the usefulness of social-convert aza
TRANSCRIPT
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FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF HUMAN SCIENCES
THE USEFULNESS OF SOCIAL CAPITAL THEORY TO UNDERSTAND
ACADEMIC IMPROVEMENT IN YOUNG CHILDREN: THE IMPACT OF FAMILY
STRUCTURE
BY:
MICHAEL SHRINER
A Dissertation su!itte" to t#eDe$art!ent o% Fa!i&' an" C#i&" S(ien(es
in $artia& %u&%i&&!ent o% t#ere)uire!ents %or t#e "e*ree o%
Do(tor o% P#i&oso$#'
De*ree A+ar"e":
Fa&& Se!ester, -../
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UM! Number: 3348544
INFORMATION TO USERS
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#.. Bo '/01Ann Arbor, MI 48#$%#34$
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T#e !e!ers o% t#e Co!!ittee a$$ro0e t#e Dissertation o% Mi(#ae& S#riner"e%en"e" on Au*ust -1t#, -../2
Rona&" L2 Mu&&isPro%essor Dire(tin* Dissertation
Patri(e &ataro&aOutsi"e Co!!ittee Me!er
T#o!as A2 Corni&&eCo!!ittee Me!er
Re(ei0e" ':
B2 3a' Pas&e', C#air, De$art!ent o% Fa!i&' an" C#i&" S(ien(es
Bi&&ie Co&&ier, Dean, Co&&e*e o% Hu!an S(ien(es
T#e o%%i(e o% Gra"uate Stu"ies #as 0eri%ie" an" a$$ro0e" t#e ao0e na!e"(o!!ittee !e!ers2
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AC3NO4LEDGEMENTS
I +ou&" &i5e to a(5no+&e"*e t#e !e!ers o% !' "issertation (o!!ittee6Drs2 Rona&" L2 Mu&&is, T#o!as A2 Corni&&e, an" Patri(e &ataro&a2 Your
(ontriutions to t#is $ro7e(t +ere *reat&' a$$re(iate"2 I (ou&"n8t #a0e as5e" %or a
!ore res$onsi0e, un"erstan"in*, an" #e&$%u& !a7or $ro%essor t#an 'ou, Dr2
Mu&&is, an" %or t#at I t#an5 'ou2 In a""ition, I +ou&" &i5e to t#an5 Dr2 Ann Mu&&is2
You #a0e een an e9tre!e&' su$$orti0e $resen(e in !' &i%e2
I +i&& ne0er e a&e to t#an5 Bet#anne enou*#2 You are a *i%t2 I &o0e 'ou2
Fina&&', I +ou&" &i5e to e9ten" !' sin(erest a$$re(iation to t#e $eo$&e +#o
#a" an o0er+#e&!in* $ersona& i!$a(t on !e "urin* !' ti!e in Ta&&a#assee
eit#er t#rou*# t#eir entran(e, e9it, or e0er$resent e9isten(e in !' &i%e6A"rian,
A%ro!an, A!', Da", Ei&een, Heine5en, Hei"i, 32C2, 3aren, ;i!, ;es, ;oe, Ma9ine,
Mi(#e&&e, Miss', Mo!, Nana, Pat, R2 ;2 Re'no&"s, S(ott, Tara, an" 4a'ne2
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
List o% Fi*ures 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 0ii
List o% Ta&es 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222220iii
Astra(t222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 i9
1 INTRODUCTION222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222221
A$$en"i9 B
Ta&es2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222>
A$$en"i9 C
IRB A$$ro0a& Letter22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222@=
Re%eren(es2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222@>
Bio*ra$#i(a& S5et(#22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222/>
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LIST OF FIGURES
Fi*ure
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LIST OF TABLES
Ta&e
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ABSTRACT
T#is stu"' e9$&ore" t#e e9tent to +#i(# "i%%eren(es in so(ia& (a$ita& a!on*
%a!i&' stru(tures $re"i(te" a(a"e!i( i!$ro0e!ent in 'oun* (#i&"ren usin* "ata
%ro! t#e nationa&&' re$resentati0e Ear&' C#i&"#oo" Lon*itu"ina& Sur0e', ECLS
3in"er*arten (&ass o%
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CHAPTER , an"
atten"in* (o&&e*e Gar(es, T#o!as, Currie, -..-2 Furt#er, e(ause ear&' (#i&"#oo"o%%ers an o$ti!a& $erio" %or inter0ention an" re$resents t#e $erio" +#en *a$s in
a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent %irst e!er*e Pere;o#nson Ma'nar", -..@, t#e $erio" o%
ear&' (#i&"#oo" "eser0es (ontinue" resear(#ase" stu"'2
As t#e %irst nationa& sur0e' "esi*ne" to %o&&o+ a (o#ort o% (#i&"ren %ro!
5in"er*arten entr' to !i""&e s(#oo&, t#e ECLS3 $ro0i"es a +ea&t# an" rea"t# o%
(o!$re#ensi0e an" re&ia&e "ata t#at s(#o&ars (an use to etter un"erstan" (#i&"ren8s
"e0e&o$!ent as t#e' $ro*ress %ro! 5in"er*arten to t#e !i""&e s(#oo& *ra"es2 Ina""ition, T#e ECLS3 o%%ers resear(#ers t#e o$$ortunit' to in0esti*ate a !u&titu"e o%
)uestions t#at are $ertinent in to"a'8s so(iet'2 Be(ause o% its "e$t# o% assess!ent,
resear(#ers are a&e to ta(5&e (o!$&e9 intera(tions et+een young (#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i(
an" (o*niti0e $er%or!an(e an" t#eir s(#oo&, (o!!unit', an" $arenta& in0o&0e!ent
Touran*eau, Nor", Le, Po&&a(5, At5insBurnett, -..12 Ot#er stu"ies #a0e e9$&ore"
t#ese sa!e intera(tions in older (#i&"ren usin* su(# nationa&&' re$resentati0e "atasets
as t#e Nationa& E"u(ationa& Lon*itu"ina& Stu"' Pon*, , t#e Internationa& So(ia& S(ien(e
Sur0e'sAustra&ia E0ans, 3e&&e', 4anner, -..
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(ommu+ity ,ttribute' o+ (hi)*re+=' ,(,*emi( per.orm,+(e /Mu))i'2 R,thge2 1 Mu))i'2
!!3 For e6,mp)e2 i, ,+* Si+gh /!! (riti(,))y reie&e* 35 prim,ry empiri(,)
,rti()e' ,ppe,ri+g bet&ee+ #"8$ ,+* !!# &here 'o(i,) (,pit,) &,' u'e* ,' ,
.r,me&or to e6p)ore ,riou' e*u(,tio+,) out(ome' A' ,+ e6emp),r2 I'r,e)2 e,u)ieu2
,+* 0,rt)e'' /!!# e6p)ore* the i+.)ue+(e o. .,mi)y ,+* (ommu+ity o+ e*u(,tio+,),(hieeme+t i+ ,*o)e'(e+t' .rom , 'o(i,) (,pit,) .r,me&or They .ou+* th,t high
'(hoo) 'tu*e+t' &ho )ie* i+ t&o%bio)ogi(,)%p,re+t .,mi)y 'tru(ture' e,r+e* higher
gr,*e' ,+* &ere more )ie)y to 't,y i+ '(hoo) th,+ their (ou+terp,rt' i+ 'i+g)e%p,re+t
.,mi)y 'tru(ture' Further2 they 'ugge'te* th,t po)i(ie' be ge,re* to&,r* 'tre+gthe+i+g
.,mi)y 'o(i,) (,pit,) A)though their ',mp)e i+()u*e* ,*o)e'(e+t'2 they 'ub't,+ti,te* the
u'e.u)+e'' o. 'o(i,) (,pit,) theory .or (o+(eptu,)i@i+g ,+* e6p),i+i+g &hy you+g
(hi)*re+ i+ 'tep.,mi)ie' ,+* 'i+g)e%p,re+t .,mi)y 'tru(ture' m,y be )e'' 'u((e''.u)
,(,*emi(,))y th,+ their t&o%bio)ogi(,)%p,re+t (ou+terp,rt'
Pur$ose o% t#e Stu"'
A)though 'o(i,) (,pit,) theory h,' re(e+t)y bee+ ,pp)ie* to , ,riety o. topi('
i+()u*i+g pub)i( he,)th /S@reter 1 -oo)(o(2 !!42 .oo* (o+'umptio+ /ert)er2 Bei+e2 1
Moretti2 !!$2 ,+* (orpor,te org,+i@,tio+,) *ee)opme+t /A*)er 1 &o+2 !!2 here
'o(i,) (,pit,) theory &,' u'e* to e6p),i+ ,(,*emi( improeme+t /,' me,'ure* by
(h,+ge' i+ 't,+*,r*i@e* m,th ,+* re,*i+g te't' i+ you+g (hi)*re+ There.ore2 the
purpo'e o. thi' 'tu*y &,' to te't the u'e.u)+e'' o. 'o(i,) (,pit,) theory .or
u+*er't,+*i+g the ,(,*emi( improeme+t o. you+g (hi)*re+ ,+* to e6p)ore ho&
,ri,tio+' i+ 'o(i,) ,+* re'our(e (,pit,) ,mo+g three .,mi)y 'tru(ture' /'i+g)e%p,re+t2
t&o%p,re+t%bio)ogi(,)2 ,+* 'tepp,re+t pre*i(t ,(,*emi( improeme+t i+ you+g (hi)*re+
oer t&o poi+t' i+ time
Resear(# ?uestions
,'e* o+ , .,mi)y 'o(i,) (,pit,) per'pe(tie2 the .o))o&i+g re'e,r(h ue'tio+'
&ere ,**re''e*:
1 oe' 'o(i,) ,+* re'our(e (,pit,) h,e ,+ imp,(t o+ you+g (hi)*re+='
,(,*emi( improeme+t2 (o+tro))i+g .or p,re+t=' e*u(,tio+ ,+*
'o(ioe(o+omi( 't,tu'G
2 oe' .,mi)y 'tru(ture m,tter i+ term' o. (hi)*re+=' ,(,*emi( improeme+tG
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De%initions o% Ter!s
,'e* o+ preiou' empiri(,) )iter,ture2 the re'u)t,+t *e.i+itio+' &ere u'e* i+ thi'
'tu*y:
1 So(i,) (,pit,): re'our(e' th,t ,+ i+*ii*u,) (,+ uti)i@e em,+,ti+g .rom the
i+ter,(tio+' ,+* re),tio+'hip' bet&ee+ ,+* ,mo+g ,(tor' /Co)em,+2 #"88;Beo+,r*2 !!5; Dut+,m2 #""5
2 Re'our(e (,pit,): Re'our(e' /eg2 h,i+g , (omputer ,,i),b)e to the (hi)* i+ the
home o. ,+ ,(,*emi(,))y%orie+te* e+iro+me+t th,t i' (o+*u(ie to (hi)*re+='
)e,r+i+g /Co)em,+2 #"88
O$erationa& De%initions
0oy)e2 0,rri'2 ,+* Hu** /!! 't,te* th,t ?,+ oper,tio+,) *e.i+itio+ 'pe(i.ie'
ho& to me,'ure , ,ri,b)e 'o th,t &e (,+ ,''ig+ 'omeo+e , '(ore?2 .urther ,**i+g th,t?the be,uty o. ,+ oper,tio+,) *e.i+itio+ i' th,t it 'pe(i.ie' pre(i'e)y ho& to me,'ure ,
,ri,b)e i+ 'u(h , (o+(rete ,+* 'pe(i.i( m,++er th,t ,+yo+e e)'e (ou)* repe,t the 'tep'
,+* obt,i+ the ',me me,'ureme+t'? /p
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De&i!itations
T#e %o&&o+in* "e&i!itations, a %un(tion o% se(on"ar' ana&'sis on e9istin* "ata, are
a(5no+&e"*e":
1 T#e stu"' +i&& e &i!ite" to t#e sa!$&e re(ruite" %or t#e ECLS3 ' t#e NCES
"urin* a&& %our ti!e $erio"s2
2 T#e !easures t#at +i&& e use" in t#is stu"' are (ontin*ent u$on t#ose use" in t#e
ori*ina& stu"' (on"u(te" ' t#e NCES2
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CHAPTER -
LITERATURE REVIE4
In t#is (#a$ter so(ia& (a$ita& t#eor' is $resente" as a t#eoreti(a& %ra!e+or5 %or
e9a!inin* t#e a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent o% (#i&"ren2 In a""ition, t#e e!$iri(a& &in5 et+een
(#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i( out(o!es an" %a!i&'so(ia& (onte9ts is "is(usse"2 Fina&&', t#ee!$iri(a& %in"in*s re*ar"in* a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent o% (#i&"ren reare" in sin*&e$arent
an" ste$$arent %a!i&ies are su!!arie"2
Theoretical Perspective
Fa!i&' So(ia& Ca$ita&
Leonar" -..> "es(rie" t#e e9istin* &iterature on so(ia& (a$ita& as ur*eonin*,
an" t#e (on(e$t itse&%, as e&usi0e2 S#e su!!arie" its (urrent status as ein*
K*enera&&' i!ue" +it# $ositi0e (onnotations, in $arti(u&ar t#e i!$ortan(e o% so(ia&
net+or5s an" trust in $ro!otin* a sense o% e&on*in* an" +e&&ein*K $2 1.>2 Co&e!an
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#er *ro+t#, !aturation, an" o0era&& +e&&ein*2 Ho+e0er, as Morro+
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et+een its !e!ers i% t#e' are to e !aintaine" o0er ti!e2 T#ere%ore, %a!i&ies !ust
nurture t#eir stai&it' an" suse)uent&', t#eir so(ia& (a$ita&, to not on&' %&ouris#, ut
si!$&' !aintain2 For e9a!$&e, $arents +#o (ontinuous&' (o!!uni(ate a!on*st
t#e!se&0es an" +it# ot#ers in t#e (o!!unit' in an e%%ort to o0er(o!e a (#i&"8s
a(a"e!i( "i%%i(u&ties %oster t#e so(ia& (a$ita& t#at !a' e inte*ra& to reso&0in* an'
en(ountere" $ro&e!ati( situation2 Ho+e0er, so!eti!es %a!i&ies6in t#eir u&ti!ate&'
se&%"e%eatin* )uest to !aintain stai&it'6or*anie aroun" a (#i&"8s a(a"e!i(
"i%%i(u&ties2 B' "oin* so, t#e' e%%e(ti0e&' (uto%% t#eir su$$&' o% so(ia& (a$ita& ' not
(o!!uni(atin* +it# ot#ers outsi"e t#eir %ra*i&e %a!i&' oun"aries an" are t#us ren"ere"
iso&ate" an" in a $er$etua& state o% (risis Corni&&e Boroto,
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e.i(ie+t .,mi)ie' i+()u*e tho'e .,mi)ie' (o+'i'ti+g o. either o+e p,re+t or t&o p,re+t'
&ho ,re more i+o)e* &ith &or ,(tiitie' th,+ .,mi)y ,(tiitie' Thi' i' p,rti(u),r)y
',)ie+t gie+ Dorte'= /#""8 ,''ertio+ th,t )o&ere* 'o(i,) (,pit,) i+ 'i+g)e%p,re+t .,mi)ie'
i' prim,ri)y , .u+(tio+ o. the 'i+g)e p,re+t=' /,+* hi' or her (hi)*=' re'i*e+ti,) mobi)ity
,+* ),( o. i+%home 'upport i, ,+ ,**itio+,) p,re+t For Dorte'2 the ),( o. ,+otherp,re+t i+ the home ,+* .reue+t re)o(,tio+' )e,*' to i+(o+'i'te+t ,+* &e, tie' to the
(ommu+ity%,t%),rge &hi(h ,re ,''o(i,te* &ith )o&ere* e*u(,tio+,) per.orm,+(e
0o&eer2 be.ore e6,mi+i+g the e*u(,tio+,) out(ome' o. (hi)*re+ re,re* i+ 'i+g)e%
p,re+t .,mi)ie'2 ,+* ),ter 'tep.,mi)ie'2 you+g (hi)*re+=' ,(,*emi( ,(hieeme+t i+ ,
.,mi)y>'o(i,) (o+te6t ,re *i'(u''e*
Youn* C#i&"ren8s A(a"e!i( A(#ie0e!ent in a Fa!i&'So(ia& Conte9t
0er+,+*e@2 e+to+2 ,+* M,(,rt+ey /!!
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$o0ert' $&a's in its re&ation to a (#i&"8s a(a"e!i( "e0e&o$!ent an" a(#ie0e!ent2 In %a(t,
Guo an" Harris -..., usin* "ata %ro! t#e Nationa& Lon*itu"ina& Sur0e' o% Yout#
in0o&0in* a$$ro9i!ate&' -,... (#i&"ren +it# a !ean a*e o% @< !ont#s, %oun" t#at t#e
asso(iation et+een $o0ert' an" (o*niti0e %un(tionin* is (o!$&ete&' !e"iate" ' su(#
%a!i&' (onte9t 0aria&es as $arentin* st'&e, (o*niti0e sti!u&ation in t#e #o!e, an" t#e$#'si(a& en0iron!ent o% t#e #o!e2 S$e(i%i(a&&', t#rou*# stru(tura& e)uation !o"e&in*,
t#e aut#ors (on(&u"e" t#at $o0ert' itse&% o%%ers no "ire(t e%%e(t on a (#i&"8s inte&&e(tua&
"e0e&o$!ent !easure" ' stan"ar"ie" rea"in* an" !at# a(#ie0e!ent tests2
Ho+e0er, in(reases in $o0ert' a"0erse&' a%%e(te" (o*niti0e sti!u&ation #o+ o%ten t#e
!ot#er rea"s to a (#i&", t#e nu!er o% oo5s a (#i&" #as, +#et#er or not a (#i&" #as a
re(or"ta$e $&a'er, #o+ o%ten a (#i&" is ta5en to a !useu!, an" t#e nu!er o%
!a*aines a %a!i&' re(ei0es, $arentin* st'&e #o+ o%ten a !ot#er (on0erses +it# #er
(#i&", +#et#er a !ot#er ans+ere" #er (#i&"8s )uestions 0era&&', +#et#er t#e !ot#er8s
0oi(e s#o+e" $ositi0e %ee&in*s to+ar" #er (#i&", an" +#et#er t#e !ot#er #u**e" an"
5isse" #er (#i&", an" t#e $#'si(a& en0iron!ent o% t#e #o!e i2e2, #o+ (&ean t#e #o!e
is, #o+ (&uttere" t#e #o!e is, #o+ sa%e t#e #o!e is, an" #o+ ri*#t an" sti!u&atin* t#e
#o!e is +#i(# ne*ati0e&' i!$a(te" inte&&e(tua& "e0e&o$!ent2
Boar"!an, Po+ers, Pa"i&&a, an" Hu!!er -..-, usin* "ata %ro! t#e Nationa&
Lon*itu"ina& Sur0e' o% Yout#C#i&" Data
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Bur(#ina& -..1, usin* &on*itu"ina& "ata %ro! t#e Nationa& Institute %or C#i&" Hea&t# an"
Hu!an De0e&o$!ent Stu"' o% Ear&' C#i&" Care an" Yout# De0e&o$!ent e9a!ine" t#e
asso(iation et+een !ot#ers8 sensiti0it' to t#eir (#i&"ren an" t#eir (#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i(
out(o!es2 T#e aut#ors re0ea&e" t#at +#en (#i&"ren in %irst *ra"e e9$erien(e" !ore
sensiti0e (are*i0in* as in"i(ate" ' t#e nu!er an" )ua&it' o% intera(tions $ur$orte" toen#an(e $er(e$tua&, (o*niti0e, &in*uisti(, an" $#'si(a& "e0e&o$!ent %ro! t#eir !ot#ers
o0er ti!e et+een t#e a*es o% 1 an" > !ont#s, t#e' s(ore" si*ni%i(ant&' #i*#er on
tests o% a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent2 In $arti(u&ar, +#en (#i&"ren re(ei0e" in(reasin*&' !ore
"e0e&o$!enta&&' a$$ro$riate, res$onsi0e, an" sti!u&atin* (are*i0in* %ro! t#eir !ot#er
et+een t#e a*es o% 1 to > !ont#s, t#eir a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent +as si*ni%i(ant&'
#i*#er t#an t#ose (#i&"ren +#o "i" not re(ei0e $ro*ressi0e&' !ore "e0e&o$!enta&&'
a$$ro$riate, res$onsi0e, an" sti!u&atin* (are*i0in*2 Si!i&ar&', Mer&o, Bo+!an, an"
Barnett -..@ stu"ie" on&' (#i&"ren %ro! %a!i&ies +it# &o+er so(ioe(ono!i( status +#o
+ere transitionin* %ro! $res(#oo& to e&e!entar' s(#oo&2 T#e' re0ea&e", a%ter (ontro&&in*
%or su(# 0aria&es as $rior rea"in* ai&it', $#ono&o*i(a& a+areness, 0era& reasonin*
ai&it', an" #o!e a(a"e!i( sti!u&ation, a (#i&"8s *ro+t# in rea"in* a(#ie0e!ent (ou&"
e a((ounte" %or ' t#e uni)ue (ontriution o% $arenta& nurturan(e !easure" ' se&%
re$ort an" e#a0iora& ratin*s re*ar"in* +ar!t#, #osti&it', an" to +#at e9tent t#e $arent
is 0era&&' an" a%%e(ti0e&' $ositi0e2
Do+ner an" Pianta -..1 e9a!ine" t#e ear&' %a!i&' e9$erien(es o% /=- (#i&"ren
enro&&e" in t#e Nationa& Institute o% C#i&" Hea&t# an" Hu!an De0e&o$!ent %ro! irt# to
> !ont#s as $re"i(tors o% a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent in %irst *ra"e2 Usin* t#e HOME
In0entor' Ca&"+e&& Bra"&e',
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-../ re$orte" roust an" $o+er%u& e%%e(ts o% (#i&"ren8s #o!e &earnin* en0iron!ent on
rea"in* an" !at# a(#ie0e!ent o0er ti!e2 Usin* "ata in0o&0in* -,=> (#i&"ren %o&&o+e"
&on*itu"ina&&' %ro! a*e = to @, t#e aut#ors %oun" t#at o0er ti!e, (#i&"ren +#o +ere
(&assi%ie" as un"era(#ie0in* at a*e @"e%ine" as s(ores < stan"ar" "e0iation e&o+ t#e
!ean #a" a #i*#er &i5e&i#oo" o% &i0in* in unsu$$orti0e #o!e &earnin* en0iron!ent asin"i(ate" ' (#i&"ren +#o +ere not %re)uent&' en*a*e" in su(# a(ti0ities as ein*
%re)uent&' rea" to, *oin* to t#e &irar', $&a'in* +it# nu!ers, an" ein* tau*#t &etters
an" nu!ers in t#e #o!e at a*e t#ree2
Dun(an an" Ma*nuson -..> su!!arie" t#e e9tent to +#i(# %a!i&ia&
en0iron!ents i!$a(t (#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent2 A(5no+&e"*in* t#e ra(ia& *a$s
in ot# so(ioe(ono!i( status an" a(#ie0e!ent s(ores in rea"in* an" !at# e0i"en(e" in
t#e "ata %ro! t#e Ear&' C#i&"#oo" Lon*itu"ina& Sur0e', t#e aut#ors (o!!ente" on t#ei!$ortan(e o% $arenta& #u!an (a$ita& "e%ine" as %a!i&' in(o!e an" its i!$&i(ations %or
(#i&"ren ' (on(&u"in* t#at its 5e' a"0anta*e +as in its ai&it' to o%%er t#e o$$ortunities
%or a sti!u&atin* &earnin* en0iron!ent2 S$e(i%i(a&&', t#e aut#ors (o!!ente" t#at not
on&' "i" $arents8 e"u(ation in"ire(t&' ene%it (#i&"ren 0ia a #i*#er %a!i&' in(o!e, it
i!$a(te" (#i&"ren8s +e&&ein* 0ia i!$ro0e" $arentin* s5i&&s as +e&&2 Re&ate"&', $arent
in0o&0e!ent6a sa&ient (o!$onent o% an' sti!u&atin* #o!e en0iron!ent6#as een
(onsistent&' &in5e" to (#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent A&o!ar, -..1 Lee Bo+en,
-..1 Mar(#ant, Pau&son, Rot#&iser*, -..
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En*&is#, so(ia& s(ien(e, &an*ua*e, an" re&i*ion tests2 T#e aut#or %oun" t#at $arent
in0o&0e!ent an" in"ire(t&', $arent e"u(ation (ontriute" a stron* 2@ e%%e(t on
stu"ent8s a(#ie0e!ent2
M(Int're, E(5ert, Fiese, DiGennaro, an" 4i&"en*er -..@ e9a!ine" t#e
re&ations#i$ et+een (#i&"ren8s %a!i&' e9$erien(es an" t#eir transition to 5in"er*arten2
Fa!i&ies %ro! a &o+er so(ioe(ono!i( status as in"i(ate" ' re(ei0in* *o0ern!ent
%inan(ia& ai" +ere &ess &i5e&' to atten" annua& !eetin*s at t#eir (#i&"8s $res(#oo&, #a0e
!ont#&' (o!!uni(ation +it# t#eir (#i&"8s $res(#oo&, or 0isit a 5in"er*arten (&assroo!
t#an t#eir #i*#er so(ioe(ono!i( status (ounter$arts2 La(5in* +#at Co&e!an
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bee+ 'ho&+ to e+tire)y me*i,te the imp,(t o. poerty o+ you+g (hi)*re+=' ,(,*emi(
,(hieeme+t /uo 1 0,rri'2 !!! I+ ,**itio+2 p,re+t i+o)eme+t /,+* p,rti(u),r)y2
p,re+t i+o)eme+t i+ their (hi)*=' '(hoo) 'ig+i.i(,+t)y (o+tribute to , (hi)*=' ,(,*emi(
,(hieeme+t /A)om,r2 !!$; Bee 1 o&e+2 !!$; M,r(h,+t2 D,u)'o+2 1 Roth)i'berg2
!!#; Mu)hui'h2 Dh,+2 Sy),2 S,mmo+'2 Sir,9%),t(h.or*2 1 T,gg,rt2 !!8 0o&eer2.or (hi)*re+ &ho (ome .rom 'i+g)e%p,re+t .,mi)ie'2 the'e .,(tor' ,re p,rti(u),r)y ',)ie+t
i+ term' o. their imp,(t o+ ,(,*emi( ,(hieeme+t
Fa!i&' Stru(ture an" A(a"e!i( A(#ie0e!ent
Sin*&eParent Fa!i&ies
rei*er ,+* Fie)*' /!!5 reporte* th,t 5" o. ,)) (hi)*re+ i+ +o+%t&o bio)ogi(,)
p,re+t .,mi)ie' )ie* &ith 'i+g)e mother' Co+'eue+t)y2 thi' i' p,rti(u),r)y ,),rmi+g
gie+ the .i+*i+g' by C,r)'o+ ,+* Cor(or,+ /!!# &ho2 ,.ter (o+tro))i+g .or mother'=
,ge ,t .ir't birth2 e*u(,tio+2 ,+* ,ptitu*e2 .ou+* th,t (hi)*re+ &ho )ie* i+ , (o+ti+uou')y
'i+g)e%p,re+t .,mi)y h,* 'ig+i.i(,+t)y )o&er (og+itie te't '(ore' th,+ their (ou+terp,rt'
i+ either (o+ti+uou' t&o%p,re+t .,mi)ie'2 'i+g)e%p,re+t to t&o%p,re+t .,mi)ie'2 t&o%p,re+t
to 'i+g)e%p,re+t .,mi)ie' ,+* tho'e (hi)*re+ &ho e6perie+(e* mu)tip)e .,mi)y 'tru(ture
tr,+'itio+' 0o&eer2 the ,uthor' ,)'o (omme+te* th,t ,+y time 'pe+t i+ , 'i+g)e%p,re+t
home p),(e* , (hi)* ,t higher ri' .or poor beh,ior,) ,+* (og+itie out(ome'2 but th,t
the'e ri'' (ou)* be mi+imi@e* i. p,re+t' proi*e* gre,ter emotio+,) 'upport ,+*
(og+itie 'timu),tio+ to&,r* their (hi)*re+
Do+g /#""8 'ugge'te* t&o po''ib)e e6p),+,tio+' .or the *etrime+t,) imp,(t o.
'i+g)e p,re+thoo* o+ (hi)*re+=' ,(,*emi( ,(hieeme+t: /# ),( o. e(o+omi( re'our(e';
,+* / ),( o. 'o(i,) (,pit,) Reie&i+g the e(o+omi( re'our(e' e6p),+,tio+2 the ,uthor
(o+()u*e* th,t i+(ome *i..ere+(e' bet&ee+ (hi)*re+ re,re* i+ 'i+g)e%p,re+t er'u' t&o%
p,re+t .,mi)ie' ,((ou+t .or ,' mu(h ,' h,). o. the *i'p,rity i+ e*u(,tio+,) ,(hieeme+t2
te't' '(ore'2 gr,*e'2 (o))ege e+ro))me+t ,+* (o))ege gr,*u,tio+ 0o&eer2 the ,uthor
(omme+te* th,t 'tu*ie' o.te+ (o+tro) .or e(o+omi( re'our(e' /+,me)y2 SES ,+*
*i..ere+(e' 'ti)) e6i't e(,u'e o. thi'2 'he 'upporte* the 'ep,r,te2 ,)beit re),te*
e6p),+,tio+2 ),( o. 'o(i,) (,pit,) i+ 'i+g)e%p,re+t .,mi)ie' F,ori+g the 'o(i,) (,pit,)
e6p),+,tio+2 'he (o+()u*e* th,t e..ort' to improe the ,(,*emi( ,(hieeme+t i+
(hi)*re+ re,re* i+ 'i+g)e%p,re+t .,mi)ie' &ou)* be't be 'ere* by .,(i)it,ti+g
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(o!!uni(ation et+een sin*&e$arents an" ot#er $arents o% (#i&"ren in t#e sa!e
s(#oo&2 S#e o%%ere" t#at ' "oin* so, $arents ene%it 0ia in(reases in so(ia& (a$ita&
ste!!in* %ro! t#e onon*oin* "ia&o*ue re*ar"in* s(#oo& $o&i(ies an" $ersonne&, t#eir
(#i&"ren an" t#eir (#i&"ren8s $eers, an" 0arious strate*ies t#at +ou&" &i5e&' en#an(e t#eir
o+n $arentin* $ra(ti(es2 S#e (on(&u"e" t#at %or sin*&e$arent %a!i&ies, i!$ro0in* so(ia&(a$ita& +as (riti(a& to t#e e"u(ation o% t#eir (#i&"ren2 A&t#ou*# (on(e$tua&ie" as so(ia&
(a$ita&, ut !easure" "i%%erent&', ot#er s(#o&ars su$$ort t#e notion t#at so(ia& (a$ita& or
!ore a$$ro$riate&', t#e &a(5 t#ereo% $&a's a 0ita& ro&e in t#e &o+ere" a(a"e!i(
a(#ie0e!ent o% (#i&"ren reare" in sin*&e$arent %a!i&ies Do+ne',
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(#i&"ren +ou&" &i5e&' &ea" to a "e(rease in t#e "is(re$an(ies et+een (#i&"ren in sin*&e
$arent an" (#i&"ren in t+o$arentio&o*i(a& %a!i&ies on !easures o% stan"ar"ie" tests,
stu"ent !ise#a0ior, an" re$orte" *ra"es2
Astone an" M(Lana#an
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e*u(,tio+,) re'our(e' proi*e* by p,re+t'2 the ,uthor (omme+te* th,t her .i+*i+g'
rei+.or(e* the empiri(,) ,rgume+t th,t re'i*i+g &ith t&o bio)ogi(,) p,re+t' .,(i)it,te' the
e*u(,tio+,) 'o(i,)i@,tio+2 ,ppropri,te beh,ior2 ,+* 'tu*y h,bit' o. ,*o)e'(e+t'
ie+ the m,g+itu*e i+ &hi(h (hi)*re+ re'i*e i+ 'i+g)e%p,re+t .,mi)ie' ,t ,+y
gie+ time /rei*er 1 Fie)*'2 !!5 ,+* the e6te+t th,t ,+y time 'pe+t i+ the'e .,mi)ie' i'
*e)eteriou' .or (hi)*re+=' beh,ior,) ,+* ,(,*emi( out(ome' /C,r)'o+ 1 Cor(or,+2
!!# the o+u' o+ '(ho),r' i' to e6,mi+e ,+* ,rti(u),te the ,riou' (o+tributie .,(tor'
th,t ,..e(t the ,(,*emi( ,(hieeme+t o. , (hi)* re,re* i+ thi' .,mi)y 'tru(ture Some
'(ho),r' h,e 'ugge'te* th,t .uture re'e,r(h .o(u' o+ 'o(i,) (,pit,) theory ,+* the &,y
i+ &hi(h it he)p' to e6p),i+ ,+* pre*i(t )o&ere* ,(,*emi( ,(hieeme+t o. (hi)*re+ i+
the'e .,mi)ie' /A'to+e 1 M(B,+,h,+2 #""#; o&+ey2 #""4; Bee2 #""3; Do+g2 #""8
A)though 0e,r* /!!
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Lon*itu"ina& Sur0e'2 E9a!inin* t#e e9tent to +#i(# "i0or(e or re!arria*e #a" a *reater
i!$a(t on a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent, #e re0ea&e" t#at (#i&"ren resi"in* in ste$%a!i&ies
s(ore" si*ni%i(ant&' &o+er on stan"ar"ie" tests o% !at#, rea"in*, s(ien(e, an" so(ia&
stu"ies an" +ere !ore &i5e&' to #a0e re$eate" a *ra"e t#an t#eir (ounter$arts in
"i0or(e" ut not re!arrie" #ouse#o&"s, e0en a%ter (ontro&&in* %or so(ioe(ono!i(status, ra(e, an" *en"er2
;e'nes
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a(a"e!i( out(o!es2 T#e aut#ors %oun" t#at ste$(#i&"ren8s et+een t#e a*es o% @ an"
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Hear" -..@ use" "ata %ro! 4a0es& an" - o% t#e Nationa& Lon*itu"ina& Stu"' o%
A"o&es(ent Hea&t# to e9a!ine t#e re&ations#i$ et+een %a!i&' stru(ture an" a(a"e!i(
e#a0ior2 Base" on resu&ts %ro! or"inar' &east s)uares re*ression an" &o*isti(
re*ression, s#e re0ea&e" t#at ea(# 'ear an a"o&es(ent &i0e" +it# a (o#aitin* !ot#er
ste$%at#er "e(rease" t#eir o0era&& GPA e0en a%ter (ontro&&in* %or unsta&e %a!i&'#istories2 Ea(# 'ear a"o&es(ents &i0e" in a (o#aitin* !ot#erste$%at#er #ouse#o&"
in(rease" t#eir o""s o% ein* sus$en"e" or e9$e&&e" %ro! s(#oo&
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s(ores o% (#i&"ren in (o#aitin* ste$%a!i&ies re!aine" si*ni%i(ant&' &o+er t#an t#eir
(ounter$arts in t+oio&o*i(a&$arent %a!i&ies2
Fina&&', ;e'nes -..1 (on"u(te" a !etaana&'sis in0o&0in* a tota& o% 1< stu"ies
$u&is#e" et+een
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ste$ (#i&"ren8s s(#oo&2 Ho+e0er, as Ca0ana*#, S(#i&&er, an" Rie*&eCru! -..1
state" Ke(ause o% ti!e (onstraints, &a(5 o% #e&$, ne+ o&i*ations, an" t#e $ossi&e
strain intro"u(e" to t#e $arent(#i&" re&ations#i$ ' "i0or(e or t#e start o% a $arent8s ne+
ro!anti( re&ations#i$s, sin*&e $arents an" t#ose +#o are !arrie" or are (o#aitin* +it#
ne+ $artners !a' e9$erien(e &ess (&oseness +it# t#eir a"o&es(ents, an" "es$ite t#eirest e%%orts, !a' e &ess in0o&0e" in t#eir a"o&es(ents8 e"u(ationa& (areers $2 ==-2
A&t#ou*# t#ese aut#ors su**est t#at t#e &e0e& o% $arent in0o&0e!ent e9$erien(e" '
a"o&es(ents is a %un(tion o% t#e in#erent (onstraints o% sin*&e$arent an" ste$%a!i&'
stru(tures, si!i&ar $ro(esses un"oute"&' i!$a(t 'oun* (#i&"ren in t#ese %a!i&'
stru(tures as +e&&2 A((or"in*&', t#e $ur$ose o% t#is stu"' +as to e9a!ine #o+ 0ariations in
so(ia& an" resour(e (a$ita& a!on* t#ree %a!i&' t'$es sin*&e$arent, t+o$arent
io&o*i(a&, an" ste$$arent $re"i(t a(a"e!i( i!$ro0e!ent in (#i&"ren o0er ti!e2
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CHAPTER =
METHODS
T#is (#a$ter $ro0i"es a (on(e$tua& %ra!e+or5 %or e9a!inin* #o+ so(ia& an"
resour(e (a$ita& an" suse)uent&' %a!i&' stru(ture i!$a(ts (#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i(
i!$ro0e!ent o0er ti!e2 In a""ition, a rie% o0er0ie+ o% t#e Nationa& Center %orE"u(ationa& Statisti(s8 $ur$ose, !et#o"o&o*', an" sa!$&e %or t#e a"!inistration o% t#e
Ear&' C#i&"#oo" Lon*itu"ina& Sur0e'3in"er*arten Co#ort is $ro0i"e"2 Fina&&', an
o0er0ie+ o% t#e statisti(a& te(#ni)ues, s$e(i%i( !et#o"o&o*', sa!$&e, an" in(&u"e"
0aria&es %or use in t#ese se(on"ar' ana&'ses is a&so "is(usse"2
Con(e$tua& Fra!e+or5
T#e asso(iations et+een 0ariations in so(ia& an" resour(e (a$ita& an" "ro$$in*
out o% #i*# s(#oo&, atten"in* (o&&e*e, (o!$&etin* (o&&e*e, an" !at# an" rea"in*
a(#ie0e!ent #a0e een e9$&ore" an" suse)uent&' esta&is#e" in a"o&es(ents E0ans,
3e&&', 4anner, -..
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statisti(a& (ontro& in esti!atin* t#e uni)ue e%%e(t o% ea(# in"e$en"ent 0aria&e on t#e
out(o!e Me'ers, G&enn, Guarino, -..1 Tate,
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?the be,uty o. ,+ oper,tio+,) *e.i+itio+ i' th,t it 'pe(i.ie' pre(i'e)y ho& to me,'ure ,
,ri,b)e i+ 'u(h , (o+(rete ,+* 'pe(i.i( m,++er th,t ,+yo+e e)'e (ou)* repe,t the 'tep'
,+* obt,i+ the ',me me,'ureme+t'? /p
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re&ia&e "ata t#at s(#o&ars (an use to etter un"erstan" (#i&"ren8s "e0e&o$!ent as t#e'
$ro*ress %ro! 5in"er*arten to t#e !i""&e s(#oo& *ra"es2
T#e ECLS3 o%%ers s(#o&ars t#e o$$ortunit' to in0esti*ate a !u&titu"e o%
)uestions t#at are $ertinent in to"a'8s so(iet'2 Be(ause o% its "e$t# o% assess!ent,
resear(#ers are a&e to ta(5&e "i%%i(u&t areas o% in)uir' su(# as t#e "i0erse +a's in+#i(# (&assroo!s an" s(#oo&s atten" to t#e nee"s o% (#i&"ren, t#e i!$a(t o% (#i&"ren8s,
tea(#er8s, an" a"!inistrator8s a(5*roun"s on (#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i( $er%or!an(e, t#e
ro&e $arent8s e9$e(tations aout t#eir (#i&"ren8s s5i&&s, e#a0iors, an" attriutes $&a'
+it# re*ar" to t#eir (#i&"ren8s transition an" su((ess in an a(a"e!i( en0iron!ent, an"
t#e (o!$&e9 intera(tions et+een (#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i( an" (o*niti0e $er%or!an(e an"
t#eir %a!i&', #o!e en0iron!ent, s(#oo&, an" (o!!unit' Touran*eau, Nor", Le, Po&&a(5,
At5insBurnett, -..12
As ot# a !u&tisour(e an" !u&ti!et#o" stu"', (#i&"ren, t#eir %a!i&ies, tea(#ers,
an" s(#oo& a"!inistrators $ro0i"e in%or!ation re&ate" to (#i&"ren8s #o!e en0iron!ent,
#o!e e"u(ationa& a(ti0ities, s(#oo& an" (&assroo! en0iron!ents, (&assroo! (urri(u&u!,
tea(#er )ua&i%i(ations, an" assess!ents o% (#i&"ren8s (o*niti0e, so(ia&, e!otiona&, an"
$#'si(a& "e0e&o$!ent2 As a &on*itu"ina& in0esti*ation, in%or!ation #as een (o&&e(te" in
t#e %a&& an" s$rin* o% 5in"er*arten
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!!5; -e't2 e+to+2 1 ermi+o%0,u'e+2 !!!2 ,+* their prei+*erg,rte+ progr,m
i+o)eme+t /M,g+u'o+2 Ruhm2 1 -,)*.oge)2 !!
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Rea"in* Assess!ent
The i+*erg,rte+ re,*i+g ,''e''me+t /(o+t,i+i+g .ie pro.i(ie+(y )ee)'
i+()u*e* ue'tio+' *e'ig+e* to me,'ure ,riou' .,(et' i+()u*i+g b,'i( 'i))' /pri+t
.,mi)i,rity2 )etter re(og+itio+2 begi++i+g ,+* e+*i+g 'ou+*'2 ,+* (re,ti+g rhymi+g
&or'2 re(eptie o(,bu),ry2 ,+* (omprehe+'io+ /i+o)i+g )i'te+i+g ,+* &or*' i+(o+te6t
The .i.th gr,*e re,*i+g ,''e''me+t (o+t,i+e* item' *e'ig+e* to me,'ure ,
(hi)*=' ,bi)ity to m,e )iter,) i+.ere+(e'2 e6tr,po),te2 e,)u,te2 ,+* *emo+'tr,te hi' or
her ,bi)ity to (omprehe+* biogr,phi(,) ,+* e6po'itory te6t /e,)u,ti+g +o+.i(tio+
Mat#e!ati(s Assess!ent
The i+*erg,rte+ m,them,ti(' ,''e''me+t (o+t,i+e* item' *e'ig+e* to
me,'ure 'i))' i+ (o+(eptu,) ,+* pro(e*ur,) +o&)e*ge ,+* prob)em 'o)i+g Item're),te* to +umber 'e+'e2 propertie'2 ,+* oper,tio+' (ompri'e* ,ppro6im,te)y 5!
Rem,i+i+g item' t,ppe* ,bi)itie' i+ me,'ureme+t2 geometry ,+* 'p,ti,) ,bi)ity2 ,+,)y'i'2
't,ti'ti('2 prob,bi)ity2 ,+* ,)gebr, The'e item' (ou)* be groupe* i+to .ie pro.i(ie+(y
()u'ter' (ompri'e* o. item' reuiri+g , (hi)* to: /, i*e+ti.y 'ome o+e%*igit +umer,)' ,+*
geometri( 'h,pe'; /b re,* ,)) o+e%*igit +umer,)'2 (ou+t beyo+* te+2 re(og+i@e ,
'eue+(e o. p,tter+'2 ,+* u'e +o+'t,+*,r* u+it' o. )e+gth to (omp,re ob9e(t'; /( re,*
t&o%*igit +umber'2 re(og+i@e +umber' i+ 'eue+ti,) or*er2 ,+* 'o)e , 'imp)e &or*
prob)em; /* 'o)e 'imp)e ,**itio+ ,+* 'ubtr,(tio+ prob)em'; ,+* /e 'o)e 'imp)e
mu)tip)i(,tio+ ,+* *ii'io+ prob)em'
The .i.th gr,*e m,them,ti(' ,''e''me+t (o+t,i+e* item' *e'ig+e* to me,'ure
+umber 'e+'e2 propertie'2 oper,tio+'2 me,'ureme+t2 geometry ,+* 'p,ti,) 'e+'e2
,+,)y'i'2 't,ti'ti('2 prob,bi)itie'2 ,+* ,)gebr, The'e item' (ou)* be groupe* i+to .ie
pro.i(ie+(y ()u'ter' (ompri'e* o. item' reuiri+g , (hi)* to: /, 'o)e 'imp)e
mu)tip)i(,tio+ ,+* *ii'io+ prob)em'; /b *emo+'tr,te hi' or her u+*er't,+*i+g o. p),(e
,)ue; /( u'e their +o&)e*ge o. me,'ureme+t to 'o)e &or* prob)em'; /* 'o)e
prob)em' u'i+g .r,(tio+'; ,+* /e 'o)e &or* prob)em' i+o)i+g ,re, ,+* o)ume
Re&iai&ities %or Mat#e!ati(s an" Rea"in* Assess!ent S(ores
Re)i,bi)itie' .or the m,them,ti(' ,+* re,*i+g ,''e''me+t '(ore' /*erie* .rom
item re'po+'e theory%b,'e* '(ore' .or *,t, (o))e(tio+ i+ the 'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+
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&ere "# ,+* "32 re'pe(tie)y The re)i,bi)itie' .or the m,them,ti(' ,+* re,*i+g
,''e''me+t' i+ .i.th gr,*e &ere"4 .or m,them,ti(' ,+* .or re,*i+g2 "3
Va&i"it' %or Dire(t Co*niti0e Assess!ent in Mat#e!ati(s an" Rea"in*
?Ei*e+(e .or the ,)i*ity o. the *ire(t (og+itie ,''e''me+t' &,' *erie*
.rom 'eer,) 'our(e' A reie& o. +,tio+,) ,+* 't,te per.orm,+(e 't,+*,r*'2
(omp,ri'o+ &ith 't,te ,+* (ommer(i,) ,''e''me+t'2 the 9u*gme+t' o. (urri(u)um
e6pert' ,+* te,(her' ,)) proi*e* i+put to te't 'pe(i.i(,tio+' I+ ,**itio+2
(omp,ri+g the re,*i+g ,+* m,them,ti(' .ie)*%te't item poo) '(ore' &ith tho'e
obt,i+e* .rom ,+ e't,b)i'he* i+'trume+t proi*e* ,)i*ity i+.orm,tio+
The ECBS% te't 'pe(i.i(,tio+' &ere *erie* .rom , ,riety o. 'our(e'
For the thir* through .i.th%gr,*e ,''e''me+t'2 +,tio+,) ,+* 't,te per.orm,+(e
't,+*,r*' i+ e,(h o. the *om,i+' &ere e6,mi+e* The '(ope ,+* 'eue+(e o.m,teri,)' .rom 't,te ,''e''me+t'2 ,' &e)) ,' .rom m,9or pub)i'her'2 &ere ,)'o
(o+'i*ere* The re'u)ti+g ECBS% .ourth%gr,*e .r,me&or' ,re 'imi),r to the
NAED .ourth gr,*e .r,me&or'2 &ith 'ome *i..ere+(e' *ue to ECBS% .orm,tti+g
,+* ,*mi+i'tr,tio+ (o+'tr,i+t' The .ourth%gr,*e .r,me&or' &ere mo*i.ie* .or
thir* ,+* .i.th gr,*e' /,+* .or the e,r)ier %# .orm' A+ e6pert p,+e) o. e,r)y
e)eme+t,ry '(hoo) e*u(,tor'2 i+()u*i+g (urri(u)um 'pe(i,)i't' i+ the 'ub9e(t
,re,' ,+* te,(her' ,t the t,rgete* gr,*e )ee)' .rom *i..ere+t regio+' o. the
(ou+try2 e6,mi+e* the poo) o. item' ,+* the re(omme+*e* ,))o(,tio+' The
,''e''me+t 'pe(i.i(,tio+' i+*i(,te* t,rget per(e+t,ge' .or (o+te+t 'tr,+*' &ithi+
e,(h o. the 'ub9e(t ,re,' The'e per(e+t,ge' &ere m,t(he* ,' ()o'e)y ,'
po''ib)e i+ *ee)opi+g the .ie)*%te't ,''e''me+t item poo) ,' &e)) ,' i+ 'e)e(ti+g
item' .or the .i.th%gr,*e ,''e''me+t .orm' Some (ompromi'e' i+ m,t(hi+g
t,rget per(e+t,ge' &ere +e(e'',ry to ',ti'.y (o+'tr,i+t' re),te* to other i''ue'2
i+()u*i+g )i+i+g to %# ,+* thir*%gr,*e '(,)e'2 ,oi*i+g .)oor ,+* (ei)i+g e..e(t'2,+* .ie)* te't item per.orm,+(e Thi' &,' e'pe(i,))y true .or the re,*i+g
,''e''me+t2 &ho'e 'tru(ture2 ie2 'eer,) ue'tio+' b,'e* o+ e,(h re,*i+g
p,'',ge2 p),(e* ,+ ,**itio+,) (o+'tr,i+t o+ the 'e)e(tio+ o. item' to m,t(h
(o+te+t 'tr,+*' E6pert' i+ e,(h o. the 'ub9e(t ,re,' the+ reie&e* the propo'e*
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.i.th%gr,*e .orm' .or ,ppropri,te+e'' o. (o+te+t ,+* re)e,+(e to the ,''e''me+t
.r,me&or
A+ ,**itio+,) metho* o. e,)u,ti+g the (o+'tru(t ,)i*ity o. the re,*i+g
,+* m,them,ti(' ,''e''me+t' &,' ,**re''e* by the i+()u'io+ o. the -oo*(o(%
M(re&%-er*er Mi+i%,ttery o. A(hieeme+t /MA i+ the 'pri+g !! .ie)* te'to. .i.th%gr,*e item' Se)e(te* .ie)*%te't .orm' th,t i+()u*e* re,*i+g 'e(tio+' ,)'o
i+()u*e* the MA re,*i+g te't2 &hi)e the MA m,them,ti(' te't &,'
,*mi+i'tere* ,)o+g &ith .ie)*%te't m,them,ti(' .orm' Corre),tio+' &ere
(ompute* .or the MA '(ore' &ith the thet, e'tim,te' b,'e* o+ ECBS% .ie)*%
te't re'po+'e' Te't '(ore' (,+ be re),te* to other me,'ure' o+)y to the e6te+t
th,t they ,re (o+'i'te+t &ithi+ them'e)e' e+er,))y2 , (orre),tio+ bet&ee+ t&o
,ri,b)e' (,++ot e6(ee* the 'u,re root o. the re)i,bi)ity o. either ,ri,b)e
Re)i,bi)itie' .or the MA &ere (ompute* both &ith +ot%,*mi+i'tere* ,+* omitte*
item' tre,te* ,' mi''i+g2 ,+* &ith the'e item' tre,te* ,' i+(orre(t The
(orre),tio+' o. MA &ith ECBS% me,'ure' &ere uite ()o'e to the 'u,re root'
o. the re)i,bi)itie'2 i+*i(,ti+g th,t the t&o ,''e''me+t' &ere me,'uri+g ()o'e)y
re),te* 'i))'? /Tour,+ge,u2 et ,)2 !!$
Parti(i$ant C#ara(teristi(s o% t#e Ear&' C#i&"#oo" Lon*itu"ina& Stu"'
3in"er*arten Co#ortAna&'ti(a& Sa!$&e
T,b)e proi*e' , i'u,) repre'e+t,tio+ o. the 'tep%by%'tep pro(e'' )e,*i+g to
the re'u)t,+t ,+,)yti(,) ',mp)e A' (,+ bee+ 'ee+ .rom T,b)e 2 ,)though there &ere ,
tot,) o. 28#3 (hi)*re+ &ho &ere ',mp)e* i+ the 'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+2 the +umber o.
(hi)*re+ &ith IRT '(,)e* '(ore' .or re,*i+g ,+* m,th &,' #$28 ,+* #$284$2
re'pe(tie)y Simi),r)y2 ,)though , tot,) o. #$2#43 (hi)*re+ &ere ',mp)e* i+ the 'pri+g o.
.i.th gr,*e2 the +umber o. (hi)*re+ &ith IRT '(,)e* '(ore' .or re,*i+g ,+* m,th &,'
##2$ ,+* ##2
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'pri+g o. .i.th gr,*e repre'e+t 4$ ,+* 48 o. ,)) the (hi)*re+ &ho &ere ',mp)e* i+ the
'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+2 re'pe(tie)y
Ana&'ti(a& Sa!$&e: Fa!i&' Stru(ture Varia&e
I+ ,+ e..ort to ,+'&er the 'e(o+* re'e,r(h ue'tio+2 .our 'ep,r,te .,mi)y
'tru(ture ,ri,b)e' &ere (re,te* The'e ,ri,b)e' (o+'i'te* o. (hi)*re+ &ho h,* either
t&o m,rrie* bio)ogi(,) p,re+t' i+ their hou'eho)* *uri+g the 'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+2 ,
m,rrie* 'tepp,re+t i+ their hou'eho)* *uri+g the 'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+2 or , 'i+g)e
p,re+t i+ their hou'eho)* *uri+g the 'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+ The .ourth .,mi)y 'tru(ture
,ri,b)e (o+'i'te* o. ,)) other type' o. .,mi)y 'tru(ture' th,t (hi)*re+ m,y h,e
e6perie+(e* *uri+g the 'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+ The (orre'po+*i+g .reue+(ie' .or e,(h
.,mi)y 'tru(ture ,ri,b)e (,+ be 'ee+ i+ T,b)e 3
A' (,+ be 'ee+ .rom T,b)e 32 $5 o. (hi)*re+ &ith (h,+ge '(ore' .rom the
'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+ to the 'pri+g o. .i.th gr,*e i+ re,*i+g ,+* m,th h,* t&o m,rrie*
bio)ogi(,) p,re+t' i+ their hou'eho)*' *uri+g the 'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+ The
(orre'po+*i+g .igure' .or (hi)*re+ &ith , m,rrie* 'tepp,re+t2 ,+* 'i+g)e p,re+t2 or
,+other .,mi)y 'tru(ture (o+.igur,tio+ &ho h,* (h,+ge '(ore' .rom the 'pri+g o.
i+*erg,rte+ to the 'pri+g o. .i.th gr,*e i+ re,*i+g ,+* m,th &ere 32 #"2 ,+* 82
re'pe(tie)y Co+'eue+t)y2 5 o. the (hi)*re+ &ith (h,+ge '(ore' .rom the 'pri+g o.
i+*erg,rte+ to the 'pri+g o. .i.th gr,*e &ere mi''i+g i+.orm,tio+ pert,i+i+g to their
.,mi)y 'tru(ture *uri+g the 'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+
Parti(i$ant De!o*ra$#i(s
T,b)e 4 proi*e' *emogr,phi( (h,r,(teri'ti(' .or (hi)*re+ &ith (h,+ge '(ore' i+
m,th .rom the 'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+ to the 'pri+g o. .i.th gr,*e .rom the .u)) ,+,)yti(,)
',mp)e ,+* .rom hou'eho)*' &ith t&o m,rrie* bio)ogi(,) p,re+t'2 , m,rrie* 'tepp,re+t2
or , 'i+g)e p,re+t A' 'u(h2 the .o))o&i+g *e'(riptio+' o. *emogr,phi( (h,r,(teri'ti('
,re .or the .u)) ,+,)yti(,) ',mp)e o+)y
I+ term' o. ge+*er2 5!4 o. the (hi)*re+ &ere m,)e'2 &here,' 4"$ &ere
.em,)e' -ith reg,r* to r,(e2 583 &ere -hite2 No+%0i'p,+i(2 ##3 &ere ),( or
A.ri(,+%Ameri(,+2 "# &ere 0i'p,+i(2 r,(e 'pe(i.ie*2 "$ &ere 0i'p,+i(2 r,(e +ot
'pe(i.ie*2 $! &ere A'i,+2 # &ere N,tie 0,&,ii,+2 other D,(i.i( I'),+*er2 #"
&ere Ameri(,+ I+*i,+ or A),', N,tie2 ,+* 4 &ere more th,+ o+e r,(e I+ term' o.
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t#eir $arents8 #i*#est e"u(ationa& &e0e&, =2- o% (#i&"ren #a" a $arent +#o re$orte" a
#i*#est e"u(ationa& &e0e& o% /t#*ra"e or e&o+, +#ereas 2@ o% (#i&"ren #a" a $arent
+#o re$orte" a #i*#est e"u(ationa& &e0e& o% an earne" "o(torate or $ro%essiona& "e*ree2
4it# re*ar" to so(ioe(ono!i( status, o% (#i&"ren +ere (&assi%ie" as ein* in t#e
t#)uinti&e t#e #i*#est (&assi%i(ation2 Ta&e > $ro0i"es "e!o*ra$#i(
(#ara(teristi(s %or (#i&"ren +it# (#an*e s(ores in rea"in* %ro! t#e s$rin* o%
5in"er*arten to t#e s$rin* o% %i%t# *ra"e %ro! t#e %u&& ana&'ti(a& sa!$&e an" %ro!
#ouse#o&"s +it# t+o !arrie" io&o*i(a& $arents, a !arrie" ste$$arent, or a sin*&e
$arent2
In ter!s o% "e!o*ra$#i( (#ara(teristi(s %or (#i&"ren +it# (#an*e s(ores in !at#
%ro! t#e s$rin* o% 5in"er*arten to t#e s$rin* o% %i%t# *ra"e, non$ara!etri( ana&'sesase" on (#is)uare "istriution tests re0ea&e" se0era& si*ni%i(ant "i%%eren(es a!on*
t#e %a!i&' stru(ture 0aria&es2 4it# re*ar" to *en"er, t#ere +ere $ro$ortiona&&' !ore
!a&es in %a!i&ies +it# a !arrie" ste$$arent an" !ore %e!a&es in sin*&e $arent
#ouse#o&"s 9- /2/-, "e*rees o% %ree"o! =,p 2.>2 In ter!s o% ra(e, $ro$ortiona&&'
!ore (#i&"ren in t+o io&o*i(a& $arent %a!i&ies +ere 4#ite, nonHis$ani(, +#ereas
$ro$ortiona&&' !ore (#i&"ren in sin*&e $arent #ouse#o&"s +ere B&a(5 or A%ri(an
A!eri(an 9- @>2/1, "e*rees o% %ree"o! -
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&here,' (hi)*re+ i+ t&o bio)ogi(,) p,re+t .,mi)ie' &ere more )ie)y to be -hite2 h,e
p,re+t' &ith higher e*u(,tio+,) ,tt,i+me+t2 ,+* re'i*e i+ hou'eho)*' i+ the highe't
'o(ioe(o+omi( ui+ti)e
Des(ri$ti0es: Mat# C#an*e S(ore an" In"i(ator Varia&esSo(ia& Ca$ita&
A' (,+ be 'ee+ .rom T,b)e $2 the ,er,ge m,th (h,+ge '(ore .rom the 'pri+g o.
i+*erg,rte+ to the 'pri+g o. .i.th gr,*e .or the .u)) ,+,)yti(,) ',mp)e &,' 8!4! The
(orre'po+*i+g .igure' .or (hi)*re+ &ith t&o m,rrie* bio)ogi(,) p,re+t'2 , m,rrie*
'tepp,re+t2 ,+* , 'i+g)e p,re+t &ere 85$2
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(omputer &ho re'i*e* i+ , hou'eho)* &ith , m,rrie* 'tepp,re+t or , 'i+g)e p,re+t &ere
#$ ,+* (,pit,) i+*i(,tor ,ri,b)e' (,+ be 'ee+ i+ T,b)e #!
Sa!$&e 4ei*#ts
y *e'ig+2 the N,tio+,) Ce+ter o. E*u(,tio+,) St,ti'ti(' (ho'e to ,''ig+ &eight'
to (ompe+',te .or the higher ',mp)i+g prob,bi)itie' o. (ert,i+ (hi)*re+ .rom ,riou'
r,(e'2 '(hoo)'2 ,+* (ommu+itie' ,+* to ,*9u't .or '(hoo)2 (hi)*2 te,(her2 ,+* p,re+t
+o+re'po+'e /Tour,+ge,u2 Nor*2 Be2 Do)),(2 1 Ati+'%ur+ett2 !!$ A((or*i+g)y2 the
NCES (re,te* +umerou' (,tegori(,) ,ri,b)e' to be u'e* ,' &eight' *epe+*i+g upo+
the 'e)e(te* ',mp)e There.ore2 ,' 'ugge'te* by the N,tio+,) Ce+ter .or E*u(,tio+,)
St,ti'ti(' /per'o+,) (ommu+i(,tio+2 !!8 the b,'e &eight ,ri,b)e ,ppropri,te .or (hi)*
,''e''me+t *,t, .rom the 'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+2 .ir't gr,*e2 thir* gr,*e2 ,+* .i.th gr,*e
&,' 'e)e(te*2 ,+* 'ub'eue+t)y u'e* i+ ,)) regre''io+ ,+,)y'e'
Mi''i+g Data
ie+ the pre,)e+(e o. mi''i+g *,t, i+ 'o(i,) '(ie+(e' /Hu'ter 1 Smith2 #""82
the e6te+t to &hi(h *,t, ,re mi''i+g i+ the E,r)y Chi)*hoo* Bo+gitu*i+,) Stu*y (ome'
,' +o 'urpri'e 0o&eer2 gie+ the re),tie)y )o& o((urre+(e o. mi''i+g *,t, .or the
,+,)yti(,) ',mp)e i+ thi' 'tu*y /,)) but t&o i+*epe+*e+t ,ri,b)e' h,e *,t, .rom oer
"4 o. the ,+,)yti(,) ',mp)e7the other ,ri,b)e' h,e *,t, .rom oer 8
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!issin* "ata, t#e (#an*e in t#e 0arian(e rou*#t on ' !ean sustitution %or an'
0aria&e +i&& e !ini!a& A(o(5, -..>2
Data Ana&'sis P&an
In an e%%ort to ans+er t#e %irst resear(# )uestion "oes so(ia& an" resour(e
(a$ita& #a0e an i!$a(t on 'oun* (#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i( i!$ro0e!ent, (ontro&&in* %or
$arent8s e"u(ation an" so(ioe(ono!i( status6!u&ti$&e re*ression +as use"2
A((or"in*&', in"i(ators o% $arents8 resour(e an" so(ia& (a$ita& !easure" in t#e s$rin* o%
5in"er*arten, +#i&e (ontro&&in* %or t#eir e"u(ationa& &e0e&, so(ioe(ono!i( status, an"
t#eir (#i&"8s *en"er an" ra(e +as use" to $re"i(t t#e (#an*e in IRT s(a&e" s(ores %ro!
5in"er*arten to %i%t# *ra"e in rea"in* an" !at#2 A""itiona&&', ' usin* t#e s$e(i%ie"
sa!$&e +ei*#ts, an' re*ression esti!ates in t#e statisti(a& !o"e& +i&& 'ie&" (onsistent
esti!ates %or t#e entire $o$u&ation %ro! +#i(# t#e' +ere "ra+n 4ins#i$ Ra"i&&,
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C0ADTER 4
RESUBTS
Thi' (h,pter proi*e' the re'u)t' o. 't,ti'ti(,) ,+,)y'e' u'i+g , 'erie' o. mu)tip)e
regre''io+' i+ ,+ e..ort to ,+'&er t&o re'e,r(h ue'tio+':
1 oe' 'o(i,) ,+* re'our(e (,pit,) h,e ,+ imp,(t o+ you+g (hi)*re+=' ,(,*emi(improeme+t2 (o+tro))i+g .or p,re+t=' e*u(,tio+ ,+* 'o(ioe(o+omi( 't,tu'G
2 oe' .,mi)y 'tru(ture m,tter i+ term' o. you+g (hi)*re+=' ,(,*emi(
improeme+tG
I+()u*i+g mu)tip)e i+*epe+*e+t ,ri,b)e' i+ the regre''io+ mo*e)' ,))o&e* the
u'e o. 't,ti'ti(,) (o+tro) i+ e'tim,ti+g the u+iue e..e(t o. e,(h i+*epe+*e+t ,ri,b)e o+
the out(ome /Meyer'2 )e++2 1 u,ri+o2 !!$; T,te2 #""8 A((or*i+g)y2 i+ ,+ e..ort to
,+'&er the .ir't re'e,r(h ue'tio+2 t&o mu)tip)e regre''io+' &ere u'e* to ,+,)y@e the
re),tio+'hip bet&ee+ 'o(i,) ,+* re'our(e (,pit,) ,+* (hi)*re+=' ,(,*emi( improeme+t
7me,'ure* i, the (h,+ge .rom i+*erg,rte+ to .i.th gr,*e i+ (hi)*re+=' IRT '(,)e*
'(ore' o+ 't,+*,r*i@e* re,*i+g ,+* m,th te't'7&hi)e (o+tro)) i+g .or p,re+t='
e*u(,tio+2 'o(ioe(o+omi( 't,tu'2 (hi)*re+=' ge+*er2 ,+* (hi)*re+=' r,(e
Parent So(ia& an" Resour(e Ca$ita& an" C#i&"ren8s Rea"in* C#an*e S(ores
T,b)e ## pre'e+t' the regre''io+' o. p,re+t'= 'o(i,) ,+* re'our(e (,pit,) o+to
(hi)*re+=' re,*i+g ,+* m,th (h,+ge '(ore' .rom i+*erg,rte+ to .i.th gr,*e I+ term' o.
the re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore' .rom i+*erg,rte+ to .i.th gr,*e2 the mo*e) e6p),i+e* #3 o.the ,ri,+(e -ith reg,r* to m,th (h,+ge '(ore' .rom i+*erg,rte+ to .i.th gr,*e2 #5
o. the ,ri,+(e &,' e6p),i+e* by the mo*e) 0o&eer2 gie+ the e6te+t to &hi(h the
,riou' i+*i(,tor' imp,(te* re,*i+g ,+* m,th improeme+t2 o+)y the i+*ii*u,)
(o+tributio+' o. e,(h 't,ti'ti(,))y 'ig+i.i(,+t pre*i(tor ,ri,b)e i+ the mo*e) ,re
*i'(u''e*
Parent So(ia& Ca$ita&
Chi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t (o+t,(te* the '(hoo) '(ore* )o&er by ! 't,+*,r*
*ei,tio+' o+ the (h,+ge '(ore' i+ re,*i+g ,+* !38 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' o+ the (h,+ge
'(ore' i+ m,th ,' (omp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t *i* +ot (o+t,(t the '(hoo)
Simi),r)y2 (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t ,tte+*e* , p,re+t>te,(her (o+.ere+(e '(ore* )o&er by
!# 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' o+ the (h,+ge '(ore' i+ re,*i+g ,+* !3# 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+'
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o+ the (h,+ge '(ore i+ m,th ,' (omp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t *i* +ot ,tte+*
p,re+t>te,(her (o+.ere+(e' 0o&eer2 the m,g+itu*e o. the'e (o+tributio+' &,' )e''
th,+ the (o+tributio+ o. p,re+t' ,(ti+g ,' , '(hoo) o)u+teer A((or*i+g)y2 (hi)*re+
&ho'e p,re+t ,(te* ,' , '(hoo) o)u+teer '(ore* !4# 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher o+
the (h,+ge '(ore' i+ re,*i+g ,+* !
Parent Resour(e Ca$ita&
Chi)*re+ &ho i'ite* the )ibr,ry &ith their p,re+t '(ore* !5 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+'
higher o+ m,th (h,+ge '(ore' th,+ (hi)*re+ &ho *i* +ot i'it the )ibr,ry &ith their
p,re+t A**itio+,))y2 (omp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho *i* +ot h,e , home (omputer2 (hi)*re+
&ho h,* , home (omputer '(ore* !45 ,+* !4$ 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher o+ re,*i+g
,+* m,th (h,+ge '(ore'2 re'pe(tie)y A)though the'e ,ri,b)e' h,* , 't,ti'ti(,))y
'ig+i.i(,+t ,..e(t2 their imp,(t o+ re,*i+g ,+* m,th improeme+t &,' )e'' th,+ the
imp,(t o. , p,re+t re,*i+g to the (hi)* Comp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t *i* +ot re,*
to them2 (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t re,* to them three to 'i6 time' , &ee '(ore* #44
't,+*,r* *ei,tio+ higher o+ re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore' ,+* ##4 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+'
higher o+ m,th (h,+ge '(ore' Reg,r*i+g re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore'2 (omp,re* to (hi)*re+
&ho *i* +ot re,* pi(ture boo'2 (hi)*re+ &ho re,* pi(ture boo' o+(e or t&i(e , &ee
'(ore* !5# 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher Fi+,))y2 (omp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho *i* +ot re,*
out'i*e o. '(hoo)2 (hi)*re+ &ho re,* out'i*e '(hoo) o+(e or t&i(e , &ee or three to 'i6
time' , &ee '(ore* !3! ,+* !8 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher o+ their m,th (h,+ge
'(ore'2 re'pe(tie)y 0o&eer2 (omp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho *i* +ot re,* out'i*e '(hoo)2
(hi)*re+ &ho re,* out'i*e '(hoo) eery *,y '(ore* !$" 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' ,+* !4"
't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher o+ re,*i+g ,+* m,th (h,+ge '(ore'2 re'pe(tie)y
Parent E"u(ation
The m,g+itu*e o. imp,(t o. p,re+t e*u(,tio+ o+ (hi)*re+=' re,*i+g ,+* m,th
improeme+t &,' *ire(t)y proportio+,) to the *egree to &hi(h , p,re+t obt,i+e*
,**itio+,) '(hoo)i+g beyo+* , high '(hoo) *ip)om, Chi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t reporte* ,
high '(hoo) *ip)om, '(ore* !5" 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher o+ re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore'
,+* !8! 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher o+ m,th (h,+ge '(ore' (omp,re* to their
(ou+terp,rt' &ho'e p,re+t *i* +ot (omp)ete high '(hoo) Simi),r)y2 (omp,re* to their
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(ou+terp,rt' &ho'e p,re+t *i* +ot (omp)ete high '(hoo)2 (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t
reporte* 'ome (o))ege '(ore* #48 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' ,+* #$8 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+'
higher o+ (h,+ge '(ore' .or re,*i+g ,+* m,th2 re'pe(tie)y Chi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t
e,r+e* , b,(he)or=' *egree i+(re,'e* the *i'p,rity bet&ee+ their ,+* their (ou+terp,rt'=
re,*i+g ,+* m,th (h,+ge '(ore' by #8 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' ,+* #55 't,+*,r**ei,tio+'2 re'pe(tie)y Fi+,))y2 (omp,re* to their .e))o& (),''m,te' &ho'e p,re+t *i*
+ot (omp)ete high '(hoo)2 (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t h,* ,+ e*u(,tio+,) eui,)e+t beyo+*
, b,(he)or=' *egree '(ore* #
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'(ore'2 (omp,re* to -hite (hi)*re+2 0i'p,+i( ,+* A'i,+ (hi)*re+ '(ore* !4< ,+* !48
't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher2 re'pe(tie)y
Fa!i&' Stru(ture, Parent So(ia& an" Resour(e Ca$ita& an" C#i&"ren8s Rea"in*
C#an*e S(ores
The 'e(o+* regre''io+ ue'tio+7*oe' .,mi)y 'tru(ture m,tter i+ term' o.
(hi)*re+ ,(,*emi( improeme+t7&,' ,+'&ere* by i+()u*i+g the .,mi)y 'tru(ture
,ri,b)e' i+ the i+iti,) mo*e) T,b)e # pre'e+t' the regre''io+' o. p,re+t'= 'o(i,) ,+*
re'our(e (,pit,) o+to (hi)*re+=' re,*i+g ,+* m,th (h,+ge '(ore' .rom i+*erg,rte+ to
.i.th gr,*e &ith the ,**itio+,) .,mi)y 'tru(ture ,ri,b)e' i+()u*e* i+ the mo*e) I+ term'
o. the re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore' .rom i+*erg,rte+ to .i.th gr,*e2 the mo*e) e6p),i+e* #3
o. the ,ri,+(e -ith reg,r* to m,th (h,+ge '(ore' .rom i+*erg,rte+ to .i.th gr,*e2
#$ o. the ,ri,+(e &,' e6p),i+e* by the mo*e) A)though the ,**itio+ o. the .,mi)y
'tru(ture ,ri,b)e' &,' ,''o(i,te* &ith ')ight (h,+ge' i+ the 't,+*,r*i@e* bet,' o. the
,riou' re'our(e ,+* 'o(i,) (,pit,) ,ri,b)e'2 the re'u)t' ,re uite 'imi),r to tho'e
obt,i+e* i+ the mo*e) &ithout the .,mi)y 'tru(ture ,ri,b)e' 0o&eer2 (hi)*re+ &ith ,
m,rrie* 'tepp,re+t '(ore* !3$ 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher o+ re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore'
(omp,re* to (hi)*re+ i+ hou'eho)*' &ith t&o m,rrie* bio)ogi(,) p,re+t' A((or*i+g)y2
gie+ th,t the 'tep.,mi)y (oe..i(ie+t &,' 't,ti'ti(,))y 'ig+i.i(,+t i+ the mo*e)2 I e6,mi+e*
the e6te+t to &hi(h 'o(i,) ,+* re'our(e (,pit,) imp,(te* (hi)*re+=' re,*i+g (h,+ge
'(ore' i+ thi' .,mi)y 'tru(ture 'ep,r,te)y
Parent So(ia& an" Resour(e Ca$ita& an" Rea"in* C#an*e S(ores: C#i&"ren in
Ste$%a!i&ies
T,b)e #3 pre'e+t' the regre''io+ o. p,re+t'= 'o(i,) ,+* re'our(e (,pit,) o+to
(hi)*re+=' re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore' .or o+)y tho'e (hi)*re+ re'i*i+g &ith , m,rrie*
'tepp,re+t The mo*e) e6p),i+e* 34 o. the ,ri,+(e i+ re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore'
0o&eer2 gie+ the e6te+t to &hi(h the ,riou' i+*i(,tor' imp,(te* re,*i+g
improeme+t2 o+)y the i+*ii*u,) (o+tributio+' o. e,(h 't,ti'ti(,))y 'ig+i.i(,+t pre*i(tor
,ri,b)e i+ the mo*e) ,re *i'(u''e*
Parent So(ia& Ca$ita&
Chi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t (o+t,(te* the '(hoo) '(ore* higher by #34 't,+*,r*
*ei,tio+' o+ the (h,+ge '(ore' i+ re,*i+g (omp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t *i* +ot
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(o+t,(t the '(hoo) I+ (o+tr,'t2 (omp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t' *i* +ot ,tte+* ,
p,re+t>te,(her (o+.ere+(e2 tho'e (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t' *i* ,tte+* , p,re+t>te,(her
(o+.ere+(e '(ore* !#5 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' )o&er o+ re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore' Fi+,))y2 ,'
the +umber o. p,re+t' o. their .rie+*' th,t their p,re+t' t,) to regu),r)y i+(re,'e* by
o+e 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+2 their re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore' i+(re,'e* by #44 't,+*,r**ei,tio+'
Parent Resour(e Ca$ita&
Comp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t *i* +ot re,* boo' to them2 (hi)*re+ &ho'e
p,re+t re,* boo' to them o+(e or t&i(e , &ee '(ore* 45< 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+'
higher I+ ,**itio+2 (omp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho *i* +ot re,* pi(ture boo'2 (hi)*re+ &ho
re,* pi(ture boo' three to 'i6 time' , &ee '(ore* 48 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher o+
re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore' Further2 (hi)*re+ &ho re,* out'i*e '(hoo) three to 'i6 time' ,
&ee '(ore* 45 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher ,+* (hi)*re+ &ho re,* out'i*e '(hoo)
eery*,y '(ore*334 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher th,+ their (ou+terp,rt' &ho *i* +ot
re,*i+g out'i*e '(hoo)
So(ioe(ono!i( Status
Comp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t%reporte* 'o(ioe(o+omi( 't,tu' p),(e* them
i+ the )o&e't ui+ti)e2 (hi)*re+ i+ the 'e(o+* ui+ti)e '(ore* 38 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+'
higher o+ re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore' The (orre'po+*i+g ,*,+t,ge o. (hi)*re+ i+ either the
thir*2 .ourth2 or .i.th ui+ti)e' (omp,re* to (hi)*re+ i+ the )o&e't ui+ti)e &ere3432 3332
,+* 33 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+'2 re'pe(tie)y
Ra(e
),( (hi)*re+ '(ore* 3! 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' )o&er o+ re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore'
th,+ -hite (hi)*re+ A**itio+,))y2 (hi)*re+ &ho repre'e+te* other r,(e' '(ore* #5
't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' )o&er th,+ -hite (hi)*re+
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C0ADTER 5
ISCUSSION
I+ )ight o. ei*e+(e to 'ugge't th,t (hi)*re+ i+ ,)ter+,tie .,mi)ie' /ie2 re'i*e &ith
, 'i+g)e p,re+t or , 'tepp,re+t *emo+'tr,te )e'' ,(,*emi( ,(hieeme+t th,+ tho'e
(hi)*re+ re'i*i+g i+ t&o%bio)ogi(,)%p,re+t .,mi)ie' /Ab*%E)%F,tt,h2 !!$; 9or)u+*2i+ther2 1 Su+*'trom2 !!$; C,,+,gh2 !!$; 0e,r*2 !!
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so(ia& an" resour(e (a$ita& in re&ation to t#e a(a"e!i( i!$ro0e!ent o% 'oun* (#i&"ren6
an area o% in)uir' +#i(# #as een re$eate"&' (a&&e" to attention ' s(#o&ars in t#e $ast
as nee"in* %urt#er e9a!ination Artis, -..@ Astone M(Lana#an, , E&!ore -../, an" Potter -../ su**este" t#at
tea(#ers $ri!ari&' s(#e"u&e (on%eren(es +it# $arents in an e%%ort to "is(uss $ro&e!ati(
situations su(# as "e(&ines in a (#i&"8s a(a"e!i( $er%or!an(e, $ositi0e attitu"e, or
a$$ro$riate e#a0ior2 Furt#er, Patri5a5ou an" 4eisser*
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t#e )ua&it' o% $arent tea(#er (on%eren(es is !ore i!$ortant t#at t#e )uantit' o% $arent
tea(#er (onta(ts2 It !a' a&so e t#at %or t#e (#i&"ren in t#is stu"' +#o +ere $er%or!in*
$oor&', t#eir $arents8 (onta(t +it# tea(#ers 0ia s(#e"u&e" (on%eren(es !a' #a0e een
ren"ere" ine%%e(ti0e, *i0en S+a$8s
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!at# i!$ro0e!ent (o!$are" to (#i&"ren +#ose $arentre$orte" so(ioe(ono!i( status
$&a(e" t#e! in a&& ot#er )uinti&es2 Hirs#Pase5 an" Bur(#ina& -..1 an" Mer&o,
Bo+!an, an" Barnett -..@ re$orte" t#at a (#i&"8s rea"in* a(#ie0e!ent (ou&" e
a((ounte" %or ' $arent nurturan(e an" in0o&0e!ent2 Per#a$s in t#is $o$u&ation, t#e
(#i&"ren in t#e &o+est )uinti&e i2e2 &o+est -. in ter!s o% %a!i&' so(ioe(ono!i( status,&a(5e" su%%i(ient $arent in0o&0e!ent an" nurturan(e, t#ere' re"u(in* t#eir a(a"e!i(
i!$ro0e!ent (o!$are" to a&& ot#er (#i&"ren in #i*#er )uinti&es2 Ho+e0er, t#e (o!$&e9it'
o% t#is inter$retation is %urt#er e9a(erate" ' t#e %a(t t#at a nu!er o% ot#er %a(tors
#a0e a&so een s#o+n to e re&ate" to so(ioe(ono!i( status +#i(# i!$a(t (#i&"ren8s
a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent in(&u"in* &o+ere" e9$osure to #ouse#o&" &iterature E0ans,
-.. VernonFea*ans, Ha!!er, Mi((io, Man&o0e, -..-, $oorer )ua&it'
nei*#or#oo"s E0ans, -.. Lee Bur5a!, -..-, t#e e9tent an" )ua&it' to +#i(#
tea(#ers8 intera(t +it# stu"ents "urin* (&assroo! instru(tion an" a(ti0ities Ent+is&e
A&e9an"er,
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si*ni%i(ant&' &o+er on !easures o% !at# an" rea"in* t#an t#eir (ounter$arts +#ose
!ot#er8s "i" (o!$&ete #i*# s(#oo&2 Ma*nuson -..@, usin* "ata %ro! t#e Nationa&
Lon*itu"ina& Sur0e' o% Yout#C#i&" Data in0o&0in* (#i&"ren si!i&ar in a*es et+een 1
an"
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!!5; e+to+ 1 -e't2 !!; u+(,+ 1 M,g+u'o+2 !!5; R,er2 er'ho..2 1 Aber2
!!
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t&o m,rrie* bio)ogi(,) p,re+t' *uri+g i+*erg,rte+ A)though2 A'to+e ,+* M(B,+,h,+
/#""#2 C,r)'o+ ,+* Cor(or,+ /!!#2 o&+ey /#""42 Bee /#""32 ,+* Do+g /#""8 ,))
reporte* ,(,*emi( *i..ere+(e' bet&ee+ (hi)*re+ i+ 'i+g)e p,re+t .,mi)ie' ,+* t&o
bio)ogi(,) p,re+t .,mi)ie' .rom , 't,ti( per'pe(tie /their re'pe(tie ,+,)y'e' i+()u*e*
o+)y ,''e''me+t' he)* *uri+g o+e poi+t i+ time2 0e,r* /!!
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+i"o+e"$arent ste$%a!i&ies ;e'nes, -...a2 T#ere%ore, t#e (o!$arati0e&' in(onsistent
%in"in*s in t#is stu"' "eser0e (onsi"era&e attention2
One $ossi&e reason %or t#ese %in"in*s is t#e e9tent to +#i(# so(ia& (a$ita&6in
t#e %or! o% t#e nu!er o% $arents o% t#eir %rien"s t#at t#eir $arent ta&5e" +it# re*u&ar&'6
i!$a(te" ste$(#i&"ren2 T#rou*# ana&'sis o% t#e $o$u&ation in its entiret', t#is in"i(ator o%
so(ia& (a$ita& o%%ere" no statisti(a& si*ni%i(an(e +it# re*ar" to (#i&"ren8s !at# an"
rea"in* (#an*e s(ores2 Ho+e0er, %or (#i&"ren &i0in* +it# a ste$$arent "urin*
5in"er*arten, t#is in"i(ator o% so(ia& (a$ita& su**este" t#at as t#e nu!er o% $arents o%
t#eir %rien"s t#at t#eir $arent ta&5e" to re*u&ar&' in(rease" ' one stan"ar" "e0iation,
t#eir rea"in* (#an*e s(ore in(rease" ' 2
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entire ana&'ti(a& sa!$&e, su$$orts t#is assertion2 A((or"in*&', in !a' e t#at t#e
ste$$arents in t#e $o$u&ation %ro! +#i(# t#e "ata +ere ana&'e" intera(te" +it# t#eir
ste$(#i&"ren "i%%erent&', t#ere' a%%e(tin* t#eir ste$(#i&"8s rea"in* i!$ro0e!ent2
T#e "i%%eren(es in t#e $ro$ortion o% e9$&aine" 0arian(e in rea"in* (#an*e s(ores
%ro! 5in"er*arten to %i%t# *ra"e et+een t#e ste$(#i&"ren susa!$&e an" t#e entire
ana&'ti(a& sa!$&e a&so su$$orts t#e assertion t#at (#i&"ren in ste$%a!i&ies are uni)ue&'
i!$a(te" ' t#e $o$u&ation (#ara(teristi(s t#e!se&0es, an" %a!i&' $ro(esses6in(&u"in*
$arent in0o&0e!ent2 Base" on t#ese %in"in*s, it a$$ears as t#ou*# t#e in"i(ators use" to
!easure so(ia& an" resour(e (a$ita& +ere !ore sa&ient %or ste$(#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i(
i!$ro0e!ent in rea"in* an" !at# t#an t#e' +ere %or (#i&"ren in sin*&e $arent an" t+o
io&o*i(a& $arent %a!i&ies2 Un&i5e 4i"!er -..1, +#o state" t#at Kres$on"ents in $ost
"i0or(e %a!i&ies #a0e a s!a&& nu!er o% ties e!e""e" in &on* (#ains o% (onne(tionsK,
t#e (#i&"ren in t#ese ste$%a!i&ies a$$ear to resi"e in %a!i&ies (#ara(terie" as t#ose
$ro0i"in* Kon"in* so(ia& (a$ita&6"ense&' (onne(te" %a!i&' net+or5sK $2 >, +#i(#
!a' #a0e $ositi0e&' i!$a(te" t#eir o0era&& &on*itu"ina& rea"in* i!$ro0e!ent (o!$are" to
(#i&"ren in ot#er %a!i&' stru(tures2
I!$&i(ations
T#e resu&ts o% t#is stu"' #a0e i!$&i(ations %or 0arious *rou$s o% in"i0i"ua&s
in(&u"in* ste$$arents, s(#o&ars, an" $o&i('!a5ers2 T#e %a(t t#at $arentin* e#a0iors
are a!ena&e to (#an*e an" "ire(t&' an" in"ire(t&' asso(iate" +it# i!$ro0e" (#i&"
"e0e&o$!ent, a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent, an" s(#o&asti( $er%or!an(e Muuis#, P#an,
S'&0a, Sa!!ons, Sira7B&at(#%or", Ta**art -../ $ro0i"es a (o!$e&&in* ar*u!ent %or
$arents an" ste$$arents to e9a!ine, an" $er#a$s !o"i%', t#eir o+n $arentin* $ra(ti(es2
Gi0en t#e e9tent to +#i(# in0o&0e!ent in s(#oo& %un(tions i!$a(te" (#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i(
i!$ro0e!ent in t#is stu"' an" ot#ers A&o!ar, -..1 Lee Bo+en, -..1 Mar(#ant,
Pau&son, Rot#&iser*, -..
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so(ia& (a$ita& *enerate" +i&& un"oute"&' ene%it t#eir ste$(#i&" a(a"e!i(a&&'2 Ot#er
s(#o&ars #a0e (ertain&' su$$orte" t#is assu!$tion Co&e!an, ,
"ro$$in* out o% #i*# s(#oo& A&e9an"er, Ent+is&e, Dauer, -..- Finn, Gerer, Bo'"
Ja#arias, -..> an" atten"in* (o&&e*e Gar(es, T#o!as, Currie, -..-2
T#ese %in"in*s a&so #a0e i!$&i(ations in &i*#t o% re(ent nationa& $o&i(ies su(# as
Presi"ent Bus#8s -..- No Child Left Behind Act an" t#e Good Start, Grow Smart
initiati0e2 Conse)uent&', $o&i('!a5ers s#ou&" (ontinue to %o(us on ui&"in* etter
$arent, (#i&", an" s(#oo& (onne(tions t#at in(rease t#e &e0e& o% a(a"e!i( an" so(ia&
su$$ort (#i&"ren e9$erien(e2 B' %osterin* stron*er ties to s(#oo&s, (o!!unities, an"
%e&&o+ $arents i2e2, in(reasin* so(ia& (a$ita&, $o&i('!a5ers (an "ire(t&' an" in"ire(t&'
assist $arents in t#eir e%%ort to ui&" a ri(#er en0iron!ent t#at is (on"u(i0e to t#eir
(#i&"ren8s &earnin* an" a(a"e!i( i!$ro0e!ent2
Li!itations
A&t#ou*# a se(on"ar' ana&'sis on t#e "ata "ra+n %ro! t#e ECLS3 o%%ere" a &o+
(ost, rea"i&' a((essi&e, an" nationa&&' re$resentati0e $o$u&ation %ro! +#i(# to "eri0e
in%or!ation, t#e inai&it' to "eter!ine +#i(# $arent res$on"e" to )uestions $ertainin* to
ste$(#i&"ren is an o0ious "ra+a(52 Be(ause on&' one $arent +as inter0ie+e", an"
no in%or!ation +as otaine" to "istin*uis# t#at $arent8s e9a(t re&ations#i$ to t#e %o(us
(#i&", it +as i!$ossi&e to "eter!ine +#et#er t#e $arent res$on"ent +as a ste$ or
io&o*i(a& $arent6on&' t#at t#e (#i&" &i0e" in a ste$$arent #ouse#o&"2 Touran*eau,
Nor", Le, Po&&a(5, At5insBurnett, -..12 T#is $oses $otentia& $ro&e!s +it# res$e(t
107
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108
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to t#e 0ie+ t#at Kstu"ies #a0e *enera&&' %a0ore" (o&&e(tin* "ata $ri!ari&' %ro! t#e
!ot#er, +#o resear(#ers e&ie0e" +as !ost 5no+&e"*ea&e aout resi"entia& (#i&"ren
an" t#eir +e&&ein*K Ho%%ert#, -..>, $2 /@2 Furt#er, e(ause re&ations#i$ )ua&it' "ata
et+een $arent an" (#i&" are not a0ai&a&e in t#e ECLS3, &ea0in* t#is i!$ortant %a(tor
un!easure" $ro0i"e" no +a' o% 5no+in* #o+ t#e $arti(i$ant8s $er(e$tions o% t#e (#i&"!a' #a0e %&a0ore" res$onses to in)uir' Artis, -..@2
Ho%%ert# -..> state" t#at Kt#e !a7or reason %or &ar*e sa!$&e sie, o% (ourse, is to
otain *reater $re(ision o% esti!ates o% su*rou$s o% t#e U2S2 $o$u&ation, *i0en t#at t#e
$o$u&ation is "i0erse in et#ni(it', so(ioe(ono!i( status, %a!i&' stru(ture, an" %a!i&'
e!$&o'!entK $2 /=2 E0en t#ou*#t t#e ECLS3 o%%ers e!$&o'a&e sa!$&e +ei*#ts to
(o!$ensate %or une)ua& $roai&ities o% se&e(tion, $arti(i$ant or unit nonres$onse, an" to
(on%or! to 5no+n $o$u&ation "istriutions, t#e +ei*#te" resu&ts ste!!in* %ro! t#ese
ana&'ses o% t#e re&ati0e&' s!a&& sa!$&e o% ste$$arent %a!i&' stru(tures +arrants (aution2
T#is is $arti(u&ar&' re&e0ant *i0en Co#en8s
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%o(us o% $arent resour(e an" so(ia& (a$ita& to in(&u"e tea(#er resour(e an" so(ia&
(a$ita& usin* t#e ECLS3 "ataset2
T#e !a*nitu"e in +#i(# so(ia& an" resour(e (a$ita& in"i(ators a((ounte" %or
ste$(#i&"ren8s rea"in* i!$ro0e!ent %ro! 5in"er*arten to %i%t# *ra"e +arrants a""itiona&
e!$iri(a& %o(us2 Gi0en t#e &on*itu"ina& nature o% t#e ECLS3 "ata, &atent 0aria&e *ro+t#
(ur0e !o"e&in* !i*#t e one +a' to s$e(i%i(a&&' ans+er #o+ (#an*es in %a!i&' so(ia&
an" resour(e (a$ita& i!$a(t ste$(#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i( $er%or!an(e o0er ti!e2 In %a(t,
e(ause Kt#e $ri!ar' *oa& o% &on*itu"ina& ana&'sis o% re$eate" !easures an" *ro+t#
(ur0e ana&'ses in $arti(u&ar is to "es(rie $atterns o% (#an*e o0er ti!eK M(Cartne',
Bur(#ina&, Bu, -..1, $2 11, &atent 0aria&e *ro+t# !o"e&in* +ou&" re$resent t#e
o$ti!a& !eans ' +#i(# to e9$&ore t#is $#eno!enon2
Fina&&', anot#er $otentia& a0enue %or a(a"e!i( e9$&oration is t#e &in5 et+een
(o!$uter usa*e, so(ia& (a$ita&, an" (#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i( i!$ro0e!ent2 In t#is stu"',
#a0in* a (o!$uter in t#e #o!e +as asso(iate" +it# in(reases in ot# rea"in* an" !at#
i!$ro0e!ent2 Sura#!an'a!, 3raut, Green%ie&", an" Gross -... re$orte" t#at K!u(#
o% (#i&"ren8s a&one ti!e on (o!$uters a$$ears a(tua&&' to e s$ent e9ten"in* so(ia&
re&ations#i$s ' (onne(tin* +it# ot#ers t#rou*# inter$ersona& (o!!uni(ation
a$$&i(ations 0ia t#e InternetK $2
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stu"' (&ear&' e&u(i"ate t#e uti&it' o% %a!i&' so(ia& (a$ita& t#eor' Co&e!an,
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APPENDI A
FIGURES
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Fi*ure , -=-/2
Artis, ;2 E2 -..@2 Materna& (o#aitation an" (#i&" +e&&ein* a!on* 5in"er*arten(#i&"ren2
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136
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Boar"!an, ;2 D2, Po+ers, D2 A2, Pa"i&&a, Y2 C2, Hu!!er, R2 A2 -..-2 Lo+ irt#+ei*#t, so(ia& %a(tors, an" "e0e&o$!enta& out(o!es a!on* (#i&"ren in t#e Unite"
States2 (emography, =, =>==1/
Bor7a, R2 R2 -..12 So(ia&net+or5in* sites %or s(#oo&s $ro!ote sa%et': E"u(ation
Bene%its2 -ducation ⅇ, 6:, 5"
Broo5sGunn, ;2, Dun(an, G2 ;2 2 O9%or",U3: Per*a!on2
137
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138
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Co&e!an, M2, Ganon*, L2, Fine, M2 -...2 Rein0esti*atin* re!arria*e: Anot#er"e(a"e o% $ro*ress2 ;ourna& o% Marria*e an" t#e Fa!i&', 1-,
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140
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142
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Hirs#Pase5, 32, Bur(#ina&, M2 -..12 Mot#er an" (are*i0er sensiti0it' o0er ti!e:Pre"i(tin* &an*ua*e an" a(a"e!i( out(o!es +it# 0aria&e an" $erson(entere"
a$$roa(#es2 'errill.Palmer >uarterly, 36, />2
Ho%%ert#, S2 L2, An"erson, 32 G2 -..=2 Are a&& "a"s e)ua& Bio&o*' 0ersus !arria*e
as a asis %or $aterna& in0est!ent2
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144
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;uster, F2 T2, S!it#, ;2 P2 2 C#i&"ren, (#i&"#oo" an" so(ia& (a$ita&: E9$&orin* t#e &in5s2
Sociology, =, 1.>1--2
Lour', G2 , --@>
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146
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M(Cartne', 32, Bur(#ina&, M2 R2, Bu, 32 -..12Gro+t# (ur0e ana&'sis: An
intro"u(tion to 0arious !et#o"s %or ana&'in* &on*itu"ina& "ata2 'onographs of
the Society for Research in Child (eelopment, 50, 1>/@2
M(Int're, L2 L2, E(5ert, T2 L2, Fiese, B2 H2, DiGennaro, F2 D2, 4i&"en*er, L2 32 -..@2
Transition to 5in"er*arten: Fa!i&' e9$erien(es an" in0o&0e!ent2 -arly Childhood-ducation , /=//2
M(Lana#an, S2 S2, San"e%ur, G2 a !u&ti$&e
re*ression2 InApplied 'ultiariate Research# (esign and Implementation, $$2
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148
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Par5, H2 -..@2 Ine)ua&it' o% e"u(ationa& o$$ortunit' in 3orea ' *en"er, so(io
e(ono!i( a(5*roun", an" %a!i&' stru(ture2 =he International
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150
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Ra0er, C2 C2, Gers#o%%, E2 T2, Aer, ;2 L2 -..@2 Testin* e)ui0a&en(e o% !e"iatin*!o"e&s o% in(o!e, $arentin*, an" s(#oo& rea"iness %or 4#ite, B&a(5, an"
His$ani( (#i&"ren in a nationa& sa!$&e2 Child (eelopment, @/, 12 Tea(#ers, s(#oo&s, an" a(a"e!i(
a(#ie0e!ent2 -conometrica# =he ,
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152
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Ti&&!an, 32 H2 -..@2 Fa!i&' stru(ture $at#+a's an" a(a"e!i( "isa"0anta*e a!on*
a"o&es(ents in ste$%a!i&ies2 Sociological In@uiry, @@, =/=->2
Touran*eau, 32, Nor", C2, Le, T2, Po&&a(5, ;2 M2, At5insBurnett, S2 -..12 -arly
childhood longitudinal study, ;indergarten class of 0227.0222 *-CLS.)4,
com%ined users manual for the -CLS.) fifth.grade data files and electroniccode%oo;s NCES -..1.=-22 U2S2 De$art!ent o% E"u(ation2 4as#in*ton, DC:Nationa& Center %or E"u(ation Statisti(s2
VernonFea*ans, L2, Ha!!er, C2 S2, Mi((io, A2, Man&o0e, E2 -..-2 Ear&' &an*ua*ean" &itera(' s5i&&s in &o+in(o!e A%ri(an A!eri(an an" His$ani( (#i&"ren2 In S2 B2
Neu!an D2 32 Di(5inson E"s2, and%oo; of early literacy research $$2
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Michael Shriner
Education
2008 /e&emberPh.D. #uma! &ie!&es amil% elatio!slori"a tate !iversit% Talla'assee
/issertatio! /efe!"e" 8)26)08 The usefulness of social capital theory to
understand academic improvement in young children The impactof family structureaor (rofessor /r. o!al" . ullis
2006 Graduate Certificate easureme!t a!" tatisti&s Talla'assee
:omlete" :ourse$or+ i! !eneral "inear Modeling# Multivariate
Modeling# $onparametric %nalysis# Research Methods & ' &Measurement Theory# %dvanced Topics %nalysis of Variance#
Causal Modeling# Meta(%nalytical Techni)ues# SupervisedResearch
2003 .. :li!i&al (s%&'olo,%
ra!&is ario! !iversit% lore!&e :
1999 B.A. (s%&'olo,%(e!!s%lva!ia tate !iversit% !iversit% (ar+ (A
Profeional E!"erience
2007 Director of E#aluation$ (roe&t (; rese!t /uties (rovi"i!, lea"ers'i i! t'e o!,oi!, "evelome!t a!"
imroveme!t of t'e assessme!t a!" evaluatio! s%stem for t'e
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/uties (roose" a!" &o!"u&te" t$o stu"ies F(are!t a!" stu"e!t er&etio! of stu"e!t
tra!sitio! to &olle,eF a!" FT'e effe&ts of "iabetes o! me!*s sexual 'ealt'FD "eveloe"
i!strume!ts &olle&te" "ata i!&lu"i!, e!tr% &lea!i!, a!" a!al%sisD reare" ma!us&rit a!"aers for rese!tatio! at !atio!al a!" re,io!al &o!fere!&esD A!al%Ce" a!" i!terrete" "ata o!
are!ti!, ro&essesD reare" aers for rese!tatio! at re,io!al &o!fere!&eD ;!tere" "atarelate" to relatio!s'i "issolutio! assiste" i! ma!us&rit rearatio! a!" rese!te" aer at
!atio!al &o!fere!&e. uervisors /rs. eslie Gar!es>Eou!, Be!!et' Halters a!" i+e
Ior"a!
2000>2001
Pu'lication
&olunteer Reearch Aitant$ /eartme!t of (s%&'olo,% (e!!s%lva!ia tate!iversit%
/uties A"mi!istere" ?>sort tas+ e!tere" a!" &lea!e" "ata o! ealous% roe&tD built
arti&ia!t base for stu"% o! &'il"re!*s frie!"s'i uervisor /r. Ieffer% (ar+er
Shriner$ M.$ &'lee G. J ibler . !"er revie$. o&ial stu"ies i!stru&tio! :'a!,i!, tea&'er &o!fi"e!&ei! &lassrooms e!'a!&e" b% te&'!olo,%. The Social Studies*
&'lee G. ullis A. J Shriner$ M. !"er revie$. (re"i&tors of a&a"emi& a&'ieveme!t "uri!, earl%&'il"'oo" A so&ial &aital erse&tive of tea&'ers a!" s&'ools."earning +nvironments Research*
Shriner$ M.$ ullis R.$ ( &'lee G. !"er revie$. T'e useful!ess of so&ial &aital t'eor% for u!"ersta!"i!, t'ea&a"emi& imroveme!t of %ou!, &'il"re! i! stefamilies over t$o oi!ts i! time.,ournal of -ivorce and
Remarriage*
Shriner$ M.$ &'lee G. J ibler . !"er revie$. Tea&'ers* er&etio!s attitu"es a!"beliefs re,ar"i!, &urri&ulum i!te,ratio!. The %ustralian +ducational Researcher*
ullis R.$ G%!o . ullis A. J Shriner$ M. evise" a!" esubmitte". e&+less be'aviora!" sexual ra&ti&es of emer,i!, a"ult $ome!.%ustralian ,ournal of +ducational
-evelopmental Psychology*
Shriner$ M.$ &'lee G. #amil . J ibler . evise" a!" esubmitte". :reati!, tea&'ers* er&etual be'aviorala!" attitu"i!al &'a!,e usi!, rofessio!al "evelome!t $or+s'os. Teacher -evelopment*
Shriner$ M.
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Shriner$ M.$ &'lee G. ullis . ullis A. J :ori!!e T. 2008. amil% 'ome &'il"&are rovi"ers A&omariso! of subsi"iCe" a!" !o!subsi"iCe" $or+i!, e!viro!me!ts a!" emlo%ee issues. +arly Child-evelopment and Care0 1230 165>176.
(asle% B. J Shriner$ M. 2007.%nnotation of the recent research literature Remarriage and
stepfamilies0 4556(4552 Aubur! A Natio!al tefamil% esour&e :e!ter.
ullis A. ullis . &'$artC . (ease I. J Shriner$ M. 2007. elatio!s amo!, are!tal "ivor&e i"e!tit% statusa!" &oi!, strate,ies of &olle,e a,e $ome!.&dentity %n &nternational ,ournal of Theory and
Research0 7 137>154.
(asle% B. J Shriner$ M. 2006.%nnotated bibliography on remarriage and stepfamilies0 4557(4556 Aubur! A Natio!al tefamil% esour&e :e!ter.
:ori!!e T. ullis . ullis A. J Shriner$ M. 2006. A! exami!atio! of &'il"&are tea&'ers i! for>rofit a!"!o!>rofit &'il"&are &e!ters.+arly Child -evelopment and Care0 1260 631>641.
(asle% B. J Shriner$ M. 2005.%nnotated bibliography on remarriage and stepfamilies0 4558(4557 i!&ol! NG tefamil% Asso&iatio! of Ameri&a.
Profeional Preentation
Shriner$ M.$ ( ibler . !"er revie$.P-S summer teaching academy Changing confidencein the classroom Hor+s'o submitte" for rese!tatio! at t'e (rofessio!al /evelome!t &'ools Natio!al:o!fere!&e /a%to!a
Bi,er . ?uatro&'e /. ibler . Gal&' G. @atrell I. J Shriner$ M. 2009 i! ebruar%.Ma9ing initiatives/or9 :hat to do /hen leadership changes Hor+s'o rese!tatio! at t'e a!!ual re&o!fere!&e oft'e Ameri&a! Asso&iatio! of :olle,es for Tea&'er ;"u&atio! :'i&a,o
of early academic achievement (oster rese!tatio! at t'e a!!ual &o!fere!&e of t'e Natio!al :ou!&ilo! amil% elatio!s ittle o&+ A.
157
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Shriner$ M.$ ( ibler . 2008 Aril.amilies in >amily Services* (aer rese!te" at t'e a!!ual &o!fere!&e of t'e Natio!al:ou!&il o! amil% elatio!s ('oe!ix AK
ullis . ullis A. :ori!!e T. &'lee G. G%!o . Shriner$ M.$ ( Gerar"u&&i N. 2005 November.Congruence of parental and teacher perceptions of early literacy behavior* (aer rese!te" att'e a!!ual &o!fere!&e of t'e Natio!al :ou!&il o! amil% elatio!s ('oe!ix AK
Garlo$ . ee . &He% . Bos'% . :'a!" . J Shriner$ M. 2005 =&tober. Technology inM>T Trac9 Training /ith the ne/est technology0 "andro play analy?er* %mosia rese!te" att'e !atio!al &o!fere!&e of t'e Ameri&a! Asso&iatio! of arria,e a!" amil% T'eraists Ba!sas :it% Eou!, . Hillis I. . J Shriner$ M. 2003 ar&'.-iabetes and sexual health%ssessment;intervention in the rural South (aer rese!te" at t'e a!!ual meeti!, of t'e out'easter!(s%&'olo,i&al Asso&iatio! Ne$ =rlea!s A
Gar!es>Eou!, . J Shriner$ M. 2003 ebruar%. :ill & get there from here= StudentsB and
their parentsB perceptions of the transition to college (aer rese!te" at t'e a!!ual &o!fere!&eo! T'e irst>Eear ;xerie!&e Atla!ta @A
Ior"a! ). ).$ Shriner$ M.$ (root :. Gle"soe B. J a'o!e% /. 2002 Iu!e. Six dimensions of brea9ups ofromantic relationships (oster rese!te" at t'e a!!ual meeti!, of t'e Ameri&a! (s%&'olo,i&al o&iet%Ne$ =rlea!s A
Shriner$ M.$ Halters B. . J (root :. 2002 ar&'.Parental behavior and relationship satisfactionamong adult children (oster rese!te" at t'e a!!ual meeti!, of t'e out'easter! (s%&'olo,i&alAsso&iatio! =rla!"o
Halters B. . (root :. J Shriner$ M. 2002 ar&'.-ifferential emotional responses as a function ofparental interpersonal behavior (oster rese!te" at t'e a!!ual meeti!, of t'e out'easter! (s%&'olo,i&alAsso&iatio! =rla!"o
Clinical E!"erience
Student Therapist, :e!ter for arria,e a!" amil% T'era% lori"a tate !iversit%. (art>time ositio! Au,ust2004>ar&' 2006.
/uties ai!tai!i!, a! a&tive &aseloa" 6>8 &lie!ts a $ee+ of i!"ivi"uals e!,a,e" i! i!"ivi"ual &oules a!")orfamil% t'era%. :lie!ts rese!t $it' var%i!, levels of fu!&tio!i!, a!" "iffi&ulties. uervisors /rs. arr% Garlo$
a!" Tom :ori!!e
Graduate Clinical Intern, Alter!atives to Viole!&e lore!&e :. ull>time ositio! Iu!e 2003>/e&ember 2003./uties :o!"u&te" all assessme!ts &o>fa&ilitate" me!*s ,rou $ome!*s ,rou a!" i!&ar&erate" $ome!*s ,rou.
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Live-in and Residential Counselor, tra$berr% iel"s time ositio! Iul%1999>ar&' 2000./uties (rovi"e" !e&essar% &are &o!sultatio! a!" "ail% livi!, assista!&e for a me!tall% "isable" a"ult $it'
a""itio!all% "ia,!ose" me!tal 'ealt' "isor"ersD &o!sulte" me!tall% "isable" &lie!ts $it' "ual "ia,!oses to fa&ilitatero,ressD rovi"e" &ase ma!a,eme!t.
uervisor Ala! :amero! ..
Profeional Aociation*
Ameri&a! ;valuatio! Asso&iatio! member si!&e 2007
Natio!al :ou!&il o! amil% elatio!s stu"e!t member si!&e 2005
Ameri&a! Asso&iatio! of arria,e a!" amil% T'era% stu"e!t member 2004>2007 Ameri&a! (s%&'olo,i&al
Asso&iatio! stu"e!t member 2001>2004
Ameri&a! (s%&'olo,i&al o&iet% stu"e!t member 2001>2003
out'easter! (s%&'olo,i&al Asso&iatio! stu"e!t member 2001>2004
Honor and A+ard*
lori"a tate !iversit% A&a"emi& @ra!t 2005>2006 2007>2008
@ol"e! Be%
/ou,las A. a!"ra emorial A$ar" i! Alie" (s%&'olo,% for @ra"uate tu"e!t of t'e Eear ra!&is ario! !iversit%2003