the West as a sane
person, the disadvantages here clearly outweigh the
advantages. Only a brave and ignorant soul would
decide to move towards the West. ■
San Francisco population
skyrocketing with the
expansion westward
The Western Tribune May 2 1873
Interviewer: Maria J. Osborne is a female
worker in San Francisco cleaning garments to support
her and her family. Maria, what made you decide to
pioneer to the West?
Maria J. Osborne: Well, I come from
Mississippi and my son was looking for adventure.
He believed that he could find gold here, hoping he’d
make a fortune. But one day he sent a letter, telling
me how he missed his mama and how he wished he
could have a clean pair of trousers again. So then me
and the girls decided we’re heading West, but not just
because of my son. I saw a future in the West, I
thought I could clean those 49ers for a mighty profit.
And sure I did.
Interviewer: Well that’s mighty brave of you,
could you explain the mindset of all these locals?
Maria J. Osborne: Everyone here is money
hungry, everyone thinks that they could achieve a
greater life here. Many who arrived here, are trying to
escape debt, so far the West gives them hope that
there might be great treasure awaiting.
Interviewer: Would you say that the people here
are relying on luck? What do you think of this?
Maria J. Osborne: Luck is an important factor,
but this is only about luck. There are other job
opportunities here than just being a 49er. Haven’t you
seen those foreigners working on them locomotives.
Two miles out there's a large number of farmers,
Outta here there's, factories, If ya looking for a job,
San Fran sure has one.
Interviewer: Well that's great news, but what's
the city like? What are the cities in the West like?
Maria J. Osborne: Each city has its own
advantages. However I’ve witnessed that the
population has soared! When I first arrived I
remember a few shacks. Now there's rows and rows
of houses. But that’s not all, I’ve heard a group of
Mormons were able to escape persecution by creating
some city in Utah. The West has a great potential
with nearly every city having its advantages.
Interviewer: Thank you any final words?
Maria J. Osborne: The west has a plan for
everyone that comes. It may not be pretty but you
may never know. ■
Interview- Maria J. Osborne
The Western Tribune May 2 1873
It is Better Not to Rush
Rizwan Khan
On January 24th, 1848 James W. Marshall
discovered a gold nugget in the American River
while constructing a sawmill. This discovery led to
thousands of immigrants and Americans to flood to
the west, who were commonly referred to as “49ers”.
If you found large amounts of gold it was a way to
get rich quick but most miners didn’t find enough
gold to make them rich. In addition with a low
chance of succeeding there are other difficulties a
miner can face such as poor living conditions and
constant looting. Which made many Americans
ponder whether it was worth the time and money to
make the journey.
The first obstacle many people faced was
making the journey to California which was over two
thousand one hundred miles which took three to
seven months. Within this time many people would
run out of provisions or the condition of their wagons
deteriorated. A more predominant issue was the rise
of Cholera. By the late spring of 1849 there were
reports of major outbreaks of Cholera. It was certain
that the mass migration of thousands of Americans
contributed to the spread of the disease. Some
symptoms include diarrhea and vomiting. The release
of these fluids leads to dehydrations and with a lack
of supplies it easily killed hundreds.
After arriving to California there are several other
burdens that you have to face. Being a miner required
a lot of physical body strength. One of the more
popular methods of finding gold was a method called
“panning”. Panning required the person to squat by a
river and put dirt from the river in a pan while
constantly shaking the pan until he finds gold. Even
A cholera warning in a local gold
finding area.
Op-Ed
The Western Tribune May 2 1873
after an entire day of work a typical miner earned
about six to ten dollars while a pair of boots costed
twenty five dollars. Food and housing were
extremely expensive as well as some other basic
needs.
This toiling is not a recent development
either. During the early 1850s, the diminishing
amount of gold and the increasing population in
California made it even more difficult to make a
profit from being a miner. This led to constant
looting. Bandits usually targeted foreigners and
attempted to steal their gold. In order to protect their
gold, most foreigners melted their gold into common
household items and covered them with black soot to
disguise them from bandits.
Was it worth for the average miner to spend
most of his day looking for gold? For the most part, it
wasn’t and the California gold rush fell short out of
their expectations. But that didn’t mean that going to
California equals a loss in profit. Most merchants and
other businesses gained most of the wealth from the
miners that spent 16 hours a day working. By
working long hours most of their clothes and
materials wore out quickly and they had to buy more
clothes. This lead to Levi Strauss, a German-born
tailor, to quickly become a success. Even though the
chance of you becoming rich as a miner are close to
nothing, there are certainly other ways to obtain
wealth. The American Dream to get rich quick
continues. ■
The Western Tribune May 2 1873
The Pioneer
Vincent Wu
The spirit and determination of the pioneer years
ago to keep pushing and expanding westward is the
foundation and an important part of America.
The Louisiana Purchase was the first step in
expanding the Nation towards the West and into what
it is today. As overpopulation and crowding plagued
began to plague cities in the east, Manifest Destiny
pushed pioneers and motivated them to go to the
West in order to have a chance at getting new
possibilities for themselves and their families. Their
journey was not an easy one. The movement of
settlers into the West required “trails” to be explored
and mapped out before settlers could safely, or as
safely as possible, get from where they were to new
unexplored lands of possible riches.
Pioneers set off on loaded wagons carrying only
cloth, knives and possibly guns. One of the most
popular and famous trails was the Santa Fe Trail,
which started in Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe
in New Mexico. Another famous trail was the Oregon
Trail, which led from Independence to Portland,
Oregon. The settlers that moved here included many
Mormons who were persecuted for their religion.
Pioneers had many difficulties while trying to
reach their destination, and even after they had
reached it. In order to make way for all this land that
the pioneers expanded on, Native Americans were
not happy about being pushed out of their land for the
Americans and as a result, travelers who went on
their routes alone were attacked by multiple tribes,
including the Kiowa and Comanche. Many battles
between the Natives and the US government raged on
for disputes over land until about the 1890’s when the
Natives had finally lost and been pushed to
reservations so that the US could completely expand.
Other than the disputes between Natives and the US
for land, many other countries also had a grip on
parts of land on the continent that the US needed. For
example, Britain had control over land in Oregon, but
the conflict was resolved by a treaty. However on the
Southern side of the West, Mexico had control over
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and Florida. America
fought a hard battle against Mexico in order to gain
control over the land and allow pioneers to expand
even farther.
Settlers that did make it to the Western frontier
faced many droughts, floods, fire, blizzards, plagues,
and still raids by Native Americans. They had to
make their own shelters by digging hills, or stacking
blocks of prairie turf. Many farmers, while getting
new land to farm couldn’t make much profit, instead
they went into debt. Many of them couldn't make
Postface
The Western Tribune May 2 1873
much money since many farmers planted the same
crops, causing the value of the crops to drop.
Why would there be so many farmers if it wasn’t
profitable, and instead sent many of them into debt?
The federal government passed many acts that were
incentives for new pioneers and other people to want
to settle in the west to perhaps escape city life. The
Land Ordinance Acts set up a system that allowed
settlers to purchase land. The Morrill Land Grant
Acts also gave land to states and supported farmers
by financing their education. The Homestead Act was
one of the big attractions to pioneers and settlers. It
offered 160 acres of land free to anybody who could
live and cultivate the land, attracting hundreds of
thousands of people to the land.
And with those thousands of people came the
foundation of our nation. Through arid desert and
snowy mountains, through fire and water, snow and
sun, the pioneers of America had pushed and
continue to push the boundaries of this nation. And
with each push comes new life and identity within
our borders. From that, we define America. ■
The trails of the pioneers
The Western Tribune May 2 1873
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The Western Tribune May 2 1873
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