the war for europe & africa u.s. history 1/14 war plans december 22, 1941- winston churchill...
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The War for Europe & Africa
U.S. History
1/14
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War Plans
• December 22, 1941- Winston Churchill arrives at the White House.
• Spends 3 weeks working out war plans with FDR
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Battle of the Atlantic
• Germany attacks Allied shipping in the Atlantic.
• First 4 months of 1942, U.S. looses 87 ships off the Atlantic shore.
• By July German “Wolf Packs” had sunk 681 Allied ships in the Atlantic.
• Battle of the Atlantic
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U.S. Strategy in Atlantic• Organized ships into
“convoys” protected by warships.
• Used new “sonar” and airplanes to spot submarines and destroy them.
• By spring 1943, German Admiral Karl Doenitz reports U-Boat loses had “reached an unbearable height!”
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• After the Nazis invade the USSR in June 1941, Stalin joins the Allies.
• U.S., Soviet Union, Great Britain.
• Stalin urgently wanted U.S. to open a “second front” in Europe to relieve pressure on Soviets.
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Axis Powers
• Nazi Germany
• Fascist Italy
• Imperial Japan
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The Battle of Stalingrad• Summer 1942,
Germany advances to take oil fields in southern Soviet Union.
• August 1942 approach Stalingrad.
• With the help of the winter weather, Soviets counterattack and surround and defeat German troops.
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• Feb. 1943, terrible defeat for Germany
• “Turning point” of war in Europe.
• First time German advance defeated
• Over 1,100,000 Soviet soldiers dead- more than all American deaths for entire war.
• Soviets begin to move westward towards Germany.
• stalingrad
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American Landings
• 1942- North Africa- “Operation Torch” help Allies defeat German tanks controlling desert areas.
• Operation Torch• 1943- Italy- Help Allies defeat Mussolini• 1944 France - “D-Day” Second Front
finally opened beginning Liberation of France
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Commander of American forces in Africa and Europe.
• Military operations begin November 1942
• Will become 34th President of United States after war in the 1950’s
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Unconditional Surrender
• 1943 conference held between FDR and Winston Churchill.
• Allies agree the only acceptable surrender terms for Germany would be “without any conditions”.
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Italy Liberated
• Summer 1943 Sicily captured.
• July 1943 Mussolini forced to resign and is captured.
• Germans continue to fight in Italy until 1945.
• FDR Speech
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