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Green Jobs

Cities Seminar on Green Employment

CITY OF CAPE TOWN CIVIC CENTRE8 OCTOBER 2009

Guy Preston

▲ Working for Water ▼ Working for Energy ▲Working for Wetlands ▼Working on Fire

THE THE WORKING FOR WATERWORKING FOR WATER

PROGRAMMEPROGRAMME

A multi-departmental initiative led by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) on Roodeplaat Dam, near Pretoria/Tshwane.

Water hyacinth on Roodeplaat Dam Alien plants were introduced from continents such as

Australasia and South America.

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Chromolaena odorata(triffid weed –Asteraceae)

Infestation in HIP

Chromolaena

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Chromolaena could have engulfed the Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Park within ten years:

► Little for animals to eat.

► No animals, no tourists.

► No tourists, no jobs.(Loss of 3,000 jobs.)

► Loss of R100 million + p.a.

► Devastating impact on local economy, in an impoverishedpart of the country.

► The KwaZulu-Natal Cabinet committed over R1 billion over ten years, in the KZN Invasive Alien Species Programme, addressing all invasive speciesin partnership with the Workingfor Water programme.

It’s not just the Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Park that is threatened byChromolaena, however, but all lower-lying areas of KwaZulu-Natal and adjacent provinces in South Africa, as well as Swaziland and Mozambique.

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If we do not clear invasive alien plants …

Ukuvuka (2)

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The clearing of riparian areas alone between 1998 and 2006 increased yield by more than 30 million m3 or 40% of the yield of the Berg River (Skuifraam) Dam, at an investment of only R116 million.

BERG RIVER DAMYield = 81million m3

@ R2.6 Billion Investment

The Working on Fire programme is providing work for almost 2,000 previously unemployed people. It too focuses upon the most marginalized, although the high levels of fitness and discipline necessary to fight wild fires meant that 95% of the fire-fighters are “youth”.

The jobs that would have been lost, were it not for WoF, is the more impressive figure.

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Ukuvuka (3)

11:25

11:35CLOSE UP

First Drop Bomber 8

11:50

2nd Drop bomber 17 11:53

First Drop

12:07

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12:15 12:18

Working for Woodlands Ukuvuka (2)

Carbon sequestration potential through restoration and land use management

Degraded NaturalTotal rest.

cost Rest: JobsMngm cost

Mngm: Jobs CO2 seq

Ha Ha RmillPerson years Rmill

Person years Rmil

Eastern Cape 1,211,183 14,202,949 12,112 403,728 1,079 35,966 1,508 Free State 185,698 9,204,346 1,857 61,899 657 21,910 356 Gauteng 11,473 969,158 115 3,824 69 2,288 118 Kwa ZuluNatal 830 713 6 008 777 8 307 276 904 479 15 959 1 493Kwa-ZuluNatal 830,713 6,008,777 8,307 276,904 479 15,959 1,493 Limpopo 1,333,933 9,182,926 13,339 444,644 736 24,539 2,433 Mpumulanga 142,105 5,333,435 1,421 47,368 383 12,776 641 Northern Cape 653,919 35,548,505 6,539 217,973 2,534 84,472 1,067 North West 789,150 7,117,220 7,892 263,050 553 18,448 764 Western Cape 120,746 10,282,432 1,207 40,249 728 24,274 598

Total 5,278,920 97,849,748 52,789 1,759,640 7,219 240,634 8,978

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The Working for Wetlands ProgrammeZoar Wetland, Piet Retief (D. Lindley)

The Working for Wetlands Programme

Penny Park Wetland, Kokstad (J. Dini)(149 hectares, ± 3 million cubic metres)

95 wetlands (out of 114,000).2,000 people employed.

Working Wetlands: Water Quality

Nature’s kidneys

Working Wetlands: Disease Management

Nitrate poisoningSource: Dr Jan Myburgh

Endocrine disruptors

Diatom monitoring

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Working Wetlands: Water Quantity

Source: Professor Roland Schulze

Hely Hutchinson & Woodhead Dams on Table Mountain

Working for Energy

yy

… and Water

Automatic-flushing urinals

Hely Hutchinson Dam

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► Tariffs:

1. Escalating Block-rate Tariffs

2. Time-of-use Tariffs

► Demand-side Management:

3. Electricity Audits

4 Disincentives / Regulations

10-Point Plan:

4. Disincentives / Regulations

5. Incentives

6. Labour-intensive Conservation Measures

7. Billing, Advocacy and Communications

8. Pre-payment Metering

► Supply-side Management:

9. Consolidation of Mainstreamed Supply

10. Diversified Supply-side Options

Working for EnergyA. Supply-side Management:

Labour-intensive focus on the following:1. Biomass from invasive alien plants and bush encroachment.2. Biogas generation from farm waste.3. Biogas generation from municipal solid waste.4. Biogas generation from municipal waste water.5. Biogas from household waste.6. Provision of solar-heated water. 7. Run-of-river generation of electricity.

B. Demand-side Management:

8. Audits, retrofits, incentives and advocacy. 9. Thermal performance: Installation of ceilings (in houses of the poor).

Working for Energy programme component

Effective peak

demand reduction:

MW

Displaced electricity

over 3 years:

Accumu-lative GWh

Investment, capex + opex, 3 years

URV, at 6% discount over 20 years: With carbon

URVs expressed in terms of best option = 1R Million

R million

/MWBiomass from invasives / bush 135 968 78 0.5 0.80 3.097Biogas: farm waste 68 525 255 3.7 0.80 3.105Biogas: municipal solid waste 33 254 154 4.7 0.87 3.379Biogas: municipal waste water 36 331 261 7.3 0.74 2.875Biogas: household waste 0.74 8 100 135.8 0.26 1.000gProvision of solar-heated water 9.2 48 159.5 17.3 0.71 2.739Run-of-river generation 90 578 430 4.8 0.46 1.775WfE: Supply-side Management 372 2,712 1,427 174Audits, retrofits, incentives, advocacy 1240 10544 4,340 3.5Thermal performance: ceilings 22 229 808 37WfE: Demand-side Management 1,262 10,773 5,148 41Clean Development Management 61Total 1,634 13,485 6,663 215Medupi coal-fired power station 3,500 29,127 70,000 20 1.18 4.587Pebble Bed Mudular Reactor 165 1373 8,250 40 1.55 5.999

Demand-side

ManagementManagement

(Water and Electricity)

Mopani Water and Energy Conservation (“User-pays”) Savings

Water and Electricity Use Per Person Per Day

Winter: Litres N Mean KWh N MeanControl 124 707 844 148 2 929 630 4.65Experimental 30 416 798 38 1 797 798 2.25

% Saving: 74% 52%

Summer:Control 184 794 1186 156 8 403 1186 7.09Experimental 41 723 960 44 2 368 980 2.42

% Saving: 72% 66%

AVERAGE SAVINGS: WATER : 73% ELECTRICITY: 60%

Greater Hermanus Water Conservation Programme

12-Point Plan

1. An assurance-of-supply tariff2. An 11-point escalating block-rate tariff3. Informative billing4 Intensive communication4. Intensive communication5. Schools' audit6. The Hermanus Working for Water project7. Retrofitting project8. Water-wise gardening9. Water-wise food production10. National water by-laws11. Water loss management12. Masekhane (Security / Pre-payment) Meter Project

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GREATER HERMANUS WATER CONSERVATION PROGRAMME

Year Litres Erven Litres/Erf Rainfall

1993/4 11 900 7 900 1 506 140 mm1994/5 12 075 8 200 1 473 120 mm1995/6 10 842 8 600 1 261 192 mm

Average 11 606 8 233 1 410 151 mm

1996/7 8 644 9 000 960 168 mm

Savings: 25,5% [9,3%] 31,9% [11,3%]

Low-flow showerheadsuse ¼ to ½ of water and electricity

used by conventional showerheads

Electricity generated by a Pebble-bed Reactor may cost more than 100 times the price

(without externalities) to save the same amount of electricityby using compact fluorescent lamps.

Solar-heated Water

Kuyasa solar hot-water systems in Khayelitsha, Cape Town

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Preliminary estimate of total

utilisable biomass:

Biomass per year over 15

years:

Installed capacity:

Electricity generated at

75% op. time:

Value of electricity at 65c/kWh:

Value of carbon sales

at R100/tCO2

Total value

t t MW MWh Rmill Rmill RmillEastern Cape 22,713,750 1,514,250 144 946,406 615 95 710Free State 2,532,856 168,857 16 105,536 69 11 79Gauteng 355,418 23,695 2 14,809 10 1 11KwaZulu-Natal 7,056,731 470,449 45 294,030 191 29 221Mpumalanga 13,462,610 897,507 85 560,942 365 56 421

Electricity generation using invasive plant species and bush encroachment

North-West 22,538,617 1,502,574 143 939,109 610 94 704Northern Cape 19,822,231 1,321,482 126 825,926 537 83 619Limpopo 19,717,087 1,314,472 125 821,545 534 82 616Western Cape 5,393,102 359,540 34 224,713 146 22 169TOTAL 113,592,402 7,572,827 720 4,733,017 3,076 473 3,550

Creating 115 million persondays of work(for 50,000 people) per year for 15 years

Water from trees!!Water

Management Area

Shortfall in 2000

Current losses due to

invasive alien trees

Potential future

losses due to invasive alien trees

Million m3 Million m3 Million m3 R1.4/m3 R6.9/m3 R1.4/m3 R6.9/m3

Limpopo 23 18 (78) 63 (274) 25 124 88 435

Economic value of water currently lost, in Rmill, for various

values

Potential future loss in the economic

value of the water, in Rmill, for various

values

Levuhu/Letaba 36 11 (31) 67 (186) 15 76 94 462Olifants 194 69 (36) 133 (69) 97 476 186 918Inkomati 258 49 (19) 166 (64) 69 338 232 1,145Thukela 103 48 (47) 261 (253) 67 331 365 1,801Mvoti-Umzimkulu 241 126 (52) 420 (174) 176 869 588 2,898Lower Orange 9 8 (89) 88 (978) 11 55 123 607Gouritz 63 23 (37) 79 (125) 32 159 111 545Olifants-Doring 35 5 (14) 52 (149) 7 35 73 359Berg 5 19 (380) 66 (1320) 27 131 92 455Total 967 376 (39) 1,395 (144) 526 2,594 1,953 9,626

Biogas from • Farm waste,

• Municipal solid waste• Municipal solid waste,• Municipal waste water,

• Household waste

INTEGRATED SERVICES: YARD TANKS, SANITATION, WASTE, ENERGY & WORK

Energy provision in rural areas using cattle manure!

310,000 rural households in SA have the technical capacity to

generate energy from cow dung and human waste in

biogas digesters.

They can be energy independentindependent.

• They can save R325m per year in energy cost, or

• Generate R1,2 billion in value as LPG replacement.

• Generating 45 000 person years in job opportunities.

Working for Energy programme component

Effective peak

demand reduction:

MW

Displaced electricity

over 3 years:

Accumu-lative GWh

Investment, capex + opex, 3 years

URV, at 6% discount over 20 years: With carbon

URVs expressed in terms of best option = 1R Million

R million

/MWBiomass from invasives / bush 135 968 78 0.5 0.80 3.097Biogas: farm waste 68 525 255 3.7 0.80 3.105Biogas: municipal solid waste 33 254 154 4.7 0.87 3.379Biogas: municipal waste water 36 331 261 7.3 0.74 2.875Biogas: household waste 0.74 8 100 135.8 0.26 1.000gProvision of solar-heated water 9.2 48 159.5 17.3 0.71 2.739Run-of-river generation 90 578 430 4.8 0.46 1.775WfE: Supply-side Management 372 2,712 1,427 174Audits, retrofits, incentives, advocacy 1240 10544 4,340 3.5Thermal performance: ceilings 22 229 808 37WfE: Demand-side Management 1,262 10,773 5,148 41Clean Development Management 61Total 1,634 13,485 6,663 215Medupi coal-fired power station 3,500 29,127 70,000 20 1.18 4.587Pebble Bed Mudular Reactor 165 1373 8,250 40 1.55 5.999

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Ukuvuka (2)

Working for Woodlands (aligned with LandCare and the combating of desertification) is a relatively new programme, employing just over 1,000 people to rehabilitate degraded land.The programme has enormous promise in payments for ecosystem services, wildlife-based tourism, and carbon sequestration (including support for the Clean Development Mechanism).

Carbon sequestration potential through restoration and land use management

(over 15 years)

Degraded NaturalTotal rest.

cost Rest: JobsMngm cost

Mngm: Jobs CO2 seq

Ha Ha RmillPerson years Rmill

Person years Rmil

Eastern Cape 1,211,183 14,202,949 12,112 403,728 1,079 35,966 1,508 Free State 185,698 9,204,346 1,857 61,899 657 21,910 356Free State 185,698 9,204,346 1,857 61,899 657 21,910 356 Gauteng 11,473 969,158 115 3,824 69 2,288 118 Kwa-ZuluNatal 830,713 6,008,777 8,307 276,904 479 15,959 1,493 Limpopo 1,333,933 9,182,926 13,339 444,644 736 24,539 2,433 Mpumulanga 142,105 5,333,435 1,421 47,368 383 12,776 641 Northern Cape 653,919 35,548,505 6,539 217,973 2,534 84,472 1,067 North West 789,150 7,117,220 7,892 263,050 553 18,448 764 Western Cape 120,746 10,282,432 1,207 40,249 728 24,274 598

Total 5,278,920 97,849,748 52,789 1,759,640 7,219 240,634 8,978

Payment for Ecosystem Services New York’s investment in Catskill WatershedRisk of development, agricultural run-off, impervious surfaces, wastewater.Invested US$1.3 billion to protect 830,000 hectares in Catskill catchment. 5 million m3 of naturally filtered water to 9 million people in New York per day.Cost saving of US$8 billion for new filtration facility.Up to US$300 million savings per year in Operational and Maintenance costs.

BaviaanskloofThe Baviaanskloof River and Kouga River feed the Kouga Dam. About 100 million m3of water is spilled from the dam, each year on average.

Through catchment management, including control of invasives and repair work (which

Kouga Dam and “river”

brings in many additional benefits, including carbon credits), it may be possible to reduce this spillage by 12% or more.

The repair of the system was well described by economist, Myles Mander: “Feel the soil. If it is wet, you have a dam under your feet.” Part of the benefit of this project is to restore the water-retention and slow release functions of the ecosystem. It’s like building a 12 million m3 dam.

The Working for Water programme is providing work for over 30,000 previously unemployed people (plus a further 5,000 workers in its sibling KwaZulu-Natal Invasive Alien Species Programme). It focuses upon opportunities for the most marginalized, including women (target of 60% of wages), youth (40%) and the disabled (2%). Social development foci have included childcare for the children of workers, many of whom are single parents (this has now been “mainstreamed”) ; sexual and reproductive health training; and, HIV and AIDS peer support. Further employment is achieved through using the biomass for value-added industries, including crafts, furniture, charcoal and “Eco-coffins” (high quality coffins at low prices, to reduce the cost of bereavement for the poor).

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And …

7. Advocacy

Fire ant

And …

7. Champions

(… Real Champions)

No You Can’t Yes We Can

7. Partnerships, including international partnerships

And …

West Nile Virus

Adjustable rate mortgages and the downturn in the

California housing market caused a 300% increase in notices of delinquency in

Bakersfield, USA.

This led to large numbers of neglected swimming pools, which were associated with

a 276% increase in the number of human West Nile

virus cases during the summer of 2007

Delinquent Mortgages, Neglected Swimming Pools, and West Nile Virus, California

(William K. Reisen, Richard M. Takahashi, Brian D. Carroll, and Rob Quiring, in Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2008)

summer of 2007.

Aerial photograph of a representative Bakersfield, California, neighbourhood taken during August 2007.

Red arrows indicate neglected or green swimming pools.

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West Nile VirusNeuro-invasive Disease Incidence, by County

1999

2000

2001 2002

2003 2004

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2005 2006