the war that must never be fought - part one, edited by george p. shultz and james e. goodby

8/9/2019 The War That Must Never Be Fought - Part One, Edited by George P. Shultz and James E. Goodby

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[EA XO^[EO[ DQS[

JARA^NA BFQHE[K`maddos fb Jucmaor Katarrajca

Ak`tak ny

Hafrha Y. Seumtz ojk Lodas A. Hffkny

E F F R A ^ @ J S [ @ [ Q [ @ F J Y ^ A S S

S[OJBF^K QJ@RA^S@[P S[OJBF^K, COM@BF^J@O

Cfpyr`het © >9?1 ny tea Nfork fb [rustaas fb tea Mamojk Stojbfrk Luj`fr Qj`vars`ty. Omm r`hets rasarvak.


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Cfjtajts

@jtrfkuct`fj tf Yort Fja ?

? O Nat Yfrtroyak os o Carto`jty< ̂ aossass`jh

tea Okkak Katarrajt Romua fb Jucmaor Xaopfjs

ny Najfêt Yamfp`kos 1

> [ea Jucmaor K`maddo< Cfjstojts ojk Rorònmas

`j Odar`coj Strotah`c Yfm`càs

ny Lodas A. Hffkny 18

3 O âom`st‐s ôt`fjoma

bfr o Xfrmk w`tefut Jucmaor Xaopfjs

ny Stavaj Y`bar 5?


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@jtrfkuct`fj tf Yort Fja

”Katarrajca `j tea Oha fb Jucmaor Yrfm`barot`fj— wos tea t`tma fb oj ort`-

cma punm`seak `j tea Xomm Straat Lfurjom fj Dorce 8, >9??. @t wos wr`ttaj

ny Hafrha Y. Seumtz (fja fb tea cf-ak`tfrs fb te`s vfmuda) tfhatear w`te

X`mmòd L. Yarry, Eajry O. G`ss`jhar, ojk Sod Jujj. [eot t`tma cfumk omsf

na oppmàk tf Yort Fja fb te`s nffg ojk, `j o sajsa, tf tea nffg os o wefmanacousa wa `jtajk tf axpmfra efw jucmaor katarrajca sefumk na ujkar-

stffk savajty yaors obtar tea rst jucmaor axpmfs`fjs. Bujkodajtommy, os

wos ossartak `j ”Katarrajca `j tea Oha fb Jucmaor Yrfm`barot`fj,— jucmaor

katarrajca eos teraa amadajts<

• @t `s ̀ dpfrtojtmy psycefmfh`com, kapajk`jh fj comcumot`fjs

bfr we`ce teara `s jf e`stfr`com axparàjca. @t `s tearabfra

pracor`fus.

• @t `s kavostot`jh. Oj ujrastro`jak jucmaor axceojha natwaaj

suparpfwars cfumk kastrfy c`v`m`zak m`ba os wa gjfw `t `j koys.

• Dutuom ossurak kastruct`fj ro`sas ajfrdfus `je`n`t`fjs

oho`jst adpmfy`jh tea waopfjs.

[ea lukhdajt axprassak `j te`s ort`cma wos teot ”brfd ?0;1 tf ?00?,

Odar`co ojk tea Sfvàt Qj`fj wara k`m`hajt, prfbass`fjom, nut omsf mucgyteot jucmaor waopfjs wara javar usak.— Ojk o quast`fj wos pfsak< ”Kfas



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> | @J[^FKQC[@FJ [F YO^[ FJA

tea wfrmk wojt tf cfjt`jua tf nat `ts surv`vom fj cfjt`juak hffk bfrtuja

w`te o hrfw`jh judnar fb jucmaor jot`fjs ojk okvarsoràs hmfnommy6—@j dojy rah`fjs fb tea wfrmk, ja`henfrs ora saaj os ajadàs, dadf-

ràs fb wor rado`j o v`v`k prasajca ̀ j tea punm`c d`jk, ojk ordak cfj`ct

`s oj `dd`jajt pfss`n`m`ty ojk oj avar-prasajt baor.

@j suce pmocas, jucmaor waopfjs ora saaj os ohajts fb sobaty fr os

`jstrudajts fb fpprass`fj, kapajk`jh fj weatear fr jft fja‐s jot`fj pfs-

sassas tead. [ea Qj`tak Stotas, bfrtujotamy, `s jft `j teot pfs`t`fj. Nut tea

vàw teot jucmaor katarrajca `s crucòm tf tea sobaty fb tea jot`fj `s cfd-dfjpmoca odfjh Odar`cojs, os wamm. Odar`cojs eova `j tea`r cfmmact`va

cfjsc`fusjass o v`s`fj fb o mfjh ojk nmffky wor ajkak ny tea usa fb twf

otfd`c nfdns ojk fb o Xfrmk Xor @@@ bfrastommak ny tea luk`c`fus teraot fb

dutuom ossurak kastruct`fj.

Nae`jk teasa pfpumor lukhdajts màs oj amonfrota rot`fjoma bfr tea

ax`stajca fb jucmaor waopfjs.

Cfjbrfjtak ujaxpactakmy w`te o jaw waopfj teot prfd`sak ̀ jcrak`nmakastruct`fj `b avar usak `j worbora, tea wfrmk‐s dolfr pfwars‛ojk, rst

fb omm, tea Qj`tak Stotas‛wara bfrcak tf kavamfp `kaos teot wfumk lust`by

tea prfkuct`fj, kapmfydajt, ojk pfss`nma usa fb suce waopfjs. Dojy fb

teasa `kaos wara kar`vak brfd aormàr teafràs onfut tea psycefmfh`com

abbacts fb ottocgs brfd tea o`r. Ftears s`dpmy eypfteas`zak efw jot`fjs

sefumk raoct weaj bocak w`te tea pfss`n`m`ty fb jucmaor kavostot`fj.

Hrokuommy, `t nacoda tea occaptak trute teot<

• Jucmaor waopfjs katarrak wor natwaaj tefsa dolfr jot`fjs

teot pfssassak tead, m`ga tea Qj`tak Stotas ojk tea QSS^.

• Jucmaor waopfjs wàmkak najavfmajtmy `j kabajsa fb ommàs

wfumk pravajt oj `jcraosa `j tea judnars fb jucmaor-waopfj

stotas.

• Jucmaor waopfjs pravajtak cfjvajt`fjom wor, ot maost

natwaaj tefsa stotas teot pfssassak tead.



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@J[^FKQC[@FJ [F YO^[ FJA | 3

Omtefuhe jft o port fb katarrajca te`jg`jh, o pravomajt teafry wos teot

jucmaor waopfjs nastfwak prast`ha fj jot`fjs teot pfssassak tead ojkhuorojtaak tead o saot ot tea ”e`he tonma.—

@j Yort Fja fb te`s nffg, katarrajca teafràs kavamfpak `j tea Cfmk Xor

ora ceommajhak. @j tea rst ceoptar, o sgapt`com scefmor osgs bfr av`kajca

teot teasa teafràs ora raommy vom`k ojk quast`fjs tea okkak vomua we`ce

jucmaor waopfjs doy nr`jh tf katarrajca prfv`kak ny ftear daojs.

[ea jaxt twf ceoptars ravàw tea ut`m`ty fb jucmaor waopfjs. Qs`jh

Odar`coj axparàjca os av`kajca, ceoptar > adpeos`zas tea bujkodaj-tom `dpfrtojca fb tea pfm`t`com cfjtaxt `j katard`j`jh tea pfss`n`m`tàs

bfr ceojhas `j jot`fjom pfm`càs rahork`jh katarrajca ojk aspacòmmy bfr

ceojhas ̀ j tea purpfsas fb o jucmaor orsajom. Ceommajhas tf tea stotus quf

ora rora nut fja fb tead, put bfrwork ny Yras`kajt âohoj ojk Hajarom

Sacratory Hfrnoceav, mak tf tea ajk fb tea Cfmk Xor ojk tf o seorp kacm`ja

`j tea hmfnom efmk`jhs fb jucmaor waopfjs. Efpas teot jucmaor waopfjs

cfumk na am`d`jotak wara ro`sak ny te`s axparàjca nut tea pars`stajca fbbo`te `j tea pfwar fb jucmaor katarrajca rado`js. Javarteamass, tea ut`m`ty

fb jucmaor waopfjs os o katarrajt eos o vary m`d`tak scfpa, os `s omsf

axpmfrak `j ceoptar >.

Ceoptar 3 kascr`nas jaor d`ssas ojk cmfsa comms `j dojoh`jh jucmaor

orsajoms. Cfjs`kar`jh tea morha rfma mucg eos pmoyak `j ovart`jh kaokmy

jucmaor occ`kajts, o raom`st cfjcmukas teot teara `s o strfjh cosa‛

port`cumormy bfr tea Qj`tak Stotas‛bfr o wfrmk w`tefut jucmaor waopfjs.

âokars w`mm lukha bfr teadsamvas efw cfjv`jc`jh tea cosa `s bfr

rakucak ramòjca fj jucmaor waopfjs. Xeot `s `jk`sputonma `s teot teara

`s o cmaor jaak tf raaxod`ja jft`fjs brfd tea Cfmk Xor, fr oj avaj dfra

k`stojt post, we`ce jf mfjhar t prasajt c`rcudstojcas.



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CEOY[A^ ? O Nat Yfrtroyak os o Carto`jty<âossass`jh tea Okkak KatarrajtRomua fb Jucmaor Xaopfjs

Najfêt Yamfp`kos

”Cfjcapts, rst adpmfyak tf doga te`jhs `jtamm`h`nma, ora

cmujh tf fbtaj weaj teay doga tead uj`jtamm`h`nma.—

X`mmòd Lodas?

[ea Orhudajt

O wfrmk braa fb jucmaor waopfjs eos naaj saaj os oj axarc`sa `j utfpòj

kraod`jh.> @t tffg tea crakajtòms fb raom`sts m`ga Sacratoràs Seumtz, Yarry,

ojk G`ss`jhar ojk Sajotfr Jujj tf nr`jh te`s hfom nocg tf tea brfjt fb tea

?. X`mmòd Lodas, ”[ea cfdpfujk`jh fb cfjsc`fusjass,— `j [ea Xr`t`jhs fb X`mmòd

Lodas< O Cfdpraeajs̀ va Ak`t`fj, ak. L. L. DcKardftt (Ce`cohf< Qj`vars`ty fb

Ce`cohf Yrass, ?088), 129. (Fr`h`jom wfrg punm`seak `j ?090.)

>. Eorfmk Nrfwj ojk Lfej Kautce, ”[ea Jucmaor K`sordodajt Bojtosy,— Xomm

Straat Lfurjom, Jfvadnar ?0, >9987 Eorfmk Nrfwj, ”Jaw Jucmaor âom`tàs,—

[ea Xose`jhtfj _uortarmy 3?, jf. ? (X`jtar >998–>995). [e`s brod`jh fb tea

k`scuss`fj `j tards fb raom`ty varsus utfpò fr bojtosy `s tfp`com ojk coj na bfujk

`j dfst cfujtràs. @j tea Brajce cosa, bfr axodpma, fja fb tea maok`jh ort`cmas

oho`jst te`s hfom wos [̀ peo`ja ka Ceodpceasjam, ”Qj dfjka sojs ordas

jucmào`ras. M‐utfpà ku zàrf— (O Xfrmk w`tefut Jucmaor Xaopfjs< [ea Qtfpò fb

\arf), Brajce Paornffg fb @jtarjot`fjom âmot`fjs, vfm. ??, >9?9. [e`s nu`mks fjdy fp-ak, ”Xey jucmaor raom`sd `s ujraom`st`c,— Nummat`j fb tea Otfd`c Scàjt`sts,

Saptadnar >2, >9?3.



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2 | NAJFÊ[ YAMFY@KOS

QS pfm`t`com scaja.3 Nut brod`jh tea k`scuss`fj `j tards fb utfpò varsus

raom`ty `s kacapt`va nacousa `j octuom`ty nfte suppfrtars ojk cr`t`cs fbte`s hfom efmk tf o v`s`fj fb tea wfrmk os teay te`jg `t fuhet tf na. Fj

tea fja eojk, satt`jh o hfom fb o wfrmk w`tefut jucmaor waopfjs we`ma

teara ora st`mm opprfx`dotamy savajtaaj tefusojks fb tead `j tea wfrmk

tfkoy `s cmaormy odn`t`fus.; Fj tea ftear eojk, tefsa wef ralact te`s hfom

ojk wojt tf cfjt`jua tf ramy fj tea teraot fb jucmaor ratomòt`fj eova tf

ossuda teot te`s strotahy w`mm wfrg parbactmy ujt`m tea ajk fb koys.1 [eara

`s jf te`rk butura.2 A`tear jucmaor waopfjs rado`j ̀ j judnars e`hear teojjacassory tf craota o hmfnom-scoma k`sostar ojk wa eova tf ramy fj katar-

rajca ojk efpa bfr tea nast fr wa raoce vary mfw judnars fr zarf ojk

tea `ssua teaj w`mm na tf doga sura teot teay ora jft ranu`mt. Avaj `b o

3. Dort`j Sajj ojk Cer`stfpe Ameorkt, ”Nfurkàu ojk tea nfdn< Yfwar, mojhuoha ojk

tea kfx`c nottma fvar tea vomua fb jucmaor waopfjs,— Aurfpaoj Lfurjom fb @jtarjot`fjom

âmot`fjs >9, jf. > (Luja >9?;)< 3?2–3;9.

;. Saa Ymfuhseoras Bujk‐s rapfrt nosak fj tea cfdp`mak ast`dotas fb Eojs Gr`stajsaj

ojk ^fnart Jfrr`s bfr tea Nummat`j fb tea Otfd`c Scàjt`sts, Kacadnar >9?>,

ettp5?;.pkb.

1. Xa ora duce dfra kadojk`jh w`te jucmaor waopfjs usak bfr katarrajca teoj wa

ora w`te ojy ftear tacejfmfhy< teay ora jft ommfwak tf bo`m fjca `b bo`mura daojs tea

moujce fb o jucmaor waopfj. Dfrafvar, prfpfjajts fb jucmaor katarrajca axpact

tea strotahy fb katarrajca tf wfrg bfravar. @t `s wfrte rapaot`jh teot tea fr`h`jom prfpf-

jajts fb jucmaor katarrajca cfdn`jak w`te o bfcus fj sfvara`hj stotas sow te`s os o”tajtot`va, sacfjk-nast, ojk tadpfrory— sfmut`fj. Saa Kojàm Kaukjay, Nfujk`jh

Yfwar< âpunm`coj Sacur`ty [eafry brfd tea Yfm`s tf tea Hmfnom R`mmoha (Yr`jcatfj<

Yr`jcatfj Qj`vars`ty Yrass, >998), >;8.

2. O te`rk butura wfumk cfjtadpmota tea nraog`jh fb tea sf-commak jucmaor tonff ojk tea

cfjvajt`fjom`zot`fj fb tea usa fb jucmaor waopfjs. @t wfumk jft fjmy raqu`ra teot

tea waopfjs ora usak nut teot te`s usa maoks tf o dfva owoy brfd katarrajca tfwork

pravajt`va wor os o strotahy. [e`s `s fjmy fja pfss`nma cfjsaquajca fb tea usa fb

jucmaor waopfjs ojk, sf bor, `t `s jft cfjs`karak m`gamy. Saa Dorg B`tzpotr`cg, ”[ea

Xfrmk Obtar< Yrfm`barot`fj, Katarrajca ojk K`sordodajt ̀ b tea Jucmaor [onff ̀ sNrfgaj,— @jst`tut Brojèo`s kas âmot`fjs @jtarjot`fjomas, Yrfm`barot`fj Yopar 3? (Spr`jh

>990)7 ojk Hafrha E. _uastar, Jucmaor B`rst Str`ga< Cfjsaquajcas fb o Nrfgaj

[onff (Nomt`dfra< Lfejs Efpg`js Qj`vars`ty Yrass, >992).



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O NA[ YF^[ÔPAK OS O CA^[O@J[P | 8

crak`nma d`ss`ma kabajsa systad cfumk na nu`mt, `t wfumk jft cfjst`tuta o

te`rk butura7 `t wfumk lust na ojftear porodatar `j tea cef`ca natwaajteasa twf buturas.8

Yrfpfjajts fb o wfrmk w`tefut jucmaor waopfjs usa tea reatfr`c fb

fjmy twf pfss`nma buturas< a`tear hatt`jh tf zarf fr jucmaor prfm`barot`fj.5

Nut hatt`jh tf vary mfw judnars varsus trust`jh jucmaor katarrajca bfravar

raacts o dfra bujkodajtom trute. [e`s kap`ct`fj fb butura cef`cas kfas

jft doga ojy ossudpt`fj onfut tea poca fb prfm`barot`fj fr tea cfjjac-

t`fj natwaaj jucmaor k`sordodajt ojk jucmaor prfm`barot`fj.@b tea fjmy twf ovo`monma buturas ora hatt`jh tf zarf (fr vary mfw jud-

nars) ojk ramy`jh fj mucg bfravar, we`ce butura fuhet tf na raom`zak6 [e`s

`s jft o quast`fj fb raom`sd fr utfpò. @t `s o quast`fj fb pfm`t`com cef`ca<

wa a`tear wohar fj parpatuom mucg fr wa wohar fj tea on`m`ty fb pafpma tf

oklust tf jaw ̀ jtarjot`fjom ajv`rfjdajts. Xe`ce butura kf yfu ceffsa os

o hfom nabfra putt`jh yfur bfrcas `jtf tea nottma tf ”nr`jh tea ―`s‐ cmfsar tf

tea ―fuhet‐—60

Doyna tea prfpfjajts fb jucmaor katarrajca ossuda teot o

8. [ea currajt prflacts onfut d`ss`ma kabajsa kf jft `jtajk tf rapmoca jucmaor katarrajca

nut tf cfdpmadajt `t, cfjtrory tf Yras`kajt ^fjomk âohoj‐s fr`h`jom `kao. Sf avaj `b o

crak`nma d`ss`ma-kabajsa systad cfumk na nu`mt, tea ramòjca fj jucmaor katarrajca

wfumk st`mm ax`st. Ojk tea lury `s st`mm fut fj weatear d`ss`ma kabajsa wfumk boc`m`tota

tea am`d`jot`fj fb jucmaor waopfjs. O hffk opprfoce tf te`s kanota coj na bfujk `j

[fd Souar, Am`d`jot`jh Jucmaor Xaopfjs< [ea ^fma fb D`ss`ma Kabajsa (Jaw Pfrg<

Cfmudnò Qj`vars`ty Yrass, >9??).

5. O racajt axodpma fb te`s cfddfj orhudajt coj na bfujk ̀ j Scftt Sohoj, ”O comm bfr

hmfnom jucmaor k`sordodajt,— Jotura ;58, (Lumy 1, >9?>)< 3?. Ea wr`tas, ”[ea cef`ca

`s . . . natwaaj o wfrmk braa fb jucmaor waopfjs fr fja w`te dojy dfra jucmaor

stotas.—

0. [e`s `s Hafrha Seumtz‐s axprass`fj `j Eorry‐s Most Mactura fj Doy ?0, >990, ot Stojbfrk

Qj`vars`ty< ”[ea pfwar fb tea fuhet,— nfrrfw`jh tea t`tma fb Dox Godpamdoj‐s prasaj-

tot`fj bfr tea twajtàte ojj`varsory fb tea âyglov`g Sudd`t fj Fctfnar ??, >992, ot

tea Effvar @jst`tut`fj. Saa omsf Stavaj Y. Ojkraosaj, ”@jtrfkuct`fj< Cmfs`jh tea HopNatwaaj tea ―@‐ ojk tea ―Fuhet,‐— `j âyglov`g âv`s`tak< Staps [fwork o Xfrmk Braa fb

Jucmaor Xaopfjs, ak. Hafrha Y. Seumtz, Stavaj Y. Ojkraosaj, S`kjay K. Kramm, ojk

Lodas A. Hffkny (Stojbfrk< Effvar @jst`tut`fj Yrass, >995).



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c`v`m`zot`fj-kastrfy`jh k`sostar w`mm eoppaj nabfra jucmaor waopfjs ora

usak, sf teot tea`r pr`fr`t`as m`a amsaweara, nut te`s nat `s jft doka axpm`c`tfr doyna teay `dpmy teot butura jucmaor waopfjs usa `s `jav`tonma ojk

coj na m`d`tak. [efsa ora kanotonma ossudpt`fjs we`ce sefumk na doka

axpm`c`t ojk nacfda port fb tea cfjvarsot`fj. Fjca te`s `s kfja ojk tea

prfpfjajts fb jucmaor katarrajca ocgjfwmakha tea bujkodajtom prfnmad

fb hmfnom jucmaor vumjaron`m`ty, tea nurkaj fb prffb w`mm na seorak dfra

aquommy ojk tea ate`com ojk pfm`t`com quast`fjs onfut we`ce butura wa

wojt tf str`va bfr w`mm na bru`tbummy rafpajak.

[ea Cosa bfr Jucmaor Katarrajca

@j te`s popar, @ okkrass teraa fb tea dfst braquajtmy usak orhudajts bfr

do`jto`j`jh o s`hj`cojt daosura fb kapajkajca bfr `jtarjot`fjom sacu-

r`ty fj jucmaor katarrajca nfte hmfnommy ojk rah`fjommy<?9

?. Jucmaor waopfjs eova katarrak hraot pfwars brfd woh`jh wor

oho`jst aoce ftear, sf o wfrmk w`tefut jucmaor waopfjs w`mm maok

tf, fr ot maost d`het ajcfuroha, hraot-pfwar wor.

>. [ea QS jucmaor udnrammo eos katarrak jucmaor prfm`barot`fj, sf

tea rakuct`fj fb tea QS jucmaor orsajom w`mm ujkard`ja tea

crak`n`m`ty fb QS axtajkak katarrajca ojk craota okk`t`fjom

`jcajt`vas bfr jucmaor prfm`barot`fj.

3. Jucmaor waopfjs eova katarrak ftear pfwars brfd `jvok`jh tea

tarr`tfry fb tefsa stotas teot pfssass jucmaor waopfjs ojk teus

?9. O bfurte fnlact`fj @ kf jft okkrass eara wfumk adpeos`za teot jucmaor waopfjs ora

oj `jcfdporonma `jstrudajt bfr cfarc`va k`pmfdocy. [fkk S. Sacesar ojk Dotteaw

Buerdojj cfjv`jc`jhmy ranut te`s fnlact`fj `j o racajt stuky sefw`jh teot jucmaor

waopfjs kf jft prfv`ka dfra mavaroha teoj cfjvajt`fjom waopfjs `j cr`s`s s`tuo-t`fjs. Saa ”Cr`s`s Norho`j`jh ojk Jucmaor Nmocgdo`m,— @jtarjot`fjom Frhoj`zot`fj 28,

jf. ? (Lojuory >9?3)< ?83–?01.



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maokars fb cfujtràs w`te ramot`vamy waog cfjvajt`fjom copon`m`-

tàs w`mm gaap tea`r waopfjs os oj aquom`zar. O vars`fj fb te`sorhudajt bfcusas fj k`ctotfròm rah`das fr ”rfhua stotas— wefsa

vary ax`stajca kapajks fj tea`r eov`jh jucmaor waopfjs.

@ orhua teot jfja fb teasa orhudajts efmks.

[easa teraa orhudajts bfr ocqu`r`jh ojk gaap`jh jucmaor orsajoms rast

fj tea pfwar fb teasa waopfjs tf katar oj oct`fj, weatear o hraot- pfwars

wor, jucmaor prfm`barot`fj, fr `jvos`fj fb ojk rah`da ceojha `j waogarjot`fjs. Nut katarrajca fb suce oj oct`fj `s dfst fbtaj nosak fj tea crak-

`n`m`ty fb o sat fb jot`fjom copon`m`tàs teot `jcmuka omm tea jfj-jucmaor

ossats fb o jot`fj, ̀ jcmuk`jh `ts crak`n`m`ty os oj ommy. [earabfra, katarrajca

sefumk jft na `kajtàk w`te jucmaor waopfjs ojk kajak ny tead os

eos nacfda tea eon`t, omdfst ujcfjsc`fusmy.?? [ea okkak katarrajt vomua

fb jucmaor waopfjs,?> rotear teoj tea`r katarrajt vomua par sa, eos tf na

raaxod`jak, gaap`jh `j d`jk teot cfjvajt`fjom waopfjs ojk ftear boc-tfrs (acfjfd`c, os oj axodpma) coj eova o katarrajt abbact w`te o duce

e`hear crak`n`m`ty fb octuom usa.?3

Obtar sefw`jh teot teasa orhudajts ora jft os cfjv`jc`jh os tea`r bra-

quajcy suhhasts, @ w`mm kam`jaota fppfrtuj`tàs we`ce okvfcotas bfr o

jucmaor-braa wfrmk sefumk axpmf`t fj tea`r woy tf okvojc`jh tea`r hfom,

nosak fj tea kacfupm`jh fb jucmaor waopfjs ojk katarrajca.

??. Yotr`cg Dfrhoj ojk Hafrha _uastar rad`jk us teot tea cfjcapt fb katarrajca

prakotas tea `jvajt`fj fb jucmaor waopfjs ojk sefw efw dutuom jucmaor katar-

rajca os wa gjfw `t wos jft cfkàk nabfra tea mota ?019s ojk aormy ?029s. Saa

”Efw E`stfry ojk tea Hafpfm`t`com Cfjtaxt Seopa Katarrajca— `j Katarrajca< @ts

Yost ojk Butura, ak. Hafrha Y. Seumtz, S`kjay K. Kramm, ojk Lodas A. Hffkny

(Stojbfrk< Effvar @jst`tut`fj Yrass, >9??).

?>. [e`s nu`mks fj Stavaj Y. Maa‐s jft`fj fb tea ”dorh`jom katarrajt vomua— fb

jucmaor waopfjs `j Dfrom`ty, Yrukajca, ojk Jucmaor Xaopfjs (Codnr`kha, QG<

Codnr`kha Qj`vars`ty Yrass, ?003), ?3>bb.

?3. @n`k., ?>;–?>0.



12/109

?9 | NAJFÊ[ YAMFY@KOS

Fja cojjft stota bfr carto`j teot hraot-pfwar wor

w`mm na dfra m`gamy `j o wfrmk w`tefut jucmaor waopfjs

[ea dfst ̀ jt`d`kot`jh cr`t`qua fb tea hfom fb o wfrmk braa fb jucmaor waop-

fjs `s teot `t wfumk doga tea wfrmk soba bfr burtear wor odfjh hraot pfw-

ars. @ts dfst amfquajt prfpfjajt wos prfnonmy X`jstfj Ceurce`mm, wef

worjak e`s bammfw c`t`zajs< ”Na corabum onfva omm te`jhs jft tf mat hf fb tea

otfd`c waopfj ujt`m yfu ora sura ojk dfra teoj sura teot ftear daojs

fb prasarv`jh paoca ora `j yfur eojks.—?; @j ftear wfrks, occfrk`jh tfGajjate Xomtz, ”onfm`se`jh tea waopfjs teot eova cousak s`xty-va yaors

fb paoca wfumk carto`jmy eova abbacts. @t wfumk, odfjh ftear te`jhs, doga

tea wfrmk soba bfr tea het`jh fb Xfrmk Xor @@@.—?1 [e`s cfddfj nam`ab `s

suddor`zak `j tea bodfus Fctfnar >990 [`da dohoz`ja ort`cma< ”Xojt

paoca6 H`va o Juga tea Jfnam.—?2

@ w`mm sefw teraa dolfr ows `j te`s stotadajt. B`rst, `t ossudas teot

wa coj gjfw bfr sura weot cousak paoca ojk jahmacts savarom cfdpat-`jh eypfteasas axpmo`j`jh tea onsajca fb hraot-pfwar wors. Sacfjk,

`t teus ossudas teot jucmaor waopfjs ora a`tear tea fjmy, fr ot maost o

jacassory, cousa fb hraot-pfwar paoca. [e`rk, `t ossudas o storg cfjtrost

natwaaj tea wfrmk fb tea most savajty yaors, we`ce eova oppaorak ramo-

t`vamy ”paocabum,— ojk o wfrmk w`tefut jucmaor waopfjs teot wfumk na

wor-prfja.

?;. _uftak ny Dorhorat [eotcear ot Mfrk Doyfr‐s nojquat, Jfvadnar ?9, ?052,

ettp7 ojk dfst racajtmy ny

Nrujf [artro`s, ”[ea @mmfh`c fb \arf,— [ea Xose`jhtfj _uortarmy 33, jf. >

(Opr`m >9?9)< ?32.

?1. Gajjate J. Xomtz, ”[ea Hraot Kanota,— [ea Jot`fjom @jtarast, Saptadnar–Fctfnar

>9?9, 0>.

?2. Kov`k Rfj Kraema, ”Xojt paoca6 H`va o Juga tea Jfnam,— [`da,

Fctfnar ??, >990.



13/109

O NA[ YF^[ÔPAK OS O CA^[O@J[P | ??

[ea ”jucmaor paoca— `s fjmy o r`sgy eypfteas`s odfjh ftears

Xa cojjft gjfw bfr sura weot cousak tea onsajca fb hraot-pfwar wors

fvar tea most savajty yaors.?8 Xa ora mabt w`te kuam`jh cfujtarboctuoms ojk

tea jaak tf nat ojk trust.?5 [ea fppfjajts fb tea hfom fb o wfrmk w`tefut

jucmaor waopfjs craota o bomsa k`ceftfdy natwaaj weot wa gjfw bfr

o boct ojk weot wa eypfteas`za. Fj tea fja eojk, teay orhua, `s tea eork

boct fb tea jucmaor paoca7 fj tea ftear eojk ora ftear eypfteasas fr cfuj-

tarboctuom raosfj`jhs. Nut tea jucmaor paoca `s jft o boct. @t `s o eypfteas`s

try`jh tf m`jg twf fnsarvonma bocts< tea ax`stajca fb jucmaor waopfjs `jtea wfrmk s`jca ?0;1 ojk tea onsajca fb wor natwaaj tea Qj`tak Stotas

ojk tea Sfvàt Qj`fj kur`jh tea soda par`fk. [ea boct `s teot tea `kao fb

tea jucmaor paoca ojk cfdpat`jh axpmojot`fjs seora tea soda stotus< omm

ora eypfteasas, raqu`r`jh o raruj fb tea e`stfry fb tea most savajty yaors

w`tefut jucmaor waopfjs tf saa weatear wor wfumk eova nrfgaj fut. [ea

?8. Fja d`het soy s`xty-s`x yaors `b tea rabarajca pf`jt `s tea Sfvàt Qj`fj ocqu`r`jh

jucmaor waopfjs. [ea kota ceojhas oho`j `b kam`vary vae`cmas ajtar tea ossassdajt. @j

ojy cosa, tea prfnmad eara `s teot e`he sunlact`va cfjkajca `s jft o hffk `jk`cotfr

fb vom`k`ty ojk teot axparts ora jft raworkak bfr okd`tt`jh tea m`d`ts fb vom`k`ty fb

tea`r gjfwmakha‛qu`ta tea fppfs`ta. Kojàm Goejadoj, [e`jg`jh, Bost ojk Smfw

(Jaw Pfrg< Borror, Strous, ojk H`rfux, >9??), ceop. >9 ojk pp. >2>–>23.

?5. [ea sfcòm scàjca m`tarotura tast`jh te`s fjmy raoceas prfnon`m`st`c cfjcmus`fjs teot ora

`rramavojt `j o raomd `j we`ce fja bo`mura wfumk na `jtfmaronma. ^fnart ôuceeous

cfjrds, bfr axodpma, teot pfssass`fj fb jucmaor waopfjs ny dumt`pma portàs tf ocr`s`s dogas tead mass m`gamy tf ajtar o cr`s`s, `j ”Avomuot`jh tea Jucmaor Yaoca

Eypfteas`s< O _uojt`tot`va Opprfoce,— Lfurjom fb Cfj`ct âsfmut`fj 13, jf. > (Opr`m

>990)< >20. [eara ora teraa bujkodajtom prfnmads w`te te`s typa fb jk`jh< (?) [ea

vom`k`ty fb suce o jk`jh h`vaj tea m`d`tak judnar fb cosas wa eova ojk tea m`d`tak

kurot`fj fb tea jucmaor oha7 (>) tea odfujt fb weot wa kfj‐t gjfw onfut tea post7

ojk, (3) tea post‐s quast`fjonma ramavojca bfr tea butura. Bfr burtear ojomys`s fb teasa

pf`jts, saa Lodas H. Dorce, Maa S. Sprfumm, ojk D`ceom [oduz, ”Maorj`jh brfd Sod-

pmas fb Fja fr Bawar,— Frhoj`zot`fj Scàjca >, jf. ? (Banruory ?00?)7 ojk Najfêt

Yamfp`kos, âjfjcar é m‐orda jucmào`ra< Mo sàkuct`fj ka m‐`dpfss`nma6 (H`v`jh upJucmaor Xaopfjs Odn`t`fjs< [ea Sakuct`fj fb tea @dpfss`nma6) (Yor`s< Scàjcas Yf

Qj`vars`ty Yrass, bfrtecfd`jh).



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?> | NAJFÊ[ YAMFY@KOS

jucmaor paoca eypfteas`s `s jf mass o cfujtarboctuom teoj `ts r`voms.?0 @t

bocas tea ceommajha fb prfv`jh o jahot`va. @j teasa c`rcudstojcas, bo`te `jtea jucmaor paoca nacfdas o nat fr o dottar fb trust.>9

Dfrafvar, wa gjfw teot cfdpmax ojk t`hetmy cfupmak systads m`ga

jucmaor waopfjs ora kffdak tf bo`m avajtuommy, avaj `b tea braquajcy fb

bo`mura `s vary mfw. [e`s `s nacousa tea`r cfdpmax`ty ojk t`het cfupm`jh

kfj‐t ommfw bfr ojt`c`pot`jh ojk tast`jh fb avary pfss`nma bo`mura.>? H`vaj

te`s ap`stadfmfh`com ceommajha, we`ce ramàs umt`dotamy fj tea trust fja

puts `j fja pftajtòm cousa fb paoca ot tea axpajsa fb tea ftears ojk fjtea axpactak t`d`jh fb jucmaor varsus jfj-jucmaor k`sostars, ot maost fja

quast`fj or`sas< `s savajty yaors o e`he ajfuhe stojkork fb av`kajca bfr

us tf surrajkar fur bota tf jucmaor waopfjs bfravar6>>

?0. Lfej Duammar, ”Ap`mfhua< Kuamm`jh Cfujtarboctuoms,— `j Cfmk Xor Stotasdaj Cfjbrfjt

tea Nfdn< Jucmaor K`pmfdocy s`jca ?0;1, ak. Lfej Maw`s Hokk`s, Ye`m`p E. Hfrkfj,

Arjast ^. Doy, ojk Lfjoteoj ^fsajnarh (Fxbfrk< Fxbfrk Qj`vars`ty Yrass, ?000)7 ojk^`ceork Jak Manfw, Bfrn`kkaj Bru`t< Cfujtarboctuoms ojk @jtarjot`fjom ̂ amot`fjs

(Yr`jcatfj, JL< Yr`jcatfj Qj`vars`ty Yrass, >9?9), ?3.

>9. [ea cmo`d teot tea jucmaor paoca eypfteas̀ s `s trua rasumts brfd o cfddfj bommocy

we`ce cfjs`sts `j turj`jh o cfrramot`fj natwaaj twf vorònmas `jtf o cousom ramot`fj-

se`p. Cfhj`t`va psycefmfhy sefws efw cfddfj te`s `s h`vaj teot `jtu`t`fj ”outfdot-

`commy ojk abbfrtmassmy `kajtàs cousom ramot`fjs natwaaj avajts, sfdat`das avaj

weaj tea cfjjact`fj `s spur`fus.— Goejadoj, [e`jg`jh, Bost ojk Smfw, ??97 saa

omsf 81, ??;–??5.

>?. Saa Ceormas Yarrfw, Jfrdom Occ`kajts< M`v`jh w`te E`he ̂ `sg [acejfmfhàs

(Yr`jcatfj, JL< Yr`jcatfj Qj`vars`ty Yrass, ?000), ceop. >7 Scftt Sohoj, [ea M`d`ts fb

Sobaty< Frhoj`zot`fjs, Occ`kajts, ojk Jucmaor Xaopfjs (Yr`jcatfj, JL< Yr`jcatfj

Qj`vars`ty Yrass, ?003)7 ojk Dotteaw âjkomm, ”Jucmaor Xaopfjs ojk @jtarhajaro-

t`fjom Axpmf`tot`fj,— Sacur`ty Stukàs ?2, jf. ; (Fctfnar >998). Kramm ojk Hffkny

r`hetmy ceoroctar`za tea vàw teot jucmaor katarrajca w`mm omwoys wfrg os ”oj axarc`sa

`j w`sebum te`jg`jh,— `j S`kjay Kramm ojk Lodas Hffkny, ”[ea âom`ty< O Hfom fb o

Xfrmk w`tefut Jucmaor Xaopfjs `s Assajtòm,— Xose`jhtfj _uortarmy 3?, jf. 3

(Suddar >995)< >0. [e`s cr`t`qua wos port`cumormy strfjh `j tea mota ?089s ojkaormy ?059s.

>>. Ossud`jh vom`k`ty ojk ramòn`m`ty `s o cfddfj d`stoga psycefmfh`sts comm ”tea mow fb

sdomm judnars.— @j fur lukhdajts onfut tea vom`k`ty fb cmo`ds, wa tajk tf poy dfra



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O NA[ YF^[ÔPAK OS O CA^[O@J[P | ?3

[ea m`d`ts fb jucmaor katarrajca os o paocadogar >3

Cr`t`cs fb onfm`t`fj pfrtroy o wfrmk w`tefut jucmaor waopfjs os wor-

prfja ojk namàva teot jucmaor waopfjs ora o jacassory ojk subcàjt

cousa bfr hraot-pfwar paoca. [e`s `s fjmy tea motast `jstojca fb oj `kao

teot eos rapaotakmy naaj prfvaj wrfjh, s`jca ot maost ?529< tea axpac-

tot`fj teot tea ujpracakajtak kastruct`vajass fb o jaw waopfj systad

ojk tea teraot fb `ts usa w`mm put oj ajk tf wor. [e`s wos wrfjh bfr kyjo-

d`ta, sundor`jas, ort`mmary, sdfgamass pfwkar, tea doce`ja huj, ojk pf`-

sfj hos.>; Xos jucmaor katarrajca o jacassory ojk subcàjt cousa bfrpaoca odfjh hraot pfwars6 Dfst cr`t`cs fb tea `kao fb o wfrmk w`tefut

jucmaor waopfjs do`jto`j teot `t wos. [eay orhua teot tea jucmaor-ordak

ottajt`fj tf tea cfjtajt fb dassohas teoj tf `jbfrdot`fj onfut tea`r ramòn`m`ty.

Saa Kojàm Goejadoj, [e`jg`jh, Bost ojk Smfw, ceop. ?9.

>3. [ea ̀ kao fb o jucmaor paoca eos naaj ceommajhak bfr savarom yaors. Saa Avoj

Muork, Xor `j @jtarjot`fjom Sfcàty< O Stuky `j @jtarjot`fjom Sfc`fmfhy (Mfjkfj<

@. N. [our`s, ?052), 3027 D`ceoam DccHw`ra, ”Jucmaor Katarrajca,— @jtarjot`fjom

Obbo`rs 5>, jf. ; (Luja >992)< 85;7 D`ceoam DccHw`ra, ”Katarrajca< [ea

Yrfnmad, Jft tea Sfmut`fj,— @jtarjot`fjom Obbo`rs 2>, jf. ? (X`jtar ?052)7 Lfej

Duammar, ”[ea Assajtòm @rramavojca fb Jucmaor Xaopfjs< Ston`m`ty `j tea Yfstwor

Xfrmk,— @jtarjot`fjom Sacur`ty ?3, jf. > (Bomm ?055)7 Lfej Rosquaz, ”[ea Katar-

rajca Dyte< Jucmaor Xaopfjs ojk tea Yravajt`fj fb Jucmaor Xor— `j [ea Mfjh

Yfstwor Yaoca< Cfjtajk`jh Axpmojot`fjs ojk Yrflact`fjs, ak. Ceormas Gahmay(Jaw Pfrg< EorparCfmm`js, ?00?)7 Gaj Narry, Yotr`cò Maw`s, Najfêt Yamfp`kos,

J`gfmo` Sfgfv, ojk Xork X`msfj, ”Kamah`t`d`z`jh Jucmaor Xaopfjs< Axod`j`jh

tea Rom`k`ty fb Jucmaor Katarrajca,— Lodas Dort`j Cajtar bfr Jfjprfm`barot`fj

Stukàs, Dfjtaray @jst`tuta fb @jtarjot`fjom Stukàs, Doy >9?97 ojk Stavaj Y`jgar,

[ea Nattar Ojhams fb Fur Jotura< Xey R`fmajca Eos Kacm`jak (Jaw Pfrg< R`g`jh,

>9??), >25–>85.

>;. Bfr o cfjkajsak prasajtot`fj fb teasa orhudajts, saa Lodas Maa ôy, ”[ea Onfm`-

t`fj fb Smovary ojk tea Ajk fb @jtarjot`fjom Xor,— @jtarjot`fjom Frhoj`zot`fj ;3,

jf. 3 (Suddar ?050)< ;>0–;39. Gajjate Xomtz racfhj`zas tea axcapt`fj ea `sorhu`jh bfr weaj ea monams jucmaor waopfjs os ”tea fjmy paocagaap`jh waopfj

tea wfrmk eos avar gjfwj,— `j ”[ea Hraot Kanota,— 0>. [ea prfpfjajts fb tea

prav`fus waopfjs `j tea m`st so`k tea soda te`jh.



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?; | NAJFÊ[ YAMFY@KOS

stotas javar bfuhet o wor oho`jst aoce ftear.>1 [e`s coj jfw na prfvaj

wrfjh. [ea ?020 nfrkar cmose natwaaj Ce`jo ojk ûssò>2 ojk, dfraracajtmy, tea ?000 Gorh`m cr`s`s natwaaj @jkò ojk Yog`stoj sefw teot

tea cfjvajt`fjom w`skfd teot o jucmaor-ordak stota cojjft na ottocgak

`s e`stfr`commy `joccurota. Dfrafvar, jucmaor-ordak stotas eova naaj

ottocgak ny jfj-jucmaor-waopfj stotas fj dumt`pma fccos`fjs. QS trffps

wara ottocgak ny Ce`jasa bfrcas `j ?019 `j Gfrao ojk ny Ràtjodasa

bfrcas `j tea ?029s ojk ?089s7 @sroam wos ottocgak ny Syrò ojk Ahypt

`j ?083 ojk ny @roq `j ?00?7 ojk `j ?05>, Orhajt`jo `jvokak tea Nr`t`seBomgmojk @smojks.>8 [e`s jorrfws kfwj tea cmo`ds bfr jucmaor waopfjs

os paocadogars. Dfra `dpfrtojtmy, avaj te`s jorrfwar cmo`d jaaks

tf na raaxod`jak tog`jh `jtf occfujt twf bocts< (?) ovf`kojca fb sav-

arom jucmaor k`sostars wos kua tf mucg ojk cojjft na axpmo`jak ny

jucmaor katarrajca7 ojk (>) katarrajca os o strotahy eos bovfrak dfra

r`sg-prfja strotahàs ojk `j sfda cosas doka wor pfss`nma `jstaok fb

pravajt`jh `t.Mucg `s tff fbtaj togaj os o cfjrdot`fj teot jucmaor katarrajca

gapt tea paoca.>5 Nut mucg sefumk jft na d`sraok os succassbum katar-

>1. Xomtz, ”[ea Hraot Kanota—7 Nrujf [artro`s, ”@j kabajsa fb katarrajca,— @jst`tut

Brojèo`s kas âmot`fjs @jtarjot`fjomas, Yrfm`barot`fj Yopar 30, Bomm >9??< 07 ̂ fnart

ôuceeous, ”Avomuot`jh tea Jucmaor Yaoca Eypfteas`s,— >25.

>2. Kov`k Efmmfwoy, ”―Czace-dot`jh‐ Ce`jo6 [ea S`jf-Sfvàt Cr`s`s fb ?020,— `j E`stfrà

Yrfź`tà D`jumfst`, ak. L`Őä Gfcòj, D`moj Ftïeom, ojk D`rfsmov Rojđg (Yrohua< @jst`tuta

fb Cfjtadpfrory E`stfry, >9?9).

>8. [. R. Youm, [ea [rok`t`fj fb Jfj-Qsa fb Jucmaor Xaopfjs (Stojbfrk, Stojbfrk

Qj`vars`ty Yrass, >990), ?;1.

>5. [ea orhudajt nosak fj mucg `s kac`s`va. @jkaak, Youm Scerfakar, wef orhuak `j

bovfr fb dojoh`jh tea jucmaor kojhar w`tefut onfm`se`jh tea waopfjs, racfhj`zak

te`s< ”@b s`jca ?0;1 fjmy mucg eok gapt tea wfrmk brfd jucmaor efmfcoust teaj fja

wfumk eova tf lf`j . . . cràs bfr sfda krost`c oct`fj tf turj te`jhs orfujk.— Saa Youm

Scerfakar, ”Kfas Durpey‐s Mow Oppmy tf E`stfry6— X`msfj _uortarmy 0, jf. ?(?051)< 58. @ wfumk orhua teot `t `s tea cosa avaj `b mucg wos tea fjmy raosfj wey wa

ovf`kak k`sostar `j fja s`jhma cosa. [eara `s jf jaak bfr mucg tf na tea fjmy cousa fb

jfj-usa fb jucmaor waopfjs tf lust`by o comm bfr ceojha `j jucmaor pfm`cy.



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rajca.>0 Dfra occurotamy, os [efdos Sceamm`jh jftak, maokars fb jucmaor-

waopfj stotas coj doga teraots teot ”maova sfdate`jh tf ceojca—39‛racfhj`z`jh teot te`jhs cfumk sp`rom fut fb cfjtrfm ojk jucmaor waop-

fjs cfumk na usak avaj `b teay kf jft `jtajk tf usa tead‛tf doga

tefsa teraots dfra crak`nma. Nut `jcmuk`jh mucg `j o succassbum katar-

rajca strotahy, os `b yfu cfumk cfjtrfm `t, `s nfte o cfjcaptuom cfjbu-

s`fj ojk o ratrfspact`va `mmus`fj.3? Mucg wos fj fur s`ka te`s t`da, nut

te`s `s jft o cfjsaquajca fb purpfsabum oct`fj. Bfr axodpma, kur`jh tea

j`het fb Fctfnar >2–>8, ?02>, ot tea ea`het fb tea Cunoj d`ss`ma cr`s`s,oj Odar`coj Q-> spy pmoja stroyak `jtf Sfvàt o`rspoca fvar tea Orct`c.

Sfvàt hetar lats scrodnmak tf `jtarcapt tea Q-> we`ma B-?9> `jtarcaptfrs

wara sajt tf ascfrt `t efda ojk pravajt Sfvàt D@Hs brfd braamy ajtar`jh

QS o`rspoca. H`vaj tea c`rcudstojcas, tea B-?9>s cfjvajt`fjom o`r-tf-o`r

d`ss`mas eok naaj rapmocak w`te jucmaor-t`ppak fjas ojk tea`r p`mfts

cfumk kac`ka tf usa jucmaor waopfjs. Occfrk`jh tf Scftt Sohoj `j [ea

M`d`ts fb Sobaty, ”tea `jtarcaptfrs ot Homajo wara ordak w`te tea jucmaorBomcfj o`r-tf-o`r d`ss`mas ojk, ujkar ax`st`jh sobaty rumas, wara outefr`zak

tf corry tea waopfjs ̀ j bumm raok`jass cfjk`t`fj `j ojy ―oct`va o`r kabajsa‐

>0. Fj te`s prfnmad, saa Najfêt Yamfp`kos, ”Xa omm mfst tea Cunoj d`ss`ma cr`s`s,— `j

[ea Cunoj D`ss`ma Cr`s`s< O Cr`t`com âoppro`som, ak. Maj Scftt ojk ^. Haromk Euheas

(Mfjkfj< ^futmakha, >9?1).

39. [efdos C. Sceamm`jh, [ea Strotahy fb Cfj`ct (Codnr`kha, DO< Eorvork Qj`vars`ty

Yrass, ?029), ceop. 5.

3?. Nacousa post cr`sas k`k jft ascomota ojk turj ̀ jtf jucmaor wor, wa ora prfja tf weot

psycefmfh`sts comm ”e`jks`het nòs— fr ”jorrot`va bommocy,— we`ce ratrfspact`vamy w`mm

craota o bomsa cousom ramot`fj natwaaj cr`s`s dojohadajt ojk tea bovfronma futcfda

fb tea cr`s`s we`ce ovf`kak jucmaor wor. Sfda fb teasa cfjsaquajcas cfumk fjmy na

gjfwj ratrfspact`vamy7 cmo`d`jh e`jks`het `s oj fvarstotadajt. Xa ora omsf m`gamy tf

namàva teot wa coj maorj dfra teoj wa sefumk brfd tea bovfronma futcfda fb cr`sas

nacousa wa d`sujkarstojk tea rfma fb mucg. Saa Goejadoj, [e`jg`jh, Bost ojk Smfw, ceop. ?0. Fj te`s cfjbus`fj, saa Najfêt Yamfp`kos, ”[ea teafr`st wef maovas jfte`jh

tf ceojca,— popar prasajtak ot tea >9?; @jtarjot`fjom Stukàs Ossfcòt`fj cfjbar-

ajca, [frfjtf, Dorce >0, >9?;.



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d`ss`fj.—3> Bfrtujotamy, tea spy pmoja turjak nocg ojk tea Sfvàt lats eamk

tea`r ra.33 [eara ora dojy ftear `jstojcas `j we`ce katarrajca cojjftoccfujt bfr bovfronma futcfdas.3; ̂ fnart DcJodoro wos k`ract onfut tea

rfma fb mucg kur`jh tea Cunoj d`ss`ma cr`s`s<

Occfrk`jh tf bfrdar Sfvàt d`m`tory maokars, ot tea ea`het fb tea cr`s`s,

Sfvàt bfrcas `j Cuno pfssassak ?2> jucmaor woreaoks, `jcmuk`jh ot

maost 09 toct`com woreaoks. WOjk tea Qj`tak Stotas. wos jft owora

fb teot ot tea t`da.T Ot onfut tea soda t`da, Cunoj Yras`kajt B`kamCostrf osgak tea Sfvàt odnossokfr tf Cuno tf sajk o conma tf Sfvàt

Yradàr J`g`to Geruseceav stot`jh teot Costrf urhak e`d tf cfujtar

o Q.S. ottocg w`te o jucmaor raspfjsa. Cmaormy, teara wos o e`he r`sg

teot `j tea boca fb o Q.S. ottocg, we`ce dojy `j tea Q.S. hfvarjdajt

wara praporak tf racfddajk tf Yras`kajt Gajjaky, tea Sfvàt bfrcas

`j Cuno wfumk eova kac`kak tf usa tea`r jucmaor waopfjs rotear teoj

mfsa tead. Fjmy o baw yaors ohf k`k wa maorj teot tea bfur Sfvàtsundor`jas tro`m`jh tea Q.S. Jovom vassams jaor Cuno aoce corràk

tfrpakfas w`te jucmaor woreaoks. Aoce fb tea sun cfddojkars eok

tea outefr`ty tf moujce e`s tfrpakfas. [ea s`tuot`fj wos avaj dfra

br`hetaj`jh nacousa, os tea maok cfddojkar racfujtak tf da, tea

suns wara fut fb cfdduj`cot`fj w`te tea`r Sfvàt nosas, ojk teay

cfjt`juak tea`r potrfms bfr bfur koys obtar Geruseceav ojjfujcak tea

w`tekrowom fb tea d`ss`mas brfd Cuno. [ea massfj, `b `t eok jft naaj

cmaor nabfra, wos doka sf ot o cfjbarajca fj tea cr`s`s eamk `j Eovojo

`j ?00>. . . . Jaor tea ajk fb teot daat`jh, @ osgak Costrf weatear ea

wfumk eova racfddajkak teot Geruseceav usa tea waopfjs `j tea

3>. Sohoj, [ea M`d`ts fb Sobaty, ?38.

33. @n`k., ?31-?35.

3;. Fja fb tea dfst racajt m`sts coj na bfujk `j Dort`j A. Eammdoj, ”Efw ̂ `sgy `sJucmaor Fpt`d`sd6— Nummat`j fb tea Otfd`c Scàjt`sts 28, jf. > (>9??). Saa omsf

D`ceoam Kfnns, Fja D`juta tf D`kj`het< Gajjaky, Geruseceav, ojk Costrf fj

tea Nr`jg fb Jucmaor Xor (Jaw Pfrg< Ombrak O. Gjfpb, >995), 393bb.



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boca fb o Q.S. `jvos`fj, ojk `b sf, efw ea tefuhet tea Qj`tak Stotas

wfumk raspfjk. ”Xa stortak brfd tea ossudpt`fj teot `b teara wosoj `jvos`fj fb Cuno, jucmaor wor wfumk arupt,— Costrf rapmàk. ”Xa

wara carto`j fb teot. . . . WXTa wfumk na bfrcak tf poy tea pr`ca teot

wa wfumk k`soppaor.— Ea cfjt`juak, ”Xfumk @ eova naaj raoky tf

usa jucmaor waopfjs6 Pas, @ wfumk eova ohraak tf tea usa fb jucmaor

waopfjs.— Ojk ea okkak, ”@b Dr. DcJodoro fr Dr. Gajjaky eok naaj

`j fur pmoca, ojk eok tea`r cfujtry naaj `jvokak, fr tea`r cfujtry

wos hf`jh tf na fccupàk . . . @ namàva teay wfumk eova usak toct`comjucmaor waopfjs.— @ efpa teot Yras`kajt Gajjaky ojk @ wfumk jft eova

naeovak os Costrf suhhastak wa wfumk eova. . . . Eok wa raspfjkak

`j o s`d`mor woy tea kodoha tf tea Qj`tak Stotas wfumk eova naaj

ujte`jgonma. Nut eudoj na`jhs ora bomm`nma Wadpeos`s okkakT.31

[e`s bosc`jot`jh occfujt sefws efw mocg fb `jbfrdot`fj, d`sparcap-

t`fj, ojk ̀ kafmfhy cfumk eova mak tf k`sostar ̀ b wa eok jft naaj mucgy. Nutbomsa `jbfrdot`fj, mocg fb `jbfrdot`fj, ojk d`sparcapt`fjs wara jft tea

fjmy raosfj wey mucg wos tea kac`s`va cousa fb tea pfs`t`va futcfda fb

tea Cunoj d`ss`ma cr`s`s. M`d`ts fb sobaty, m`d`ts fb cfddojk ojk cfjtrfm,

ojk frhoj`zot`fjom prfnmads omsf eova tf na togaj `jtf occfujt. Os Scftt

Sohoj wrfta<

Dojy sar`fus sobaty prfnmads, we`ce cfumk eova rasumtak `j oj occ`-

kajtom fr ujoutefr`zak katfjot`fj fr o sar`fus prfvfcot`fj tf tea

Sfvàt hfvarjdajt, fccurrak kur`jh tea cr`s`s. Jfja fb teasa `jc`-

kajts mak tf `jokvartajt ascomot`fj fr oj occ`kajtom wor. Omm fb tead,

efwavar, eok tea pftajtòm tf kf sf. Yras`kajt Gajjaky doy wamm eova

31. ^fnart S. DcJodoro, ”Opfcomypsa Sffj,— Bfra`hj Yfm`cy ?;5 (Doy– Luja >991)< 33.Kaoj Oceasfj prfpfsak te`s `jtarpratot`fj os aormy os ?020. Ea axpmo`jak tea pfs`-

t`va futcfda fb tea Cunoj d`ss`ma cr`s`s os kua tf ”pmo`j kudn mucg.— Ea axpmo`jak

tea pfs`t`va futcfda `j Asqu`ra, Banruory ?020, 82.



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naaj prukajt. Ea k`k jft , efwavar, eova ujceommajhak jom cfjtrfm

fvar Q.S. jucmaor waopfjs.32

Dfst-racajt stukàs sefw teot smfppy proct`cas `j jucmaor waopfjs

dojohadajt eova fccurrak ot omm mavams fb kac`s`fj-dogars, maokars,

jucmaor sobaty ojk sacur`ty taods, ojk tfp-mavam d`m`tory parsfjjam `j

dfst jucmaor-waopfj stotas. [eay omsf sefw tea m`d`ts fb maorj`jh brfd

post smfppy proct`cas. Cfjkajca `j parbact jucmaor sobaty `s st`mm o dot-

tar fb w`se`jh bfr tea nast ojk ramy`jh fj mucg.38

Fja tamm`jh axodpmafb te`s fccurrak ot D`jft O`r Bfrca Nosa `j Jfrte Kogfto `j >998. [e`s

fbbars o wamm-kfcudajtak cosa fb dumt`pma smfppy proct`cas ojk suhhasts

tea m`d`ts fb maorj`jh obtar tea `jc`kajt wos `kajtàk. Fj Ouhust >0–39,

>998, s`x QS jucmaor-ordak cru`sa d`ss`ma woreaoks wara d`stogajmy

fwj tf Norgskoma O`r Bfrca Nosa `j Mfu`sòjo. [eay eok naaj pmocak ny

d`stoga ujkar tea w`jhs fb o N-1>7 tea waopfjs eok jft naaj huorkak

opprfpròtamy kur`jh o te`rty-s`x-efur par`fk. Eok tea pmoja axparàjcakojy prfnmads `j `het, tea craw wfumk jft eova bfmmfwak tea prfpar

adarhajcy prfcakuras.35 Obtar te`s w`kamy punm`c`zak cosa fb smfppy

32. Sohoj, [ea M`d`ts fb Sobaty, ??2.

38. Ar`c Scemfssar, Cfddojk ojk Cfjtrfm< Jucmaor Xaopfjs, tea Kodoscus

Occ`kajt, ojk tea @mmus`fj fb Sobaty (Jaw Pfrg< Ommaj Moja, >9?3)7 ojk Yotr`cò

Maw`s, Eaotear X`mmòds, Najfêt Yamfp`kos, ojk Sosoj Ohemoj`, ”[ff Cmfsa bfr

Cfdbfrt< Cosas fb jaor jucmaor usa ojk fpt`fjs bfr pfm`cy,— Ceoteod Efusa,^fyom @jst`tuta fb @jtarjot`fjom Obbo`rs, Opr`m >9?;, ettp9?;9;>5[ffCmfsabfrCfdbfrtJucmaorQsaMaw`sX`mmòdsYamfp`kosOhemoj`.pkb.

35. [e`s `jcmukak latt`sfj`jh tea cru`sa d`ss`mas ̀ b jacassory. [e`s `jvfmvak smfppy proc-

t`cas ot dumt`pma mavams. B`rst, tea fr`h`jom dfvadajt pmoj wos ceojhak ojk te`s

ceojha wos jft rapfrtak `j tea kfcudajts prfkucak bfr tea `jtarjom cffrk`jot`fj

prfcass ot D`jft. ”Os o cfjsaquajca, fja fb tea fr`h`jommy sceakumak pymfjs fb

cru`sa d`ss`mas eok jft naaj praporak bfr toct`com barry. WSacfjkT Xeaj tea nraogfut

craw occassak tea stfroha boc`m`ty, teay k`k jft prfparmy var`by tea stotus fb tea waop-fjs `j tea boc`m`ty os raqu`rak ny astonm`seak prfcakura ojk teay bo`mak tf jfta teot

tea d`ss`mas fj fja fb tea pymfjs fj tea`r `jtarjom wfrg kfcudajt st`mm cfjto`jak

jucmaor woreaoks. Omtefuhe prfcakura raqu`ras teraa sunsaquajt var`cot`fjs (ny



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proct`cas,30 QS Sacratory fb Kabajsa ^fnart Hotas adpeos`zak tea jaak

bfr raspfjs`n`m`ty `j eojkm`jh jucmaor waopfjs< ”[ea prfnmads wara tearasumt fb o mfjh-stojk`jh sm`ka ̀ j tea Sarv`ca‐s jucmaor staworkse`p. . . . Bfr

yfur port, yfu dust javar toga yfur kutàs m`hetmy. [eara ̀ s s`dpmy jf rffd

bfr arrfr. Pfurs `s tea dfst sajs`t`va d`ss`fj `j tea ajt`ra QS d`m`tory.—;9

Ceojha ojk `dprfvadajt wara suppfsak tf bfmmfw, nut avaj fj tea nosa

weara tea `jc`kajt tffg pmoca ojk weara tea Sacratory fb Kabajsa coda

tf h`va e`s spaace, `t wos jacassory tf rapaot tea frkar tf maova jf rffd

bfr arrfr. @j Opr`m >9?3, fja fbcar brfd tea 0?st D`ss`ma X`jh ot tea sodaO`r Bfrca Nosa `j Jfrte Kogfto wos puj`seak bfr smaap`jh fj tea lfn

we`ma eov`jh tea nmost kffr fpaj nae`jk e`d. (Smaap`jh wosj‐t prfe`n`tak

fj o twajty-bfur-efur se`bt, nut maov`jh tea nmost kffr fpaj wos.) Ea wos

fja fb twf d`ss`ma fbcars sojct`fjak teot yaor bfr suce o boumt ojk ea

tfmk e`s supar`frs teot `t wosj‐t tea rst t`da.;? O`r Bfrca fbcars tfmk tea

Ossfcòtak Yrass teot suce v`fmot`fjs fb tea sobaty prfcakuras eok eop-

pajak dfra fbtaj teoj lust `j tea twf kfcudajtak cosas.;>

[ea m`d`ts fbsobaty, tea m`d`ts fb cfddojk ojk cfjtrfm, ojk tea pars`stajca fb smfppy

proct`cas avaj `j tea QS jucmaor bfrcas suhhast teot tea rfma fb mucg `s

m`gamy tf eova naaj avaj dfra `dpfrtojt teoj wa coj kfcudajt eara.

teraa k`bbarajt hrfups) fb tea poymfok `jstommak `j tefsa cru`sa d`ss`mas, tefsa prfca-

kuras wara jft bfmmfwak.— [ea quftas bfr tea occfujt fb te`s port`cumor occ`kajt ora

togaj brfd tea ujcmossàk occfujt ovo`monma `j tea Banruory >995 rapfrt brfd teaKabajsa Scàjca Nfork Yardojajt [osg Bfrca fj Jucmaor Xaopfjs Suraty, ajt`tmak

âpfrt fj tea Qjoutefr`zak Dfvadajt fb Jucmaor Xaopfjs.

30. Hafrha Y. Seumtz, X`mmòd L. Yarry, Eajry O. G`ss`jhar, ojk Sod Jujj,

”[fwork o Jucmaor-Braa Xfrmk,— Xomm Straat Lfurjom, Lojuory ?1, >995,

ettp, >995, ettp>, >9?3.

;>. @n`k.



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>9 | NAJFÊ[ YAMFY@KOS

[eara ora jf ramònma racfrks fb jucmaor waopfjs occ`kajts fr cmfsa comms

`j dfst jucmaor-waopfj stotas.Ojftear raosfj wey jucmaor waopfjs cojjft na cfjs`karak os o jac-

assory ojk subcàjt cousa bfr paoca odfjh tea hraot pfwars `s teot teay

eova ajcfurohak dfra r`sg-prfja naeov`fr we`ce, `j sfda cosas, doka

wor pfss`nma. @j ftear wfrks, jucmaor katarrajca coj raqu`ra maokars tf

hat cmfsar tf tea nr`jg fb k`sostar tf doga tea`r katarrajt teraot dfra

crak`nma. ”[ea dfst racajt rasaorce eos cfjrdak te`s orhudajt ojk

astonm`seak teot o s`hj`cojt katarrajt abbact oho`jst cfjvajt`fjom cfj-`ct raqu`ras rah`fjom stotas tf okfpt oj osyddatr`c ascomot`fj pfstura,

we`ce puts prassura fj tea cfddojk ojk cfjtrfm systad ojk `jcraosas

tea r`sg fb occ`kajtom usa.—;3 Fja cosa `j we`ce jucmaor katarrajca orhu-

onmy bovfrak dfra r`sg-prfja naeov`fr ̀ s Gajjaky‐s strotahy fb katarrajca

`j ?02?. Obtar Geruseceav‐s umt`dotud fj Narm`j, Gajjaky efpak tf katar

e`d brfd ascomot`jh tea cr`s`s. Sf ea adpeos`zak, nfte pr`votamy ojk pun-

m`cmy, QS jucmaor supar`fr`ty ojk e`s w`mm`jhjass tf cfjkuct o jucmaor rststr`ga. [ea rasumt wos oj `jcraosa `j tea tajs`fj natwaaj tea twf cfuj-

tràs `j tea dfjtes maok`jh tf tea Cunoj d`ss`ma cr`s`s.;; Mfjhar tard, tea

strotahàs fb katarrajca kavamfpak ny tea twf suparpfwars brfd tea mota

?019s tf Fctfnar ?02> craotak o sp`rom fb ascomot`fj ̀ j we`ce tea kapmfy-

dajt fb bfrcas fr tea`r fvarast`dot`fj bfr tea soga fb katarrajca mak tf oj

;3. R`p`j Jorojh, ”Xeot Kfas @t [oga tf Katar6 âh`fjom Yfwar Jucmaor Yfsturas ojk

@jtarjot`fjom Cfj`ct,— Lfurjom fb Cfj`ct âsfmut`fj 18, jf. 3 (>9?>).

;;. ^`ceork Jak Manfw ojk Loj`ca Hrfss Sta`j, Xa Omm Mfst tea Cfmk Xor (Yr`jcatfj, JL<

Yr`jcatfj Qj`vars`ty Yrass, ?00;), ceop. >7 saa omsf Rfltace Dostjy, ”@jtrfkuct`fj<

jaw parspact`vas fj tea Cfmk Xor Ommòjca— ojk ”@doh`j`jh Xor `j Aurfpa< Sfvàt

Strotah`c Ymojj`jh,— ̀ j Xor Ymojs ojk Ommòjcas `j tea Cfmk Xor< [eraot Yarcapt`fjs

`j tea Aost ojk Xast, ak. Rfltace Dostjy, Svaj H. Efmtsdorg, ojk Ojkraos

Xajhar (Jaw Pfrg< ^futmakha, >992), 3, 35. O racajt ravàw fb tea e`stfr`com av`-

kajca fj tea Sfvàt s`ka fb tea cr`s`s `s Sarhay ôkceajgf, ”[ea Cunoj D`ss`maCr`s`s< Ossassdajt fb Jaw, ojk Fmk, ̂ ussòj Sfurcas,— @jtarjot`fjom ̂ amot`fjs >2,

jf. 3 (Saptadnar >9?>).



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O NA[ YF^[ÔPAK OS O CA^[O@J[P | >?

`jcraosak teraot parcapt`fj.;1 @t `s `jtarast`jh tf jfta teot te`s r`sg-prfja

naeov`fr, cousak portmy ny tea strotahy fb jucmaor katarrajca, kfas jftcfda fjmy brfd o e`he r`sg parcapt`fj. Bfr `jstojca, tea cr`s`s natwaaj

tea Qj`tak Stotas ojk tea Sfvàt Qj`fj obtar tea ?083 wor `j tea D`kkma

Aost wos nosak fj o mfw r`sg parcapt`fj ojk bo`te `j jucmaor katarrajca.

Cfjv`jcak teot `ts okvarsory wfumk jft r`sg o jucmaor ascomot`fj, aoce

jot`fj sfuhet uj`motarom okvojtohas teot axocarnotak tea cr`s`s.;2

Dfra `dpfrtojtmy, o ramot`fjse`p fb dutuom jucmaor katarrajca ot tea

strotah`c mavam craotas fppfrtuj`tàs bfr mfw-`jtajs`ty cfj`cts. Avaj wfrsateoj tea ?083 D`kkma Aost cfjbrfjtot`fj wos tea Gorh`m cr`s`s natwaaj

@jkò ojk Yog`stoj `j ?000, we`ce g`mmak o tefusojk sfmkàrs. [ea jucmaor

orsajoms fb nfte cfujtràs ojk tea namàbs ossfcòtak w`te tead cfjtr`nutak

tf tea cr`s`s `jstaok fb pravajt`jh `t. Cfjtrory tf tea fpt`d`st`c raok`jhs fb

tea prfpfjajts fb katarrajca wef bfcus fj tea boct teot teara wos jf asco-

mot`fj;8 fr s`dpmy kf jft cfujt ̀ t os o wor,;5 tea Yog`stoj` hajaroms tefuhet

teot tea`r jucmaor orsajom hova tead tea on`m`ty tf sajk trffps nayfjktea @jkòj nfrkar w`tefut r`sg`jh ratomòt`fj brfd @jkò.;0 [eay wara

;1. Kfd`j`c K. Y. Lfejsfj, Fvarcfjkajca ojk Xor< [ea Eovfc ojk Hmfry fb Yfs`t`va

@mmus`fjs (Codnr`kha, DO< Eorvork Qj`vars`ty Yrass, >99;), ceop. 17 ^`ceork Jak

Manfw, ”Cfjvajt`fjom vs. Jucmaor Katarrajca< Ora tea Massfjs [rojbaronma6— Lfurjom

fb Sfcòm @ssuas ;3, jf. ; (?058)< ?80.

;2. Manfw ojk Sta`j, Xa Omm Mfst tea Cfmk Xor, ceop. ?9 ojk ?3.;8. [artro`s, ”@j kabajsa fb katarrajca,— 0, jfta 1.

;5. Scftt Sohoj ojk Omaxojkar Dfjthfdary bfcus fj te`s bommocy ojk ̀ ts abbacts `j

”[ea Yar`ms fb Yrak`ct`jh Yrfm`barot`fj,— Lfurjom fb Cfj`ct âsfmut`fj 13, jf. >

(Opr`m >990)< 39;, 3>?–3>>.

;0. S. Youm Gopur, ”âv`s`fj`st odn`t`fjs, cfjvajt`fjom copon`m`tàs, ojk jucmaor

`jston`m`ty< Xey Jucmaor Sfute Osò `s jft m`ga Cfmk Xor Aurfpa,— `j @js`ka Jucmaor

Sfute Osò, ak. Scftt Sohoj (Stojbfrk< Stojbfrk Qj`vars`ty Yrass, >990)7 [̀ dftey Efyt,

”Gorh`m< tea jucmaor k`dajs`fj,— `j Osyddatr`c Xorbora `j Sfute Osò< [ea Cousasojk Cfjsaquajcas fb tea Gorh`m Cfj`ct, ak. Yatar Movfy (Codnr`kha, QG<

Codnr`kha Qj`vars`ty Yrass, >990), ?;;.



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>> | NAJFÊ[ YAMFY@KOS

wrfjh, ojk wor nrfga fut.19 Nabfra hatt`jh jucmaor waopfjs, teay eok

javar ottadptak suce oj ohhrass`fj.

[ea ”mfjh paoca— wos jft teot paocabum . . . o wfrmk w`tefut

jucmaor waopfjs w`mm jft na ujpracakajtakmy wor-prfja

Bfr jucmaor katarrajca okvfcotas, tea Cfmk Xor `s pfrtroyak os tea ”mfjh

paoca— wearaos o wfrmk w`tefut jucmaor waopfjs wfumk na wor-prfja.

Nfte s`kas fb te`s stotadajt saad tf na w`mkmy axohharotak. Fj tea fja

eojk, tea ”mfjh paoca— wos ja`tear omm teot paocabum jfr omm teot axcap-t`fjom. @t ax`stak fjmy ̀ j o m`d`tak spoca, ojk prfxy wors g`mmak savarom d`m-

m`fj pafpma kur`jh tea Cfmk Xor.1? @t wos jft teot axcapt`fjom `b kajak

os tea ovf`kojca fb oj omm-fut hraot-pfwar wor, we`ce eos naaj o pratty

rora avajt.1> Fj tea ftear eojk, o wfrmk w`tefut jucmaor waopfjs doy

wamm na duce mass wor-prfja teoj pafpma ossuda. @j o w`kamy quftak

ort`cma, Sceamm`jh wrfta< ”Fja coj prfpfsa teot ojftear wor fj tea scoma

fb tea ?0;9s `s mass tf wfrry onfut teoj ojyte`jh jucmaor. Nut `t d`heth`va pousa tf raact teot tea wfrmk fb ?030 wos uttarmy braa fb jucmaor

19. S. Youm Gopur sefws teot tea jucmaor`zot`fj fb @jkò ojk Yog`stoj `jcraosak tea bra-

quajcy ojk `jtajs`ty fb cfj`cts natwaaj tea twf cfujtràs. Saa Gopur, Kojharfus

Katarrajt< Jucmaor Xaopfjs, Yrfm`barot`fj ojk Cfj`ct ̀ j Sfute Osò (Stojbfrk<

Stojbfrk Qj`vars`ty Yrass, >998), ?>>–?>87 Gopur, te`s vfmuda. Bfr o cfjtroròj pfs`-

t`fj ojk Gopur‐s kabajsa, saa Sud`t Hojhumy ojk S. Youm Gopur, @jkò, Yog`stoj, ojk

tea Nfdn< Kanot`jh Jucmaor Ston`m`ty `j Sfute Osò (Jaw Pfrg< Cfmudnò Qj`vars`ty

Yrass, >9?9).

1?. Fkk Orja Xastok, [ea Hmfnom Cfmk Xor< [e`rk Xfrmk @jtarvajt`fjs ojk tea Dog`jh

fb Fur [`das (Codnr`kha, QG< Codnr`kha Qj`vars`ty Yrass, >991). Cfmk Xor stukàs

ora portmy raspfjs`nma bfr do`jto`j`jh te`s `mmus`fj fb tea mfjh paoca. Os Efmhar

Jaer`jh jftas< ”Xe`ma ottroct`jh ottajt`fj brfd dojy k`bbarajt amks ojk prft`jh

brfd `jtark`sc`pm`jory `jsp`rot`fj, Cfmk Xor stukàs . . . d`het eova mfst s`het fb

fja fb tea gay amadajts fb tea ―Cfmk Xor‐< `ts wor-m`ga ceoroctar.— Saa Jaer`jh,

”Xeot Xos tea Cfmk Xor6— Ajhm`se E`stfr`com ̂ avàw ?>8, jf. 1>8 (Ouhust >9?>)3, 0>1.

1>. ôjkfmpe D. S`varsfj ojk D`ceoam K. Xork, ”[ea Mfjh Yaoca< O ̂ acfjs`karot`fj,—

@jtarjot`fjom Frhoj`zot`fj 12, jf. 3 (Suddar >99>).



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O NA[ YF^[^OPAK OS O CA^[O@J[P | >3

waopfjs, yat teay wara jft fjmy prfkucak, teay wara `jvajtak, kur`jh

wor `tsamb ojk usak w`te kavostot`jh abbact.—13[eara ora ot maost teraa cfujtar-orhudajts tf tea `kao fb o rok`com cfj-

trost natwaaj tea ”mfjh jucmaor paoca— ojk o wor-prfja wfrmk w`tefut

jucmaor waopfjs.

[ea rst< yas, onfm`se`jh jucmaor waopfjs `s jft onfm`se`jh wor.

Efwavar, tea on`m`ty tf racfjst`tuta jucmaor waopfjs wfumk craota o ”v`r-

tuom katarrajt— abbact.1; Dfrafvar, ̀ j o wfrmk w`tefut jucmaor waopfjs, tea

suppfrt bfr daosuras tf pravajt fr raspfjk tf o nraogfut wfumk, orhuonmy,na duce hraotar teoj `t `s tfkoy.11 Maokars `j te`s wfrmk wfumk prfnonmy

radadnar Sceamm`jh‐s stfry ojk maorj brfd ̀ t. Os Sohoj so`k, ”@j o jucmaor-

braa wfrmk, tea bfrdar jucmaor-waopfjs stotas wfumk eova bor strfjhar

dutuom `jcajt`vas tf puj`se ojk ravarsa ojy jaw stota‐s kac`s`fj tf

ocqu`ra otfd`c nfdns. @rfj`commy, ̀ t `s prac`samy nacousa jucmaor-waopfjs

stotas eova suce morha orsajoms tfkoy teot teay sfdat`das succudn tf tea

tadptot`fj tf occapt jaw prfm`barotfrs. @j o k`sordak wfrmk, suce cfd-pmocajcy wfumk na dfra fnv`fusmy `dprukajt.—12

[ea sacfjk cfujtar-orhudajt `s `jcmukak `j tea qufta fb Sceamm`jh‐s

wfrg< yas, ojftear wor fb tea s`za fb ?0;9 `s mass tf wfrry onfut teoj

ojyte`jh jucmaor. [e`s `s nacousa fb tea spaak fb tea kastruct`fj cousak

ny o jucmaor wor, we`ce wfumk na duce dfra k`bcumt tf stfp `b `t avar

13. [efdos C. Sceamm`jh, ”O Xfrmk w`tefut Jucmaor Xaopfjs6— Koakomus ?35, jf. ;

(Bomm >990)< ?>1, ?>8.

1;. [ea fr`h`jom `kao fb ”v`rtuom orsajoms— fr ”waopfjmass katarrajca— cfdas brfd

Lfjoteoj Sceamm `j e`s nffg [ea Onfm`t`fj (Jaw Pfrg< Ombrak O. Gjfpb, ?05;). Saa

omsf S`kjay K. Kramm ojk ^oydfjk Laojmfz, ”Jucmaor Katarrajca `j o Xfrmk w`tefut

Jucmaor Xaopfjs—7 ojk Cer`stfpear O. Bfrk, ”Jucmaor Xaopfjs ̂ acfjst`tut`fj ojk

`ts K`scfjtajts< Ceommajhas fb ―Xaopfjmass Katarrajca‐— ojk Kov`k Efmmfwoy,

”Katarrajca ojk Ajbfrcadajt `j o Xfrmk Braa fb Jucmaor Xaopfjs,— `j Katarrajca<

@ts Yost ojk Butura.

11. Efmmfwoy, ”Katarrajca ojk Ajbfrcadajt,— 3;>7 ojk Sohoj, ”[ea Hraot Kanota,— 09.

12. Sohoj, ”[ea Hraot Kanota,— 09.



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27/109


tefuhet ojk rotear `jaxpajs`va.2? [easa ora fnv`fusmy jft `rravars`nma‛

tea baor teot cm`dota ceojha wfumk ravarsa te`s trajk ojk craota wors eosnaaj axprassak w`kamy2> os wamm os baor fb o wor `j tea [o`woj stro`t23‛

nut teay suhhast pfm`càs tf gaap te`s trajk kfwjwork.

Jucmaor prfm`barot`fj r`sgs ora jft m`gamy tf `jcraosa

`b tea s`za fb tea QS jucmaor orsajom kacraosas2;

[ea sacfjk gay cr`t`qua fb tea hfom fb o wfrmk w`tefut jucmaor waop-

fjs `s nosak fj tea `kao teot pfs`t`va jucmaor sacur`ty huorojtaas, fr tea

sf-commak ”jucmaor udnrammos,— ora jacassory tf pravajt prfm`barot`fj.

[earabfra, ser`jg`jh tea s`za fb tea QS orsajom wfumk s`dpmy kacraosa tea

crak`n`m`ty fb axtajkak jucmaor katarrajca ojk, teus, craota okk`t`fjom

`jcajt`vas bfr jucmaor prfm`barot`fj.21 @b sf, hatt`jh tf zarf d`het jft na

oceàvonma fr kas`ronma, os `t wfumk spur prfm`barot`fj.

twajty-va. Ojkraw Docg, rfujktonma fj Stavaj Y`jgar‐s [ea Nattar Ojhams fb fur

Jotura, @SO, Soj Kàhf, Com`b., Opr`m 3, >9?>.

2?. Hfmksta`j, X`jj`jh tea Xor fj Xor7 `jtarvàw fb tea outefr w`te Lfseuo S. Hfmksta`j,

Soj Kàhf, Opr`m ;, >9?>. Ea fnsarvak teot avary QS efusaefmk poys $899 o dfjte

tf bujk tea d`m`tory, `jcmuk`jh pajs`fjs, ojk fjmy $> o dfjte bfr QJ paocagaapars,

wef ora cerfj`commy ujkarbujkak ojk subbar brfd o mocg fb rasfurcas.2>. O bodfus vf`ca `s Cfm`j S. Hroy, Ojftear Nmffky Cajtury< Butura Xorbora (Mfjkfj<

Xa`kajbamk & J`cfmsfj, >991), 5>–53.

23. Manfw, Xey Jot`fjs B`het, >>3.

2;. Sfda fb tea orhudajts ̀ j te`s sact`fj w`mm omsf oppaor ̀ j Najfêt Yamfp`kos, ”[ea

Jucmaor Stro`tlocgat< Odar`coj Axtajkak Jucmaor Katarrajca ojk Jfjprfm`barot`fj,—

`j [ea Butura fb QS Axtajkak Katarrajca< JO[F ojk Nayfjk, ak. Stàbojà vfj

Emotgy ojk Ojkraos Xajhar (Xose`jhtfj, KC< Hafrhatfwj Qj`vars`ty Yrass,

bfrtecfd`jh >9?1).21. Eara, ny crak`n`m`ty, @ daoj crak`n`m`ty `j tea ayas fb tea prftàhà/ommy ojk tefsa fb tea

pftajtòm ottocgar. @ `hjfra tea tacej`com `ssua fb stfcgp`ma ramòn`m`ty os wamm os teot fb

tea cfjkajca fb QS pfm`cydogars `j teot ramòn`m`ty. Fj teasa `ssuas, saa Najlod`j



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[ea `kao teot axtajkak jucmaor katarrajca katars prfm`barot`fj eos

naaj stotak ̀ j fbcòm QS pfm`cy kfcudajts avaj nabfra tea >99?JucmaorYfstura âvàw 22 ojk eos naaj QS fbcòm pfm`cy ot maost s`jca teaj. @j

Kacadnar >995, tea âpfrt fb tea Sacratory fb Kabajsa [osg Bfrca fj

KfK Jucmaor Xaopfjs Dojohadajt stotak, ”[ea Qj`tak Stotas eos

axtajkak `ts jucmaor prftact`va udnrammo tf 39-pmus bràjks ojk ommàs os

oj axprass`fj fb cfdd`tdajt ojk cfddfj purpfsa os wamm os o k`s`j-

cajt`va bfr prfm`barot`fj.—28 Fj poha 8, te`s rapfrt omsf quftas tea ?005

ojjuom kabajsa rapfrt stot`jh teot ”Jucmaor bfrcas rado`j oj `dpfrtojtk`s`jcajt`va tf jucmaor, n`fmfh`com, ojk cead`com prfm`barot`fj.— [ea soda

`kao `s axprassak `j o Doy >990 rapfrt raquastak ny Cfjhrass< ”Kur`jh

tea Cfmk Xor, prfm`barot`fj wos strfjhmy `je`n`tak ny tea ramot`fjse`ps fb

axtajkak katarrajca astonm`seak ny tea Qj`tak Stotas (ojk omsf ny tea

Sfvàt Qj`fj).—25 [ea Doy >990 rapfrt tf Cfjhrass omsf stotas teot<

W[ea Qj`tak StotasT dust cfjt`jua tf sobahuork tea `jtarasts fb `tsommàs os `t kfas sf. [ea`r ossurojca teot axtajkak katarrajca rado`js

crak`nma ojk abbact`va doy raqu`ra teot tea Qj`tak Stotas rato`j

S`ds ojk Cer`stfpear ^. Eajga, ”âpo`r`jh Crak`n`m`ty< âpfs`t`fj`jh jucmaor waop-

fjs gjfwmakha obtar tea Cfmk Xor,— Sfcòm Stukàs fb Scàjca ;>, jf. 3 (Luja >9?>).

22. @j o cfddajt fj tea Jucmaor Yfstura ̂ avàw ea eos eaov`my `juajcak, Ga`te

Yoyja wrfta< ”W[ea Qj`tak StotasT axtajkak jucmaor katarrajca cfdd`tdajts‛

`t jucmaor udnrammo‛pard`t bràjks ojk ommàs tf bfrhf saag`jh tea`r fwj `jkapaj-

kajt jucmaor copon`m`tàs fr omtarjot`vas. [e`s `s pareops tea s`jhma dfst `dpfrtojt

`je`n`tfr fb tea poca fb hmfnom prfm`barot`fj tfkoy.— Ga`te N. Yoyja, ”[ea Jucmaor

Yfstura âvàw< Satt`jh tea âcfrk Stro`het,— Xose`jhtfj _uortarmy >5, jf. 3

(Suddar >991)< ?;5.

28. QS Kaportdajt fb Kabajsa, ”âpfrt fb tea Sacratory fb Kabajsa [osg Bfrca fj KfK

Jucmaor Xaopfjs Dojohadajt, Yeosa @@< âvàw fb tea KfK Jucmaor D`ss`fj,

>995,— `v.25. Qj`tak Stotas @jst`tuta fb Yaoca, Odar`co‐s Strotah`c Yfstura. [ea B`jom âpfrt fb tea

Cfjhrass`fjom Cfdd`ss`fj fj tea Strotah`c Yfstura fb tea Qj`tak Stotas (Xose`jhtfj,

KC< Qj`tak Stotas @jst`tuta bfr Yaoca Yrass, >990), 5.



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judnars fr typas fb jucmaor copon`m`tàs teot `t d`het jft kaad jac-

assory `b `t wara cfjcarjak fjmy w`te `ts fwj kabajsa.

[e`s ̀ kao wos axprassak qu`ta cmaormy ̀ j o Cfujc`m fj Bfra`hj ̂ amot`fjs

Opr`m >990 rapfrt ajt`tmak QS Jucmaor Yfm`cy<

Omtefuhe tea Qj`tak Stotas kfas jft jaak jucmaor waopfjs tf cfd-

pajsota bfr cfjvajt`fjom d`m`tory waogjassas, ftear stotas ora jft `j

o s`d`mor pfs`t`fj‛teay doy cfjs`kar ocqu`r`jh jucmaor waopfjs tfkatar ottocgs. [ea Qj`tak Stotas eos tea raspfjs`n`m`ty tf ossura ommàs

terfuhe axtajkak katarrajca cfdd`tdajts. [e`s ossurojca eamps cfj-

v`jca dojy fb teasa ommàs jft tf ocqu`ra tea`r fwj jucmaor waop-

fjs. . . . O ramotak p`mmor, jacassory tf do`jto`j tea crak`n`m`ty fb tea Q.S.

jucmaor katarrajt bfr os mfjh os `t `s jaakak, `s tf ajsura teot tea

Q.S. jucmaor orsajom `s soba, sacura ojk ramònma.20

[ea taxt fb tea Jucmaor Yfstura âvàw rastotas tea soda twf orhu-

dajts onfut tea rfma fb axtajkak jucmaor katarrajca‛`t `s daojt tf raos-

sura ommàs ojk `j tea prfcass katar prfm`barot`fj<

[ea Qj`tak Stotas w`mm rato`j tea sdommast pfss`nma jucmaor stfcgp`ma

cfjs`stajt w`te fur jaak tf katar okvarsoràs, raossura fur ommàs. . . .

Ny do`jto`j`jh o crak`nma jucmaor katarrajt, . . . wa coj raossura fur

jfj-jucmaor ommàs ojk portjars wfrmkw`ka fb fur sacur`ty cfdd`t-

dajts tf tead ojk cfjrd teot teay kf jft jaak jucmaor waopfjs

copon`m`tàs fb tea`r fwj.89

[e`s orhudajt pars`sts nacousa pafpma hajarom`za brfd o baw cosas `j

we`ce o pfs`t`va jucmaor sacur`ty huorojtaa octuommy pmoyak o rfma `j tea

20. Cfujc`m fj Bfra`hj âmot`fjs, ”QS Jucmaor Xaopfjs Yfm`cy,— >990< 1. [easa pf`jts

ora raobrdak fj pohas 5, ?;–?2, 5?, 09–0?.

89. Kaportdajt fb Kabajsa, ”Jucmaor Yfstura âvàw ̂ apfrt,— Opr`m >9?9< 30, 8.



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kac`s`fj jft tf hf bfr tea nfdn‛Hardojy, Lopoj8?‛ojk nacousa `t eos

jft raca`vak tea corabum e`stfr`com ojomys`s `t kasarvas.8>Os o cr`t`qua fb te`s orhudajt, @ prfpfsa teraa pf`jts<

?. [ea ̀ kao teot o kacraosa `j tea s`za fb tea QS jucmaor orsajom

w`mm maok tf o wova fb prfm`barot`fj wrfjhmy ossudas tea

ax`stajca fb o prass`jh kas`ra bfr tea nfdn wo`t`jh bfr dfra

bovfronma cfjk`t`fjs. [e`s axpactot`fj eos naaj prfvaj wrfjh

bfr savarom kacokas.>. Oj axtajkak jucmaor katarrajca huorojtaa eos e`stfr`commy jft

naaj o jacassory cfjk`t`fj bfr stotas tf h`va up jucmaor-waopfj

odn`t`fjs.

3. [ea ax`st`jh stukàs bo`m tf `sfmota tea rfma fb jucmaor waopfjs

odfjh ftear boctfrs `j tea sacur`ty huorojtaa teay k`scuss. Os o

cfjsaquajca, teay ujkarast`dota tea crak`n`m`ty prfnmad fb

axtajkak jucmaor katarrajca ojk fvarast`dota tea kadojk bfrsuce o jucmaor huorojtaa, we`ce eos naaj parca`vak os dfra

teraotaj`jh teoj raossur`jh `j `dpfrtojt cosas.

Ot tea stota mavam, tea prasajt ojk bfrasaaonma kadojk

bfr jucmaor waopfjs `s m`d`tak

[ea orhudajt teot w`tefut o crak`nma jucmaor sacur`ty huorojtaa stotas

wfumk eova okk`t`fjom `jcajt`vas tf kavamfp tea`r jucmaor orsajoms

8?. Kojàm Kaukjay axpm`c`tmy bfcusas fj teasa twf cosas weaj ea dogas tea orhudajt

teot tea axtajkak jucmaor katarrajca cfdd`tdajt pmoyak o dolfr rfma `j jfj-

prfm`barot`fj kac`s`fjs. Saa Kojàm Kaukjay, ”Qj`pfmor`ty ojk jucmaor waopfjs,— `j

@jtarjot`fjom ̂ amot`fjs [eafry ojk tea Cfjsaquajcas fb Qj`pfmor`ty, ak. H. Lfej

@gajnarry, D`ceoam Dostojkujf, ojk X`mmòd C. Xfembfrte (Codnr`kha, QG<

Codnr`kha Qj`vars`ty Yrass, >9??), 391, 398.8>. Kov`k Efmmfwoy jftas te`s mocg fb e`stfr`com ojomys`s fb tea rfma fb axtajkak katar-

rajca `j weot ea comms ”tea prfm`barot`fj fnlact`fj— tf o wfrmk w`tefut jucmaor waop-

fjs `j ”Katarrajca ojk Ajbfrcadajt,— 313, jfta ?0.



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ossudas oj `dpm`c`t kas`ra tf hf bfr tea nfdn. @t subbars brfd weot @ comm

tea jucmaor stro`tlocgat. @j te`s parspact`va, tea umt`dota sacur`ty huorojtfreos tf na jucmaor. [e`s opprfoce jahmacts tea pfss`n`m`ty fb o jfj-jucmaor

ujkarstojk`jh fb sacur`ty. [e`s `s o strfjh nòs h`vaj teot tea dfst hajar-

fus ast`dota fb tea judnar fb stotas teot eova avar eok jucmaor-waopfj-

ramotak oct`v`tàs tftoms fjmy bfrty.83 Dfst stotas, os o dottar fb boct, eova

javar axprassak ojy `jtarast `j kavamfp`jh jucmaor waopfjs avaj `b oco-

kad`c ojk hfvarjdajtom bfracosts eova ojjfujcak coscokas fb prfm`bar-

ot`fj ot maost s`jca tea mota ?019s.8; Dfrafvar, odfjh tefsa stotas teoteova eok ojy bfrd fb jucmaor-waopfjs-ramotak oct`v`tàs, dfra eova h`vaj

up nabfra fr obtar nu`mk`jh o jucmaor orsajom (twajty-j`ja) teoj eova gapt

tea`r orsajoms (j`ja).81 @t `s wfrte jft`jh teot twf racajt outefr`tot`va

ojomysas ralact tea `kao fb o wova fb prfm`barot`fj bfmmfw`jh tea pfss`nma

ocqu`s`t`fj fb jucmaor waopfjs ny @roj.82 Dfrafvar, racajt stukàs fb tea

dojohadajt fb jucmaor-waopfjs prfhrods sefw teot, cfjtrory tf cfj-

vajt`fjom w`skfd, tea rota fb bo`mura eos `jcraosak fvar t`da ojk tea t`da

83. Kato`ms onfut teasa judnars coj na bfujk `j Najfêt Yamfp`kos, ”[ea Frocmas fb

Yrfm`barot`fj< Efw Axparts Do`jto`j o Nòsak E`stfr`com âok`jh teot M`d`ts Yfm`cy

@jjfvot`fj,— Jfjprfm`barot`fj ̂ avàw ?5, jf. ? (Dorce >9??). Bfrty `s tea dfst pass`-

d`st`c ast`dota fb jucmaor-waopfjs-ramotak oct`v`tàs. Saa ettp9?>/9?/Najf`tVYamfp`kosVfrocmasVfbVprfm`barot`fj

VJY^>9??-3.pkb.

8;. @n`k.

81. @n`k., 392. ([f okk up tf bfrty, tea m`st wfumk eova tf `jcmuka @roj ojk Syrò.)

82. X`mmòd Yfttar, w`te Hougeor Dugeotzeojfvo, aks., Bfracost`jh Jucmaor Yrfm`baro-

t`fj `j tea >?st Cajtury< O Cfdporot`va Yarspact`va, Rfmuda > (Stojbfrk, CO<

Stojbfrk Qj`vars`ty Yrass, >9?9)7 Lodas L. X`rtz ojk Yatar Movfy, aks., Fvar tea

Efr`zfj Yrfm`barot`fj [eraots (Stojbfrk, CO< Stojbfrk Qj`vars`ty Yrass, >9?>). [easa

twf nffgs cfvar Orhajt`jo, Oustromò, Nroz`m, Nurdo, Ahypt, @jkfjasò, @roj, Lopoj,

Qgro`ja, Sfute Obr`co, [o`woj, [urgay, Sfute Gfrao, Syrò, Souk` Oronò, Rajazuamo,

ojk Ràtjod. @j tea dfst racajt fb teasa twf stukàs, fjmy fja cosa, Souk` Oronò,`s cfjs`karak os vary m`gamy tf hf bfr tea nfdn. Saa Lodas ûssamm, ”Jucmaor Yrfm`b-

arot`fj ojk tea D`kkma Aost‐s Sacur`ty K`maddo< [ea Cosa fb Souk` Oronò,— ̀ j Fvar

tea Efr`zfj Yrfm`barot`fj [eraots.



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jaakak tf maok o jucmaor-waopfj prfhrod tf cfdpmat`fj eos ̀ jcraosak.88

Sf tea `kao teot kacraos`jh tea s`za fb tea QS jucmaor orsajom wfumkcraota okk`t`fjom `jcajt`vas bfr prfm`barot`fj ujkarast`dotas `dpfrtojt

boctfrs< tea mocg fb kas`ra bfr teasa waopfjs `j tea rst pmoca ojk tea

braquajcy fb jucmaor ravarsom `j d`kcfursa, fj tfp fb tea dojoharòm ojk

tacejfmfh`com fnstocmas tf kavamfp`jh o jucmaor-waopfj prfhrod, we`ce

rado`j vary strfjh.

Axtajkak jucmaor katarrajca eos ja`tear naaj jacassoryjfr subcàjt tf katar prfm`barot`fj

O pfs`t`va jucmaor sacur`ty huorojtaa eos jft naaj o jacassory fr sub-

càjt cfjk`t`fj bfr omm stotas tf h`va up jucmaor waopfjs odn`t`fjs. @j

ftear wfrks, sfda stotas eova h`vaj up jucmaor waopfjs pmojs kasp`ta

tea mocg fb o pfs`t`va jucmaor sacur`ty huorojtaa fr ”jucmaor udnrammo—

(Sfute Obr`co, M`nyo, Qgro`ja, Swakaj85 ojk omm tea stotas teot eok jft

88. Locquas Eydojs, Oceàv`jh Jucmaor Odn`t`fjs< Scàjt`sts, Yfm`t`còjs, ojk Yrfm`baro-

t`fj (Codnr`kha, QG< Codnr`kha Qj`vars`ty Yrass, >9?>).

85. Ojomysts ramuctojt tf cfjs`kar Qgro`ja, Namorus, ojk Gozogestoj os jucmaor-waopfj

pfssassfrs bfcus fj tea `ssuas fb moujce cfkas, sotamm`tas, ojk tast`jh. Eara, @ w`mm

bfcus fj Qgro`ja os oj axodpma. [f na cfjs`karak os pfssass`jh o jucmaor orsajom,

Qgro`ja wfumk eova jaakak occass tf tea moujce cfkas bfr `ts d`ss`mas ojk wfumk

eova eok tf nacfda onma tf ceojha tea torhats fb teot soda orsajom. [ea axparts @

dat ohraak teot tea Qgro`jòjs cfumk eova fnto`jak tea cfkas eok teay naajh`vaj ajfuhe t`da. (@jtarvàw w`te ^fnart Jur`cg, Xose`jhtfj, KC, Opr`m ;, >9957

`jtarvàw w`te J`gfmo` Sfgfv, Dfjtaray, Com`b., Jfvadnar ?3, >990.) Lodas

A. Hffkny dajt`fjs o ”strfjh prasudpt`fj teot `b WQgro`jaT cefsa tf gaap tea

jucmaor waopfjs w`te`j `ts nfrkars, `t cfumk eova kfja sf.— Saa ”Yravajt`va K`pmf-

docy bfr Jucmaor Jfjprfm`barot`fj `j tea Bfrdar Sfvàt Qj`fj,— `j Fppfrtuj`tàs

D`ssak, Fppfrtuj`tàs Sa`zak< Yravajt`va K`pmfdocy `j tea Yfst-Cfmk Xor Xfrmk,

ak. Nruca X. Lajtmasfj (Jaw Pfrg< ^fwdoj & M`ttmaamk, >999), ??9. @t `s trua teot

Qgro`ja eok ja`tear oj `jkapajkajt sotamm`ta systad tf dfj`tfr d`ss`mas jfr o tast`jh

s`ta, yat Cer`stfpear Stavajs orhuas teot jucmaor woreaoks wfumk eova rado`jak vò-nma w`tefut tast`jh ujt`m ot maost >9?9, wearaupfj cfdputar`zak tasts cfumk eova

naaj corràk fut. Saa Cer`stfpear Stavajs, ”@kajt`ty Yfm`t`cs ojk Jucmaor K`sordo-

dajt< [ea Cosa fb Qgro`ja,— Jfjprfm`barot`fj ̂ avàw ?1, jf. ? (Dorce >995). Ea



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O NA[ YF^[ÔPAK OS O CA^[O@J[P | 3?

axprassak `jtarast `j kavamfp`jh teasa waopfjs `j tea rst pmoca) we`ma

ftears eova kavamfpak jucmaor waopfjs `j sp`ta fb o jucmaor sacur`tyhuorojtaa (Brojca ojk Hraot Nr`to`j).80

@t `s trua teot Qgro`ja ojk M`nyo raca`vak sfda bfrd fb sacur`ty ossur-

ojcas nut, ̀ j sp`ta fb weot tea Qgro`jòj maokarse`p so`k bfr kfdast`c pur-

pfsas, tea sacur`ty ossurojcas Qgro`ja raca`vak brfd ûssò, tea Qj`tak

G`jhkfd, ojk tea Qj`tak Stotas fj Kacadnar 1, ?00;, ora jfweara cmfsa

tf o prfd`sa fb axtajkak jucmaor katarrajca ojk wara `hjfrak ny ûssò

`j >9?;.59 Dfrafvar, tea rasumts fb racajt rasaorce ocrfss cosas ora cfj-trok`ctfry ojk kf jft ommfw us tf cfjcmuka teot ojy strfjh ramot`fjse`p

ax`sts natwaaj o pfs`t`va jucmaor sacur`ty huorojtaa ojk jot`fjom jucmaor-

waopfjs kac`s`fjs.5?

omsf pf`jts fut teot QS ojk ûssòj axparts namàvak teot tea Qgro`jòjs eok tea

copoc`ty raqu`rak tf ajsura tea sacur`ty fb jucmaor woreaoks.

80. [ea cfdpmata ojomys̀ s fb tefsa twf aormy cosas ojk tea`r ramavojca coj na bfujk `j

Yamfp`kos, ”[ea Jucmaor Stro`tlocgat.—

59. [ea dadfrojkud ojk oj ojomys`s fb tea jahftòt`fj coj na bfujk `j Hffkny,

”Yravajt`va K`pmfdocy bfr Jucmaor Jfjprfm`barot`fj,— ?>3–?>2 ojk ?>5–?>0.

WSaa bfftjfta 85.T

5?. [ea gay `js`hets fb te`s nfky fb m`tarotura ora tea ̀ jcfjs`stajcy fb tea rasumts, tea mocg

fb stot`st`commy s`hj`cojt cfrramot`fj natwaaj tea ramot`fjse`p w`te o jucmaor-ordak

stota ojk jucmaor-waopfjs-ramotak naeov`fr, ojk tea sgapt`c`sd fb quom`tot`va cosa

stukàs rahork`jh suce o cfjjact`fj. Sfda stukàs suhhast teot o sacur`ty huorojtaa

fbbarak ny o jucmaor-ordak pfwar eos fjmy o m`d`tak abbact fj o stota‐s kac`s`fj tfaxpmfra o jucmaor waopfjs fpt`fj. Saa Ye`m`pp C. Nmaag, ”Xey kf stotas prfm`barota6

_uojt`tot`va ojomys`s fb tea axpmfrot`fj, pursu`t, ojk ocqu`s`t`fj fb jucmaor waop-

fjs,— `j Bfracost`jh Jucmaor Yrfm`barot`fj `j tea >?st Cajtury< Rfmuda ?, [ea ^fma fb

[eafry, ak. X`mmòd Yfttar, w`te Hougeor Dugeotzeojfvo (Stojbfrk, CO< Stojbfrk

Qj`vars`ty Yrass, >9?9), ?80–?597 Ar`g Hortzga ojk Kfjh-Lffj Lf, ”Katard`jojts

fb jucmaor waopfjs prfm`barot`fj,— Lfurjom fb Cfj`ct âsfmut`fj 1?, jf. ? (>998)7

Sfjom` S`jhe ojk Cer`stfpear Xoy, ”[ea cfrramotas fb jucmaor prfm`barot`fj< o quojt`-

tot`va tast,— Lfurjom fb Cfj`ct âsfmut`fj ;5, jf. 2 (Kacadnar >99;). Obtar ract`by`jh

o datefkfmfh`com prfnmad `j S`jhe ojk Xoy, Sohoj ojk Dfjthfdary sefw teot tea`rrasumt wos jft stot`st`commy s`hj`cojt, `j ”[ea Yar`ms fb Yrak`ct`jh Yrfm`barot`fj.—

Efwavar, Sohoj `s r`het tf fnlact teot teasa rasumts d`het na kua tf samact`fj abbacts

`j ”[ea Cousas fb Jucmaor Yrfm`barot`fj,— Ojjuom âvàw fb Yfm`t`com Scàjca ?;



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[ea cfujtar-orhudajt wfumk na tf soy teot avaj `b teasa cfjk`t`fjs

wara jft jacassory ocrfss cosas, `t `s ajfuhe `b teay wara kac`s`va `j obaw gay cosas, m`ga Hardojy ojk Lopoj. @t `s trua teot Hardoj raordo-

dajt wos o gay cfjcarj `j tea pfst-Xfrmk Xor @@ yaors ojk tea Hardojs

wara suspactak fb saag`jh jucmaor waopfjs. S`d`mormy, obtar tea ajk fb tea

Cfmk Xor, tea soda baor raadarhak ojk tea Hardoj ceojcammfr Eamdut

Gfem hova crak`t tf weot @ commak tea jucmaor stro`tlocgat. Ea axpmo`jak

teot Hardojy wfumk jft kavamfp `ts fwj jucmaor waopfjs nacousa `t

trustak tea QS ”jucmaor udnrammo.—5> Xa ora tearabfra axpactak tf te`jgteot axtajkak jucmaor katarrajca gapt Hardojy brfd hf`jh jucmaor `j

tea post ojk tea soda `s suppfsak tf na trua bfr Lopoj, wefsa fbcòms

(Luja >9??)< >33. Ftear stukàs suhhast fppfs`ta rasumts ojk orhua teot pocts w`te

jucmaor-ordak stotas wfumk `jcraosa tea r`sg fb prfm`barot`fj rotear teoj kacraosa `t.

Saa, bfr axodpma, Eoromk Dýmmar ojk Ojkraos Sced`kt, ”[ea M`ttma-Gjfwj Stfry fb

Kaprfm`barot`fj< Xey Stotas H`va up Jucmaor Xaopfjs Oct`v`tàs,— ̀ j Bfracost`jhJucmaor Yrfm`barot`fj `j tea >?st Cajtury< [ea ^fma fb [eafry. Nut avaj `j te`s cosa,

tea outefrs racfhj`za teot tea m`jg `s fjmy waog. [e`s `s `j m`ja w`te tea sgapt`c`sd

fb tea quom`tot`va m`tarotura rahork`jh te`s typa fb cfrramot`fj. Atam Sfm`jhaj `js`sts fj

tea waogjass fb tea cfrramot`fj natwaaj pfs`t`va jucmaor sacur`ty huorojtaas ojk

jfjprfm`barot`fj ojk Locquas Eydojs ojk [. R. Youm adpeos`za tea voròt`fj `j tea

abbacts fb ommòjcas fj jucmaor prfm`barot`fj kac`s`fjs brfd fja cosa tf tea ftear. Saa

Atam Sfm`jhaj, Jucmaor Mfh`cs< Cfjtrost`jh Yotes `j Aost Osò ojk tea D`kkma Aost

(Yr`jcatfj, JL< Yr`jcatfj Qj`vars`ty Yrass, >998), ?>–?;, >1–>8, >127 Locquas

Eydojs, [ea Ysycefmfhy fb Jucmaor Yrfm`barot`fj< @kajt`ty, Adft`fjs, ojk Bfra`hjYfm`cy (Codnr`kha, QG< Codnr`kha Qj`vars`ty Yrass, >992), ;>–;3, jfta 807

[. R. Youm, Yfwar Rarsus Yrukajca< Xey Jot`fjs Bfrhf Jucmaor Xaopfjs (Dfjtraom<

DcH`mm _uaajs Qj`vars`ty Yrass, >999), 13–?1;. Fjmy Dorò ûnmaa fbbars o dfra

bovfronma ojomys`s fb pfs`t`va jucmaor sacur`ty huorojtaas. Sea orhuas teot `b teara `s

`jtarjom kanota, suce huorojtaas coj na kac`s`va ojk cfjv`jca tea suppfrtars fb oj

`jkapajkajt jucmaor-waopfj copon`m`ty. Saa Dorò ̂ fst ûnmaa, Jfjprfm`barot`fj

Jfrds< Xey Stotas Ceffsa Jucmaor ̂ astro`jt (Oteajs, HO< Hafrhò Qj`vars`ty Yrass,

>990), >9>–>93. Efwavar, avaj sea kfas jft orhua bfr o systadot`c abbact ocrfss

cosas. O hffk systadot`c ravàw fb te`s sunsat fb m`tarotura coj na bfujk `j LabbrayX. Gjfpb, ”Roràtàs fb Ossurojca,— Lfurjom fb Strotah`c Stukàs 31, jf. 3 (>9?>)<

350–30;.

5>. @jtarvàw w`te Eamdut Gfem, Ma B`horf, Doy 2–8, ?00>.



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adpeos`za sf strfjhmy tea jucmaor cfdpfjajt fb tea ommòjca.53 @t car-

to`jmy pmoyak o rfma, nut `t `s jacassory tf gaap `j d`jk teot, rst, `t `s eorktf k`scarj efw pfm`càs wara obbactak axcmus`vamy ny tea jucmaor cfdpf-

jajt fb tea sacur`ty huorojtaa ojk, sacfjk, tea ut`m`ty fb butura jucmaor

fpt`fjs doy na saaj `j o k`bbarajt m`het teoj teay wara `j tea post. WSaa

ceoptars ?3 ojk ?; `j te`s vfmuda rahork`jh Gfrao ojk Lopoj.T

Bfr axodpma, tea dfst kato`mak stuky fj tea Hardoj cosa orhuas teot

Hardoj jucmaor pfm`cy kac`s`fjs wara jft katard`jak pr`dor`my ny cfj-

carjs onfut axtajkak katarrajca nut rotear onfut `ts bfra`hj pfm`cy s`tu-ot`fj `j JO[F. Bfr Nfjj, sefw`jh teot `t wos onma tf axarc`sa o jucmaor

fpt`fj wos oj fppfrtuj`ty bfr `juajca w`te`j JO[F.5; Kacokas motar,

tea jucmaor jfjprfm`barot`fj traoty eos obbactak Hardoj parcapt`fjs fb

opprfpròta naeov`fr ojk tea Buguse`do jucmaor occ`kajt eos crystom-

m`zak tea prfhrass fb oj ojt`-jucmaor cumtura we`ce eos pmoyak o strfjh

rfma `j Hardoj jucmaor pfm`cy obtar tea Cfmk Xor.51 S`d`mormy, `j tea cosa

fb Lopoj, tea jucmaor sacur`ty huorojtaa oppaors os o jacassory nut jftsubcàjt cousa bfr jfjprfm`barot`fj.52

53. [ea [o`wojasa ojk Sfute Gfraoj rfmmnocgs ora nattar axpmo`jak ny ftear vorònmas.

Saa Sfm`jhaj, Jucmaor Mfh`cs.

5;. Cotear`ja DcOrkma Gammaear, Hardojy ojk tea Yfm`t`cs fb Jucmaor Xaopfjs (Jaw

Pfrg< Cfmudnò Qj`vars`ty Yrass, ?081). Dotteòs Gýjtzam ohraas teot tea purpfsa fb

Hardojy‐s pfm`cy wos tf raoce o terasefmk stotus ojk tf gaap o jucmaor waopfjs

fpt`fj fpaj `j Nfjj ojk tea Nfdn< Hardoj Yfm`t`cs ojk tea Jucmaor Fpt`fj (Mfj-

kfj< Ymutf Yrass, ?001). [eara `s k`sohraadajt fj te`s `ssua tefuhe, ojk Naotr`ca

Eausar dogas tea cosa bfr weot @ commak tea jucmaor stro`tlocgat `j tea Hardoj cosa,

ot maost ujt`m Nfjj s`hjak tea JY[. Sea orhuas teot sefrt fb jot`fjom jucmaor bfrcas,

tea Hardoj maokarse`p okvfcotak o JO[F jucmaor bfrca ojk/fr o Aurfpaoj fja. Saa

Naotr`ca Eausar, JO[F, Nr`to`j, Brojca ojk tea B^H< Jucmaor Strotahàs ojk Bfrcas

bfr Aurfpa ?0;0–>999 (Jaw Pfrg< St. Dort`j‐s Yrass, ?008), ?>1–?>2.

51. Eoromk Dýmmar, ”Jucmaor Xaopfjs ojk Hardoj @jtarasts< Oj Ottadpt ot âkaj`-

t`fj,— Yaoca âsaorce @jst`tuta Brojgburt, rapfrt 11, >999< ?97 [fd Souar ojk Nfn

voj kar \wooj, ”QS [oct`com Jucmaor Xaopfjs `j Aurfpa obtar JO[F‐s M`snfjSudd`t< Xey tea`r X`tekrowom `s Kas`ronma ojk Baos`nma,— @jtarjot`fjom ̂ amot`fjs >2,

jf. ? (Dorce >9?>)< 55–50.

52. ûnmaa, Jfjprfm`barot`fj Jfrds, 02.



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3; | NAJFÊ[ YAMFY@KOS

Sf tea jucmaor sacur`ty huorojtaa cojjft na lukhak tf eova naaj o

jacassory fr subcàjt cfjk`t`fj bfr jfjprfm`barot`fj ocrfss cosas. Avajweaj `t pmoyak o rfma, tea cfupm`jh fb katarrajca w`te jucmaor waopfjs

dogas `t eork tf saporota fut weot teot rfma wos.

[ea cfupm`jh fb axtajkak katarrajca ojk jucmaor waopfjs

fvarast̀ dotas tea rfma fb teasa waopfjs `j jfjprfm`barot`fj pfm`cy

[ea ossassdajts fb axtajkak jucmaor katarrajca os o jfjprfm`barot`fj

tffm ojomyza tea vomua fb tea jucmaor cfdpfjajt os o sunsat fb tea tftomvomua fb tea sacur`ty huorojtaa teot `s fbbarak. [e`s maoks tf fvarstot`jh

tea rfma fb jucmaor waopfjs `j jfjprfm`barot`fj pfm`cy `j twf woys<

(?) avary sacur`ty huorojtaa fbbarak ny o jucmaor-ordak stota `s `dpm`c-

`tmy cfjs`karak os o jucmaor sacur`ty huorojtaa,58 jahmact`jh tea cajtrom

prfnmad fb crak`n`m`ty teot pmohuas axtajkak jucmaor katarrajca7 ojk

(>) tea kadojk bfr jucmaor sacur`ty huorojtaas fj tea port fb tea prftàhà

`s d`sceoroctar`zak.Axtajkak jucmaor katarrajca subbars brfd o nos`c crak`n`m`ty prfnmad.55

@ts okvojtoha v`s-é-v`s katarrajca ny cfjvajt`fjom daojs cfdas brfd tea

e`hear mavam fb ojt`c`potak kodoha `b tea jucmaor teraot `s axacutak, nut

tea crak`n`m`ty fb te`s teraot `s kun`fus s`jca `ts o`d `s tf prftact oj ommy

ojk jft jacassor`my tea efdamojk fb tea prftact`jh stota. [ea trok`t`fj fb

58. Fj tea ̀ jon`m`ty fb dfst stukàs tf cfjca v̀a fb o jfj-jucmaor sacur`ty strotahy ospurpfs`va ojk kam`narota os fppfsak tf o kaboumt fpt`fj, saa Najfêt Yamfp`kos,

”âvarsom ojk ̂ astro`jt,— ̀ j Eojknffg fb Jucmaor Yrfm`barot`fj ojk Yfm`cy, ak.

Joteoj Nusce ojk Lfsape B. Y`mot (Mfjkfj< ^futmakha, >9?1). [ea nòsak prad`sa

ojk tea cfjcmus`fj `t jacassor`my maoks tf ora cfjkajsak `j tea bfmmfw`jh sajtajca

ny Nrujf [artro`s< ”Sacur`ty huorojtaas ny o jucmaor-ordak stota, pftajtòmmy

`jvfmv`jh tea usa fb jucmaor waopfjs tf prftact oj ommy, eova pmoyak oj `dpfrtojt

rfma ̀ j pravajt`jh prfm`barot`fj.— Saa [artro`s, ”Sacur`ty Ossurojcas ojk tea Butura

fb Yrfm`barot`fj,— ̀ j Fvar tea Efr`zfj Yrfm`barot`fj [eraots, >;9.

55. [`dftey X. Crowbfrk, ”[ea Ajkurojca fb Axtajkak Katarrajca< Cfjt`ju`ty, Ceojha,ojk Cfdpmax`ty `j [eafry ojk Yfm`cy,— `j Cfdpmax Katarrajca< Strotahy `j tea Hmfnom

Oha, ak. [. R. Youm, Yotr`cg Dfrhoj, ojk Lodas X`rtz (Ce`cohf< Qj`vars`ty fb Ce`cohf

Yrass, >990).



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huorojtaas< teay ossuda teot suce o kadojk kfas ax`st fj tea port fb tea

prftàhà ojk teot `t w`mm jft cfax`st w`te oj `jkapajkajt katarrajt. Jfjafb teasa cmo`ds `s suppfrtak ny tea e`stfr`com racfrk.

[eara eova naaj judarfus cosas ̀ j we`ce tea prasajca fb suce o huor-

ojtaa `j tea bfrd fb jucmaor waopfjs kapmfyak fj bfra`hj sf`m wos par-

ca`vak os dfra teraotaj`jh teoj prftact`jh. [ea typa fb sacur`ty huorojtaa

teot `s raquastak `s jft jacassor`my fb o jucmaor jotura ojk pratajk`jh tf

fbbar o ”jucmaor udnrammo— coj na cfujtarprfkuct`va.0? Hffk axodpmas fb

o rotear w`kaspraok baor wfumk na Jfrwoy ojk M`nyo.Os o JO[F dadnar s`jca ?01;, Jfrwoy najats brfd o jucmaor

udnrammo. Efwavar, ̀ j Kacadnar ?018, Yr`da D`j`star A`jor Hareorksaj

ujaxpactakmy ojjfujcak ot o JO[F sudd`t `j Yor`s teot e`s cfujtry

wfumk jft occapt tea kapmfydajt fr stfroha fb jucmaor waopfjs fj

`ts sf`m `j paocat`da.0> Ny kf`jh sf, tea pr`da d`j`star ovf`kak turj`jh

e`s cfujtry `jtf o torhat fb Sfv`at jucmaor bfrcas. Nabfra spaog`jh ot tea

JO[F sudd`t, ea eok ossurak tea Sfv`at Qj`fj teot Jfrwoy wfumk jftoutefr`za Odar`coj trffps tf suparv`sa jucmaor ceorhas fj `ts sf`m.03 [e`s

baor `s jft uj`qua. @j tea aormy koys fb tea Cfmk Xor, weaj Nr`t`se Yr`da

D`j`star Cmadajt Ottmaa wos `jbfrdak teot `b jucmaor waopfjs eok tf na

0?. Fja cr`t`com prfnmad eara ̀ s teot pfs̀ t`va ojk jahot`va ossurojcas coj na ̀ j tajs`fj

the war that must never be fought - part one, edited by george p. shultz and james e. goodby

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