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TRANSCRIPT
The Value of Ecosystem Services An Overview
Malyne NEANG Director of ECOLAND Research Centre,
Royal University of Agriculture
Training Workshop 1: Ecosystem Services Valuation Imperial Hotel, Phnom Penh. Cambodia
Outline
• Introduction
• What are the ecosystem services and environmental services?
• ES in Cambodia
• ES in Tonle Sap
• Definition of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES)
• Characteristics of PES program
• Example: conservation agreement
• SCOPE of PES
• ES concluding remarks
2
Introduction What are Ecosystem Services?
Ecosystem Services are the conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems, and the species that make them up, sustain and fulfil human life — Daily (1997).
Ecosystem Services are the benefits human populations derive, directly or indirectly, from ecosystem functions — Costanza et al.(1997).
Ecosystem Services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems — MA 2005.
Ecosystem Services are components of nature, directly enjoyed, consumed, or used to yield human well-being — Boyd and Banzhaf(2007).
Ecosystem Services are the aspects of ecosystems utilised (actively or passively) to produce human well-being— Fisher et al.(2009).
Ecosystem Services are the direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human well-being—TEEB Foundations (2010).
(source: Braat et de Groot, 2012, p.5)
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What are the Ecosystem Services (ES) ?
Life on earth
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2003) 4
• Carbon sequestration and storage
• Biodiversity protection
• Watershed protection
• Others services: Landscape beauty…
What are the Environmental Services (ES)? FOA (2007)
Externalities:
NR use and production link to ecosystem (natural resources). Negative externalities : pollution, Forest and NR degradation
Positive externalities: Forest and water conservation, soil erosion control, bird conservation… => Environmental services
• The subset of ecosystem services characterized by externalities are referred to as “environmental services” • The term “ecosystem services” is sometimes used interchangeably with the term “environmental services”.
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6
The MA conceptual framework on the ecosystem services and human well-being linkages
Ecosystem Services and Human Well-Being
SUPPORTING SERVICES Services necessary for
the production of all
other ecoystem services
Soil formation
Nutrient cycle
Primary production
Provisioning
Services
Products obtained from
ecosystems
Food
Fresh water
Fuelwood
Fibre
Biochemicals
Genetic resources
Regulating Services
Benefits obtained from
regulation of ecosystem
processes
Climate regulation
Disease regulation
Water regulation
Water purification
Cultural Services
Nonmaterials benefits
obtained from ecosystems
Spiritual and religious
Recreation and ecotourism
Aesthetic
Inspirational
Educational
Sense of place
Cultural heritage
Security
Ability to live in an
environmental clean and safe
shelter
Ability to reduce vulnerability
to ecological shocks and stress
Basic Material for
a Good Life
Ability to access resources to
earn income and gain a livelihood
Health
Ability to be adequately nourished
Ability to be free from avoidable
disease
Ability to have adequate and clean
drinking water
Ability to have clean air
Ability to have energy to keep warm
and cool
Good Social Relations
Opportunity to express aesthetic
and recrational values associated
with ecosystems
Opportunity to express cultural
and spiritual values associated with
ecosystems
Opportunity to observe, study,
and learn about ecosystems
FREEDOMS
AND CHOICE
Ecosystem Services Determinants and Constituents of Well-being
- Fish, Crops, - Timber, Wood Fuel - Non Timber Forest Products…
ES in Cambodia? Provisioning services
85% of the country’s population was dependent on fuelwood (CBD
National Focal Point Cambodia 2009).
85-90% of the primary source of income is based on local ES (crops, capture fisheries, wild food, forest
timber and biomass (SEI, 2010).
SUPPORTING SERVICES Services necessary for
the production of all
other ecoystem services
Soil formation
Nutrient cycle
Primary production
Provisioning
Services
Products obtained from
ecosystems
Food
Fresh water
Fuelwood
Fibre
Biochemicals
Genetic resources
Regulating Services
Benefits obtained from
regulation of ecosystem
processes
Climate regulation
Disease regulation
Water regulation
Water purification
Cultural Services
Nonmaterials benefits
obtained from ecosystems
Spiritual and religious
Recreation and ecotourism
Aesthetic
Inspirational
Educational
Sense of place
Cultural heritage
Security
Ability to live in an
environmental clean and safe
shelter
Ability to reduce vulnerability
to ecological shocks and stress
Basic Material for
a Good Life
Ability to access resources to
earn income and gain a livelihood
Health
Ability to be adequately nourished
Ability to be free from avoidable
disease
Ability to have adequate and clean
drinking water
Ability to have clean air
Ability to have energy to keep warm
and cool
Good Social Relations
Opportunity to express aesthetic
and recrational values associated
with ecosystems
Opportunity to express cultural
and spiritual values associated with
ecosystems
Opportunity to observe, study,
and learn about ecosystems
FREEDOMS
AND CHOICE
Ecosystem Services Determinants and Constituents of Well-being
Soil fertility (Tonle Sap Lake, Forests) -Carbon sequestration by forests - Coastal protection (mangroves)
-Water regulation (Tonle Sap) -Habitat…
ES in Cambodia? Regulating services
Example of regulation service (Biomass carbon) in Cambodia
Source: Kapos, V., Ravilious, C., Leng, C., Bertzky, M., Osti, M., Clements, T., Dickson, B. (2010) Carbon, biodiversity and ecosystem services: Exploring co-benefits. Cambodia. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK.
SUPPORTING SERVICES Services necessary for
the production of all
other ecoystem services
Soil formation
Nutrient cycle
Primary production
Provisioning
Services
Products obtained from
ecosystems
Food
Fresh water
Fuelwood
Fibre
Biochemicals
Genetic resources
Regulating Services
Benefits obtained from
regulation of ecosystem
processes
Climate regulation
Disease regulation
Water regulation
Water purification
Cultural Services
Nonmaterials benefits
obtained from ecosystems
Spiritual and religious
Recreation and ecotourism
Aesthetic
Inspirational
Educational
Sense of place
Cultural heritage
Security
Ability to live in an
environmental clean and safe
shelter
Ability to reduce vulnerability
to ecological shocks and stress
Basic Material for
a Good Life
Ability to access resources to
earn income and gain a livelihood
Health
Ability to be adequately nourished
Ability to be free from avoidable
disease
Ability to have adequate and clean
drinking water
Ability to have clean air
Ability to have energy to keep warm
and cool
Good Social Relations
Opportunity to express aesthetic
and recrational values associated
with ecosystems
Opportunity to express cultural
and spiritual values associated with
ecosystems
Opportunity to observe, study,
and learn about ecosystems
FREEDOMS
AND CHOICE
Ecosystem Services Determinants and Constituents of Well-being
- Ecotourism (Protected Areas) -Cultural heritage (Floatting villages)
-Sense of place (Bon Om Tok…)
-Lonn (2012): ecotourism provide 10% of income (Chambok Community-based Ecotourism)
-Clements (2008): ecotourism expenses are about 60$/tourist to visit and 80% of these
expenses are earned by villagers.
ES in Cambodia? Cultural services
ES in Tonle Sap? Provisioning services
SUPPORTING SERVICES Services necessary for
the production of all
other ecoystem services
Soil formation
Nutrient cycle
Primary production
Provisioning
Services
Products obtained from
ecosystems
Food
Fresh water
Fuelwood
Fibre
Biochemicals
Genetic resources
Regulating Services
Benefits obtained from
regulation of ecosystem
processes
Climate regulation
Disease regulation
Water regulation
Water purification
Cultural Services
Nonmaterials benefits
obtained from ecosystems
Spiritual and religious
Recreation and ecotourism
Aesthetic
Inspirational
Educational
Sense of place
Cultural heritage
Security
Ability to live in an
environmental clean and safe
shelter
Ability to reduce vulnerability
to ecological shocks and stress
Basic Material for
a Good Life
Ability to access resources to
earn income and gain a livelihood
Health
Ability to be adequately nourished
Ability to be free from avoidable
disease
Ability to have adequate and clean
drinking water
Ability to have clean air
Ability to have energy to keep warm
and cool
Good Social Relations
Opportunity to express aesthetic
and recrational values associated
with ecosystems
Opportunity to express cultural
and spiritual values associated with
ecosystems
Opportunity to observe, study,
and learn about ecosystems
FREEDOMS
AND CHOICE
Ecosystem Services Determinants and Constituents of Well-being
• With an annual catch estimated to be between 289,000 and 431,000 t, the lake is fourth most productive captive fishery in the world, providing some 70% of the protein intake for the entire Cambodian population (van Zalinge et al., 2000). • The Tonle Sap’s palette of biological resources has been a source of fuel, dietary variety, as well as supplemental market income for the rural population. • Floodplain for agriculture: 1/3 of GDP
ES in Tonle Sap? Regulating services
SUPPORTING SERVICES Services necessary for
the production of all
other ecoystem services
Soil formation
Nutrient cycle
Primary production
Provisioning
Services
Products obtained from
ecosystems
Food
Fresh water
Fuelwood
Fibre
Biochemicals
Genetic resources
Regulating Services
Benefits obtained from
regulation of ecosystem
processes
Climate regulation
Disease regulation
Water regulation
Water purification
Cultural Services
Nonmaterials benefits
obtained from ecosystems
Spiritual and religious
Recreation and ecotourism
Aesthetic
Inspirational
Educational
Sense of place
Cultural heritage
Security
Ability to live in an
environmental clean and safe
shelter
Ability to reduce vulnerability
to ecological shocks and stress
Basic Material for
a Good Life
Ability to access resources to
earn income and gain a livelihood
Health
Ability to be adequately nourished
Ability to be free from avoidable
disease
Ability to have adequate and clean
drinking water
Ability to have clean air
Ability to have energy to keep warm
and cool
Good Social Relations
Opportunity to express aesthetic
and recrational values associated
with ecosystems
Opportunity to express cultural
and spiritual values associated with
ecosystems
Opportunity to observe, study,
and learn about ecosystems
FREEDOMS
AND CHOICE
Ecosystem Services Determinants and Constituents of Well-being •Habitat: The lake provides habitats for more than a hundred such water bird species, 89 of which are abundant and 14 of which are considered to be of international significance. • Nursery: a large variety of fish migrate in large numbers from throughout the lower Mekong system to spawn during high season, returning with the receding waters to the open lake and river system beyond. • Water regulation and soil fertility for rice production •Transport by inland waterway
SUPPORTING SERVICES Services necessary for
the production of all
other ecoystem services
Soil formation
Nutrient cycle
Primary production
Provisioning
Services
Products obtained from
ecosystems
Food
Fresh water
Fuelwood
Fibre
Biochemicals
Genetic resources
Regulating Services
Benefits obtained from
regulation of ecosystem
processes
Climate regulation
Disease regulation
Water regulation
Water purification
Cultural Services
Nonmaterials benefits
obtained from ecosystems
Spiritual and religious
Recreation and ecotourism
Aesthetic
Inspirational
Educational
Sense of place
Cultural heritage
Security
Ability to live in an
environmental clean and safe
shelter
Ability to reduce vulnerability
to ecological shocks and stress
Basic Material for
a Good Life
Ability to access resources to
earn income and gain a livelihood
Health
Ability to be adequately nourished
Ability to be free from avoidable
disease
Ability to have adequate and clean
drinking water
Ability to have clean air
Ability to have energy to keep warm
and cool
Good Social Relations
Opportunity to express aesthetic
and recrational values associated
with ecosystems
Opportunity to express cultural
and spiritual values associated with
ecosystems
Opportunity to observe, study,
and learn about ecosystems
FREEDOMS
AND CHOICE
Ecosystem Services Determinants and Constituents of Well-being
• Importance of the TSL and River for Cambodian culture • Ecotourism activities (birds, floating villages, TS River trip…)
ES in Tonle Sap? Cultural services
Definition of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) PES is an market-based instrument designed to provide incentives to land
users, on behalf of service beneficiaries, for agricultural land, coastal or marine management practices, for improved service provision, so a specific user or society will benefit more broadly.
PES is a market-based mechanism
Wunder (2005): defined PES
(1) voluntary transaction where
(2) a well-defined ES (or corresponding land use) is
(3) being ‘bought’ by a (minimum one) ES buyer
(4) from a (minimum one) ES provider
(5) if and only if ES provision is secured (conditionality)
Characteristics of PES program
PES could be design in different type which could be apply in - Social - Economics - or Political context
• ES users •Government •NGOs •International Agency
Who are acting on behalf of ES users
Who are the buyers ?
Who are the sellers? -Private and Individual landholder: -Government or Public land -Community
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Example: conservation agreement
SCOPE of PES PES is not the solution for all environmental problems
- Ecosystem managers don’t have authority to manage the ecosystem because the land belong to nobody or to the state.
•Give the property rights is, sometime, not enough to apply PES
- IF lack of awareness on land-use practices which provide/enhance ES
Because make benefits to the others is unlikely to be a much weight against definite benefits to oneself Because ES is public goods
•Give training or awareness to the people is unlikely suffice to apply PES
PES as part of a policy mix for conservation and development
It is difficult to identify scope the PES,
ES user and ES provider => Payment go to Ecosystem Manager
ES Concluding Remarks
• Ecosystem provides the Ecosystem Services which contribute to Human Well-Being
• Economics Growth also wants to give Human Well-Being
• There is the Trade-Off in economics growth between:
Provisioning Services vs. Others Services
So what should we do to avoid or find the best balance for this trade-off?
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Arias, M. E., T. A. Cochrane, et al. (2012). "Quantifying changes in flooding and habitats in the Tonle Sap Lake (Cambodia) caused by water infrastructure development and climate change in the Mekong Basin." Journal of Environmental Management 112: 53-66. De Young, C. Charles, A., Hjort,A. 2008. Human dimensions of the ecosystem approach to fisheries: an overview of context, concepts, tools and methods, FAO Fisheries Technical Pepr No 489. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK, 2007. An introductory guide to valuing ecosystem services. KIM, N. (2013). Strategic Management for the Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve Conservation & Protection, UNWTO. Lamberts, D. (2006). "The Tonle Sap Lake as a productive ecosystem." International Journal of Water Resources Development 22(3): 481-495. Matsui, S., M. Keskinen, et al. (2006). Tonle Sap, Experience and Lessons Learn Brief. Phnom Penh, World lakes. Nunes P.A.L.D., Ding,H., Markandy.2008. The economic valuation of marine ecosystems – lessons from the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment. Presented at conference on economic valuation of coastal and marine ecosystems, Bodrum, 22-25 October 2008. SEI (2010) Persson, L., Arvidson, A., Lannerstad, M., Lindskog, H., Morrissey, T., Nilsson, L., Noel, S., Senyagwa, J. Impacts of pollution on ecosystem services for the Millennium Development Goals. SEI Project Report, Stockholm Environment Institute, Sweden. Sokha, P. (2009) Pesticide Risk Reduction in Cambodia: An assessment of findings from research on pesticide use, baseline survey in Battambang and Prey Veng. R. U. o. Agriculture. Phnom Penh.
Main References
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Steffan-Dewenter, I., M. Kessler, et al. (2007) “Tradeoffs between income, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning during tropical rainforest conversion and agroforestry intensification.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104(12): 4973- 4978. UNEP-WCMC. 2011. Marine and coastal ecosystem services: valuation methods and their practical application. United Nations Statistics Division and FAO. 2004. Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting for Fisheries. White Paper Handbook. Wikipedia World Bank. 2008. Valuation of Marine Ecosystem Services: Gap Analysis. Environment Department. Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank. 2008. Environment Matters. World Bank and FAO. 2009. The Sunken Billions. The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform. Agricultural and Rural Development Department. The World Bank. Washington. DC. WRI (2007) Nature’s benefits in Kenya, an Atlas of ecosystems and human well-being. World Resources Institute, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Kenya, Central Bureau of statistics and Ministry of planning and National Development in Kenya, and the International Livestock Research Institute. Washington DC and Nairobi, World Resources Institute.
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Thank you for your attention
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