the use of mobile phone & internet in transnational mothering among migrant domestic workers in...
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The Use of Mobile Phone & Internet in Transnational Mothering among Migrant Domestic Workers in SingaporeShelly MalikSiti Zubeidah Kadir
Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information
9 December 2011
CPRsouth6, Bangkok, 2011
Introduction
9 million children
The role of ICT in transnational motheringConstructing a ‘connected relationship’ (Wilding, 2006)
Potential role of ICTs in transnational mothering Constructing a ‘connected relationship’ (Wilding, 2006)
Research gap A framework to guide research The role of Internet The importance of mothering
Objective To examine the roles of mobile phone and
internet applications in child rearing practices of migrant domestic workers
Conceptual Framework
ICT for Child Rearing diagram
Model adapted from: ICT-for-healthcare-development model (Chib et al., 2008) and
Child Rearing Practices constructs (Block, 1965; McNally et al., 1991; Roberts et al., 1984)
Inti
macy
Alleviating worry
Parental control
Expression of affect
Achievement
Emphasis on health
Independence
Tran
sn
ati
on
al M
oth
eri
ng
Methodology Snowball and convenience
sampling 11 Indonesian and 11 Filipina
female All except 1 are using both Internet and mobile phone to communicate with their children
Focus group discussion / interview and self-completion survey Conducted in English and Bahasa Indonesia The survey presents an insight into domestic workers’
general use of ICTs, e.g., type of ICTs, frequency, communication time.
The focus group discussions / interviews provide an in-depth understanding, e.g., topics discussed on different ICT types, transnational child rearing practices, benefits and barriers of ICT use.
Key Findings
Partially alleviate worry about child Monitor child’s activities, health, meal intakes
The positive side is that I can contact her anytime. Every day I ask her what time you wake up, what you eat, what you do at school. I
will also tell her every day what I do, what I cook. (R22)
Exert parental controlWhen she goes home from school, she has to finish her homework
first before playing. I SMS her at around the time she is doing homework to check. (R21)
Encourage child’s achievement
Express affection
1. ICTs are critical instruments for transnational child rearing practices
Key Findings
ICTs permit frequent communication and informs mothers of their children’s physical and emotional needs
All believe they have a close relationship with their children, but it may be an “imagined” closenessShe doesn’t know what kind of work I am doing here. She also doesn’t ask
much. She just knows that I work in Singapore to make money. (R14)
Mobile phone calls most useful in facilitating intimate communication.I always ask them why you feel sad, then they always tell me why. Better to call then SMS, because in SMS you cannot tell what they are feeling inside. I always tell them, good or bad, tell me so I can help you. So I always spend
a lot on global call on this, because I don’t want my children to keep anything inside the heart. (R3)
2. ICTs facilitate intimacy creation and maintenance
Key Findings
Mobile phone is most preferred, for its direct contact, convenience, fast response, and audio featureUsing letter, we have to wait for a long time. Using handphone, we can quickly know, even in one minute, how she is, whether she has eaten.
(R22)
Internet’s visual engagement through Facebook photos and video chat(I prefer) video cam cause it is clearer, I can talk and see at the same time and can see their facial expressions. But because I can’t use it as
and when I need, so I have to use the handphone. (R21)
Facebook allows flexibility and new ways of communication and helps to keep track of their children in a non-intrusive way.
I check who her friends are, her activities. I see when she post comments and if it’s not very nice, I will comment on her to watch her
words. (R10)
3. New ICTs complement rather than replace old technology
Key Findings
ICTs cannot replace physical presence(Taking care of children with technology is) not enough. Lacking in love. Lacking due to the distance although we often call and send
SMS. I can’t hug her. (R22)
More pronounced when children are sick or unhappyMy daughter doesn’t want to tell me if she’s sick. So I have to check
with my parents, then I will talk to her. (R13)
Infrastructural issues Most respondents are allowed to use ICTs after they finish
their work. Few face stricter employers.My Ma’am said that even using handphone requires electricity. (R19)
4. ICTs are not able to fully bridge the physical separation
Conclusion Separation due to economic reasons Negative impact on mothers and children
In the past she often complained, but now not anymore. I told her that if I didn’t work, who would pay for her school fee. (R22)
ICTs are critical tools for transnational mothering Should governments / employers provide access to more
types of ICTs? Should it be made compulsory for employers to let domestic
workers contact their families regularly? New ICTs complement old technologiesFor now, we can communicate well. But if possible, in the future there will
be a better communication tool. (R13)
ICTs are unable to fully bridge physical separation Should domestic workers be given a paid leave to return
home?
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